C

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V1
V2 City and countryside
V4 Mountains and coast
V6 The environment
V8 Trees, plants and fowers
V10 The animal kingdom
V12 Architecture
V13 Buildings
V14 Homes
V15 House
V16 Garden / Yard
V17 DIY and cleaning
V18 Living room
V19 Dining room
V20 Bedroom
V21 Bathroom
V22 Kitchen
V24 Cooking
V26 Fruit and vegetables
V28 Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals
V29 Packaging
V30 Musical instruments
V32 Toys and games
V34 Hobbies
V36 Sports
V40 Extreme sports
V41 Cycles
V42 Cars
V43 Aircraft
V44 Boats and ships
V46 Vehicles
V48 The body
V49 Hair and make-up
V50 Clothes
V52 Accessories
V54 Computing
V56 Offce
V57 Classroom
V58 Shapes, solids and angles
V59 The earth and the solar system
V60 The British Isles
V62 Canada and the United States of America
V64 Australia and New Zealand
Visual Vocabulary Builder Contents
V2
C
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City and countryside
1
1
5
15
20
27
28
36
34
35
29
16
17
18
10
11
23
6
9
12
13 14
33
21
22
7
3
4
2
4
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15
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20
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33
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11
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31
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6
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V3
C
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1 skyscraper
2 crane
3 offce block (BrE) / offce
building (NAmE)
4 dome
5 museum
6 clock tower
7 hoarding (BrE)
(also billboard
especially NAmE)
8 cinema (BrE) / movie
theater (NAmE)
9 banner
10 fag
11 fagpole (also fagstaff)
12 alley (also alleyway)
13 awning
14 fountain
15 statue
16 shopping centre (BrE)
shopping center
(NAmE)
17 arcade
18 street light
(BrE also street lamp)
19 lamp post (especially
BrE)
20 market
21 market stall
22 road sign
23 theatre (BrE) / theater
(especially US)
24 shop (BrE)
store (NAmE)
25 cafe (also caf)
26 postbox / letter box
(both BrE)
mailbox (NAmE)
27 busker
28 traffc lights
(NAmE also stoplights)
29 bollard
30 litter bin (BrE)
trash can (NAmE)
31 pedestrian precinct
(BrE) / pedestrian mall
(NAmE)
32 taxi rank (BrE)
(also taxi stand
especially NAmE)
33 railings
34 pavement (BrE)
sidewalk (NAmE)
35 kerb (BrE)
curb (NAmE)
36 parking meter
(also meter)
37 pedestrian
crossing (BrE)
crosswalk (NAmE)
38 cycle lane (BrE)
bicycle lane (NAmE)
39 bus stop
40 high street (BrE)
main street (NAmE)
1 windmill
2 hill
3 hay
4 haystack
5 vineyard
6 copse (also coppice)
7 stream
8 wood (also woods)
9 furrow
10 polytunnel
11 pasture
12 crops
13 tractor
14 feld
15 farmyard
16 orchard
17 footpath
18 footbridge
19 stile
20 silo
21 farmhouse
22 stable
23 hedge
24 signpost
25 village green (BrE)
26 village
27 duck pond
28 farm
29 meadow
30 marsh
31 reeds
32 fence
33 barn
34 hedgerow
35 ditch
36 livestock
37 lane
38 bridge
39 river
40 riverbank
Countryside
City
37
38
39
30
31
19
24
25
32
40
8
26
22
21
29
30
34
38
39
40
35
3
8
12
V4
M
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Mountains and coast
26
15
16
3
17
21
20
19
25
24
1
11
2
12
4
13
14
5
6
27
1
2
3
4
5
25
29
24
28
23
10
11
12
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18
14
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18
V5
M
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1 summit
2 ridge
3 glacier
4 snow
5 mountain range
6 plateau
7 peak
8 mountain
9 precipice
10 foothills
11 snowline
12 ice
13 source
14 waterfall
15 forest
16 lake
17 conifers
18 glade (also clearing)
19 tributary
20 river
21 meander
22 pass
23 slope
24 scree
25 track
26 boulder
27 valley
28 gorge (also canyon)
1 coastal path
2 cave
3 headland (also
promontory)
4 horizon
5 sea (BrE)
ocean (NAmE)
6 lighthouse
7 island
8 cove
9 clifftop
10 dune (also sand dune)
11 estuary
12 wave
13 spit
14 crest
15 foam
16 reef
17 cliff
18 sandbank
19 wake
20 rock
21 rock pool (BrE)
tide pool (NAmE)
22 quay
23 beach
24 bay
25 shingle
26 harbour (BrE)
harbor (NAmE)
27 jetty (NAmE also dock)
28 sand
29 seashore
Coast
Mountains
22
6
7
8
9
17
16
19
20
21
22
27
26
7
8
9
28
10
V6
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The environment
Acid rain
Acid rain (7) falls on leaves and bark,
damaging trees and plants in forests.
Nutrients are leached out of the soil, and
plants die.
Acid levels build up in lakes and rivers (8),
poisoning and killing fsh.
Acid corrosion attacks buildings, eating
away at metal, stone and wood.
Pollution from smog (9) causes respiratory
diseases such as asthma and bronchitis.
Global warming
Global warming can cause climate change
and environmental disaster. Long-term
changes in temperature, wind, pressure,
precipitation (rain and snow) and humidity
present challenges to our survival.
Environmental degradation, such as
desertifcation and desiccation, creates
problems in many parts of the world.
Rising temperatures cause ice caps to melt.
Rising sea levels lead to coastal and river
fooding and erosion.
Extreme events occur, such as storms,
drought, forest fres, soil erosion,
landslides, avalanches, tsunamis and the
sudden appearance of pests and diseases.
Causes of the greenhouse effect
Carbon dioxide is produced by vehicle
exhaust fumes (1) and by burning fossil
fuels (2) from power plants (BrE also power
stations), factories and homes. This causes
temperatures to rise. Trees, which absorb
carbon dioxide, are felled by logging, causing
deforestation (3).
Nitrogen oxide comes from vehicles
and power plants, and from agricultural
fertilizers and pesticides used in intensive
farming (4).
Many household products, such as
refrigerators and aerosols, emit CFCs
(chlorofuorocarbons) which damage the
ozone layer.
Methane gas is released from household and
industrial waste in landfll sites (5), and also
from cattle (6).
Sunlight causes these greenhouse gases to
undergo chemical change and react with
water vapour (BrE) (NAmE vapor), creating
acid rain.
1
2
3
8
7
4
9
6
5
V7
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Solutions and sustainability
Wind turbines (1), solar power and
hydroelectric power (2) provide alternative
sources of energy that are renewable and do
not pollute the air.
In the home, solar panels (3),
insulation, energy-effcient light
bulbs and biodegradable products are
environmentally friendly. Rubbish can be
sorted for recycling in bins (4) and bottle
banks (5), and biodegradable waste becomes
compost (6).
Using a bicycle (7), an electric car (8) or
public transport (9) helps to reduce carbon
emissions. Avoiding long-distance travel and
buying local, seasonal food with low food
miles reduces your carbon footprint.
Reforestation (10) and organic farming (11)
help to restore the earths balance. Trees
give off oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide
and provide habitats for wildlife. Organic
farming is chemical-free.
SOME RECyClAblE MATERiAlS
batteries
cans
cardboard
engine oil
fuorescent tubes
glass
organic garden
waste
paper
plastic bottles
scrap metal
textiles
timber
1
10
11
9
9
2
3
4
6
5
4
7
8
V8
horse chestnut beech ash
T
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,

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f
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Trees, plants and fowers
sycamore oak willow
(especially BrE)
rings
bark
wood
twig
tree
catkin
blossom
fr
roots
blossom
bud
leaf
log
foliage
twig
conker
(especially
BrE)
Trees Evergreen trees
Deciduous trees
berry
acorn
branch limb
trunk
needles cone (BrE
also fr cone)
palm yew
seeds
seeds
beech nut
V9
T
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,

