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Aliyah Days Professor Wolcott March 29, 2014 Literature Review Introduction This paper shows the effects and influences of parents and doctors on childhood obesity, which is a conversation that takes place all around the world. Childhood obesity has always been an issue in the world. Though over the past few years, the rate of childhood obesity has drastically increased. The communities involved are doctors, parents, and children. Doctors and parents are both needed for there to be a positive change in the rate of obesity. Doctors need to educate parents and parents need to educate and provide their children with a healthy lifestyle. Most of the documents found in this paper are found in different medical journals all around the world. A few of the journals that were used are the Journal of Paediatric and Child Health and the British Medical Journal. These articles all range from 1966 to 2010. These dates are relevant to this topic, childhood obesity, because it shows how long childhood obesity has been a problem in the world. As the time period becomes more present, the articles show how the childhood obesity rate has skyrocketed and how more children have to deal with adult- like illnesses, i.e. type 2 diabetes and heart problems, early on in life. These articles provide insight into the world of doctors and parents and what they can do to help not only decrease the rate of childhood obesity, but prevent it as well. Childhood Obesity, Doctors, and Parents Along with children being very overweight, they are now starting to carry adult- like illnesses like type two diabetes and cardiovascular problems. Cardiovascular problems are

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already bad enough as it is for adults so when a child has these problems it poses a heavier threat on them leading obesity to slowly become the number one cause of death (Daniels, Stephen R., Haslam, David, Naveed Sattar, and Mike Lean., Katz, David L.). A pattern has begun to show starting out as obesity, which turns into type two diabetes, and eventually heart diseases, making the health of an obese child seem predictable (Katz, David L.). None of these illnesses are easy to cope with as an adult, so as a child it would be much harder and dangerous to deal with. Doctors are extremely important people when dealing with childhood obesity because all sorts of problems tend to arise in obese children (Reilly, John J., and David Wilson). Pediatricians are not the only doctors involved with obese children. Many children are put into therapy, either group or individual, to help them lose weight (Braet, C, M Van Winckel, and K Van Leeuwen). Chiropractors, cardiologists, and psychologist/ psychiatrist are all different types of doctors involved with childhood obesity. The main goal of any doctor is to lower the rate of childhood obesity in any way possible (Feeney, DF., O'Keefe, Maree, and Suzette Coat). Children typically begin to have lower self- esteem and health issues when they are obese so that is why these doctors are all necessary. Parents need to be educated on living a healthier lifestyle so that their child can also live a healthier lifestyle (Charles, Katie., Lindsay, Ana C., Katarina M. Sussner, Juhee Kim, and Steven Lawrence Gortmaker). It has been studied that a childs health is determined durin g the ages of three and five, which is typically the years that parents make most of the decisions for their child (Charles, Katie., Childhood obesity: a doctor's responsibility?). Not only do parents need to be teaching their child how to live a healthy lifestyle, but they also need to be able to admit to the fact that their child is obese. A study was taken for parents with children ages four to eight and it showed that the parents with the obese children showed the same amount of

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concern as a parent without an obese child which can potentially cause a huge problem (Etelson, Debra, Donald A. Brand, Patricia A. Patrick, and Anushree Shirali., Feeney, DF). Over the past few years, the rate of childhood obesity has skyrocketed. The rate of childhood obesity isnt just a problem in the United States, but all around the world (Braet, C, M Van Winckel, and K Van Leeuwen., Haslam, David, Naveed Sattar, and Mike Lean., Reilly, John J., David Wilson., Viner, Russell, and Tim Cole). There are many different techniques and ideas available to help lower the rate. Many doctors and practitioners believe that with just dieting, exercising, and therapy, obese children should be able to lose weight (Haslam, David, Naveed Sattar, and Mike Lean). A lecturer and professor at the University College London were able to provide a study on childhood obesity into adulthood. Although the study didnt find that most men were persistently obese from childhood to adulthood, it did find that a lot more women were (Viner, Russell, and Tim Cole). If the rate of childhood obesity is lowered and eventually prevented then there will be a lot less cases of childhood obesity furthering into adulthood. Children Weight Loss Programs Missing There are many ways that the rate of childhood obesity can be lowered, but very few are actually talked about. A good and healthy way a child can lose weight and keep it off is through different diet programs. Places like Weight Watchers and Jenny Craig arent limited to only adults but that is who they mainly focus on. It isnt often that you see children in a weight loss program with adults. Having this sort of program can be very beneficial to a childs health. It could show a bit of encouragement by letting a child know that there are other children in the same boat as them. These programs can potentially help children with low self- esteem to create long and fulfilling friendships. It will also teach the children proper nutrition and exercise which

