The Main Stages of Christian History:

[Pre-Christian Foundations: Old Testament, Israel, Jews; about 2000 years BC] Early Period:
o o

Apostolic Period (Jesus & the A ostles; !ew Testament; "st #entury A$% Sub-apostolic Period (&' ans(on o) *nty; +erse#ut(ons by ,ome; 2nd to -rd #ent.% Patristic Period (Constant(n(an Con/ers(on; &#umen(#al Coun#(ls; 0th to 1th #ent.%

Middle Ages:
o

Early Middle Ages (Carol(n2(an & 3re2or(an ,e)orms; 3reat 4#h(sm; 5th to ""th #ent.% High Middle Ages (+a a#y; 4#holast(#(sm; 6end(#ant Orders; Crusades; "2th to "-th #ent.% Late Middle Ages (A/(2non +a a#y; 7estern 4#h(sm; ,ena(ssan#e; "0th to "8th #ent.%

Modern Era:
o

efor!ation Era (+rotestant ,e)ormers; Cathol(# Counter9,e)ormat(on; ":th to "1th #ent.% e"olutionary Era (,e/olut(ons & Ant(96odern ,ea#t(ons; "5th to m(d920th #ent.% #atican $$ Era ()rom ";:0<s to today%

%illes& Preface:

History ' His-Story: combines both objective real(ty ()a#ts% and subjective (nter retat(on ( ers e#t(/e% %illes& Main $nterest: the #om le', #han2(n2 relationship between the Church and the World Can&t (o E"erything: some (nternal (ssues #o/ered (do#tr(ne, mo/ements, leaders%, but many others ne2le#ted (l(tur2y, s (r(tual(ty, et#.% )e Fair in Criti*ue: there (s both good and bad (n our world; there (s both positive and negative w(th(n the Church

Ch+ , - $ntroducing the Early Church -A( ./&s - 01/&s2

The Early Church:

o o o o o

What is "Church"? - ekklesia = local "assembly" of believers and world-wide body (one "Body of Christ") Gradual Growth: not as rapid as depicted in Acts, but slow steady e pansion over decades ! centuries Church's Self-Identity: close-"nit communities, follow teachin#s of their leaders, share possessions for the needy Community Worship: #ather $unday evenin#s to pray, read scriptures, ! brea" bread: "Eucharist" (lit% "than"s#ivin#") Worship Spaces #row ! speciali&e over time: ') private homes( )) "housechurches"( *) lar#er "basilicas"

Church Leaders: o First enerations: more itinerant apostles, prophets, evan#elists, teachers
o o

!ater enerations: more local bishops (episkopoi, lit% "overseer, supervisor"), elders (pres"yteroi), ministers (diakonoi) #ishops of lar er cities e tend authority to surroundin# areas (esp% Bishop of +ome, later "nown as ",apa" or ",ope")

Outsiders' Views of Christians:

o o

$e ati%e: atheists (don-t worship +oman #ods), cannibals (eat .esus- flesh ! blood), anti-social (secret ni#ht-time #atherin#s) &ositi%e: admired for stron# ethics (no promiscuity, divorce, abortion, infanticide) ! social action (care of poor, sic", widows)

Roman Persecutions of Early Christians:

o

real ! traumatic, but not as massi%e as /ollywood movies portray( not all Christians were crucified, burned, or fed to the lions0

mostly local' sporadic, small-scale: tar#eted individuals, esp% leaders( "1he blood of the martyrs is seed for the Church" "persecution" was not always e ecution( could be harassment, flo##in#, social ostracism, forced e ile, etc%

worst first-century persecution under Emperor Nero (64AD):

2ero burns +ome, blames the Christians( has some burned or crucified, possibly includin# apostles ,eter ! ,aul yet this episode was fairly short, limited mostly to the city of +ome, hardly affected Christians elsewhere in the empire

massi%e empire-wide persecutions only in two short periods in the mid- to late third century

Emperor Decius (ca. 250) - Christians re3uired to #et a "li"elus," certifyin# they had offered sacrifice to the 4mperor Emperor Diocletian (ca. 300) - tar#eted Church leaders, buildin#s, boo"s( many arrests ! e ecutions

Emperor CONST NT!NE (*56-**7):

o o o

#attle of (il%ian #rid e (*')): "in hoc si no %inces"( ta"es over as sole emperor in 8est (later also in 4ast) onstantine!s on"ersion (3#2)$ considers himself Christian, althou#h he-s not bapti&ed until 9ust before his death Edict of (ilan (*'*): toleration of all reli#ions, incl% Christianity, ends persecutions (but :nty not the "state reli#ion" until *;5)

!mperial Support of Christianity:

o o o o o o

,roduction of #i"les ! construction of "asilicas (lar#e church buildin#s), esp% in +ome, .erusalem ! Constantinople )oman structures adopted by Church: professional "cler#y" (clerical dress ! titles)( le#al "courts"( administrative "dioceses" $um"er of *ns #rows rapidly: advanta#eous to 9oin the 4mperor-s new reli#ion0 :n instruction for new "catechumens" Council of $icea (*)<): assembles bishops world-wide to settle theolo#ical disputes (esp% on .esus- divinity) (ain Christian Centers: .erusalem (=srael), Antioch ($yria), Ale andria (4#ypt), +ome (capital), Constantinople (new capital) "#$: Emperor Theodosius ! declares Christianity the one % only official reli&ion of the entire Roman Empire

Ch+ 3 - The Early Church (efines 4rthodo5 Christianity -A( 0,0 - 67,2

Early Christian 'eresies: o >"% haeresis = "sect"( #roups of Christians whose beliefs were eventually re9ected by the ma9ority of other Christians
o o

main heresies of the )nd ! *rd Centuries: +doptionists' Gnostics' ,ocetists main heresies of the ?th ! <th Centuries, opposed by the first four 4cumenical Councils:

+rians - .esus is divine, but somehow "less" than the @ather( slo#an: "1here was a time when he was not%" $estorians - Aary shouldn-t be called "Aother of >od," since she-s mother only of the human side of .esus (onophysites - .esus really has only one nature, a divine nature, which supplanted his human nature

(irst (our Ecumenical Councils:

o o o o

325$ Nicea - influenced by Athanasius of Ale andria( opposed Arians( adopted the "2icene Creed" 3%#$ onstantinople - a#ain opposed Arians( e panded the Creed, esp% more about the /oly $pirit 43#$ Ephesus - opposed the 2estorians 45#$ halcedon - opposed the Aonophysites

Trinitarian (aith % Creeds:

o o o o o

4 pressed in the Nicene & onstantinopolitan reeds, still accepted and recited in most Christian Churches today% Trinity = >od is one divine "nature" but three divine "persons" (@ather, $on, $pirit) 'esus is "of the same nature" (homo-ousios) as the @ather, not 9ust "of similar nature" (homoi-ousios) as the @ather (as Arians claimed) (ary is ri#htly called the "Aother of >od" (>"% theotokos( not 9ust mother of the human part of .esus, as 2estorians claimed) 'esus is both fully human and fully di%ine (not halfBhalf, nor havin# only a divine nature, as Aonophysites claimed)

Ch+ 0 - The Fall of o!e and the ise of the 8estern Church -A( 09/&s - :/62

)i*ision of Roman Empire into Eastern % +estern 'al*es (see >illes, p% C - map, and pp% )'5-)'* - timeline): o );6: empire di%ided by 4mperor Diocletian into 4 ! 8 halves, each with its own "Au#ustus" (E') and "Caesar" (E))
o

*)?: empire reunited after Constantine defeats Ficinius to become the sole ruler

**7: empire di%ided a#ain after Constantine-s death amon# several of his sons

*<5: empire reunited under Constantius !!, followed by .ulian the Apostate, etc%

*6?: empire di%ided a#ain: 8est: Galentinian = ! ==( 4ast: Galens ! 1heodosius =

*C): empire reunited under Theodosius !, but only for three years0

",-: empire di%ided yet a#ain: West: 4mperor /onorius, then Galentinian ===( East: 1heodosian Dynasty remains stron#

The (all of the +estern Roman Empire .-th Century/:

o o o o

?'5: Gisi#oths led by Alaric sac" +ome( various "barbarian" or ">ermanic" tribes invade 8estern empire from many sides ?<): Pope Leo the 0reat saves +ome from attac" by Attila the /un( 8estern +oman "emperors" mostly puppets by now 123: last 8estern +oman 4mperor, +omulus Au#ustulus, deposed by >ermanic chief Hdoacer, who becomes "Iin# of =taly" ?;C-?C*: Hstro#oths under 1heoderic the >reat con3uer =taly( other parts of 8est controlled by Gisi#oths, Fombards, @ran"s, etc%

Church4State Relationships in the East and +est:

o

East$ close church-state cooperation overall, ever since 4mperor Constantine built Constantinople as new imperial capital

emperors call ecumenical councils, approve appointment of bishops, stron#ly influence internal church issues four main Christian ,atriarchates in 4ast: -erusalem' +ntioch' +le.andria' Constantinople

)est$ as the empireBemperors #et wea"er, the churchBbishops provide stability and unity to society (esp% Pope Leo, ??5-?6')

after the fall of +ome, the ,ope (#ishop of )ome' &atriarch of the West) becomes overarchin# leader of 8estern culture Church remains "+oman" (foundational culture), but also becomes more "Catholic" (universal, adapts to new barbarian cultures)

Ch+ 6 - Concluding the Age of the Church Fathers -A( .7 - :0:2

5Church (athers5 = the most influential theolo*ians & writers of the Church from about the )nd to 7th centuries: o a%"%a% "+atristics" J pater = "father" (both >ree" ! Fatin), mostly bishops( their writin#s fill hundreds of thic" volumes%
o

Four reat Eastern/Greek Church Fathers: Athanasius of Ale andria, Basil of Caesarea, >re#ory of 2a&ian&us, .ohn Chrysostom%

o o

Four reat Western/!atin Church Fathers0 Ambrose of Ailan, Au*ustine of 1ippo, .erome of .erusalem, >re#ory the >reat% $ome women also very important (Au#ustine-s mother (onica, Benedict-s sister ,cholastica), but unfortunately wrote little or nothin#%

Theolo&ical !nfluence of u&ustine (born *<?( bishop of /ippo, 2orth Africa, *C<-?*5 - for *< years0)
o o

%s2 ,onatists, on the validity of sacraments administered by sinful ministers, esp% those who had lapsed under persecution (see pp% )6 ! *')% %s2 &ela ians, on the priority of >od-s #race over free will( on human nature created #ood, but corrupted by sin (see pp% *'-*), *;)%

6onasticism Spreads and )e*elops:

o o o

3ri ins in the East: heremetic monasticism (isolated "mon"s" or hermits livin# "alone" in the desert)( St7 nthony of E&ypt ()<5-*<<) Spreads in the West: cenobitic monasticism ("brothers" or "sisters" livin# in communal "monasteries")( St7 8enedict of Nursia (?;5-<<5) Communities of women ("nuns") also in both 4ast ((elania ! &aula in .erusalem wB .erome) and 8est (Benedict-s sister Scholastica)%

Church Life in the Patristic Period:

o o o o

Sacramental !ife becomes more structured: Baptism (esp% infants), 4ucharist (Fatin "Aass"), ,enance (more fre3uent, but private)% ,e%otions to Aary and the saints become more popular: not "prayin# to" them, but as"in# for their intercession ("pray for us")% 4he #i"le is "canoni&ed" (list of H1 ! 21 boo"s settled)( and translated into Fatin (esp% the "5ul ate #i"le" by St7 9erome, *7?-?'C)% Hverall, the Church rows 6 "ecomes more institutionali7ed , leadership clericali7ed, theolo#y formali7ed, litur#y standardi7ed%

Ch+ 7 - Papacy and E!pire #ie for Control of the Church -ca+ A( :// - ,,7/2

Church;State Po<er Struggles: Popes;)ishops "s+ E!perors;=ings: o late 6th century= +o e 3re2ory the 3reat (8;09:00% able to >ee Chur#h )a(rly (nde endent o) lo#al >(n2s
o

7th century= ?ombard >(n2s (n Italy dom(nate the Chur#h & o es; tens(ons also w(th By@ant(ne em erors (n Constant(no le 8th century= Aran>(sh >(n2 +e (n de)eats ?ombards; B$onat(on o) +e (nB 2(/es !orthern Italy (later B+a al 4tatesB% to +o es

Christ!as (ay> 1//: +o e ?eo III #rowns Charles the %reat -Charle!agne2 as B&m erorB