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f
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s
plant fower
shoot
petal
sepal
dandelion clock
tendril
thorn
trumpet
bamboo bulrush reed fern ivy
bluebell daisy buttercup primrose poppy
daffodil tulip iris lily orchid lotus

variegated
leaves
seed head
fower
stigma
bud
carpel
stalk
style
stem
ovary
thorn
ovule
roots
roots
anther
bulb
stamen
carnation chrysanthemum sweet pea sunfower rose
moss lichen cactus nettle thistle dandelion
V10
T
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k
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d
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Birds
fnch
beak / bill
claw
toe
wing
tail
egg
whisker
claw
blowhole
mane
muzzle
bat
trout
snout
coat
tail
paw
hooves horn
antlers
eucalyptus tree
talons
crest
webbed foot
birds of prey
golden eagle
carrion
barn owl
Mammals primates
seabirds
lion
spider monkey
prehensile
tail
chimpanzee (also
informal chimp)
marsupials
rodents
kangaroo
(also informal
roo)
red squirrel beaver
joey
pouch
koala
(also koala bear)
albatross gull
puffn
chicken
duck
turkey
pheasant
sperm whale
poultry and game
nest feather
vulture
tusk trunk
tail
dorsal fn
scales
fn
Fish
gill
cetacean
ventral fn
The animal kingdom
V11
T
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Reptiles
turtle
(NAmE also sea turtle)
cobra
fangs
hood
forked
tongue
tortoise (BrE) / turtle (NAmE)
shell
Insects
scorpion
tick
web
antenna
mandible
wing
wasp
butterfy
chrysalis (also
chrysalid)
larva
mosquito
fea
beetle
dragonfy
ladybird (BrE)
ladybug (NAmE)
salamander
antenna
woodlouse
crab
claw / pincer
shell
toad
warty skin
moth
head
thorax
abdomen
bumblebee
Amphibians
Cephalopod
shell
snail
slug
tentacle
octopus
Crustaceans
grasshopper
Arachnids
frogspawn
frog
caterpillar
ant
j
j
j
j
Taxonomy
Living things are grouped on the basis of
their similarities and differences into smaller
and smaller groups. This scientifc process of
classifcation is called taxonomy. The main
groups, from the largest to the smallest, are:
kingdom (animal or plant)
phylum (plural phyla) (e.g. mollusc, arthropod)
class (e.g. mammal, gastropod, insect)
order (e.g. primate, marsupial)
family
genus (plural genera)
species
spider
tadpole
j
Gastropods
sucker
j
fipper
eggs
sting (NAmE
also stinger)
sting (NAmE
also stinger)
prawn (especially BrE)
shrimp (NAmE)
V12
A
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Architecture
geodesic dome
dome
dome
gargoyle
suspension bridge
colonnade cloister portico
humpback bridge (BrE) viaduct aqueduct
rotunda
obelisk
cantilever bridge
arch vaulted ceiling
pedestal
Bridges
cupola
dome
keystone
capital
relief
column plinth
V13
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Buildings
Work connected with building
person work all [U]
building houses and
other buildings:
builder building
designing buildings: architect architecture
designing roads and
bridges, etc.:
civil engineer civil
engineering
building walls, etc.
with bricks:
bricklayer bricklaying
repairing or building roofs: roofer roofng
making doors and window
frames from wood:
joiner joinery
making and repairing
wooden objects
and structures:
carpenter carpentry
ftting glass into the frames
of windows, etc.:
glazier glazing
putting plaster on walls: plasterer plastering
ftting and repairing water
pipes, toilets, etc.:
plumber plumbing
connecting, repairing, etc.
electrical equipment:
electrician wiring
amphitheatre
palace
glasshouse
pub (BrE)
hut
barn
pagoda
castle
pyramid
warehouse
stately home
log cabin
lighthouse oil rig
oil platform
skyscraper
fort
battlements
portico
turret
moat
V14
H
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Other types of home
Duplex (especially NAmE) has two meanings: it is a building
divided into two separate homes, each with its own entrance,
or it is a fat/apartment with rooms on two foors, with a
shared entrance from the street.
An apartment building or group of houses in which each fat/
apartment/house is owned by the person living in it but the
building and shared areas are owned by everyone together is
a condominium (especially NAmE) (also informal condo).
A fat/apartment with rooms on two foors, and usually its
own entrance from the street, is a maisonette (BrE).
A house built on one level, that is very wide but not very deep
from front to back, and has a roof that is not very steep, is a
ranch house (NAmE) compare bungalow.
A very large house is a mansion.
An expensive and comfortable fat/apartment at the top of a
tall building is a penthouse.
A set of rooms for an old person, especially in a relatives
house, is called a granny fat (BrE) / in-law apartment /
mother-in-law apartment (both NAmE).
Homes
houseboat
mobile home (especially NAmE)
bungalow (BrE)
terraced house (BrE)
duplex (especially NAmE)
thatched cottage
row house (NAmE)
town house (BrE)
thatch
semi-detached house (BrE)
apartment building (NAmE) block of fats (BrE)
fre escape
V15
H
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House
Where you live
The area surrounding a house is the
neighbourhood (BrE) / neighborhood
(NAmE).
A person who lives next or near to you is your
neighbour (BrE) / neighbor (NAmE).
The next house, room or building is next door:
our next-door neighbours
An area where people live that is outside the
main part of a city or town is called a suburb,
or the suburbs. The adjective is suburban:
suburban houses/streets
An area where a large number of houses are
planned and built as a group is called an estate
or a development:
a new housing estate/development
If you go and live in another house, you move,
or move house. You move in/move into a
new house, then move out/move out of it
when you stop living there.
buying or renting a house
A house that is available to buy is for sale or
on the market:
This property has been on the market for
about six weeks.
A person whose job is to buy and sell houses
and land for other people is an estate agent
(BrE) / real estate agent (NAmE).
When you borrow money from a bank or
building society in order to buy a house, you
take out a mortgage.
If you pay money for the use of a room,
house, etc., you rent it (from sb). The money
that you pay, probably each month, is rent.
The person who rents a room, house, etc.
is a tenant and the person who owns the
property is a landlord (or landlady if it is a
woman):
The landlord has put the rent up again.
1 chimney pot
2 chimney
3 aerial (BrE)
antenna (NAmE, BrE)
4 ridge
5 gable
6 roof
7 skylight

8 dormer window
9 eaves
10 burglar alarm
11 gutter
12 drainpipe (NAmE also
downspout)
13 shutter
14 windowpane
15 sash window
16 casement window
17 balcony
18 window box
19 windowsill
20 porch
21 tile
22 hanging basket
23 door knocker
24 French window (BrE)
French door (NAmE)
25 bay window
26 letter box (BrE)
mail slot (NAmE)
27 front door
28 wall
29 garage
30 brick
31 doorstep
32 basement
33 step
34 drive (also driveway)
9
1
2
32
22
25
10
16
3
21
26
23
30
34
28
33
31
24 29 27
12
18
14
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4
5
13
7
6
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20
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V16
G
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Garden (BrE) / Yard (NAmE)
1 greenhouse
2 shed
3 hedge
4 bird table (BrE)
bird feeder
(NAmE)
5 parasol /
sunshade
6 conservatory (BrE)
7 pergola
8 climber
9 gate
10 fence
11 sunlounger (BrE)
(also lounger,
BrE, NAmE)
12 deckchair
13 barbecue
(also BBQ)
14 water butt (BrE)
rain barrel
(NAmE)
15 bench
16 trellis
17 stake
18 deck
19 fowerpot
20 patio
21 planter
22 fower bed
23 compost bin
24 border
25 lawn
26 cane
27 water feature
28 pond
29 cold frame (also
frame)
30 seedling
31 cloche
32 vegetable patch /
vegetable plot
hand fork spade
lawnmower
(also mower)
watering can sprinkler hose
(also hosepipe)
hoe trowel shovel fork rakes
wheelbarrow
(also barrow)
Strimmer
TM
(BrE)
6
26
25
32
24
14
21
4
3
1
23
29
30
31
5
6
11
12
13
7
8
9
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15
16
10
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22
27
28
18
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2
V17
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DIY and cleaning
Tools
Cleaning Decorating
hammer
drill
plane
claw
bit
chuck
head
blade
blade
mallet
nail screw
spirit level
washer
bolt
screwdriver
hacksaw
toolbox
coping saw
handsaw
bradawl
fle
chisel
adjustable spanner (BrE)
monkey wrench (especially NAmE)
thread
wire cutters
rung
iron
nut
scissors
penknife pliers
spanner (BrE)
wrench (especially NAmE)
vice (BrE) / vise (NAmE)
broom mop
bucket
(NAmE also pail)
squeegee mop
vacuum cleaner
(BrE also Hoover
TM
)
ironing board roller
ladder stepladder
paintbrushes
dustpan
and brush
duster
feather
duster
rubber gloves
squeegee
step
V18
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two-seater sofa (BrE)
love seat (NAmE)
table lamp
roller
1 hi-f system
2 speakers
3 waste-paper basket
(BrE) / wastebasket
(NAmE)
4 mantelpiece (also
mantel especially
NAmE)