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they can then pass on to others around them. Obese children need diet programs of their own to help lower the rate of childhood obesity. Children Weight Loss Program Proposal To begin, I think that it is rather important for doctors, nutritionist, and psychiatrist to be a large part in creating the weight loss program. Interviews of doctors, nutritionist, and psychiatrist will help to guide the program in the correct direction. Questions regarding the effectiveness of this program are important to ask. How the doctors, nutritionist, and psychiatrist will teach the children about their body weight and how to begin to take care of it, the types of foods and exercise that needs to be performed, and the different ways to console the children and contribute to all their physical and mental needs during this time, are all other questions that are important to ask and figure out. The program will consist of three different groups divided up by the childrens age. The youngest child that will be able to attend the program is six years old and the oldest child can be eighteen years old. Due to the large age difference, six through ten year olds will be in group one, eleven through fifteen year olds will be in group two, and sixteen through eighteen year olds will be in group three. This way the child will not be mixed in a class with others that are a lot older or a lot younger than he or she. This will also allow the doctors, nutritionist, and psychiatrist to be able to help the child on a more reaching level. Children will attend the program two to three times a week, depending on the availability and schedule of the child. Parents of the child will be allowed to sit in classes with them so that they can be able to monitor their child and the progress that he or she will be making. The child will see the doctor and psychiatrist at least once a week to make sure that everything is on track and will meet with the nutritionist each class they attend. Along with the group classes, there will be private classes for

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children who dont want to be in a class with other children or their parents have a preference for that. Children in private classes will attend class however many times they want to attend. The children in private classes will receive the same learning in their classes, with more one on one time than the children in the group classes. The price to attend the group sessions is cheaper than the private sessions. Group classes will cost $15 for two days per week and $25 for three days per week, while private sessions will cost $12 each class. If a family has multiple children attending the classes, 10% discounts will be provided to the families. Children wont be put on a timeline for their weight loss. The children will be able to set goals for their weight loss and bettering their health every week and learn how they will achieve them. This way it doesnt set any sort of pressure on the child to lose a certain amount of weight every week. As long as the child is losing weight, the weight loss program is working for them. The program should be run by a family or a person who has dealt with childhood obesity. This way the public should have no reason to get upset about children losing mass amounts of weight, even if it is necessary for them to do so. It will show the public that the people running this program are people who have been there and understand what it is like to be obese as a child. They will also understand how unhealthy and life threatening it is. Because of this, the program should create a very rewarding and beneficial atmosphere towards the children and their parents.

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Work Cited Braet, C, M Van Winckel, and K Van Leeuwen. "Follow-up results of different treatment programs for obese children." Acta Paediatrica 86.4 (1997): 397-402. Wiley Online Library . Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Charles, Katie. "Daily Checkup: Early Education Can Head off Childhood Obesity." New York Daily News. NYDailyNews.com, 10 Nov. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. "Childhood obesity: a doctor's responsibility?." - Paediatrics Update January 2013. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. Daniels, Stephen R.. "The Consequences Of Childhood Overweight And Obesity." The Future of Children 16.1 (2006): 47-67. Project MUSE. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Etelson, Debra, Donald A. Brand, Patricia A. Patrick, and Anushree Shirali. "Childhood Obesity: Do Parents Recognize This Health Risk?" Obesity 11.11 (2003): 1362-368. Wiley Online Library. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. Feeney, DF. "Childhood Obesity: What Can Doctors Of Chiropractic Do?." Nutritional Perspectives: Journal Of The Council On Nutrition 28.4 (2005): 5. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Haslam, David, Naveed Sattar, and Mike Lean. "Obesity--time to wake up." BMJ 333.7569 (2006): 640-642. BMJ. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Katz, David L. "Fixing Childhood Obesity: Simple, Just Not Easy." Childhood Obesity (Formerly Obesity and Weight Management) 6.4 (2010): 165. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers, 27 Aug. 2010. Web. 9 Mar. 2014. Lindsay, Ana C., Katarina M. Sussner, Juhee Kim, and Steven Lawrence Gortmaker. "The Role

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of Parents in Preventing Childhood Obesity." The Future of Children 16.1 (2006): 16986. Project MUSE. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. O'Keefe, Maree, and Suzette Coat. "Consulting Parents On Childhood Obesity And Implications For Medical Student Learning." Journal Of Paediatrics & Child Health 45.10 (2009): 573-576. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Reilly, John J., and David Wilson. "Childhood Obesity." BMJ: British Medical Journal 333.7580 (2006): 1207-210. JSTOR. Web. 09 Mar. 2014 Viner, Russell, and Tim Cole. "Adult Socioeconomic, Educational, Social, And Psychological Outcomes Of Childhood Obesity: A National Birth Cohort Study." BMJ 330.7504 (2005): 1354. BMJ. Web. 15 Mar. 2014.