Is the +o e stron2er, be#ause he was the one who #rowned Charles as em erorC Or (s the &m eror stron2er, be#ause 3od #hose h(m as su reme ruler o/er Chur#h & 4tateC

10th century= Otton(an $ynasty &m erors (Otto I & II & III, ;:-9"002% dom(nate the Chur#h, a o(nt & de ose +o es

Central &uro e be#omes >nown as BDoly ,oman &m (reB; 2row(n2 tens(ons w(th &asternEBy@ant(ne &m (re D,&m mu#h smaller than old B,oman &m (reB; #om are ma s, and 0;; note they use d())erent s#alesF .;

Corruption and Abuses in the Early Middle Ages:

o

&arly )orm o) "Divine Right of Kings" (deolo2y= 3od #hooses G(n2s to rule o/er e/eryone and e/eryth(n2 (n the(r realms "Lay nvestiture" !ontroversy= ?ay (non9#ler2y% #(/(l author(t(es sele#t and B(n/estB b(sho s & #ler(#s w(th the(r symbols o) o))(#e +o es & many b(sho s )un#t(on as "erritorial Rulers= they own land, #olle#t ta'es, ma(nta(n arm(es, )orm all(an#es, et#. nheritance Disputes= Chur#h ro erty (land & author(ty% assed on to #h(ldren o) non9#el(bate #ler2y (b(sho s & r(ests% "#imony" H 4ell(n2 o) Chur#h O))(#es ( os(t(ons as b(sho s o/er d(o#eses or abbots o/er monaster(es% to the wealthy & ower)ul

ene<als ? efor!s in the Early Medie"al Church:

o

!arolingian Reform= Charles the 3reat (1:595"0% romotes education o) #ler2y, standard(@at(on o) liturgy, and conversion o) a2ans. !lunaic Reform= Bened(#t(ne monastery o) Cluny, southern Aran#e, leads many re)orms, es . (nde enden#e o) #hur#h /s. state. !lerical !elibacy= to #orre#t abuses o) (nher(tan#e & s(mony (see abo/e%; 2row(n2 mo/ement s(n#e -:0<s; un(/ersally mandatory by ""-;. !ardinal $ishops= #losest a al ad/(sorsEasso#(ates, as o) "00;; a)ter +o e<s death, #ard(nals ele#t a su##essor (&m eror no lon2er a o(nts%. %regorian Reform= +o e 3re2ory III ("01-958% asserts a al author(ty o/er &m eror Denry II; ra#t(#e o) B?ay In/est(tureB soon ends.

Ch+ : - Catholics> )y@antines> and Musli!s -A( 610 - ,/762

The ise of $sla! o :33: Prophet Muha!!ad (8109:-2% mo/es )rom 6e##a to 6ed(na, be2(nn(n2 the rel(2(on o) Islam (year 0 on the 6usl(m #alendar%

BIslamB H Bsubm(ss(on B; (.e. subm(ss(on to BAllahB (Arab(# word )or the one & only B3odB%; s(m(larly, B6usl(mB H Bone who subm(tsB a)ter 6uhammad<s death (:-2%, d(s utes o/er who should lead them #auses h(s )ollowers to s l(t (nto #unni and #hi&a )a#t(ons

://&s: 6usl(ms ra (dly ta>e o/er most o) the 6(ddle &ast, &2y t & !orth A)r(#a, as )ar west as 4 a(n, and s read east (nto Central As(aF

result: 6usl(ms now #ontrol three o) the )(/e Chr(st(an +atr(ar#hates= 'erusalem (+alest(ne%, (le)andria (&2y t%, (ntioch (4yr(a% only Rome and !onstantinople rema(n Chr(st(an, thus lead(n2 to a more b(lateral or(entat(on (7est /s. &ast% (n Chr(st(an(ty

1-2= Aran>s led by Charles 6artel (2rand)ather o) Charlema2ne% de)eat 6usl(ms near Tours (4.Aran#e%; sto s 6usl(m ad/an#e (nto 7.&uro e

(nternal d(/(s(ons ol(t(#ally brea> 6usl(m world (nto /ar(ous Cal( hates, &m(rates, G(n2doms, &m (res, et#. yet annual (l2r(ma2es to 6e##a )or2e stron2 #ultural un(ty amon2 6usl(ms

6A= 7estern Chr(st(ans mount /ar(ous BCrusadesB ("0;89"2;"% to reta>e the Doly ?and (es . Jerusalem% )rom 6usl(m #ontrol (see #h. 1%

des (te short setba#>s, Islam #ont(nues to s read, e.2. ta>(n2 o/er more and more o) the By@ant(ne (&astern ,oman% &m (re Islam(# s#holarsh( )lour(shes; ma(n #enters o) learn(n2 (n Ba2hdad (mod. IraJ% and Cordo/a (4. 4 a(n%

"08-= 6usl(m arm(es (4elKu> or Ottoman Tur>s% )(nally #onJuer Constant(no le, thus end(n2 the By@ant(ne &m (re

Ottoman &m (re #ont(nues to e' and )or #entur(es, threaten(n2 &uro e )rom the 4outheast

"0;2= last 6usl(ms dr(/en out o) 4 a(n by BCathol(# G(n2sB (Aerd(nand & Isabella%; all o) 7estern &uro e (s Chr(st(anECathol(# a2a(n

yet Islam rema(ns the dom(nant rel(2(on (n most o) !orthern A)r(#a and the 6(ddle &ast to th(s day.

The )y@antine E!pire

o

-20<s= small #(ty o) By@ant(um 2reatly e' anded & renamed BConstant(no leB by &m eror Constant(ne; made new #a (tal o) ,oman &m (re -;8= death o) &m eror Theodos(us I, ,oman &m (re (rre/o#ably d(/(des &E7; Theodos(an dynasty #ont(nues rul(n2 (n the &ast 82198:8= &m eror Just(n(an re(2ns o/er & e' ands the By@ant(ne &m (re, reta>(n2 arts o) #entral & southern Italy, 4(#(ly, et#. 1"0910"= &m eror ?eo III attem ts to su ress use o) (#ons; orders h(s (m er(al troo s to destroy or Bbrea> (#onsB (iconoclasm% 1509502= &m ress Irene #on/enes 4e#ond Coun#(l o) !(#ea (151%, wh(#h #ondemns iconoclasm & restores the /enerat(on o) (#ons ,/76: %reat Schis!: o))(#(al s l(t between 3ree>E&astern BOrthodo'B Chr(st(ans and ?at(nE7estern BCathol(#B Chr(st(ans ,670: Constant(no le )alls to 6usl(mETur>(sh arm(es, the By@ant(ne &m (re #eases to e'(st a)ter o/er "000 yearsF

Ch+ 9 - The #anishing (rea! of Catholic Christendo! -A( ,/.7 - ,0992

A%olden AgeA of AChristendo!AB (es . "-th Century%= o BChr(stendomB H the (deaE(deal that Chr(st(an(ty (s the bas(s o) all so#(al & ol(t(#al l()e

a ty e or e'am le o) Btheo#ra#yB (l(t. Brule by 3odB%; no se arat(on, but total o/erla (n2 o) #hur#h & state, rel(2(on & world

(n)luen#ed by a stron2 a a#y, es . +o e Inno#ent III ("";59"2":%

B+a al 4tatesB are now a 2eo2ra h(#al ol(t(#al un(t, l(>e other >(n2doms +o es #ontrol >(n2s, es . throu2h Be'#ommun(#at(onB o) (nd(/(duals & B(nterd(#tB o) whole #ountr(es

led to the bu(ld(n2 o) lar2e monaster(es and #athedrals= es . 3oth(# ar#h(te#ture (n Aran#e, &n2land, 3ermany also to (nno/at(ons (n theolo2y & the establ(shment o) un(/ers(t(es (see #h. 5%

Crusades (L4 an(sh Bcru*adaB H B#rossedB; re). to #rosses on the sh(elds and banners o) the >n(2hts%

7hatE7henC about n(ne se arate lar2e m(l(tary #am a(2ns s ann(n2 about 200 years (,/.7-,3.,% 7hyE3oalC Chr(st(ans wanted to re#a ture +alest(ne (the BDoly ?andB% )rom 6usl(m #ontrol First (,/.79"0;;% 9 #alled by +o e Mrban II; #a. 20,000 Chr(st(an easant9)(2hters >(lled by 6usl(ms (n Tur>ey; but -0,000 Aren#h sold(ers #a ture a )ew >ey #(t(es (n +alest(ne, (n#l. Jerusalem (n "0;;, where they >(ll not only the 6usl(ms, but also the Jew(sh (nhab(tants. 4e#ond (""01905% 9 6usl(msE4ara#ens >(ll ent(re Chr(st(anECrusader army o) Aren#h G(n2 ?ou(s III & Doly ,oman &m eror Conrad III. ""51 9 6usl(m 4alad(n re#a tures Jerusalem, tr(22er(n2 the Th(rd Crusade (""5;9 "";2% 9 Chr(st(ans #a ture some arts o) Doly ?and Fourth ("202900% 9 on the(r way to +alest(ne, the Crusaders sa#> Constant(no le & rule (t unt(l "2:" A()th ("2"1%; 4('th ("22592;%; 4e/enth ("205%; &(2hth ("2::%; !(nth ("210% 9 more armed e' ed(t(ons by /ar(ous &uro ean >(n2s; #ontrol o) Jerusalem and other #(t(es 2oes ba#> & )orth se/eral t(mes between Chr(st(ans and 6usl(ms ,3., 9 6usl(ms re#a ture A#ro, the last Crusader stron2hold (n the Doly ?and (more Crusades #alled later, but not #arr(ed out%

eactions to Church <ealth ? po<er: %ospel Si!plicity Mo"e!ents

o

4ome 2rou s se arated )rom the Cathol(# Chur#h (Bheret(#sB; e.2. (lbigensians; e/entually su ressed% 4ome 2rou s rema(ned w(th(n the Cathol(# Chur#h, as Bmend(#antB (Bbe22(n2B% rel(2(ous orders=

es . BFranciscansB H BOrder o) Ar(ars 6(norB (O.A.6.; )ounded by St+ Francis o) Ass(s(, ""5"9"22:% 9 em has(@ed o/erty and B(o!inicansB H BOrder o) +rea#hersB (O.+.; )ounded by St+ (o!inic 3u@man, ""109"22"% 9 em has(@ed rea#h(n2

End of AChristendo!AB
o

4e/eral wea> +o es at end o) "-th #ent. (e.2. Bon()a#e IIII; "2;09"-0-%; Aren#h G(n2s reassert #ontrol o/er Chur#h & +o es +o es l(/e not (n ,ome but (n A/(2non, 4outhern Aran#e ("-089"-11% 9 the BBabylon(an Ca t(/(tyB o) the a a#y (see #h. "0%

Ch+ 1 - The Church&s $ntellectual Life -A( 907 - ,6,72

Ancient %reeC Philosophy: T<o Main Contrasting Syste!s o Plato (0259-01 BC% 9 deductive a roa#h (more idealistic%=

Breal(tyB (s (n the realm o) (deas; our hys(#alEmater(al world #onta(ns only (m er)e#t #o (esEshadows o) the (deal real(ty the h(2hest (dea or ult(mate real(ty (s 3od; thus theolo2y (s the )(rst and h(2hest )orm o) >nowled2e, and all else )lows out )rom (t

Aristotle (-509-22 BC% 9 inductive a roa#h (more empirical%=

Breal(tyB (s (n the mater(al realm; we start by obser/(n2 the world around us, then abstra#t u wards to 2eneral(@ed (deas >nowled2e (s )(rst 2a(ned throu2h obser/at(on o) the world; thus, all )(elds o) >nowled2e are (nde endent, but lead u ward to 3od

A$ntellectual LifeD in the Early Church:

o

!T a ostles and e/an2el(sts (es . Paul ? John% should be #ons(dered Btheolo2(ansB; the(r wr(t(n2s already #onta(n Btheolo2yB

yet all !T theolo2y (s Bs(tuat(onalB (address(n2 art(#ular roblems% rather than Bsystemat(#B (#om rehens(/ely e' la(n(n2 to (#s%

+atr(st(# Aathers ado tEada t 3ree> h(loso hy (es . +latonism% to understandEe' la(n Chr(st(an )a(th (see #h. 0 abo/e%

es . Augustine= crede ut intelligas (Bbel(e/e that you may understandB% and intellige ut credas (Bunderstand that you may bel(e/eB%

NCarol(n2(an ,ena(ssan#eO= &m eror Charlema2ne a o(nts Al#u(n o) Por> (1-89 500% to romote edu#at(on o) #ler2y & la(ty

"rivium (- bas(# subKe#ts%= 2rammar, rhetor(#, lo2(#; and ,uadrivium (0 ad/an#ed subKe#ts%= ar(thmet(#, mus(#, 2eometry, astronomy

Cathedral Schools & 6onaster(es= establ(shed mostly )or the edu#at(on o) #ler(#s and mon>s; somet(mes also o en to sons o) nobles

reser/at(onE#o y(n2 o) an#(ent manus#r( ts & l(tur2(#al boo>s; Cluny & 3re2or(an ,e)orms (see . 0090:%

A$ntellectual LifeA in the High Middle Ages (es . "2th & "-th #entur(es%=
o

,ed(s#o/ery o) the wr(t(n2s o) (ristotle ((n Arab(# translat(ons, es . )rom 6usl(m 4 a(n% led to the r(se o) "Scholasticism"

slowE2radual ro#ess; many #hur#h leaders res(sted newer methods, s(n#e truth #omes )rom 3od<s re/elat(on, not human reason

Aoundat(on o) (nde endent BEni"ersitiesB (n Bolo2na ("055%, +ar(s (""80%, O')ord ("":1%, Cambr(d2e ("205%, 4alaman#a ("2"5%, et#.