5 coal scuttle
6 fre surround
7 freplace
8 grate
9 hearth
10 poker
11 house plant (BrE also
pot plant)
12 plant pot
13 armchair
14 rug
15 bookcase
16 ornament (especially
BrE)
17 bookend
18 fat-screen TV
19 vase
20 coaster
21 footstool
22 coffee table
23 remote control
24 radiator
25 magazine rack
26 recliner
27 scatter cushion (BrE)
throw pillow (NAmE)
28 throw
29 sofa / couch
30 occasional table
31 foorboards
25
1
2
3
4
6
7
5
9
10
13
14
15
21
27
28
29
30
31
8
16
17
11
12
18
23
22
20
24
26
19
roller blind (BrE)
shade (NAmE)
roller
venetian blind
slat
curtains
curtain pole (BrE)
curtain rod (NAmE)
fnial
shutters
spotlight
bulb
arm
lava lamp desk lamp foor lamp
(BrE also
standard lamp)
back
cushion
directors chair rocking chair (also
rocker especially NAmE)
chaise longue
Living room
lampshade
V19
D
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Dining room
1 fruit bowl
2 cheeseboard
3 cheese knife
4 sideboard
5 drawer
6 cutlery (especially BrE)
fatware (NAmE)
7 napkin
8 bowl
9 plate
10 place mat
(BrE also table mat)
11 side plate
12 glass
13 pepper pot
(especially BrE)
pepper shaker (NAmE)
14 salt cellar (BrE)
salt shaker (NAmE)
15 butter knife
16 butter dish
17 serving dish
18 lid
19 gravy boat
20 candlestick
21 candle
22 wick
23 carafe
24 dining chair
25 high chair
26 dining table
27 tablecloth
cup and saucer egg cup mug plastic cup babys mug /
babys beaker
cup
handle
cup holder
soup spoon
beer mug tumbler
fsh fork fsh knife
wine glass
stem
champagne fute
1
7
9
10
11
27
12
17
21
20
16
14
18
19
13
24
25
22
2
3
4
5
6
23
8
26
fork
blade
salad servers
chopsticks
dessertspoon (BrE)
saucer
15
tablespoon knife
prong / tine
teaspoon
steak knife
V20
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Bedroom
hammock
cradle
base
1 bedside table
(especially BrE)
(NAmE usually
nightstand,
night table)
2 clock radio
3 headboard
4 pillow
5 pillowcase
6 bottom sheet
7 double bed
8 duvet
9 en suite (BrE, from
French)
10 built-in/ftted
wardrobe (BrE) / closet
(especially NAmE)
11 rail
12 hanger
13 chest of drawers
(NAmE also bureau,
dresser)
14 drawer
15 full-length mirror
16 mirror
17 dressing table (NAmE
also vanity, vanity table)
18 stool
19 ftted carpet (BrE)
wall-to-wall carpet
(NAmE)
20 rug
1
2
7
3
4
5
6 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
20
19
18
17
16
15
blanket
top sheet
valance
bedpost
mattress
cot (BrE) / crib (NAmE) travel cot
patchwork
quilt
four-poster bed futon
single bed (NAmE
also twin bed)
bedspread
(BrE also bedcover)
(NAmE also spread)
bunk beds
camp bed (BrE)
cot (NAmE)
sofa bed
divan (BrE)
air bed (BrE) / air
mattress (especially NAmE)
pump
sleeping bag
b
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g
base
canopy
mattress
V21
b
a
t
h
r
o
o
m
nail fle nail brush
comb
emery board
tweezers
sponge
electric toothbrush
1 bathroom cabinet
2 toothbrush holder
3 beaker
4 mixer tap
5 washbasin
6 soap dispenser
7 fannel (BrE)
washcloth (NAmE)
8 vanity unit (BrE)
9 shower cubicle
10 shower head
11 soap dish
12 shower tray
13 plughole (BrE)
drain (US)
14 towel rail (BrE)
towel rack (NAmE)
15 hand towel
16 bath towel
17 bathroom scales
18 bath (BrE) / bathtub
(especially NAmE)
19 bath mat
20 tiling
21 bath panel
22 tap (especially BrE)
faucet (NAmE)
23 bathrobe (also robe)
24 bidet
25 toilet
26 cistern (BrE)
27 toilet paper
28 toilet brush
Bathroom
nail clippers
toothbrush
toothpaste hairbrush
nail scissors
shaver (also electric razor) sponge bag (BrE)
toiletry bag (NAmE)
blade
24
28
26
25
27
13
1
9
11
2
7
3
5
6
4
12
8
10
14
15
16
17
18
21
22 23
19
20
razor
blade
loofah
single bed (NAmE
also twin bed)
V22
K
i
t
c
h
e
n
coffee maker
(also coffee machine)
electric whisk

teapot espresso maker
spout
pot
Appliances
Coffee and tea
1 microwave
2 worktop (BrE)
counter (NAmE)
3 knife block
4 kitchen units
5 cooker hood
6 splashback
7 gas ring (especially
BrE) / burner (NAmE)
8 hob (BrE) / stovetop
(NAmE)
9 drawer
10 oven glove (also oven
mitt)
11 grill (BrE)
12 oven
13 fridge (BrE)
refrigerator (NAmE)
14 breakfast bar
15 stool
16 toaster
17 door
18 shelf
19 kitchen roll holder
20 kitchen paper (BrE)
paper towel (NAmE)
21 draining board (BrE)
drainboard (NAmE)
22 dishcloth (NAmE
usually dishrag)
23 sink
24 tap (especially BrE)
faucet (NAmE)
25 dishwasher
26 tea towel (BrE)
dishtowel (NAmE)
20
21
22
23
25
26
1
3
2
4
9
6
5 11
10
7
8
12
13
16
14
15
24
18
17
blender (BrE
also liquidizer)
hand-held blender food processor
flter
plunger
cafetire (BrE)
French press (NAmE)
electric kettle

19
Kitchen
V23
K
i
t
c
h
e
n

u
t
e
n
s
i
l
s
tin opener (BrE)
can opener (NAmE)
lemon-squeezer (BrE)
juicer (NAmE)
sieve (BrE)
sifter (NAmE)
carving knife
pestle and mortar
palette knife
paring knife
potato
masher
steel
peeler
chopping board (BrE)
cutting board (NAmE)
handle edge
pestle mortar
point
Cutting
Crushing, grating, squeezing
Other utensils
Measuring
Kitchen utensils
bread knife serrated blade
measuring cups
measuring jug
bottle opener
corkscrew
timer
measuring spoons
cleaver
grater
colander
ladle whisk fsh slice (BrE)
spatula (NAmE)
tongs
pepper mill
basting
brush
wooden
spoon
garlic press
(also garlic crusher)
nutcracker
zester
kitchen scissors
Opening
ice-cream scoop
ramekin
cake slice
rolling pin spatula
V24
C
o
o
k
i
n
g
Cooking
Cook
When talking generally about preparing
meals, use the verb to cook:
When youre cooking for your family, make
an extra serving.
You can cook food or a meal:
Lucas is cooking dinner.
Cook the onion gently until soft.
or the food or the meal can cook:
Add the meat and let it cook for ten minutes.
There are different verbs for particular ways of
cooking: with water or oil, or in dry heat.
Fry
You can fry meat, fsh, eggs, etc. in a shallow
pan of hot oil, or the meat, fsh, eggs, etc. can
fry:
Fry the onion and garlic for fve minutes.
The smell of frying bacon made her mouth
water.
Chips (BrE) / French fries (NAmE), etc. can be
completely covered in very hot oil and
deep-fried.
You can saut food by frying it quickly in a
little hot fat:
new potatoes sauted in butter and thyme
boil
You can boil vegetables, eggs, rice, etc. by
covering them with water and heating to
boiling point (=100C):
Boil the potatoes until tender, then drain.
You can also just boil the water:
Im boiling the water for the pasta now.
or the container the water is in:
Boil a large pan of salted water.
The vegetables, the water, or (in British
English) the container, can boil:
The potatoes were boiling away merrily.
The kettles boiled! Do you want some tea?
(BrE)
If you bring something to the boil (BrE) / a
boil (NAmE) you heat it until it boils; you can
then simmer it or let it simmer by letting it
boil gently for a period of time:
Simmer the carrots in a large pan of water.
Bring to the boil and let it simmer for fve
minutes.
You can poach food by cooking it gently in a
small amount of liquid:
Gently poach the salmon fllets for eight
minutes.
famb
stir-fry
fry
boil
bake
barbecue
steam
casserole
wok
spatula
tongs
casserole /
casserole dish
oven

saucepan (especially BrE)
(NAmE usually pot)

