BIOLOGY 1 Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever

er lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms Basic Principles of Classification In Biology Morphological criteria: Morphology forms the primary basis for classifying organisms into various taxonomic groups or taxa. In earlier artificial systems, only one or a few morphological characters were taken into consideration (e.g. plants were classified into herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers, etc. on the basis of their habit). The sexual system proposed by Linnaeus was based mainly on the characteristics of stamens and carpels. Phylogenetic considerations : An arrangement which is based on the evolutionary sequence of the plant groups. These systems also reflect on the genetic similarities of the plants. Some of the phylogenetic systems of classification of plants are the ones proposed by Engler and Prantle (1887-1899), Bessey (1915), Hutchinson (1926 and 1934), etc. Chemical taxonomy or chemotaxonomy: is a comparatively recent discipline. Chemotaxonomy is the application of phyto-chemical data to the problems of systematic botany. The presence and distribution of various chemical compounds in plants serve as taxonomic evidences. Nearly 33 different groups of chemical compounds have been found to be of taxonomic significance. Numerical taxonomy : Application of numerical methods (data) in the classification of taxonomic units Edgar Anderson (1949) was the first to make use of numerical taxonomy in the classification of flowering plants. It involves exhaustive quantitative estimation of taxonomic characters from all parts of the plant as well as from all stages in the life cycle. The numerical data thus collected for various plant groups is tabulated systematically. Computers are used for this purpose. Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists Early Taxonomists

2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant Carolus Linnaeus 1707 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today Called the Father of Taxonomy Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Binomial Nomenclature Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species Dumb King

Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup! MAJOR TAXONOMIC GROUPS Bacteria Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto or heterotrophic Most have cell wall made up of peptidoglycan and have ribosomes Autotrophs can get energy from sun (photosynthetic) or from inorganic substances (chemosyntheitic) 2 types - Archeabacteria and Eubacteria Bacteria Reproduction Binary fission (asexual) chromosome of the bacteria replicates, after which the cell divides Conjugation (sexual) how bacteria exchanges genetic information pili attach the bacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto or heterotrophic usually live in harsh environments oxygen free (anaerobic), very hot or acidic, or very salty environments chemically different from other bact. cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan Kingdom Eubacteria Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto and heterotrophic true bacteria- can be found just about everywhere Can be classified by shape, chemical composition, motility and metabolism Gram negative rods Gram positive - bacillus anthracis Identify Bacteria Shape - Arrangement Bacillus = rod - diplo = two coccus = sphere - strepto = chain spirilla = spiral - staphylo = cluster Eubacteria can cause animal and plant disease but can also be beneficial. They are essential parts of the food and pharmaceutical industry and can even be used to clean up oil spills. Protista unicellular, some simple multicelluar, all eukaryotic (nucleus present) Some live freely, others are parasites

catch all kingdom Protozoan animal like (ameobas and paramecium) Algea plant like Slime Molds fungus like Protozoan Animal-like protists heterotrophs Classification based on movement Sarcodina (pseudopodia) Mastigophora (flagella) Ciliophora (cilia) Sporozoan (spores) Algae

Plant-like Protist major ancestor to plants (autotrophic) capable of photosynthesis (contains chlorophyll)- major source of O2 on earth Reproduce sexually (Alternation of Generations) unicelluar, multicellular,or colonial phytoplankton - food for marine animals Phylum Euglenophyta - Euglena

Slime Molds Fungus-like Protist multinucleated no cytokenesis decomposers Slime mold 4) Fungus Eukaryotic; multicelluar; heterotrophic extracellular digestion- absorb nutrients have sexual and asexual reproduction have cell walls made of chitin hyphae- individual fibers form body mycelium- thick mass of hyphae septa- cross walls that divide hyphae into sections (not always present) 4 types of Fungi Common Molds (Zygomycota)- ex. Breadmold Club Fungi (Basidomycota)- ex. Mushrooms Sac Fungi (Ascomycota)- ex. Yeast Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycota)- ex. Penicillin, athletes foot, ringworm Uses

Useful

decomposers-break down organic matter antibiotics industry - baking, brew, cheese food - mushrooms, truffles

Harmful spoiled food plant/animal disease ex. Dutch Elm Disease parasite- tree dies- saprophyte Basidiomycota basidiocarp Ringworm Plant Kingdom Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic Take up water and nutrients in roots; make food in leaves (photosynthesis) sexual reproduction (alternation of generations) 4 major types: Nonvascular, Vascular seedless, Vascular naked seed, Vascular protected seed Adaptations to Land Dominant Diploid (except Moss) Cuticles-reduces dry out deciduous- trees that drop leaves- reduce dry out seed/pollen- pollination (replaced flagellated sperm) flowers and fruits- attract pollinators and fosters dispersal of seeds Vascular system- plants can grow tall away from water Leaves-photosynthesis (stomata control gas exchange) stems- support leaves roots (hairs) obtain water and anchor xylem- moves water phloem-moves food Types of Plants Moss- Nonvascular, require water for flagellated sperm, dominant phase is haploid, find close to the ground (water by osmosis) Ferns- Vascular, seedless, have strong roots (rhizomes), large leaves (fronds), Sori(produce spores), dominant phase is diploid Types of Plants Gymnosperm- Vascular, naked seeds (develop on the scales of female cones) diploid, pollen, examples are conifers, pine trees, evergreens Angiosperm- Vascular, protected seed, flowering plants, diploid, pollen, ex. Grass, roses, fruit, beans monocot or dicot Angiosperms have 2 classes Monocot -- one cotyledon, narrow leaves with parallel leaves, flowers in multiples of 3, vascular tissue is scattered throughout (ex. Grass, lilies, corn) Dicot--two cotyledon, broad leaves with branching veins, flowers in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular tissue in rings (ex. Roses, beans, clovers, trees) Plant Responses Tropism- plant movement or growth in response to a stimulus Phototropism- growth toward light Geotropism (Gravitropism)- growth downward Thigmotropism- response to physical touch of solid object Hydrotropism- growth toward water