&stabl(shment o) )our se arateEs e#(al(@ed B)a#ult(esB= theolo2y, h(loso hy, law, and med(#(ne

4#holars and tea#hers who resu osed the #om at(b(l(ty o) )a(th & reason be#ame >nown as B4#holast(#sB or B4#hoolmenB=

Ar#hb(sho Anselm o) Canterbury ("0--9""0;% 9 de/elo ed an Bontolo2(#al roo)B )or the e'(sten#e o) 3od (see Ao#us ":, . 50% Bona/enture, OA6 ("22"910% 9 st(ll thou2ht that the human w(ll was more (m ortant than the human (ntelle#t esp+ Tho!as A*uinas, O+ ("228910% 9 most (n)luent(al Chr(st(an theolo2(an )or #entur(es= #om rehens(/e system(# "Thomism" other (n)luent(al theolo2(ans and tea#hers are o))(#(ally re#o2n(@ed as Bdo#torsB (not med(#alF% o) the Chur#h (see Ao#us "8, . 1;%

4ome e'am les o) a ly(n2 s#holast(# th(n>(n2 to rel(2(ous Juest(ons=

7hat (s a sa#ramentC Dow do they #on/ey 2ra#eC Dow many are thereC (se/en; see 3(lles, . 10, and ,aus#h, #h. 8% Dow #an one e' la(n the Breal resen#eB o) Jesus (n the &u#har(st(# bread & w(neC (Ntransubstant(at(onO% Dow #an one B ro/eB the e'(sten#e o) 3odC (#). AJu(nas< -uin-ue viae or B)(/e waysB%

Tea#h(n2s o) some (ntelle#tuals #ause roblems and #ounter9rea#t(ons, es . a2a(nst those who ad/o#ated e##les(al re)orms

7(ll(am o) O#>ham ("2589"-0;%= Nnom(nal(smO H abstra#t (deas l(>e truth, beauty, #hur#h, et#.B are merely names, not real(t(es John 7y#l())e ("--09"-50% 9 s#holar (n &n2land (O')ord%; sa(d all Chr(st(ans are r(ests; obey only the B(ble, not the Chur#h Johann Dus ("-129"0"8% 9 s#holarE r(est )rom Bohem(a (+ra2ue%; tr(ed and #ondemned )or heresy and burned at the sta>e

Final Caution: (on&t E*uate AFaithA and ATheologyA (they are d())erent, althou2h #losely related%

Chr(st(an BFaithB H 7DAT Chr(st(ans B&?I&I& (about 3od, Jesus, l()e, et#.%, based on and e' ressed (n B(ble, Creeds, $o#tr(nes, ?(tur2y Chr(st(an BTheologyB H DO7 Chr(st(ans &*+?AI! these bel(e)s rat(onally, us(n2 human lan2ua2e, (ntelle#tual reason(n2, h(loso h(#al systems There may be se/eral d())erent theolo2(es to e' la(n a s(n2le tenet o) Chr(st(an )a(th; )or e'am le=

BReal +resenceB H the bel(e) that Jesus (s (somehow% really (not Kust symbol(#ally% resent (n the #onse#rated bread and w(ne B"ransubstantiationB H a theolo2(#al #on#e t to e' la(n how (based on Ar(stotel(an meta hys(#s o) Bsubstan#eB and Ba##(dentsB% Other theolo2(#al e' lanat(ons are #alled BTranss(2n()(#at(on,B BTrans)(nal(@at(on,B BConsubstant(at(on,B B6emor(al(sm,B et#.

Ch+ . - E"eryday Life in the Catholic Middle Ages -ca+ A( ,,7/ - ,07/2

Life on Earth is a A eligious (ra!aA 9 battle2round o) B2ood /s. e/(lB o l()e<s 2oal= attain salvation (eternal reward (n hea/en% and avoid damnation (eternal un(shment (n hell%
o

no se arat(on between the Brel(2(ousB and Bse#ularB worlds, #ontrary to how 7esterners th(n> today

Societal Life is structured hierarchically (to 9down author(ty, l(>e a yram(d%=

o

BAeudal(smB 9 you must obey eo le who ran> abo/e you (your BlordsB%, but #an #ommand eo le below you (your B/assalsB%

both in #tate= &m eror, G(n2s, +r(n#es, $u>es, lesser !obles, Gn(2hts, +easants (later also a 6er#hant #lass% and in !hurch= +o e, Card(nals, Ar#hb(sho s, B(sho s & Abbots, +r(ests, 6on>s & !uns, ?ay eo le

3eo2ra h(#al or2an(@at(on 9 where you l(/ed determ(ned where and to whom you belon2ed (both ol(t(#ally and e##les(ally%=

ea#h BdioceseB has one Bb(sho B w(th one BcathedralB (the #hur#h w(th the b(sho <s B#ha(rB; usually (n the lar2est #(ty% ea#h lo#al B arishB has one B astorB and one #entral BchurchB (but many other B#ha elsB (n the surround(n2 area%

Types of Spirituality -prayer; de"otional life2 /s. Theolo2y (do#tr(nesE (ntelle#tual tea#h(n2s%=

!onastic S irituality 9 ora et labora ( rayer & wor>%; lectio divina (s (r(tual read(n2%; ?(tur2y o) the Dours (8' da(ly #ommunal rayer% Feminine S irituality 9 4t. Bernard o) Cla(r/au' & the C(ster#(ans; )o#us on receptivity. surrender to 3od (/s. a#t(on E #onJuest%

many (n)luent(al women (n so#(ety & #hur#h= D(lde2ard o) B(n2en (d. ""1;%; Queen &leanor o) AJu(ta(ne (d. "200%; Clare o) Ass(s( (d. "28-%; Br(d2et o) 4weden (d. "-1-%; Cather(ne o) 4(ena (d. "-50%; et al.

"ay S irituality 9 e' ressed (n o ular wr(t(n2s l(>e "he !loud of /n0no1ing (anonymous; "0th #ent. &n2l(sh%, Revelations of Divine Love (Jul(an o) !orw(#h; d. "0"-%, "he mitation of !hrist (Thomas R Gem (s; d. "01"%, et#. #evotia !oderna (l(t. B6odern de/ot(onB% 9 lay mo/ements em has(@(n2 as#et(#(sm, rayer, #ommunal l()e, ser/(#e to the oor Po ular Piety 9 rosary (memor(@e bas(# rayers%; rel(#s (mementos o) sa(nts%, (l2r(ma2es (/(s(t holy s(tes%, da(ly 6ass ( ray es . )or the dead%

many 2ood as e#ts (str(/(n2 )or hol(ness & 2odl(ness%, but also many abuses (su erst(t(ons, Jua#>ery%

$isual %ible 9 most eo le were (ll(terate; saw many b(bl(#al stor(es (n a(nt(n2s, s#ul tures, sta(ned 2lass w(ndows, a2eants, et#.

but o ular (ma2(nat(on 2oes )ar beyond the B(ble, es . torments o) ur2atory & hell (n Divine !omedy by $ante Al(2h(er( (d. "-2"%

Ch+ ,/ - The End of Catholic Middle Ages -ca+ A( ,0// - ,7//2

The ,6th and ,7th Centuries: Lo< Point of 8estern ChristianityF 4"er"ie<: o #ontrast to the Bh(2h o(ntB (n the "2th and "-th Centur(es (see #h. 195 abo/e%
o

hu2e roblems both (n the Chur#h and (n the world; leads to o/erall )eel(n2s o) des a(r, 2loom; a o#aly t(# e' e#tat(ons yet also the be2(nn(n2 o) the Renaissance 9 a Breb(rthB o) #ulture, art, s#(en#e, te#hnolo2y, learn(n2, (nd(/(dual(sm, nat(onal(sm, et#. and (n the &ast, the #enter o) Orthodo' Chr(st(an(ty sh()ts )rom By@ant(ne &m (re (Constant(no le% to the 4la/(# !at(ons (es . 6os#ow%

Huge Proble!s in the Church:

o

The "%abylonian Ca tivity" o& the Pa acy '()*+,()--.2 a303a3 the Avignon Pa acy

a)ter +o e Bon()a#e IIII d(es ("-0-%, Aren#h G(n2 (+h(l( II, "2589"-"0% )or#es #ard(nals to move &rom /ome to Avignon (4. Aran#e% se/en +o es rule )rom A/(2non; mostly #orru t, u ets o) Aren#h monar#hy (see BT(mel(neB (n 3(lles, . 2":, )or names and dates% many eo le try to #on/(n#e the +o e to return to ,ome, es . !atherine of #iena (d. "-50% )(nally, +o e 3re2ory *I, )lees A/(2non and returns to ,ome (n "-11; but not all #ard(nals 2o w(th h(m; he d(es (n "-15.

The A8estern Schis!A -,091-,6,92 9 er(od o) two or three s(multaneous +o es (or BAnt(9+o esB%

[caution= don<t #on)use th(s w(th the B3reat 4#h(smB= the d(/(s(on between 7esternECathol(# and &asternEOrthodo' Chr(st(an(ty (n "080F] when 3re2ory *I d(es, the #ard(nals (n ,ome ele#t a su##essor, but the #ard(nals who rema(ned (n A/(2non also ele#t a su##essor= the Roman Line4 "+opes" Mrban II ("-1595;%; Bon()a#e I* ("-5;9"000%; Inno#ent III ("00090:%; 3re2ory *II ("00:9"8; d. "0"1% the (vignon Line4 "(nti5+opes" Clement III ("-159;0%; Bened(#t *III ("-;09"02-%; Clement IIII ("02-92;%; Bened(#t *II ("0-09-1%; Ael(' I ("0-;90;%

Atte!pts at Church efor!: AConciliaris!A

Da/(n2 two s(multaneous +o es #aused 2reat #on)us(on ( eo le as>= 7h(#h one (s le2(t(mateC 7h(#h one should we obeyC%

4o the BCon#(l(ar 6o/ementB 2rew, #la(m(n2 that the Chur#h<s ult(mate author(ty, e/en abo/e the +o e, (s a BCoun#(lB

Council o& Pisa '(0*1. tr(ed to end the a al s#h(sm by de os(n2 both the ,oman and A/(2non +o es and ele#t(n2 a new B+o eB

but ne(ther 3re2ory *II (n ,ome nor Bened(#t *III (n A/(2non res(2ned; result: now three men #la(med to be +o eF the +isan Line4 "(nti5+opes" Ale'ander I ("00;9"0"0%, su##eeded by John **III ("0"09"0"8%

Council o& Constance '(0(0,(-. 9 )(nally #leans u the mess, end(n2 the 7estern 4#h(sm ()or the most art%

they #on/(n#e both John **III and 3re2ory *II to res(2n (but not Bened(#t *III (n A/(2nonF%,

and ele#t +o e 6art(n I ("0"19-"%, who rom(ses to #on/ene #oun#(ls re2ularly (but doesn<tF%