steamer
lid
frying pan
(NAmE also skillet)
bun tin (BrE)
muffn pan (NAmE)
V25
grater
Steam
You can steam fsh, vegetables, etc. by
placing the food above boiling water in a
covered container with holes in the bottom
so the steam reaches it:
Chinese rice is always white and usually
prepared by steaming.
Roast
You can roast large pieces of meat, potatoes,
etc. by covering the surface of the food with
oil in the heat of an oven.
Grill
You can grill (BrE) / broil (NAmE) food under
direct heat on a grill pan (BrE) / broiler pan
(NAmE).
bake
You can bake bread, cakes, potatoes, etc. in
the dry heat of an oven or a fre:
He baked a cake for her birthday.
or the bread, cakes, etc. can bake:
While the cake is baking, avoid opening the
oven door.
baking can be used for things that are baked,
or for the activity of baking them:
A nice smell of baking came from the kitchen.
My grandmother always used to bake/do the
baking on Saturdays.
C
o
o
k
i
n
g
chop
dice
slice
grate mash whip
knead
roll out
Preparation
rolling pin
whisk
potato
masher
GRAMMAR POiNT
The past participle (-ed form) of most
cooking verbs can be used as an adjective
before an item of food, meaning that has
been cooked in this way:
a cooked breakfast (BrE)
a warm breakfast (NAmE)
a boiled egg
sauted potatoes (also saut potatoes)
BUT roast chicken
The gerund (-ing form) of some cooking
verbs can be used as an adjective before
an item of food, meaning suitable to be
cooked in this way:
cooking apples (= that must be cooked
before they are eaten)
stewing steak
or before a piece of equipment, meaning
suitable to be used when cooking in this
way:
a frying pan
a baking tray (BrE) / baking sheet (NAmE)
V26
F
r
u
i
t

a
n
d

v
e
g
e
t
a
b
l
e
s
Some fruit and vegetables are always
countable:
Do you like bananas?
Some are always uncountable:
Celery is usually eaten raw.
Some may be countable or uncountable,
depending on whether you are thinking of
them as plants or as food and on how they are
prepared as food. If you are thinking of a fruit
or vegetable as a plant you are usually talking
about the whole fruit or vegetable, so it will
be countable:
Plant the cabbages in rows.
Larger fruit or vegetables, that you do not
eat whole, are uncountable as food:
duck with spring cabbage
Others may be eaten whole (countable)
baked apples
baby carrots
or prepared in such a way that they are
not eaten whole (uncountable in British
English but still countable in American
English):
stewed apple (BrE) / stewed apples (NAmE)
grated raw carrot (BrE) / grated raw carrots
(NAmE)
Berries Citrus fruits
Tropical fruits
cherries
stalk (BrE)
stem (NAmE)
watermelon
avocado a bunch of grapes
seeds
apple
pip (BrE) / seed (NAmE)
core
banana
skin (BrE) / peel (NAmE)
peel
segment
peach
stone (BrE) / pit (NAmE)
fesh
kiwi fruit
strawberries raspberries
blackberries
pineapple mango passion fruit pomegranate
seeds
starfruit lychee
gooseberries grapefruit
orange
fg
pith (BrE)
pip (BrE) / seed (NAmE)
mangosteen
durian papaya
persimmon
coconut
shell
milk
fesh
lime lemon
Fruit and vegetables
V27
F
r
u
i
t

a
n
d

v
e
g
e
t
a
b
l
e
s
Salad vegetables Root vegetables
Peas and beans
aubergine (BrE)
eggplant (NAmE)
corn on the cob
marrow (BrE)
pumpkin
pod
peas
kidney beans
green beans
bean sprouts
beetroot (BrE)
beet (NAmE)
carrot parsnip
swede (BrE)
rutabaga (NAmE)
turnip
lettuce
tomato
radishes
cucumber
peppers (BrE)
bell peppers (NAmE)
sweetcorn (BrE)
corn (NAmE)
okra
celery
fennel
potato
sweet potato
yam
artichoke
(also globe artichoke)
asparagus
mushrooms
spear
broccoli
foret (BrE) cabbage caulifower
brussels sprouts
shallots
courgette (BrE)
zucchini (NAmE)
spring onions (BrE)
green onions (NAmE)
leek
chilli
garlic
moolis / daikons
clove
chickpeas
(especially BrE)
garbanzos (NAmE)
onion
Squash
V28
H
e
r
b
s
,

s
p
i
c
e
s
,

n
u
t
s

a
n
d

c
e
r
e
a
l
s
Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals
seeds
pod
grain
shell
thyme rosemary dill tarragon chives coriander
(NAmE also cilantro)

cloves black peppercorns star anise cinnamon cardamom nutmeg
ginger saffron turmeric paprika cumin seeds coriander
seeds
brazil walnut chestnut
wheat ear of barley maize (BrE)
wheat corn (NAmE)
rye rice oats millet
pecan almond pistachio
Herbs
Spices
Nuts Cereals
cashew peanut macadamia hazelnut
(also flbert
especially
NAmE)
bay sage basil oregano mint parsley
V29
P
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
Packaging
shopping bag carrier bag shopping basket shopping trolley (BrE)
(BrE) shopping cart (NAmE)
bag (BrE also packet) bag
tin
punnet (BrE) tray jar
label
carton
roll
carton (BrE also pot) tub
tin / can (both BrE) / can (NAmE)
lid
lid
ring pull (BrE)
pull tab (NAmE)
carton (BrE)
juice box (NAmE)
straw
bottle
cork
screw-top
aerosol can can
nozzle
top
multipack blister pack box box (BrE also
packet)
matchbox
packet (BrE)
package (NAmE)
packet (BrE)
pack (NAmE)
stick
sachet (BrE)
packet (NAmE)
packet (BrE)
stick (NAmE)
packet (BrE)
roll (NAmE)
tube
cap / top
top
M
u
s
i
c
a
l

i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
V30
M
u
s
i
c
a
l

i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
Musical instruments
Playing an instrument
When talking generally about playing
musical instruments, the is usually used
before the name of the instrument:
He played the trumpet in a jazz band.
She decided to take up (= start learning to
play) the fute.
The is not usually used when two or more
instruments are mentioned:
She teaches violin, cello and piano.
bat
Brass Strings
Woodwind
Percussion
key
tuning slide
strings
bow
chin rest
reed
key
belly
French horn
violin
piccolo fute clarinet oboe bassoon recorder
viola cello
double bass (BrE)
bass (NAmE)
harp
batsman
The preposition on is used to say who is
playing which instrument:
The CD features James Galway on the fute.
She sang and he accompanied her on the
piano.
The is not usually used when you are talking
about pop or jazz musicians:
John Squire on guitar
Miles Davis played trumpet.
bell
tuba
trumpet
saxophone
trombone
drum kit kettledrum steel drum harmonica
castanets
maracas
glockenspiel
tambourine
triangle
xylophone
congas
tuning peg
bass drum
snare drum
drumsticks
hi-hat
(also high-hat)
tom-tom
cymbal
valve
mouthpiece
M
u
s
i
c
a
l

i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
V31
M
u
s
i
c
a
l

i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
Describing instruments
There are four sections of instruments in an
orchestra: strings, woodwind, brass and
percussion.
Different bands or ensembles can be formed
when instruments from the different sections
play separately:
a brass band a string quartet
a wind band a jazz trio
Particular adjectives are used before the
names of musical instruments to describe the
type of instrument it is:
a tenor saxophone a bass drum
a classical guitar
People who play instruments
Some musical instruments have a special
name, ending in ist or er for the people
who play them:
The violinist lifted his bow.
The South African drummer, Louis Moholo
Check near the entry for each instrument to
fnd the correct word. If there is no special
word, you use player after the name of the
instrument:
the quartets viola player
When talking about pop or jazz, people often
use player even when there is a word for the
person like saxophonist or bassist:
A brilliant young sax player
Were looking for a new bass player.
GRAMMAR POiNT
The names of instruments can be used
like adjectives before other nouns:
a clarinet lesson
Chopins Piano Concerto No. 1
Shes going to do her cello practice.
upright piano
In an orchestra playing classical music,
principal, deputy principal (BrE), associate
principal (NAmE) and assistant principal
(NAmE) are used with the names of
instruments to describe a players position or
importance:
He became principal cellist within a few
years.
A person who directs (or conducts) an
orchestra is a conductor. The principal
violinist (who leads the orchestra) is the
leader (BrE) or the concertmaster (NAmE).
Music for instruments
Music is composed or written for an
instrument. In a piece of music written for
a group of instruments, each has a different
part to play:
There are parts for oboe and bassoon.
If there is more than one part for the same
type of instrument, the terms frst and
second, and sometimes third and fourth, are
used:
Shes a second violin (= plays the second
violin part).
the deep low notes of the third horn
A solo is a part for one instrument playing
alone. A soloist plays it:
She performs regularly as a soloist and in
chamber music.
I love the saxophone solo in this song.
More illustrations at accordion and music.
banjo mandolin balalaika sitar electric guitar
amplifer
acoustic guitar
fret
bridge
grand piano
lid
pedal
strings
keyboard
piano stool
V32
T
o
y
s