Animalia Kingdom Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotroph Specialized cells from into tissues and organs Most are able to move (some are sessile) Invertebrates (no spinal cord) or Vertebrate (spinal cord) Invertebrates No backbone Symmetry- irregular, radial, or bilateral Most have exoskeleton (hard outer casing) Ex.--Sponges, Cniderians, Worms, mollusks, Arthropods (insects, crustaceans, spiders), echinoderms Porifera (Sponges)- sessile filter feeders, hermaphrodites, and bud, fragment, and regenerate Cnidarians (jelly fish, hydra)- sting prey with poisonous barbs in tentacles, incomplete dig. sys., Sex/Asex, Medusa (free swimming) and Polyp (sessil) Platyhelminthes (flat worms)-decomoposers, some parasitic, 1st with cephalization, incomplete dig sys, flame cells, hermaphrodites and regeneration Nematoda (round worms)- parasitic, 1st with one-way complete dig sys., not hermaphrodites (ex. Ascaris/ pinworm/ vinegar eels) Annelida (segmented worms)-ex. Earthworm-complete dig syst, hydroskeleton, nephridia, closed circ syst (respiration across skin), developed nervous sys, hermaphrodites Mollusk (slugs, snails, clams, squid, octopus)- 3 regions(muscular foot, mantel, visceral mass), complete dig sys, nephridia, simple to complex nervous sys, internal fertilization, open or closed circulatory (very diverse) Arthropods (Crustaceans, Arachnids, Insects)- jointed appendages and body regions, exoskeleton, compound eyes, complete dig sys, nervous sys (brain), green gland or Malpighian tubules, Echinoderms (starfish)- spiny skin, radial symmetry, a water vascular system and an endoskeleton, nervous sys, complete dig, separate sexes, can regenerate Vertebrates Chordates- hollow nerve tube, notochord, gill slits, post anal tail vertebrae- bony segments (backbone) distinct head (cephalization) closed circulatory system endoskeleton (axial and appendicular) Ex: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals Fish- Agnatha (jawless), Chondricthyes (cartilogenous), Osteichthyes (boney), have 2 chambered heart, ectothermic Amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders), aquatic larval stage, adapt to land, ectothermic, 3 chambered heart Reptiles (snakes, turtles, lizards, alligators)- 1st to have amniotic egg, skin covered with scales, ectothermic- 3 chambered heart Aves (Birds)-hollow bones (help fly), endothermic, 4 chambered heart) Mammals-covered with hair, nourish young with milk (mammary glands), endothermic, 4 chambered heart, Marsupials and Placental Viruses

Not a kingdom because they are non living organisms- noncellular Core made up of DNA or RNA Capsid made up of protein Cannot replicate on own- uses enzymes and materials of host (lack ribosomes) Host specific- only infect certain cells ex. smallpox, measles, flu, colds, AIDS

Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) Classification is based on evolutionary relationships Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales Primate Cladogram Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism What do plants and animals do to get energy? Animals Plants and Animals have basic needs. Think about what you need to survive? What are your basic needs? Food, Water, and Shelter You are the same as animals. Plants Plants basic needs are a little different from animals. What does a plant need to grow at your house? Air, Sunlight, and Soil Animals are grouped by what they eat. Animals are classified into groups by how they get energy. Animals get energy from eating. The animals that eat only plants to get energy are called herbivores. The animals that eat only other animals to get energy are called carnivores.

 The animals that eat plants and other animals to get energy are called omnivores. Types of Reproduction Asexual Sexual Purpose of Reproduction To make sure a species can continue. Definition: Reproduction is the process by which an organism produces others of its same kind. Asexual Reproduction A new organism (sometimes more than one) is produced from one organism. The offspring will have hereditary material uniform with the hereditary material of the parent organism. This means they will be genetically alike. Types of Asexual Reproduction Budding Regeneration Fission (Binary fission) Budding Process by which a new, duplicate plant or animal begins to form at the side of the parent and enlarges until an individual is created. Very common in plants; Regeneration The ability to restore lost or damaged tissues, organs or limbs. It is a common feature in invertebrates, like worms and starfish. Fission Also called binary fission. Becoming two by division of the complete organism. A type of cell division. Sexual Reproduction Requires two sex cells egg and sperm The egg and sperm join to form an entirely new organism Different from the parent organism IMPORTANT! Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically different from the parent organisms Living Things Acquire Materials and Energy Maintaining organization and conducting life-sustaining processes require an outside source of energy, defined as the capacity to do work. The ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on earth is the sun; plants and certain other organisms convert solar energy into chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis. Food provides nutrient molecules used as building blocks for energy. Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

All organisms must maintain a state of biological balance, or homeostasis. Temperature, moisture level, pH, etc. must be maintained within the tolerance range of the organism. Organisms have intricate feedback and control mechanisms to maintain homeostatic balance.