Huge Proble!s in 8estern Society o"erall:

o

"%lac2 #eath" or Bubon(# +la2ue ("--0<s982% 9 >(lls about "E- o) &uro e<s o ulat(on; 3od<s un(shmentC 2rowth (n w(t#h#ra)tEsu erst(t(on Peasant /evolts 9 es . "-5" (n &n2land, but also throu2hout mu#h o) the "0th #entury, alon2 w(th se/eral se/ere )am(nes, so#(al unrest 3undred 4ears War (a#tually lon2er= "--19"08-% 9 ma(nly &n2land /s. Aran#e (Joan o) Ar#, d. "0-"%, but (n/ol/es most o) &uro eF

Eastern 4rthodo5 Christianity (#ont. )rom #h. : abo/e; see Ao#us ";%
o

.th Century: Chr(st(an(ty 2radually e' ands (nto 4la/(# areas= e.2. Bul2ar(a (G(n2 Bor(s ba t(@ed 5:8%, and $u#hy o) 6os#ow

!yril 6 7ethodius= two brothers )rom 3ree#e; 2reat m(ss(onar(es, #alled BA ostles to the 4la/sB they (n/ent the BCyr(ll(#B al habet (st(ll used (n ,uss(an & other 4la/(# lan2ua2esF%; translate B(ble & l(tur2(#al boo>s (nto 4la/on(#

,/76: %reat Schis!: o))(#(al s l(t between 3ree>E&astern BOrthodo'B Chr(st(ans and ?at(nE7estern BCathol(#B Chr(st(ans

most 4la/(# #ountr(es al(2n themsel/es w(th Constant(no le rather than ,ome; &astern Chur#hes or2an(@ed by #ountr(es & lan2ua2e 2rou s (Armen(an, 4erb(an, Bul2ar(an, ,uss(an, et#.%

,670: Constantinople falls to 6usl(mETur>(sh arm(es; the By@ant(ne &m (re #eases to e'(st a)ter o/er "000 yearsF

3ree> Orthodo' Chur#h sur/(/es, as a small m(nor(ty (n 6usl(m lands (es . today<s Tur>ey & 3ree#e% ,uss(an Orthodo' Chur#h now dom(nant; 6os#ow #ons(dered the N-rd ,omeO; ,uss(an ruler #alled BC@arB (BCaesarB%F

Ch+ ,, - Entering the Age of efor!ation -A( ,67/&s - ,73/&s2

8hat is the Protestant efor!ationB Ho< did it beginB o A maKor re)orm mo/ement, be2un (n the ":th #entury, mostly (n Central & !orthern &uro e, that led to many d(/(s(ons (n 7estern Chr(st(an(ty

$on<t #on)use th(s w(th other (earl(er & later% B,e)ormB mo/ements (n Chur#h h(story (e.2. Carol(n2(an, Cluna(#, 3re2or(an ,e)orms, #h. 8% $on<t assume (t ha ened all at on#e; the +rotestant mo/ement (n/ol/ed many layers, many (ssues, o/er many de#ades.

4ctober 0,> ,7,9 9 trad(t(onal date )or the be2(nn(n2 o) the +rotestant ,e)ormat(on, when Martin Luther ("05-9"80:%, an Au2ust(n(an Cathol(# r(est and s#r( ture ro)essor, osted h(s B1+ ThesesB ((n ?at(n% on the door o) the #astle #hur#h (n Wittenberg5 6ermany.

7hy thereC A ty (#al way to announ#e a s#holarly debate= ?uther (lo#al Au2ust(n(an r(est% /s. Tet@el (/(s(t(n2 $om(n(#an rea#her%. 7hat aboutC 6ostly B(ndul2en#es,B but also other (ssues ?uther saw as abuses (n the ,oman Cathol(# Chur#h o) h(s day (see #h. "2%.

)acCground Factors $nfluencing the efor!ation: AChange in the AirA

o

enaissance -early ,0//&s2 9 Breb(rthB o) #ulture and art, e' los(on o) >nowled2e, s#(ent()(# d(s#o/er(es, te#hnolo2(#al (n/ent(ons, et#. Mo"able Type Printing Press -,6702 9 'ohannes %utenberg (n/ents mo/able ty e, ma>(n2 r(nt(n2 )aster & #hea er than e/er be)oreF (isco"ery of AGe< 8orldA -,6.32 9 Columbus< /oya2e l(terally shatters eo le<s world9/(ew; no lon2er Kust Bone worldBF ise of Gationalis!: lo#al du>es, r(n#es, and >(n2s (n 7estern &uro e want more autonomy /s. the BDoly ,oman &m erorB ise of $ndi"idualis!: eo le more & more th(n> )or themsel/es, Juest(on author(ty, l(/e (nde endently; mer#hantEm(ddle #lass 2rows

8hy did the Protestant efor!ation Succeed and %radually Splinter 8estern ChristianityB
o

7hy wasnSt ?uther burned at the sta>e, l(>e some re/(ous re)ormersC

6ore eo le >new about (and many a2reed w(th% ?uther<s (deas, due to w(de d(str(but(on o) h(s wr(t(n2s. $u>e Areder(#> o) 4a'ony su orted ?uther; &m eror Charles I d(sa2reed but rom(sed h(m no harm.

7hy d(dnSt th(s re)orm stay w(th(n #hur#h, l(>e the mend(#ant orders o) the "-th #enturyC

,(se o) !at(onal(sm & Ind(/(dual(sm led to a lessened sense o) de enden#e on and #onne#t(on w(th ,ome.

+o es )rom "820<s to "800<s rea#ted /ery slowly and badly; underest(mat(n2 the se/er(ty o) the s(tuat(onF

Ch7 :; < The Reformation: Protestant Phase One . ) :-:2 < :---/

Martin Luther: )iographical 4utline Martin Luther&s Life The Catholic Church
. "80-9"- 9 +o e Jul(us II (be2(ns bu(ld(n2 4t. +eter<s Bas(l(#a% . "8"-92" 9 Pope Leo H (member o) r(#h & ower)ul 6ed(#( )am(ly% "8": 9 Johann Tet@el, O+, romotes (ndul2en#es all o/er 3ermany to hel )(nan#e #ont(nu(n2 #onstru#t(on o) 4t. +eter<s; later wr(tes a2a(nst ?uther "8"; 9 Charles I #rowned Doly ,oman &m eror "820, June "8 9 +o e ?eo * wr(tes 8)surge Domine, a BbullB threaten(n2 ?uther<s e'#ommun(#at(on; "82", Jan. - 9 a se#ond a al BbullB e'#ommun(#ates ?uther . "82292- 9 +o e Adr(an II (attem ts re)orms, but soon d(es%

"05-, !o/. "0 9 born (n &(sleben, 3ermany "80- 9 enters Au2ust(n(an Order; s#ru ulous rel(2(os(ty "801 9 orda(ned a r(est; "8"0 9 /(s(ts ,ome; sho#>ed by Chur#h<s wealth & #orru t(on ,7,9> 4ct 0, 9 osts B;8 ThesesB on door o) #astle #hur#h (n 7(ttenber2; atta#>s sale o) (ndul2en#es and other abuses o) +o e & Chur#h "8"5 9 hear(n2 (n Au2sbur2; re)uses to re#ant h(s wr(t(n2s or tea#h(n2s "820 9 wr(tes BTo the Chr(st(an !ob(l(ty o) the 3erman !at(onB; BOn the Babylon(an Ca t(/(ty o) the Chur#hB; & BOn the Areedom o) a Chr(st(anB "820, $e#. "2 9 ubl(#ly burns the a al bull, 8)surge Domine "82", A r(l "1 9 #(/(l tr(al at $(et o) 7orms; banned )rom D.,. &m (re "822 9 retreats to 7artbur2 Castle; translates B(ble (nto 3erman

"820 9 o oses easant re/olt; tells r(n#es to #rush the "82-9-0 9 +o e Clement III (another 6ed(#(% Bmad do2sB "828 9 marr(es e'9nun, Gathar(na /on Bora; )athers )our #h(ldren "82; 9 ?uther ubl(shes Large !atechism & #mall !atechism "8-0 9 BAu2sbur2 Con)ess(onB wr(tten by ?uther<s asso#(ate 6elan#thon . . "8-090; 9 +o e +aul III (be2(ns ser(ous re)orms; #alls Coun#(l o) Trent%

"80:, Aeb. "5 9 d(es wh(le /(s(t(n2 )am(ly (n &(sleben, ,767-:0 - Council of Trent h(s hometown ["888 9 +ea#e o) Au2sbur2 9 Bcuis regio. eius religioB] "88898; 9 +o e +aul II (su er9str(#t re)ormer%

L=T'ER's Theolo&ical Emphases .in ultra<condensed form/:

o o o o

-ndul*ences - one cannot "buy" one-s way out of pur#atory or into heaven( buyin# "indul#ences" is a terrible abuse hurch - all people can receive #race directly from >od( the institutional Church is not the sole dispenser of #race ,acraments - only Baptism and 4ucharist are true sacraments, "instituted by Christ"( but other rites can be beneficial .i/le - the "#ospel" is the basis of Christianity( all reli#ious doctrines and traditions must be based on the scriptures( ,aul is the #reatest theolo#ian( vs% .ames is an "epistle of straw"( the "Apocrypha" boo"s are removed from the H1 0aith - the death of .esus is what brin#s salvation, not any reli#ious practices or "#ood wor"s" that we mi#ht do

Ch+ ,0 - The efor!ation: Protestant Phase T<o -A( ,73/&s - ,:3/&s2 The +rotestant ,e)ormat(on s reads Ju(#>ly throu2hout Central and !orthern &uro e (see the handout ma sF%, but s l(ntered (nto many d())erent )a#t(ons or denom(nat(ons, already dur(n2 ?uther<s l()et(me. The )ollow(n2 were the earl(est andEor lar2est 2rou s=

Lutherans (esp% >erman ! $candinavian) o :-:2 - (A12-N 3425E1 posts C< 1heses (see ch% '))( his ideas 3uic"ly spread( some >erman princes support Futher( others remain Catholic
o o o o o o

'<)7 - Futheranism spreads to ,candina"ia (esp% $weden) '<)C - ,iet of Speyer: 4mperor Charles G proposes compromise with reli#ious freedom( but some princes "protest"0 '<)C - Futher publishes a Small Catechism (for common believers) and a !ar e Catechism (for cler#y to use in teachin#) '<*5 - Futher-s associate ,hilip Aelancthon (d% '<65) publishes the "Au*s/ur* on6ession," a summary of Futheran beliefs '<?6 - )eli ious wars (,rotestants vs% Catholics), already ra#in# for decades in >erman territories, worsen after Futher dies '<<< - +eace o6 Au*s/ur*: cuius re io' eius reli io = lit% "whose re#ion( his reli#ion"( each prince determines his territory-s reli#ion

if your reli#ion differs from your prince, you are free to mi#rate to another place where the prince shares your reli#ion thus some areas of >ermany become completely Futheran (esp% 2% ! 4%), others remain completely Catholic (esp% 8% ! $%)

o o

'<;5 - .oo7 o6 oncord published( compilation of earlier Futheran writin#s, intended to unify e pandin# Futheran movements !utherans in +merica today (esp% upper Aidwest) stem mostly from >erman and $candinavian immi#rants

na>aptists (radical "left-win#" reformers( lit% "+e-bapti&ers"( Aennonites( Brethren)

o

'<)' - 1homas Auent&er ('?;C-'<)<) be#ins a "rebapti&in#" movement in Kwic"au, >ermany( thin"s Futher did not #o far enou#h( preaches radical return to 4arly Christianity( common ownership of property( baptism only for adults, not infants( e3uality of all believers '<)?-)< - ,easant-s 8ar, of which Auent&er is one of the leaders, but is soon captured and e ecuted '<)< - Conrad >rebel and associates be#in the ,wiss .rethren movement in Kurich, which spreads to >ermany, Austria, 2etherlands, etc% Anabaptists persecuted from all sides (Catholics, Futherans, other ,rotestants)( often e iled( develop strict pacifist theolo#y Successors today include various #roups: Amish, /utterites, Aennonites, as well as Brethren, Lua"ers, Baptists, etc%

o o o o

Reformed Christians (esp% $wiss ! Dutch ! $cotch( Calvinists( ,uritans in 4n#land ! America)
o