a
n
d

g
a
m
e
s
Toys and games
Cards
To mix the playing cards is to shuffe them:
Shufe the cards well.
Shall I shufe?
To give cards to each individual person who
is playing the game is to deal them (out). The
person who does this is called the dealer:
Whose turn is it to deal?
Deal the cards.
To divide the pack of cards into two or three
parts is to cut them:
Cut the cards to see who starts.
A card which is on the table showing the
picture side is face up. A card which is on the
table so that you cannot see the picture side
is face down.
The cards that you have in your hand when
you play cards is a hand.
I knew Id win I had a really good hand (=I
had good cards).
Frisbee
TM
swing
teddy bear (BrE also teddy)
rocking horse
kite
slide
playing cards / cards pack of cards (BrE)
deck of cards (especially
NAmE)
court cards (BrE)
face cards (especially NAmE)
a hand of cards
jack
spades
joker ace queen
diamonds
king
skipping rope
(BrE) / jump rope
(NAmE)
trampoline
rag doll
dolls house (BrE) / dollhouse (NAmE)
sandpit (BrE)
sandbox (NAmE)
climbing frame (BrE)
jungle gym (NAmE)
glove puppet (BrE)
hand puppet (NAmE)
soft toy (BrE) / stuffed
animal (especially NAmE)
building blocks
clubs hearts
suits
V33
T
o
y
s

a
n
d

g
a
m
e
s
Puzzles
A game that tests your knowledge or
intelligence is a puzzle:
to do a puzzle
a mathematical puzzle
A picture on cardboard or wood that is
cut into small pieces which you have to
join together is a jigsaw (puzzle).
A word game with black and white
squares where you write the word
in the white squares is a crossword
(puzzle). To fnd the right word, you
have to solve a clue:
I cant do this crossword, the clues are
too difcult.
to solve a crossword puzzle
Playing games
The offcial statements that tell you what
you can or cannot do in a game are the rules;
something which is not allowed in a game is
against the rules.
To play a game in a dishonest or unfair way:
cheat; noun [U]: cheating; a person who cheats
is a cheat:
You cant do that, its cheating.
Hes such a cheat.
board games
A game played on a fat hard piece of wood or
cardboard is a board game.
A small cube with a different number of spots
on each side, used in certain games, is called a
dice (also die especially NAmE) (plural dice).
A small round fat object that is used in some
games to show where a player is on the board is
a counter.
To take a piece or a counter and move it to
another place on the board: move (something):
You can only move your counter one square in
any direction.
The time in a game when one person must do
something (for example move a piece) is called
a move, turn, go (plural goes):
Its your move/turn/go.
Youve just had two goes.
Chess
A stage in the game of chess when a players
king could be taken by the other person is called
check noun [U]. When you are in this position,
you are in check.
When one player cannot move his king out of
check and the game ends is called checkmate
noun [U].
The end of a game of chess when neither player
can win is stalemate noun [U].
noughts and crosses (BrE) / tic-tac-toe (NAmE)
Chinese chequers (BrE) / Chinese checkers (NAmE)
dominoes
counter
dice (also die
especially NAmE)
snakes and ladders (BrE)
backgammon
chess
king queen
bishop
castle / rook
pawn
chessboard
knight
crossword (also
crossword puzzle)
sudoku wordsearch
jigsaw (puzzle)
(BrE) (also puzzle
especially NAmE)
V34
H
o
b
b
i
e
s
Hobbies
Golf
A game of golf is called a round of golf (nine
or eighteen holes).
At the start of each hole a player tees off by
hitting the ball from the tee (= an area of fat
ground).
The act of hitting the ball is called a shot.
The swinging movement players make with
their arms and body when they hit the ball is
called their swing:
My golf swing is in need of improvement.
Players attempt to hit their ball down the
fairway (= a long strip of short grass),
avoiding the bunker (NAmE also sand trap,
trap) and the rough (= the part of the golf
course with long grass making it diffcult to
hit the ball), to the green.
The green is an area of short grass on which
you putt your ball (= hit the ball gently
so that it rolls across the ground a short
distance into or towards the hole).
Snooker, pool and billiards
Snooker is a game for two people, played
on a long table covered with green cloth
(baize). Players use cues to hit the cue ball
(white) against the other balls (ffteen red,
and six of other colours) in order to pot the
coloured balls (= hit them into pockets at
the edge of the table), in a particular order.
Snooker also refers to a position in the game
of snooker in which one player has made it
very diffcult for the opponent to play a shot
within the rules.
A game of snooker is called a frame:
He won the frame easily.
Pool is similar to snooker, but is played with
a cue ball (white), a black ball, and two sets
of coloured balls (seven solid colours and
seven striped balls).
Billiards is played with three balls (one
white, one white with a spot, and one red).
Each player uses one of the white balls as the
cue ball. Points are scored by pocketing a ball
after contact with another ball, or by striking
your cue ball against the other two balls.

golf
orienteering
archery
in-line skating
bowls
darts
ice skating
skateboarding
tenpin bowling
pool
caving (BrE) / spelunking (NAmE)
bunker
(NAmE also
sand trap,
trap)
golfer
golf club
golf course
map
green
fairway
hole
compass
archer
ice rink
target bow
arrow
bowling green
dartboard
table
cue
cue ball
pocket
cushion
bullseye
dart
pins
lane
scuba-diving snorkelling (also snorkeling
especially US)
fipper
mask
snorkel
tank
wetsuit
V35
H
o
b
b
i
e
s
Staying healthy
If you are ft (BrE), physically ft, or in
shape (especially NAmE), you are healthy
and strong, especially as a result of diet and
exercise:
Top athletes have to be very ft.(BrE)
The doctor said I should get more exercise
(BrE also take more exercise).
No cream for me Im on a diet.
She cycles up to 90 miles a day to keep
t. (BrE)
I still run every day to stay in shape.
(especially NAmE)
Aerobics, step, and circuit training
Aerobics involves physical exercises to make
the heart and lungs stronger, often done in
classes and to music:
do an aerobics class
Step is a type of aerobics that you do
by stepping on and off a raised piece of
equipment called a step.
Circuit training is a type of training in which
different exercises are each done for a
short time.