'<)* - 8lrich 9win li ('?;?-'<*') be#ins reformed movement in 8urich9 Swit7erland( opposes not only Catholic theolo#y, but also Futherans and Anabaptists( $wiss +eformed Aovement spreads to 6 cantons, but < other cantons remain Catholic '<); - ,rotestant reforms be#in in ,cotland( as of '<?', -ohn :no. ('<5*-7)) becomes the most influential leader :-"3 - ':5N A3;-N ('<5C-6?), lawyer turned church-reformer, e iled from @rance( settles in <ene"a' Swit7erland( publishes Institutes of the Christian )eli ion (e panded eds% until '<<C)

o o

As of '<?', Calvin leads the >eneva ,resbytery (council of elders)( establishes a strict theocracy( #overnment based totally on +eformed ,rotestant principles( thus civil law = reli#ious law( sin = crime( punishments for doctrinal dissent( etc%

o o o

'<6* - +uritan movement be#ins in En land, opposed to the monarchydominated Church of 4n#land '<7' - $ynod of 4mden establishes the Dutch 1e6ormed hurch (reformers were in the $etherlands earlier, but driven out) '6)5 - ",il#rims" (,uritans fleein# from persecution in 4n#land) be#in settlin# in America, the "2ew .erusalem" or ",romised Fand"

(any +merican &rotestant denominations today have "Calvinist" theolo#y, includin# Con#re#ationalists, ,resbyterians, Baptists, Church of Christ, Disciples of Christ, +eformed Church in America, etc%

n&licans ("Church of 4n#land"( 4piscopalians)

o

=in* 5EN1> ;--- (born '?C'( rei#ns '<5C-?7)

'<)' - ,ope Feo : declares him a "Defender of the @aith" for his opposition to Futher ! other reformers '<); - /enry as"s ,ope Clement G== ('<)*-*?) to annul his marria#e to Catherine of Ara#on( re3uest denied0 '<** - /enry marries Anne Boleyn ()nd of si wives) and is e.communicated from the Catholic Church by ,ope Clement G== :-"1 - ,arliament passes the Act o6 ,uccession, re3uirin# an oath of alle#iance to the "in# as head of the Church in 4n#land '<*< - /enry has $ir 1homas Aore, the Ford Chancellor (E) man) of 4n#land, e ecuted for refusin# to ta"e the oath (see @ocus E)<) '<*6 - /enry abolishes all Catholic reli#ious orders in 4n#land and seculari&es their land holdin#s( but he still stron#ly opposes most ,rotestant ideas from Central 4urope (Futheran, Calvinist, Anabaptist, etc%) '<?7 - after /enry-s death, 1homas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, brin#s Futheran ! Calvinist reforms into An#lican Church

o o o

:in Edward 5I ('<?7-<*) - the only survivin# son of /enry G===( never really rules ("in# at a#e C( dies at a#e '<) ;ueen (ary I (Aary 1udor( '<<*-<;) - reestablishes Catholic Church in 4n#land( e ecutes many ,rotestants ("Bloody Aary"), incl% Cranmer ?ueen Eli@a/eth - ('<<;-'65*( rei#ns ?< years0) - reverses most policies of her half-sister( re-establishes ,rotestantism in 4n#land

wide persecution of Catholics, arrests ! e ecutions of many priests, esp% .esuits who came from continental 4urope publishes 2he .oo7 o6 throu#hout the realm ommon +rayer to unify litur#ical practice

o o

publishes 4hirty-$ine +rticles on official An#lican theolo#y, as a "middle path" between Catholicism and ,rotestantism

=in* 'ames - ('65*-)<) - for whom the "=in* 'ames ;ersion" of the Bible (4n#lish translation of '6''-)5) is named 1oday-s world-wide "An#lican Communion" consists of "An#lican Churches" in most 4n#lish-spea"in# countries (former British colonies)(

4wo main roups in +merica today: the ",rotestant 4piscopal Church" (sometimes called "low-church" or 9ust "4piscopalians") vs% the "An#lican Church in America" (often called "hi#h-church" or "An#lo-Catholic"), who stress that their theolo#y is very close to Catholicism, e cept for acceptin# papal authority%

'u&uenots (@rench ,rotestants)

o

Iin# @rancis = ('<'<-?7)

,rotestant ideas spread more slowly in @rance at first, since the @rench Church was already more independent of +ome But after @rancis = "ills some ,rotestants, the "/u#uenot" movement increases, esp% in $outhern @rance

Iin#s /enry == ('<?7-<C), @rancis == ('<<C-65), Charles =: ('<65-7?), /enry === ('<7?-;C) - all remain Catholic, persecute ,rotestants

'<6) - massacre of /u#uenots at Gassey be#ins lar#e-scale reli#ious wars in @rance (Cath% 2orth vs% ,rot% $outh)( '<7) - Charles =: has thousands of /u#uenots "illed in the "$t% Bartholomew-s Day Aassacre

Iin# /enry =G ('<;C-'6'5)

'<;C - Du"e /enry of 2avarre, a ,rotestant, becomes "in#, but has trouble rulin# the Catholic ma9ority in the 2orth (esp% ,aris) '<C* - Iin# /enry =G converts to Catholicism (",aris is worth a Aass")( @rance a#ain becomes mostly Catholic '<C; - "4dict of 2antes" #rants reli ious freedom to ,rotestants in @rance, thus endin the ci%il wars

In the 8S+ today there are only a few "/u#uenot" churches, since not many @rench ,rotestants ever emi#rated to the Americas

C LV!N's Theolo&ical Emphases .in ultra<condensed form/:

o o o o

the centrality of the #i"le for all aspects of Christian life, which leads to completely literal interpretations of the scriptures the total depra%ity of human nature in contrast to >od-s #randeur( we can do nothin# #ood without the help of divine #race predestination: >od created a few people destined for heaven, but most are destined for hell( we can-t chan#e our destiny0 recei%in the Eucharist unites believers with .esus, but the bread and wine do not literally contain the "real presence" of .esus

+eformedBCalvinist theolo#y can be summari&ed in the "four solas" (see +ausch, ch% ?)

Ch+ ,6 - The efor!ation: The Catholic Phase -A( ,7//&s2

Reform 6o*ements within the Catholic Church >efore and after Luther: o +opular maAim (but not always put into practice): Ecclesia semper reformanda = "1he Church is always reformin#"
o

$ome Catholic priests and /ishops wor"ed for Church reform in the '?th-'6th centuries: $panish Dominican Gincent @errer ('*<5-'?'C)( =talian @ranciscans Bernardino of $iena ('*;5-'???) and .ohn Capistrano ('*;6-'?<6), >erman Cardinal 2icholas of Cusa ('?5'-6?)( 4n#lish Cardinal .ohn @isher ('?6C-'<*<)( =talian Cardinals 1homas Ca9etan ('?;5-'<?7) and >asparo Contarini ('?;*'<?))( $panish Carmelite .ohn of the Cross ('<?)-C')( etc% 4ven lay atholics wrote and advocated reforms, includin# =talian lay Dominican Catherine of $iena ('*?7-'*;5)( Dutch humanist Desiderius 4rasmus of +otterdam ('?66-'<*6)( $ir 1homas Aore in 4n#land ('?7;-'<*<)( $t% 1eresa of Avila ('<'<-'<;)( see @ocus );)( etc% 2ew Catholic reli*ious orders were founded to help reform the Church: the 1heatines ('<)?), Capuchins ('<)<), Barnabites ('<*5), Mrsulines ('<*<), .esuits ('<?5), etc%

Papal Reactions to Luther? 'enry V!!!? and other Protestants (see also the table for Ch% ') above):
o o

&ope !eo * ('<'*-)'( >iovanni di Foren&o de- Aedici) - resists reforms( e communicates Aartin Futher Pope drian V! ('<))-)*( Adrian @loris& Dedel) - had tau#ht 4rasmus ! Charles G( became archbishop in $pain( as ,ope attempts reforms, be#ins dialo#ues with Futherans, but dies too soon to have much lastin# effect &ope Clement 5II ('<)*-*?( >iulio di >iuliano de Aedici) - ne#lects ecclesial reform( involved instead in political intri#ues( #reatly an#ers 4mperor Charles G, who leads combined Catholic ! Futheran troops to sac" +ome (0) in '<)7( e communicates /enry G=== in '<**% Pope Paul !!! ('<*?-?C( Alessandro @arnese) - calls and be#ins the 2rent ouncil o6

o o o o

,ope .ulius === ('<?C-<<( >iovanni Aaria Ciocchi del Aonte) - calls and presides over the )nd session at 1rent ,ope Aarcellus == ('<<<( Aarcello Cervini de#li $pannochi) - reformer, but only rei#ns April C - Aay ' 0 Pope Paul !V ('<<<-<C( >iovanni ,ietro Carafa) - super-strict reformer, esp% of the papal curia (central administration in +ome)( publishes Inde. of For"idden

#ooks( mandates Imprimatur (lit% "it may be printed")( restores "Con#re#ation of the =n3uisition"
o

,ope ,ius =G ('<<C-6<( >iovanni An#elo Aedici) - calls and concludes the *rd session at 1rent

The Council of Trent .:-1-<:-3"/ - see also my list of the )' 4cumenical Councils
o o o

Convo"ed by ,ope ,aul === in '<*<, but did not be#in meetin# until '5 years later in 1rent (>erman-spea"in# 2orthern =taly) 1hree main sessions ('<?<-?C, '<<'-<), '<6)-6*)( attended by about ?<5 bishops total (ma % )<< bishops at one time)% Doctrines De6ined$ clarified Catholic theolo#y vs% ,rotestant positions (e%#% 7* boo"s of the Bible: ?6 H1, )7 21( Catholic teachin#s on sacraments, transubstantiation, scripture ! tradition, faith ! #ood wor"s, #race ! merit, etc%) 1e6orms (andated$ abolished simony (sellin# church offices) and nepotism (#ivin# 9obs to relatives), standardi&ed litur y ! law, promoted better education of cler y (in seminaries), many other ecclesial reforms (e%#% bishops can have only one diocese, and must reside there0)% $ote: Anythin# related to the Council of 1rent is called "2ridentine" (documents, theolo#y, litur#y, etc%)%

The Society of 9esus .9esuits@ a>>r7 S797/:

o o o o o o

@ounded by ,t. -*natius o6 3oyola ('?C'-'<<6), a Bas3ue soldier-turnedstudent and seven "companions" at the Mniversity of ,aris% "=#natian $pirituality" based on the Spiritual E.ercises of =#natius (*5-day pro#ram of intensive prayer and discernment)% @irst companions ta"e private vows in '<*?( while waitin# to #o to the /oly Fand, they preach, teach, care for the poor throu#hout =taly% Approved as a reli#ious order in :-1$ by ,ope ,aul ===( .esuits ta"e a special vow of obedience to the +oman ,ontiff in matters of mission% Before =#natius dies, there are already over '555 .esuits( very influential in restorin# the Catholic Church throu#hout 4urope% Best "nown for missionary work ($t% @rancis :avier to =ndia ! .apan( others to $outh America), spirituality (#ivin# retreats, spiritual direction, hearin# confessions), and education (many schools ! colle#es( e%#% ?; hi#h schools ! ); colle#esBuniversities in M$A today, incl% M$@)% Aottos: Ad maBorem Dei *loriam (AAD>: "1o the #reater #lory of >od")( also "@indin# >od in All 1hin#s" ! "Contemplation in Action" ! "$ervice of faith and promotion of 9ustice" (cf% M$@-s "4ducatin# Ainds and /earts to Chan#e the 8orld")

Ch+ ,7 - The efor!ation: $ts )leaC After!ath -A( ,://&s - ,9//&s2

O*er*iew of :2th Century: o more and more ar#uments, divisions, and wars - with both political and reli#ious causes0
o o o

not 9ust Catholics vs% ,rotestants( but Futherans vs% Calvinists vs% Anabaptists( An#licans vs% ,uritans( also within Catholicism: 4mperors ! Iin#s vs% ,opes( @rance vs% Austria( etc% by the end of '7th Century: "4nli#htenment" be#ins and "$ecularism" #rows

En&land:
o

review: 5ouse o6 2udor ('<5C-'65*): /enry G===( 4dward G=( Aary =( 4li&abeth = (see Ch% '* above)

An#lican Church controlled by 4n#lish monarchy, but still very "Catholic" in litur#y ! theolo#y (e cept for acceptin# papal authority)

5ouse o6 ,tuart9 An*loC atholics$ .ames = ('65*-)<)( Charles I ('6)<-?C)( N,uritans in controlO( Charles == ('665-;<)( -ames II ('6;<-;C)

royals have more Catholic sentiments, want traditional Catholic litur#y and more connections with +ome( but the "+uritan" movement #rows (want to "purify" the Church of 4n#land of "popish" or Catholic elements) '6?)-<' - 4n#lish Civil 8ars: ,arliamentarians (,rotestantB,uritan) vs% +oyalists (An#lican) '6?C - under ,uritan leader :li"er romwell, Iin# Charles = is found #uilty of treason by the "+ump ,arliament" and beheaded '6<*-<; - Hliver Cromwell is the semi-dictatorial "Ford ,rotector" of 4n#land( tries to ma"e 4n#land a strictly ",uritan" state '6<C - +oyalists restore the 4n#lish monarchy and the An#lican Church( e ecute the "re#icides" '6;C - ,arliament deposes Iin# .ames == for bein# too Catholic, and brin#s ,rotestant ,rince 8illiam from /olland to be Iin#

5ouse o6 ,tuart9 +rotestants$ William 6 (ary ('6;C-'75))( Lueen Anne ('75)'?)