photography
press-up (BrE)
push-up (especially NAmE)
jogging
barbell
rowing machine
yoga
dumb-bell
treadmill
exercise bike
knitting
model making
painting
sit-up
crochet
stamp collecting
pottery
embroidery
gardening
woodcarving
sewing
Keeping ft
zoom lens
palette
potters
wheel
chisel
easel
canvas
fash
magnifying
glass
knitting
needle
rows
wool / yarn
crochet
hook
stamps
album
cross stitch
needle
sewing
machine
reel of cotton (especially BrE)
spool of thread (especially NAmE)
V36
S
p
o
r
t
s
Sports
Talking about a particular sport
You can play a specifc sport:
Do you play tennis?
This is used particularly for competitive
sports in which one team or person plays or
plays against another:
We played them in last years fnal.
Who are you playing against this afternoon?
Members of a sports team play for
their team:
He used to play for the Dallas Cowboys.
baseball
rugby
American football (BrE) / football (NAmE)
bat
catcher
soccer (BrE also football)
ice hockey (BrE) / hockey (NAmE)
Team Sports
football
goal
strip (BrE)
uniform
(NAmE)
football
jersey shoulder pad
crossbar
goalkeeper
catching
glove
blocking
glove
ice rink
skate
puck
helmet
face mask
tackle
baseball
catcher
batsman
wicket
wicketkeeper
pitch
cricket
court
hoop
basket
If the name of a sport or an activity ends in
ing we often use it with the verb to go:
I go swimming twice a week.
Have you ever been rock climbing?
Typical sports and activities with this pattern
include: go skiing; go sailing; go riding (BrE)
or go horseback riding (NAmE); and go
dancing. Check at the entry for each sport to
see if it can be used in this way.
Other sports and activities can take the verbs to
do or to go to:
I do aerobics once or twice a week.
I go to judo (= to my judo class) on Mondays.
hockey (BrE) / feld hockey (NAmE)
ball
hockey stick
basketball
bat
batter
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Where sports are played
The area that is specially marked for playing
a sports game is often called a pitch (BrE),
feld or court, depending on the sport being
played:
a cricket/ football/rugby/hockey pitch (BrE)
a soccer/baseball feld (especially NAmE)
a tennis/badminton/squash/basketball
court
A large sports ground surrounded by rows
of seats for spectators is called a stadium
(plural stadiums or stadia):
an all-seater stadium
crawl
tennis
backstroke
squash
butterfy
badminton
breaststroke
table tennis (BrE) / Ping-Pong
TM
(NAmE)
Swimming
Racket sports
GRAMMAR POiNT
Names of American sports teams always
start with the; names of British sports
teams almost never do. Names of sports
teams may look either singular or plural
but always take a plural verb:
The Jazz are playing the Chicago Bulls.
Aston Villa have started the season well.
Teams are often referred to just by the name
of the place they come from. In American
English this means a singular verb is used,
but in British English the verb is still plural.
Cincinnati is having a great season.
Norwich were disappointed with the score.
racket /
racquet
court
bat
shuttlecock
net
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People who take part in sports
A person who plays a particular sport is
usually called a football/tennis/basketball
player:
Welsh rugby players could get 2000 each
from a new sponsorship deal.
Some sports have a special name for the
players or people who do them. Some of
these names end in -er but others do not
follow a particular pattern. Check near the
entry for each sport to fnd the correct word.
talented young footballers (BrE only)
an Olympic boxer
top athletes from around the world
cyclists competing in the Tour de France
hurdling
the high jump the discus the pole vault
the hammer
horse racing showjumping polo
the javelin
sprinting
starting
blocks
sprinting
Track events
Field events
Equestrian sports
Track events
run the 100 metres
run the relay
Field events
do the long jump
do the high jump
do the pole vault
do the triple jump
throw the javelin
throw the discus
throw the hammer
put the shot
hurdle
lane
jockey
rider
mallet
racehorse
racecourse (BrE) / racetrack (NAmE)
jump
bar
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bobsleigh (BrE) / bobsled (NAmE)
downhill skiing cross-country skiing
the luge
cycling
boxing
gymnastics
fencing
starting
blocks
Winter sports
GRAMMAR POiNT
The names of sports can be used like
adjectives before other nouns:
a tennis match
cycling shorts
a football team
The words sports and sporting (but not
sport) can be used in the same way:
a sports club
sports shoes
a sporting event
sporting goods
Talking about sports in general
You can do sport (BrE):
Do you do a lot of sport?
or you can play sports (especially NAmE):
We played sports together when we were kids.
but these verbs are not used very often.
It is more usual to talk about liking sport/
sports or being good at sport/sports:
Are you good at sport? (BrE)
Are you good at sports? (NAmE)
What sports do you like best?
Do not say that you practise sport or a sport
if you just mean that you do or play it. Say:
I love sport. (BrE)
I love sports. (NAmE)
(No other verb is necessary.)
NOT I love practising sport.
Say which sports you play:
Every Sunday I play volleyball or badminton
with my friends.
NOT Every Sunday I practise sport with my
friends.
However, you can use the verb practise,
especially in American English (where it is
spelt practice), if it means to train:
The team is practicing for its big game. (NAmE)
The team are in training for their big match.
(BrE)
helmet
rings
head guard
mask
foil
the ropes
boxing glove
binding
goggles
ski
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Extreme sports
Activities that involve danger or speed or
both are often called extreme sports. Many
extreme sports are done on or in water.
Surfng and bodyboarding are similar, but a
surfer stands on a surfboard to ride on the
waves while a bodyboarder lies on their
stomach on a bodyboard. Kitesurfng
involves riding on a type of surfboard and
being pulled along by a kite.
Waterskiing and wakeboarding both involve
being pulled through the water by a fast boat:
a waterskier wears one or two waterskis,
while a wakeboarder stands sideways on a
wakeboard.
Other extreme sports involve jumping from
great heights. Skydivers jump from a plane
and fall for as long as they safely can before
opening their parachutes. You can jump
from the side of a mountain, wearing a kind
of parachute in paragliding, or a frame like
a very large kite in hang-gliding. Parasailing
and base jumping are both also done
wearing parachutes. In parasailing you are
pulled behind a fast boat and rise into the air.
A base jumper jumps from the top of a tall
building or bridge (BASE stands for building,
antenna, span, earth).
In rock climbing, a rope is attached to the
climber and the rock for safety this is called
belaying. The climber wears a harness to
which the rope is attached with a metal ring
called a karabiner.
Skateboarders and snowboarders may ride
on a half-pipe: a U-shaped structure or a
U-shaped channel cut into the snow. They do
jumps and tricks, for example a fakie, an ollie,
or a kick-turn.
bungee jumping
windsurfng
jet-skiing
white-water rafting
parkour
waterskiing wakeboarding
surfng
bodyboarding
snowboarding
abseiling (BrE)
rappelling (NAmE)
paragliding hang-gliding skydiving
sailboard
(also
windsurfer)
bungee
kitesurfng / kiteboarding
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Cycles
Other types of bicycle and motorcycle
An early type of bicycle with a very large front wheel and a very small back wheel is a penny-farthing.
A stationary bicycle that is used indoors to exercise is an exercise bike.
A motorcycle with a small engine and pedals is a moped.
bicycle
handlebar
water bottle
crossbar
crank
pedal
chain
wheel
refector
rim
spoke
hub
fork front brake
brake cable
brake lever
tyre (BrE)
tire (NAmE)
stabilizers (BrE)
training wheels (NAmE)
drop handlebars
petrol tank (BrE)
gas tank (NAmE)
mirror
kickstand silencer (BrE)
muffer (NAmE)
engine
saddle
rear
brake
valve
gears chain
stand
frame
light
tricycle (also informal trike)
mountain bike
tandem
quad bike
motorcycle (also
motorbike especially BrE)
dirt bike
scooter
racing bike / racer unicycle
D-lock pump
helmet
chinstrap
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Cars
convertible
rear
window
side
window
estate car (BrE)
station wagon (NAmE)
four-wheel drive
sports car
(US also sport car)
headlight
to control the direction in which the car is
going: steer
to change direction suddenly: swerve
to signal that your car is going to turn:
indicate
to make a car go faster: speed up,
accelerate, put your foot down
to make a car go more slowly: slow down,
brake, put the brake on
to put the engine into a higher/lower gear as
you get faster/slower: change up/down
to allow another vehicle to go before you:
give way (BrE) / yield (NAmE)
to pass another vehicle because you are
moving faster: overtake
to turn round and go back along the same
road: do/make a U-turn
to stop and leave the car: park
tail light
people carrier (BrE)
minivan (especially
NAmE)
hatchback
Verbs to talk about driving
1 rear-view mirror
2 visor
3 windscreen (BrE)
windshield (NAmE)
4 windscreen wiper (BrE)
windshield wiper (NAmE)
5 wing mirror (BrE)
side-view
mirror (NAmE)
6 door handle
7 air vent
8 glove compartment
glove box
9 satnav (also sat nav)
10 dashboard
11 milometer (BrE)
odometer (NAmE)
12 speedometer
13 rev counter
14 fuel gauge
15 steering wheel
16 ignition
17 horn
18 gear lever (BrE)
gear shift (NAmE)
19 clutch
20 brake
21 accelerator (BrE) / gas
pedal (especially NAmE)
22 handbrake (especially
BrE) / emergency brake
(NAmE)
23 headrest
24 passenger seat
25 drivers seat
26 seat belt
tyre (BrE)
tire (NAmE)
boot (BrE)
trunk (NAmE)
bonnet (BrE)
hood (NAmE)
exhaust (also tailpipe
especially NAmE)
wing (BrE)
fender (NAmE)
bumper
hubcap
aerial (BrE) / antenna
(especially NAmE)
door
saloon (BrE)
sedan (NAmE)
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26
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11