An#licans a#ain firmly in control of the Church of 4n#land( ,uritans flee to America( Catholics flee to Continental 4urope or "#o under#round" in 4n#land

(rance:
o

'7th Century @rance remains predominantly Catholic( but stron# tensions within the Church:

some want a @rench Catholic Church mostly independent of +ome (<allicanism( ">aul" = Fatin name for @rance) others want to maintain close ties with +ome and the ,ope (4ltramontanism( lit% "Beyond the Aountains") overall, Church attendance shrin"s( more ! more people re9ect reli#ion completely( turn to philosophy (see @ocus E*5)

Iin# Fouis :=== (b% '65'( rei#ns '6'5-?*)

real power behind the throne was ardinal 1ichelieu (b% '<;<( $ec% of $tate '6'6( Chief Ainister '6)?( dies '6?)) continues policy of toleratin# ,rotestant /u#uenots (since 4dict of 2antes, '<C;)(

=in* 3ouis D-; (b% '6*;( rei#ns '6?*-'7'<( over 7 decades0)

'6;) - promul#ates "@our Articles," assertin# royal control over the @rench Church '6;< - revo"es the 4dict of 2antes( /u#uenots are persecuted( must convert to Catholicism or flee @rance

@rench Catholics #radually become predominantly 'ansenist:

named after Dutch Catholic bishop Cornelis .ansen ('<;<-'6*;) predestination theolo#y, very similar to Calvinism '6?) - .ansenism condemned by ,ope Mrban G=, but the movement #rows (e%#% philosopher Blaise ,ascal, '6)*-6)) .ansenists were harshly ascetical ! theolo#ically pessimistic: feared >od-s wrath ! punishments of hell (see @ocus E)C)

0ermany:
o o o

Hn#oin# tensions between Catholics ! Futherans ! Calvinists "$ Aears +ar .:3:#<1#/: involves many countries, but fou#ht mostly in >erman territories( millions "illed0 4nds in the +eace o6 )estphalia: all three ma9or denominations are now le#al in >ermany(

But overall, people are tired of decades of reli#ious strife, so secularism steadily #rows and reli#ious practice declines%

Other Countries:
o o o o o

Scandina%ia (Denmar", 2orway, $weden, @inland) - remain predominantly Futheran $etherlands (lit% "Fow Countries") - split between Dutch +eformed (/olland) and @lemish Catholic (@landersBBel#ium) Swit7erland - remains about 'B) +eformed and 'B) Catholic Spain' &oland' Italy' +ustria' 1un ary - remain predominantly +oman Catholic Eastern Europe (+ussia, M"raine, Bul#aria, +omania, $erbia, etc%) - remain mostly Hrthodo

Ch+ ,: - The Church in the Ge< 8orld -A( ,6.3 - ,.:/2

E*an&eliBation: with EuropeaniBation or !nculturationC o E%an eli7ation - brin#in# the Christian #ospel to other peoples (J>"% euan eli7o = "to announce #ood news")
o o

Europeani7ation - early colonists thou#ht >od also wanted them to brin# 4uropean "civili&ation" to "primitive" peoples Inculturation - inte#ratin# Christianity into new cultures without also forcin# the missionary-s forei#n culture upon them

4 ample: .esuit "+eductions" in $outh America 4 ample: "Chinese +ites" Controversy

E%an eli7ation 6 Inculturation today:

Catholics ! Fiberal ,rotestants - tend to promote more inculturation, also emphasi&e service ! promotion of 9ustice 4van#elicals ! @undamentalist ,rotestants - less emphasis on inculturation, more on biblical faith ! theolo#ical truth

Re*olutions % Reactions:
o

Early ,emocratic/)epu"lican )e%olutions0

M$A ('77<-'7;*) - "All men are created e3ual"( American colonists vs% British (Iin# >eor#e ===)

(rance .:2#,<,,/ - "Fiberty, 43uality, @raternity"( republicans (+obespierre) vs% monarchists (Iin# Fouis :G=) Ae ico (';'5-)') - "Ae icanos, Giva Ae ico0"( =ndians ! Aesti&os (@r% /idal#o) vs% native $paniards many $outh American countries - ';'5-s ! ';)5-s

)oyal )estorations' Further )e%olutions' $ationalist (o%ements0

M$A - 8ar of ';')-'?: British attempt to re#ain control of M$A, but are defeated @rance - 2apoleon becomes "@irst Consul" in ';55( "4mperor" in ';5?( ta"es over much of 4urope( finally defeated ';'< :#:- - " on*ress o6 ;ienna" restores the Aonarchies in much of 4urope ';?; - democratic revolutions sweep >ermany, =taly, other countries, but are mostly defeated within '-) years ';65-s ! 75-s - #rowin# nationalist movements lead to united >ermany, united =taly, lar#er Austria-/un#ary, etc%

Catholicism and nti<Catholicism in merica:

o

5 merica5 - named after Ameri*o ;espucci ('?<?-'<')), =talian navi#ator who wor"ed for Iin# of $pain( e plored much of $% America ('?CC, '<5', '<')), provin# it was a new continent NColumbus always thou#ht he had reached Asia0O

$outh America - coloni&ed by ,ortu#uese (esp% Bra&il) and $panish (most of the rest)( many indi#enous peopleBlan#ua#es remain Central America - between the =sthmus of ,anama and the =sthmus of 1ehuantepec (thus includes 7 of *' Ae ican $tates) 2orth America - not 9ust Canada and the M$A, but also most of Ae ico0 not 9ust 4n#lish, but also $panish and @rench Fatin America - $panish or ,ortu#uese-spea"in# portions of $outh, Central, and 2orth America( thus historically Catholic

Christianity in North merica - not <ust &rotestant 8S+0

Catholicism comes with $panish colonists in the $outhwest ('<?5) ! @lorida ('<6<) Catholicism also comes with @rench colonists in Luebec ('<*?, '65;) ! Fouisiana ('6;)) ,rotestantism comes with British colonists on the 4ast Coast ('657, '6)5( at first mostly ,uritans, later also An#licans)

Catholicism comes into a few 4n#lish-spea"in# colonies (esp% Aaryland, '6*?)

nti<Catholicism in En&lish<SpeaDin& merica - (see <illes #55C5E)$

before =ndependence - some states tolerated or welcomed reli#ious diversity (AD, ,A, +=)( others were stron#ly ,uritan, anti-Catholic (AA, GA) after =ndependence - despite the @irst Amendment ('7;C), "2ative American" party (';*7), "Inow-2othin#" party (';<)) ! III (';66) were very anti-Catholic -

0radual cceptance of Catholicism in the =S

Catholics amon# "@oundin# @athers" (esp% arroll 6amily: Charles, Daniel, .ohn) >round-brea"in# Catholics in the @ederal >overnment:

+o#er 1aney (first Chief .ustice, ';*6-6?) -ames Campbell (first ,res% Cabinet member, ,ostmaster >eneral, ';<*-<7) Al $mith (first ,residential candidate, 'C);) .ohn @% Iennedy (first elected ,resident, 'C65)

Catholics in the Civil 8ar: lots of =rish immi#rants fou#ht in the Mnion Army( $isters of Charity care for wounded soldiers on both sides Catholics in $ociety: establish many schools, universities, hospitals, orphana#es, other social a#encies

Ch+ ,9 - The Church eacts to the Modern 8orld -A( ,99/&s - ,.//&s2

The Papacy in the Re*olutionary and 6odern +orld: o there have been )6< ,opes (not incl% $t% ,eter) in about )555 years (av#% rei#n only 7%* years each0)
o o

but there were only 7 ,opes from '77< to 'C5* (over '); years), incl% ? of the lon#est-rei#nin# ones0 so, the #Fth entury papacy o"erall was very conservative (many named ",ius"0), opposed to "liberalism" ! "democracy" ! "modernism," supportive of

aristocracies ! restoration of monarchies (">od appoints Iin#s and princes, ,opes and bishops, to rule over people")
o

2ote: this terminolo#y is sli#htly different from today( "li/eral" = "individual freedomBliberty"( "democrat" = "power in the people"( so 'Cth Century "liberal democrats" opposed "hierarchical aristocrats" (not today-s liberal vs% conservative( nor Democrat vs% +epublican)

Pope Pius V! ('77<-CC( almost )< years( ?th lon#est rei#nin#)

o o o

@rench +evolution ('7;C) leads to stron# persecution of the Church, esp% under dictator Aa imilien +obespierre (d% '7C?) he forces priests to support revolutionary ideas, or e ecutes them, and confiscates church property ,ius G= condemns the revolution and its "republican" movement

Pope Pius V!! (';55-';)*( over )* years( 6th lon#est rei#nin#)

o

@rench ConsulB4mperor 2apoleon (';55-';'<) at first ma"es a "Concordat" with +ome (';5'), but later (';5C) anne es the ,apal $tates and imprisons ,ius G== after 2apoleon-s defeat at 8aterloo (';'<), the "Con#ress of Gienna" restores many 4uropean monarchies, incl% ,apal $tates wars of independence all over Fatin America( ,ius G== ur#es local bishops to support colonial #overnments

o o

,opes !eo *II (';)*-)C)( &ius 5III (';)C-*))( Gre ory *5I (';*'-?6) - another )* years total
o o o

further conflicts in 4urope between liberalBdemocratic movements and reactionaryBaristocratic monarchies Church increasin#ly develops a "fortress mentality," feelin# "attac"ed" by all the "evils" of the "modern" world e%#%, >re#ory :G= condemns freedom of reli#ion and freedom of the press (encyclical (irari 5os, ';*))

POPE P!=S !E (:#13<2#( almost *) years0 lon est-rei nin &ope e%er, not countin# $t% ,eter)
o

,ius =:-s name is literally ",io 2ono" in =talian( but he-s often called ",io 2o-2o," since he opposed almost anythin# "modern"

o o o o o o o o

';?; - revolutions sweep 4urope( ,ius =: flees from +ome( =talian nationalists confiscate Church property ';?C - =talian nationalists are (temporarily) defeated( ,ius =: returns to +ome, where "fortress mentality" #rows ';<? - ,ius =: declares the "-mmaculate onception" as an irreformable do#ma (i%e%, it must be believed by Catholics) ';6' - Gictor 4mmanuel == becomes first "Iin# of =taly," unifyin# more and more of the =talian peninsula into one state ';6? - ,ius =: issues ,ylla/us o6 Errors, ei#hty propositions condemned as false errors, esp% anythin# related to "liberalism" :#3,<2$ - ,ius =: presides over the (0irst) ;atican ouncil, which officially defines "+apal -n6alli/ility" (see >illes, p% '6?) ';75 - =talian forces capture the ,apal $tates ! ma"e +ome their capital( ,ius =: declares himself a "prisoner in the Gatican" overall, ,ius =: believed >od appointed Iin#s and ,opes to rule over people, so he acted li"e an absolute monarch himself0

Pope Leo E!!! (';7;-'C5*( over )< years( *rd lon#est rei#nin# ever, after ,ope .ohn ,aul ==)
o o o

promoted "Catholic social teachin#" with encyclical )erum $o%arum (';C'), esp% about ri#hts of wor"ers yet stron#ly opposed "modernist" movement influenced by historical-critical biblical studies (encyclical &ro%identissimus ,eus, ';C*) continued opposition a#ainst "liberal" and "democratic" movements (incl% condemnin# so-called "Americanism" in ';CC)