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10
15
16
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indicator (BrE)
turn signal (NAmE)
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At the airport
An airport building where journeys begin and end is a
terminal. You go to the check-in desk and say you have arrived
(check in).
You check in the baggage (especially NAmE) that will go into
the hold (= the part of the plane where goods are stored)
but you carry your hand luggage (especially BrE) / carry-on
baggage (especially NAmE) with you onto the plane. If your
bags are heavier than the weight limit you have to pay excess
baggage.
You wait in the departure lounge and when your fight is
boarding (= is ready for passengers to get on) you leave the
terminal from a gate.
When you arrive at your destination in a different country you
disembark and go through immigration. Collect your luggage
(especially BrE) from baggage reclaim (BrE) / baggage claim
(NAmE) and exit through customs.
Aircraft
light aircraft
hot-air balloon
helicopter
airship
aerobatic display
glider
fuselage
fight deck
nose
undercarriage (also
landing gear)
rudder
fn
tailplane
elevator
tail
wing
hold
slat
trailing edge
fap
aileron
cabin
cowling jet engine
basket
cockpit
propeller
rotor blade
ski
skid
biplane
ski-plane
seaplane
microlight (BrE)
fghter
leading edge
Boats and ships
container ship lifeboat ferry
hovercraft hydrofoil catamaran
liner canal boat / narrowboat
sailing dinghy (NAmE also sailboat)
rowing boat (BrE) / rowboat (NAmE)
speedboat
cruiser / cabin cruiser
paddle steamer (BrE) / paddleboat (NAmE)
paddle
wheel
tug / tugboat
skirt
bow stern
oar
the bridge
More kinds of boat
Any large boat that is used for carrying passengers or
goods by sea is a ship, or (formal) a vessel:
In which country was this vessel registered?
A ship that carries goods from one place to another
is a freighter or cargo ship, and one that is used for
carrying large amounts of petrol, oil, etc. is an (oil)
tanker.
A boat that is used for catching fsh is a fshing boat,
and a special type of fshing boat which pulls a long
net through the sea to catch fsh is a trawler.
lifeboat has two meanings: it is a special boat that is
used to rescue people who are in danger at sea, or it is
a small boat that is kept on a ship and used by people
to escape if the ship is going to sink.
Raft also has two meanings: it is a small boat made
of rubber or plastic that is flled with air, or it is a fat
structure made of pieces of wood tied together and
used as a boat.
Groups of boats
A group of boats that sail and work together is a feet:
a fshing feet
A group of boats travelling together is a fotilla or a
convoy:
The boats travelled in convoy.
We were travelling in a fotilla of boats.
twin hulls
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Travelling by boat
You sail a sailing boat or yacht, row a rowing boat, and paddle
a canoe or kayak:
My brothers planning to sail (his yacht) to Bermuda.
They rowed (the boat) back to shore.
You go sailing, go yachting, go rowing and go canoeing.
When you get on a ship you board (it), or (formal) embark:
We boarded the ship at midday.
One passenger had embarked at Alexandria.
When you get off a ship you go ashore, or (formal) disembark.
To begin a journey by sea is to set sail (from/to/for a place):
Twenty competitors set sail from Rio on the round-the-world race.
When you are on a ship you are on board or aboard:
There were a thousand passengers on board.
All aboard please!
When you are sailing on the sea in a ship, you are at sea.
A holiday where you travel by boat and visit a number of places
is a cruise:
Theyre going on a cruise.
A long journey by sea is a voyage:
Captain Cook made his frst voyage to the South Pacifc in 1768.
If a boat moves backwards and forwards it pitches; if it moves from
side to side it rolls:
The trawler was pitching and rolling violently in the storm.
To be carried along by wind or water in no particular direction is
to drift:
The boat drifted out to sea.
Parts of boats
The side of a boat that is on the left when you are
facing the front: port
The side of a boat that is on the right when you
are facing the front: starboard
The top outside foor of a boat is called the deck:
Lets go and sit on deck.
The other foors are also called decks:
the lower deck of a ship
A small room in a boat where you can sleep is a cabin,
and a kind of bed in a cabin is a bunk or a berth:
a cabin with four berths
The kitchen on a boat is the galley and a round
window is called a porthole.
Steering a boat
A piece of wood or metal in the water at the back of a
boat that is used for controlling its direction is a rudder.
A bar that is used to turn the rudder of a small boat in
order to steer it is a tiller.
A handle or wheel used for steering a larger boat
or ship is called the helm.
The part of a ship where the captain and other offcers
stand when they are controlling the ship is the bridge.
yacht (NAmE also sailboat)
mast
spinnaker
cockpit
boom
mainsail
jib
kayak (BrE also canoe)
canoe
punt
gondola
paddle
pole
gondolier
blade
life jacket
(NAmE also
life vest)
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Vehicles
double-decker
articulated lorry (BrE) / tractor-trailer (NAmE)
single-decker
lorry (BrE) / truck (especially NAmE)
minibus
transporter
school bus
tanker
breakdown truck (BrE)
tow truck (especially NAmE)
bus (BrE also coach)
van forklift truck
pickup (also pickup truck) Jeep
TM
Transporting goods
Items that are carried by lorries, trains,
aeroplanes and ships are called freight [U]:
a freight train
Items that are carried by road or rail are also
called goods (BrE)(pl.):
a goods vehicle
Items that are carried by air and sea are also
called cargo [C, U]:
a cargo plane
Something that is being carried, usually in
large amounts, is a load:
A lorry shed its load (= accidentally
dropped its load) on the motorway.
A load of goods that is sent from one place to
another is a shipment.
A large metal box in which goods are
transported by sea, rail or road is a container.
Buses
Trucks, etc.
cab
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caravan (BrE) / camper (NAmE)
high-speed train
excavator bulldozer
cement mixer dumper truck (NAmE also dump truck)
freight train (BrE also goods train)
minibus
taxi (also cab, taxicab)
passenger train
funicular
underground (BrE) / subway (NAmE) steam train
cable car tram (BrE) / streetcar (US)
Trains, etc.
Construction vehicles
carriage (BrE) / car (NAmE)
Caterpillar
track
(especially BrE)
tank tread
(especially
NAmE)
rail
sleeper (BrE)
tie (NAmE)
platform (BrE)
engine / locomotive
camper (BrE) / recreational vehicle (RV) (NAmE) tractor
trailer
V48
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T
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b
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The body
the body
the face
the eye
the hand
the skeleton
cheekbone
jawbone /
mandible
collarbone /
clavicle
shoulder blade /
scapula
humerus
rib
ribcage
backbone /
spine
hip bone
pelvis
breastbone /
sternum
tailbone /
coccyx
thigh bone /
femur
kneecap /
patella
shin bone /
tibia
fbula
vertebra
radius
ulna
cartilage
skull / cranium
sole
big toe
toenail
eyebrow
crown of the head
bridge of
the nose
head
forehead
hair
ear
neck
shoulder
armpit arm
nipple
elbow
chest
stomach
navel
waist
groin
hip
buttocks
leg
thigh
knee
shin
instep
calf
ankle ball of
the foot
foot
heel
arch
of
the
foot
forearm
back
small of the back
cheek
nose
nostril
lip
tongue
gum
tooth
wrist
palm
thumb
index fnger /
frst fnger
middle fnger
knuckle
ring
fnger
little
fnger
fngernail
cuticle
chin
jaw
temple
nape of
the neck
iris
pupil
sclera
cornea
ciliary muscle
iris
lens
white
retina
optic
nerve
eyeball
tear duct
eyelid
eyelash
the internal organs
lung
brain
spinal cord
tonsil
gullet / oesophagus (BrE)
esophagus (NAmE)
pharynx
uvula
larynx
windpipe /
trachea
bronchial
tube
heart
liver
bile duct
kidney
gall bladder
duodenum
colon
appendix
rectum
lung
capillaries
stomach
spleen
pancreas
large intestine
small intestine
bladder
anus
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Hair
Make-up
sideburns
(BrE also
sideboards)
goatee
moustache
(BrE)
mustache
(NAmE)
beard
fringe
(BrE)
bangs
(NAmE)
sponge
brush
compact
wand
mirror
applicator
parting
(BrE)
part
(NAmE)
straight
hair
stubble
clean-
shaven
foundation concealer blusher
(NAmE also
blush)
powder eyeliner
(also liner)
eyeshadow
lip gloss lip liner lipstick
mascara nail polish (BrE also
nail varnish)
crew cut shaved head bald head receding hairline long hair
fat-top spiky dreadlocks cornrows bob shoulder-length
widows
peak
ringlet
chignon
bun
French pleat (BrE)
French twist (NAmE)
long, wavy curly perm
plait (BrE)
braid (NAmE)
French plait (BrE)
French braid (NAmE)
pigtails (BrE)
braids (NAmE)
bunches (BrE)
pigtails (NAmE)
ponytail
layered
hair
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Clothes
The general word for what you wear is
clothes (plural) or clothing [U] (formal):
She always wears such lovely clothes.
a piece of clothing
A set of clothes that you wear together,
especially for a particular occasion or
purpose, is an outft.
Any piece of clothing worn on the top part of
the body, especially by women, can be called
a top.
The clothes which some children wear at
school, or which some people wear at work,
are called a uniform [C, U].
When police offcers wear ordinary clothes
instead of uniforms, they are in plain
clothes:
a plain clothes police sergeant
Describing clothes and the way
people look
Clothes can be:
attractive and designed well: elegant
untidy and dirty: scruffy
clean, tidy and rather formal: smart
(especially BrE)
not formal: casual
fashionable and attractive: stylish
very fashionable: trendy (informal)
ftting closely to your body: tight,
close-ftting, skintight
not ftting closely: loose, baggy
if a piece of clothing is not too big and not
too small, it fts you:
These jeans dont ft me any more.
If a piece of clothing looks good on you, it
suits you:
Its a nice coat, but it doesnt really suit you.