New Catholic 6o*ements in the =nited States of merica:

o

+aulist 0athers - first new con#re#ation of Catholic priests in 2orth America, founded by =saac /ec"er (';'C-;;), a convert from Aethodism who remained open to "ecumenical" dialo#ue with ,rotestants (see @ocus **) ,isters o6 harity ($t% 4li&abeth Ann $eton( 4mmitsbur#, ,A( ';5<), ,isters o6 harity o6 Na@areth (Catherine $paldin#( Bardstown, IP, ';)?), and other con#re#ations of women reli#ious establish schools, hospitals, etc% (see @ocus *?) 82S2 Catholics overall feel cau#ht in the middle: ,apal +ome see them as too +merican( ,rotestant Americans see them as too )oman0

Ch+ ,1 - The Path of Protestantis! -A( ,77/&s - ,11/&s2

Lutheranism (see also ch% ''-'* above) o debates continue over the priory of @aith vs% >ood 8or"s (sola 6ide = "faith alone") and $cripture vs% 1radition (sola scriptura = "scripture alone")( also >race vs% Aerit (sola *ratia = "#race alone") and Christ-s actions vs% Hur responses (solus hristus = "Christ alone")
o o o

but don-t Futherans still accept 2icene Creed, teachin#s of Au#ustine, etc%Q aren-t these post-biblical Christian "traditions"Q and whose interpretation of scripture is correctQ disa#reements over scripture lead to more ! more divisions amon# ,rotestants "Futheran theolo#y" #ets academically developed and standardi&ed ("Futheran 1radition"Q), esp% in the #ook of Concord ('<;5)

Cal*inism (see also ch% '* !'<above)

o

emphasis on predestination leads to harsherBstricter form of reli#ion in theolo#y (243-+) and practice (",rotestant 8or" 4thic")

T otal Depravity - human bein#s are so stron#ly enslaved by sin, they cannot save themselves, only >od-s #race can = nconditional 4lection - people are saved (or condemned) simply because >od decides, not because of their own merits L imited Atonement - .esus did not die on the cross to save all people, but only those who have been chosen for heaven ! rresistible >race - those who are chosen by >od will be saved( they simply cannot refuse or resist >od-s invitation P erseverance of the $aints - those chosen by >od will continue to believe( they can do nothin# to lose their salvation

these beliefs effectively lead to #rowth of reli#ious elitism and intolerance of reli#ious differences

n&licanism (see also ch% '* ! '< above)

o o o

early '6th Cent%: independence from +ome in Church #overnance, but continuation of "Catholic" theolo#y ! litur#y late '6th Cent:: #rowin# influence of ",rotestant" (esp% Calvinist) theolo#y and practices opposed to Catholicism thereafter: a theolo ical middle road between +oman Catholicism ! +eformed ,rotestantism

worship influenced by and appeals to the upper-class aristocracy (lots of "hi#hchurch" pa#eantry, processions, vestments, music, incense, etc%)

6ethodism
o o o o o

in reaction to the theolo#ical intellectualism of Futheranism, the doctrinal ri#idity of Calvinism, and the social affluence of An#licanism, 'ohn )esley ('75*-C') and others be#an Aethodism in 4n#land, which emphasi&es personal, emotional, practical aspects of reli#ion Geor e Whitefield ('7'?-75) and others spread Aethodism in the American colonies, preachin# anywhere (not 9ust in churches) became "now for evan#elical "revival meetin#s" held outdoors or in lar#e tents( very popular amon# lower classes ! wor"in# people simple "Aethod" of attainin# salvation, based on prayer and ethical livin#: #) Do no harmG 2) Do *oodG 3) :/ey <od!s precepts

Protestantism in merica < 8y State % Re&ion: reli#ious tolerance vs% intolerance

o o o

some peopleBplaces tolerated reli#ious diversity, others did not, esp% when ,uritans controlled 4n#land ('6?5-s ! <5-s( see ch% '< above) ;ir*inia - be#un '65C by &uritans( soon the upper classes became mostly +n lican, lower classes mostly Baptist or Aethodist (assachusetts - founded '6)5 by &uritans( very intolerant of any reli#ious differences( $alem witch trials ('6C)-'7')) later split into various Calvinist-influenced #roups: Con re ationalists' &res"yterians' #aptists 1hode -sland - founded '6?? by 1o*er )illiams ('65?-;*) specifically for reli#ious toleration, incl% of Catholics ! .ews +ennsyl"ania - founded '6;' by )illiam +enn ('6??-'7';), a pacifist Lua"er who promoted reli#ious freedom ! diversity New >or7 - ori#inally a Dutch colony ("2ew Amsterdam"), thus ,utch )eformed( later more British, thus An#licans ! other #roups

o o o

Protestantism in merica: New 6o*ements? New Churches? and New Reli&ions

o o

0irst <reat Awa7enin* ('7*5-s-?5-s) - reli#ious "revival" influenced by .onathan 4dwards ('75*-<;) ! other popular preachers ,econd <reat Awa7enin* (';5'-?5-s) - led to the formation of many small, independent, "non-denominational" churches

o o o o o o o

Disciples of Christ (';'') - wanted to unify all ,rotestants, but ironically ended up as another new denomination0 ,acifist ! Abolitionist Aovements - Lua"ers, $ha"ers, Aennonites, etc% Sla%ery ,e"ates - disa#reements over slavery led to new Churches in the $outh ($outhern Baptists, AA4, AA4 Kion, etc%) $eventh-Day Adventists (';6*) - an out#rowth of the apocalyptic "Aillerite Aovement" Church of the 2a&arene ('C5;) ! other "/oliness" Churches - reform movement amon# Aethodists Fundamentalist (o%ement ('C5C) - reaction a#ainst liberal academic ,rotestant theolo#y (B=HFA Mniversity, etc%) Assemblies of >od ('C'?) ! other ",entecostal" Churches - emphasi&e the "#ifts of the /oly $pirit" Aormons (';*5) - .oseph $mith( Bri#ham Poun#( "Church of .esus Christ of the Fatter Day $aints"( #ook of (ormon Christian $cience (';7C) - Aary Ba"er 4ddy( "Church of Christ, $cientist"( Science 6 1ealth with :ey to the Scriptures .ehovah-s 8itnesses ('C*') - Charles 1% +ussell ! .oseph @% +utherford( Watchtower ma#a&ine $cientolo#ists ('C<)) - F% +on /ubbard( "Church of $cientolo#y"( ,ianetics0 4he (odern Science of (ental 1ealth and lots of other denominations and new reli ions, ever more, ever new0

o o o o o

Ch+ ,. - The Age of #atican $$ -A( ,1./&s - ,.:/&s2

Catholic )e*elopments >efore the Second Vatican Council: o Pope Leo E!!! (';7;-'C5*) - promoted the ri#hts of wor"ers to unioni&e( see ch% '7 above
o o o o

,ope ,ius : ('C5*-'C'?) - fou#ht a#ainst "Aodernism" ! "Communism"( reformed Canon Faw, encoura#ed fre3uent communion, etc% ,ope Benedict :G ('C'?-'C))) - advocated peace durin# ! after 8orld 8ar = ,ope ,ius := ('C))-'C*C) - stru##led to protect the Church a#ainst the risin# @ascists in =taly and 2a&is in >ermany Pope Pius E!! ('C*C-'C<;) - wor"ed for ri#hts of Christians (and .ews) durin# ! after 8orld 8ar ==( too" many steps towards reform:

'C?*: ,i%ino +fflante Spiritu - Catholic Biblical scholarship may use historical critical methods (be#an "Biblical Aovement") 'C?7: (ediator ,ei - lay people are encoura#ed to participate more fully in the Aass (started "Fitur#ical Aovement") 'C<5: 1umani Generis - Catholic theolo#ians may use resultsBmethods of modern scholarship (encoura#ed "2ew 1heolo#y") 'C<5: declares the do#ma of the "Assumption of Aary," that Aary was ta"en "body ! soul" into heaven at the end of her life 'C<<: establishes an "optional memorial" on the Church-s litur#ical calendar for "$t% .oseph the 8or"er" (Aay ')

Pope 9ohn EE!!! ('C<;-'C6*) - convo"ed the $econd Gatican Council, presided over its preparation and its first session%

see 1ausch9

h. #, for ,ope .ohn-s intentions and #oals for the Council

Protestant Theolo&ical )e*elopments in the Last Two Centuries:

o

2heolo*ical Emphasis shifts from intellectualBsystematic doctrines to personalBe periential reli#ion: @riedrich $chleiermacher ('76;-';*?), $oren Iier"e#aard (';'*-<<), +udolf Htto (';6C-'C*7) .i/lical E.e esis drops historical literalism and adopts historical-critical methods: Iarl Barth (';;6-'C6;), +udolf Bultmann (';;?-'C76), etc% ,ocial +ction moves beyond charitable service of the poor to systematic opposition a#ainst social in9ustice (racism, poverty, etc%) Ecumenical (o%ement be#ins to brin# many different Churches and denominations to#ether (e%#% 8orld Council of Churches)

o o o

The Second Vatican Council .:,3;<3-/:

o

$ee +ausch, Ch% '%

Ch+ 3/ - The Post-#atican $$ Church -A( ,.:/&s - today2

Reform 6o*ements and Ecumenical Councils: o =n the lon# history of the Church, it has ta"en at least =>> years to see the full effects of any ma9or "reform" movement (recall the eras of Constantine, Charlema#ne, >re#ory G==, Futher, etc%)

1oday ()556) is only about ?5 years since the end of Gatican == ('C6)-6<)( thus we are still in the middle of implementin# the reforms%

1here is always a %ariety of reactions to an 4cumenical Council( some people wor" to implement the conciliar decisions, others resist them and see" to return the Church to the way it was before%

Fi"e a pendulum swin#in# bac" ! forth, sometimes the pro#ressives and sometimes the conservatives seem to have the upper hand%

1here has been a "schism" after each of the )' 4cumenical Councils( that is, one or more #roups have disa#reed with the ma9ority decisions of each council and bro"en away from the rest of the Church%

$ometimes the "schismatic" #roups were rather small, sometimes very lar#e( some have faded away, others still e ist today%

=n contrast to some past councils, the %ast ma<ority of Catholics throu#hout the world ha%e accepted the chan es of 5atican II, althou#h there is on#oin# debate about how to implement them in practice%

1here have been some "schismatic" #roups, both on the e treme ri#ht and e treme left( but these #roups have been relatively small%

Various Reactions to Vatican !!: (but be careful not to apply "labels" too ri#idly0)
o

@ar ri#ht: 4ltraCconser"ati"e or H2ridentineH atholics

1he bishops at Gatican == were wron#( today-s Church is headed in the wron# direction( everythin# in the Church (theolo#y, litur#y, etc%) should have remained as it was defined by the Councils of 1rent ('<?<-6*) and Gatican = (';6C-75)% 1he most e treme #roups, called "sede %acantists" (lit% "the seat is empty") consider all ,opes since .ohn ::=== ille#itimate%

Center ri#ht: onser"ati"e or H1estorationistH atholics

1he decisions of Gatican == were #ood, but too many people have #one too far in chan#in# too many thin#s since then( we-ve "thrown the baby out with the bath water"( we need to restore the best parts of pre-Gatican == Catholicism( we should implement the documents of Gatican == e actly as written, but not #o any further (unless and until another 4cumenical Council authori&es further chan#es)%

Center left: 3i/eral or H+ro*ressi"eH atholics

1he documents of Gatican == were #ood, but they have not been fully implemented yet( they were only the be#innin# of an on#oin# process of reform( we should follow the "spirit" of Gatican ==, not be bound by the "letter" of the documents as written( the Church must continue to adapt to address the needs of a rapidly chan#in# world% atholics

@ar Feft: 4ltraCli/eral or H1adicalH

Gatican == did not #o far enou#h( today-s Church ur#ently needs much #reater reforms in its leadership structures (e%#% married ! women priests) and its teachin#s (e%#% se ual morality)( if +ome doesn-t authori&e such chan#es, then individuals or local con#re#ations should "push the envelope," do what is necessary, and thereby force the whole Church to chan#e%

EFternal Relations: The Church % The +orld:

o

,ocial 'ustice$ 1he ,opes, national bishops- conferences, and local bishops continue to challen#e Catholics (and all people) to wor" for human ri#hts and a#ainst societal evils( all societies and cultures must be transformed by the messa#e of the #ospel( both communist socialism and free-mar"et capitalism need to be subordinated to the needs and ri#hts of all people% 3i/eration 2heolo*y$ 1he Church (esp% in Fatin America) has a "preferential option for the poor" and advocates the need for structural chan#es to overcome un9ust oppression( rich nations and individuals have a moral obli#ation to share their abundance with the world-s poor%

!nternal !ssues: Structures % uthority:

o o o

8hat are the roles of the ,ope, national conferences of bishops, individual bishops, local pastors, and lay people in the leadership of the ChurchQ 8hat are the roles of the Gatican, bishops, and individual theolo#ians in developin# and transmittin# the Church-s theolo#ical ! ethical teachin#sQ 8hat are the roles and responsibilities of all believers, esp% lay people, in the life and ministry, the leadership and teachin#s of the ChurchQ

The Spirit of Vatican !!:

o

Bishops who wor"ed in the "+oman Curia" (the Catholic Church-s central administration) in the 'C<5-s ! 65-s were mostly conservative and resistant to chan#es, but many other /ishops 6rom around the world wor"ed hard to carry out ,ope .ohn ::===-s desires for reform at the $econd Gatican Council% $everal 'esuit theolo*ians stron#ly influenced the "spirit" of reform both before and durin# Gatican ==, esp% ,ierre 1eilhard de Chardin (@rench, ';;'-'C<<), Iarl +ahner (>erman, 'C5?-;?), esp% .ohn Courtney Aurray (American, 'C5<-67)% 2ot 9ust .esuits, of course, but theolo#ians from other reli#ious orders and other countries were also very influential, but these are the three hi#hli#hted by >illes (see @ocus *7)% 1he spirit of on#oin# reform in the Church has been carried forward in the last few decades not 9ust by bishops, priests, and theolo#ians, but more and more by lay people, both individuals and or#ani&ed #roups (see >illes, @ocus *; ! *C)

Ch+ 3, - #isions and )oundaries -A( ,.:/&s - today2

The Popes since the Second Vatican Council: o Pope 9ohn EE!!! ('C<;-6*) - convo"ed the $econd Gatican Council, presided over its preparation and its first session%
o o o o

Pope Paul V! ('C6*-7;) - continued ! concluded Gatican ==( be#an the implementation of its litur#ical reforms ! other decrees ,ope .ohn ,aul = ('C7;) - wanted to carry forward the wor" of his predecessors (combined name0), but died after only ** days in office Pope 9ohn Paul !! ('C7;-)55<( second-lon#est rei#nin#, after ,ope ,ius =:) from ,oland( first non-=talian elected ,ope in over four centuries Pope 8enedict EV! ()55<-present) - elected April 'C, )55<( had a stron#ly "conservative" reputation, but has been very "moderate" so far

Visionaries % 8oundary Geepers:

o

";isionaries" or ",ro#ressives" usually want to push forward with reforms, chan#es, and adaptations in our ever-chan#in# world(

but they tend to thin" that anythin# old is "ad, and everythin# new is ood%

".oundary =eepers" or "1raditionalists" want to preserve traditions, "eep thin#s as they have been passed down for #enerations(

but they tend to thin" that everythin# old is ood, and anythin# new is "ad%

But the BH1/BA2D approach su##ests that the Church needs both visionaries and boundary "eepers( neither approach is absolute%

maintainin# traditions A2D reformin# innovations are BH1/ always necessary for any community to remain healthy%

,t. +aul writes: "Do not despise the words of prophets, but test e"erythin*( hold fast to what is #ood( abstain from every form of evil%" (' 1hess <:)5-))) /ow can we follow his admonition to "test everythin#," neither acceptin# or re9ectin# thin#s 9ust because they are new or oldQ

8e constantly need to "test" old traditions, holdin# on to what is #ood, but lettin# #o of what is no lon#er helpful or appropriate% 8e also always need to "test" new innovations, welcomin# what is #ood, but not fallin# for thin#s that are merely fads or trends%

Huestions for Reflection:

o o o o o o o

8hat are the most important issues facin# the Catholic Church todayQ %%%facin# all Christians in all Churches and denominationsQ 8hat #ood traditions of the past have Catholics andBor other Christians lost or ne#lected that should be recovered or restoredQ 8hat necessary innovations have Catholics andBor other Christians resisted that need to be embraced and adoptedQ Do = personally tend to preserve the old and re9ect whatever is new, or to ne#lect the old and embrace whatever is newQ 8hat can we learn from the )555-year history of Christianity, so that we do not constantly repeat the same mista"esQ 8hat can we learn from other academic disciplines, so that Christianity can better respond to the needs of the modern worldQ /ow can Christianity inte#rate both the inner ! outer dimensions of life, both faith ! 9ustice, both spirituality ! theolo#yQ

SEMMA I ? E#$E8: The =ey Ecu!enical Councils: (see +ro). Just<s &#umen(#al Coun#(ls web a2e )or the(r deta(ls & do#uments o) ea#h Coun#(l%
"#: 1": 1-: ')'< '?'?-'7 :-1- :#3,< <3" 2$ :,3;< 3-

)ate: ";-

Plac e:

Nice a

Constantinop Ephes le us

Chalced on

Fatera n =G

Constanc Tren Vatica Vatica e t n! n !!

So!e )roader Synthesi@ing Juestions:

'% /ow did Christianity be#inQ 8hat were the roles of .esus, ,eter, ,aul, and the other ApostlesQ )% /ow did the +oman 4mpire view and treat Christians (both positively and ne#atively) in the first *55 yearsQ *% 8hat were the effects of the Conversion of Constantine on the #rowth of 4arly ChristianityQ ?% /ow did the first four 4cumenical Councils affect the development of Christian 1heolo#yQ <% /ow did the Barbarian =nvasions of the 8estern +oman 4mpire affect Christianity (in both 8est and 4ast)Q

6% 8hat was the impact of Charlema#ne (both politically and culturally) on medieval ChristianityQ 7% 8hat factors (political ! reli#ious) caused the split between 4astern Hrthodo y and 8estern CatholicismQ ;% 8hat were the hi#h points (and a few problems) of 8estern Christianity in the ')th and '*th centuriesQ C% 8hat were the ma9or problems (and few #ood aspects) of Christianity in the '?th and '<th centuriesQ '5% 8hen ! how did the ,rotestant +eformation be#in, spread, and lead to the formation of separate churchesQ ''% 8hat was the Catholic reaction in the '6th cent% (both ne#atively ! positively) to Futher-s +eformsQ ')% 8hat were the terrible conse3uences of the +eformation in 4urope in the '7th to ';th centuriesQ '*% Describe the diversity and developments of ,rotestant Christianity in 2% America (preand post-+evolution)% '?% Describe the radical social chan#es of the 'Cth century and the Catholic Church-s reaction (esp% by ,ope ,ius =:)% '<% 8hat mid-)5th century reform movements led up to Gatican ==, and what were the main results of this CouncilQ

%L4SSA I: Aor de)(n(t(ons o) many o) the )ollow(n2 terms, see the 2lossar(es and (nd(#es (n the ba#> o) our te'tboo>s= 3(lles ( . 22;9-0, 2-898"% or ,aus#h ( . 20:9:", 21-952%. Aor other terms, #he#> a 2ood ubl(shed d(#t(onary, or onl(ne resour#es l(>e d(#t(onary.#om, or see the B(bl(#al 3lossary on +ro). Just<s webs(te. So!e Early Christian AHeresiesA: Ado t(on(sm, Ar(an(sm, $o#et(sm, $onat(sm, 3nost(#(sm, 6ar#(on(sm, 6odal(sm, 6onar#h(an(sm, 6ono hys(t(sm, !estor(an(sm, +ela2(an(sm, 4ubord(nat(on(sm So!e Later Christian %roups and (eno!inations: Alb(2ens(ans, Anaba t(sts, An2l(#ans, Ba t(sts, Cal/(n(sts, Cathol(#s (,oman%, & (s#o al(ans, Jansen(sts, ?utherans, 6ethod(sts, Orthodo' (&astern, 3ree>, ,uss(an, et#.%, +resbyter(ans, +ur(tans, ,e)ormed Chr(st(ans, et#. So!e MaKor eligious 4rders <ithin Catholicis! -and their founders2: Bened(#t(nes (4t. Bened(#t o) !urs(a%, C(ster#(ans (4t. Bernard o) Cla(r/au'%, $om(n(#ans (4t. $om(n(# 3u@man%, Aran#(s#ans (4t. Aran#(s o) Ass(s(%, Jesu(ts (4t. I2nat(us o) ?oyola%, +aul(sts (Isaa# De#>er%, 4(sters o) Char(ty (4t. &l(@abeth Ann 4eton%, et#. Subfields of Theology: b(bl(#al theolo2y, #hr(stolo2y, e##les(olo2y, e#umen(sm (e#umen(#al d(alo2ue%, es#hatolo2y, )em(n(st theolo2y, (nter9rel(2(ous relat(ons ((nter)a(th d(alo2ue%,

l(berat(on theolo2y, l(tur2y, m(ss(olo2y, moral theolo2yEeth(#s, neumatolo2y, soter(olo2y, so#(al eth(#s, s (r(tual(ty, systemat(# theolo2y, tr(n(tar(an theolo2y, et#. So!e )iblical Ter!s: a ostle, B(ble, #anon, #o/enant, e/an2el(st, 3os el, Debrew B(ble, non#anon(#al boo>s, !ew Testament, Old Testament, 4e tua2(nt, 4yno t(# 3os els, Torah, Iul2ate (see also +ro). Just<s BB(bl(#al 3lossaryB% 4ther $!portant Ter!s used in %illes: ant(9Cathol(#(sm, a olo2y, a ostate, a ostleEa ostol(#, as#et(#Eas#et(#(sm, Assum t(on (o) 6ary%, ba t(sm, barbar(an, bas(l(#a, b(sho Ee (s#o al, b(sho s< #on)eren#es, By@ant(umEBy@ant(ne, #ard(nals, Carol(n2(an ,e)orm, #ate#hes(sE#ate#humen, #athedral, Cathol(#E#athol(#E#athol(#(ty, #el(ba#y, Chr(stE6ess(ah, Chr(stendom, Chur#hE#hur#h (0 mean(n2s%, #ler2y & la(ty, Con#ordat, #ontem lat(on ( rayer%, #on/ers(on, #oun#(lE#on#(l(ar(sm, #reedE#reedal )ormulas, #rusades, #ur(a, dea#onEd(a#onal, $esert Aathers, d(o#eseEd(o#esan, $o#tor o) the Chur#h, do#tr(neEdo#tr(nal, do2maEdo2mat(#, dual(sm, e00lesiaEe##les(al, &#umen(#al Coun#(ls, en#y#l(#al ( a al%, e (s>o osEe (s#o alE& (s#o al, &u#har(st, e/an2el(#al, &/an2el(stEe/an2el(st, e/an2el(@eEe/an2el(@at(on, e'#ommun(#at(on, )eudal(sm (lords & /assals%, filio-ue, )r(arsEmend(#ants, )undamental(st, 3os elE2os el, 2ra#e, hea/enEhell, heresyEheterodo', h(erar#hy, Doly 4 (r(t, homoousios, hypostasis & hy ostat(# un(on, (#onsE(#ono#lasm, Imma#ulate Con#e t(on, imprimatur, (n#arnat(on, (ndul2en#es, (n)all(b(l(ty, InJu(s(t(onE(nJu(s(tor, (ns (rat(on, Kust()(#at(on (by )a(th%, >ery2ma, lay (n/est(ture, lectio divina, l(tur2y, lo#al #hur#h, logos, martyrsE#on)essors, 6ass, med(tat(on, modern(st #r(s(s, monasteryEmonast(#(sm, mon>sEherm(ts, nat(onal(sm, ne ot(sm, ontolo2(#al, Orthodo'Eorthodo', a2an, a a#yE a al, ar(sh, atr(ar#h, atr(st(# )athersEwr(t(n2s, enan#e, (etyE (ous de/ot(ons, ont()), +o e, redest(nat(on, resbyterEelder, r(est, r(ma#y ( a al%, ur2atory, real resen#e, re#on#(l(at(on, re)ormEre)ormat(on, rel(#s, rel(2(ous (brothersEs(stersEorders%, ,ena(ssan#e, re/elat(onE,e/elat(on, ,oman Cur(a, rule o) )a(th, 4abbath, sa#rament, sa(ntEsan#t(ty, sal/at(on, s#h(sm, 4#holast(#(sm, se#ular, s(mony, ()our% solas o) +rotestant(sm, 4yllabus o) &rrors, syna2o2ue, synod, theo#ra#y, "heoto0os. Thom(sm, trad(t(onsETrad(t(on, transubstant(at(on, Tr(dent(ne, T.M.?.I.+., Bwor>s o) the ?awB /s. B2ood wor>sB