sleeveless dress
golfer
braces (BrE)
suspenders
(NAmE)
patterned waistcoat
(BrE) / vest (NAmE)
tie
trousers (BrE)
pants (NAmE)
rolled-up
sleeve
lapel
jacket
crease
bow ties
striped
tartan / plaid
coats and jackets
denim jacket
overcoat raincoat
body warmer
short-sleeved
blouse
skirt
collar
polka dots
suit
leather jacket
lining
hood
anorak
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british and American
differences
a short piece of clothing with buttons
down the front but no sleeves, usually
worn over a shirt and under a jacket:
British English waistcoat
American English vest
a piece of underwear worn under a
shirt, etc. next to the skin:
British English vest
American English undershirt
a piece of clothing that covers the
body from the waist down, and is
divided into two parts to cover each leg
separately:
British English trousers
American English pants
a piece of mens underwear worn under
their trousers/pants:
British English pants (or underpants)
American English underpants
a loose dress with no sleeves, usually
worn over a shirt or blouse:
British English pinafore
American English jumper
a knitted woollen or cotton piece of
clothing for the upper part of the body
with long sleeves and no buttons:
British English jumper
American English sweater
straps for holding trousers/pants up:
British English braces
American English suspenders
short elastic fastenings for holding up
socks or stockings:
British English suspenders
American English garters
Fastening clothes
To talk about fastening a piece of clothing
in general, use do sth up, fasten sth;
opposite: undo sth:
Do your coat up.
Your shirt is undone.
There are some special verbs for particular
types of fastener:
buttons: button sth (up); opposite:
unbutton sth
a zip: zip sth up; opposite: unzip sth
shirt
hoody
cargo
pants
pocket
belt
jeans
button-down
collar
fy
sleeve
cuff
breast pocket
sweaters
(BrE also jumpers)
fasteners
cardigan
polo neck (BrE)
turtleneck sweater
(NAmE)
crew neck sweater
pyjamas
pajamas (especially
US)
safety pin
Velcro
TM
buckle
toggle
press stud / popper (both BrE)
snap (NAmE)
lace
dressing gown
(BrE) / bathrobe
(NAmE)
nightdress (BrE)
nightgown (NAmE)
polo shirt T-shirt
shorts
hanger
V-neck
buttonhole
button
teeth
hook and eye
hook
eye
zip (BrE) / zipper
(especially NAmE)
drawstring
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Accessories
Shoes
Bags
shoulder bag
purse
(especially
BrE) / change
purse (NAmE)
wallet (NAmE
also billfold)
handbag (NAmE
also purse)
backpack (BrE also rucksack) holdall (BrE)
duffel bag (NAmE)
clutch bag
attach case
(also briefcase)
briefcase suitcase trunk
bumbag (BrE)
fanny pack (NAmE)
slingback mule clogs fats
(BrE also pumps) court shoes (BrE)
pumps (NAmE)
toe
heel
cowboy boot hiking boots
(also walking boots)
wellingtons (BrE)
rubber boots (NAmE)
boot
buckle
strap
handle
slippers platform kitten heels wedge stiletto
stiletto
heel
brogues trainers (BrE)
sneakers (NAmE)
baseball boots lace-ups (especially
BrE) / oxfords
(especially NAmE)
tongue
shoelace
loafer
upper
sole
fip-fops
(NAmE also thongs)
moccasins
sandal
ankle
strap jelly shoe
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badge (also button
especially NAmE)
Hats
Gloves Scarves
Jewellery
brim band
panama
beret
hood
fngerless gloves
string of beads
pearl necklace
bead
pearl
mitten glove scarf chiffon scarf
top hat
hard hat
souwester
crash helmet beanie bobble hat
sombrero
mortar board cap cloth cap / fat cap
(both BrE) baseball cap
bowler (BrE)
derby (NAmE)
boater trilby cowboy hat
peak
(BrE)
bill
(NAmE)
pom pom
(BrE also
bobble)
sun hats
visor
stud
hoop
earring
clip-on
earring
dangly
earrings
pendant medallion locket
chain
clasp
brooch (BrE)
pin (NAmE)
signet ring cuffinks
bangle charm bracelet
charm
wedding ring
wedding band
V54
Equipment
This computer has a processor speed of 3
GHz (= gigahertz), 2 Gb (= gigabytes) of
RAM (=random access memory) and a hard
disk capacity of 500 Gb.
It comes with a 56K modem and a speech
recognition system.
The multimedia system includes a sound
card with 4D stereo sound and a graphics
card with 128 Mb of video RAM for a high
resolution colour display.
With DVD (= digital versatile disc or digital
videodisc) you can watch flms/movies.
You pay extra for the laser printer, scanner
and other peripherals.
The new operating system should be
compatible with existing hardware.
You can download the pictures from your
digital camera and burn them to a CD.
Wi-f
TM
(= wireless fdelity) broadband
connections are not only in computer stores
but in coffee shops, public libraries and
bookstores you can log into the Internet
without physically plugging into anything.
Getting started
PC users should log on to the network by
entering their username and password.
load the program into the computer.
Save your fles onto your hard disk and back
them up onto CDs or DVDs.
Important data is archived on the central fle
server.
When things go wrong
I cant log in the server is down.
The system keeps crashing Ive lost all my
fles.
Youll have to switch off and reboot.
Error. Username contains invalid characters.
My computer cant read this disk.
The virus in the software was programmed
to corrupt the hard disk.
A frewall provides essential security for your
computer network.
Download and install this patch to fx the
fault.
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
Computing
PC
webcam (NAmE
also Webcam
TM
)
digital camera
headset
fash drive / USb drive (also
memory stick especially BrE)
fatbed scanner
PDA
MP3 player
router
laptop
fat-screen monitor
USB port
stylus
earbud
CD/DVD drive
CD-ROM
screen
microphone
system unit
mouse
keyboard
space bar
keys
screen
V55
User interface
Click on the window to make it active.
You can run several applications at the same
time.
To create a new document, select New from
the File menu.
insert the cursor at the beginning of the line.
Use the mouse to drag the icon to the
desktop.
Scroll up or down the text by clicking on the
scroll bar.
Search and replace options are activated
from the command prompt.
interactive computer terminals allow visitors
to take an electronic walk through a virtual
Pompeii.
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
This search engine indexes over a million
websites.
Do a search on language schools in the UK.
Brief summaries are hyperlinked to the
complete texts.
The sites webmaster says it has over
100,000 hits a day.
This chat room is a forum for debating civil
liberties issues online.
My email address is joanna_smith@oup.
com (said joanna underscore smith at o-u-p
dot com).
The web address / URl (= uniform/universal
resource locator) is www.oup.com/elt
(said double-U, double-U, double-U dot
o-u-p dot com slash e-l-t).
The website lets you upload photos, then
edit and share them.
You can download images to your PC much
more quickly with broadband than with a
dial-up connection.
bookmarking a page stores the information
which enables you to revisit a favourite
website instantly.
Cookies are fles used by some websites
to gain information about their visitors,
or to simplify the login process by saving
usernames and passwords.
He maintains a personal weblog in which he
writes (= blogs) extensively about flm and
his own flm-making.
Most spam mails disguise the senders
identity.
VoiP allows you to use your computer as a
telephone, or use the Internet to transmit
your call over ordinary phone lines.
Window
Course Date Time Room
spreadsheets
intro to DTP
DTP (intermediate)
9 March
12 March
13 March
12 March
10.00
9.00
A37
A38
10.00
9.00
A37
A38
spreadsheets
PC training schedule - March
pull-down/drop-down menu
application
(= a word-processing, database,
spreadsheet, etc. program)
dialog box cursor
Course Date Time Room
spreadsheets
intro to DTP
DTP (intermediate)
9 March
12 March
13 March
12 March
10.00
9.00
A37
A38
10.00
9.00
A37
A38
spreadsheets
PC training schedule - March
Screen
document desktop
icons
scroll bar
windows
Home page
website web browser link
contents
The internet
There is a wide range range of iSPs
(= internet Service Providers).
My free time is spent surfng the net in
internet cafes.
Its a software package that helps you
browse the Web.
V56
O
f
f
c
e
11
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
14
10
12
13
9
Offce
1 wall planner
2 noticeboard (BrE)
bulletin board (NAmE)
3 fip chart
4 data projector
5 laptop
6 meeting/conference
room

7 water cooler
8 desk lamp
9 workstation / PC
10 partition
11 in tray
(NAmE also in box)
12 out tray (BrE)
out box (US)
13 calendar
14 pen holder
15 mouse mat (BrE)
mouse pad
(especially NAmE)
16 fatbed scanner
17 calculator
18 desk diary (BrE)
datebook (NAmE)
19 desk
20 stationery tray
21 waste-paper basket
(BrE) / wastebasket
(NAmE)
22 swivel chair
23 arm
24 printer
25 hard copy / printout
26 castor
27 fling cabinet (BrE)
fle cabinet (NAmE)
28 suspension fle
29 photocopier
hole punch
pencil
sharpener
glue stick
fles folders
ring binder
rubber band
(BrE also
elastic band) rubber stamp tape dispenser
pushpins (NAmE)
drawing pins (BrE)
thumbtacks (NAmE)
staple remover stapler staples
clipboard
highlighter
envelope
Post-it
TM
bulldog clip
TM
paper clips
notepad
ballpoint
(BrE also biro
TM
)
lead
pencil
felt tip
clip
ink-
pad
fap
Sellotape
TM
(BrE)
Scotch tape
TM
(NAmE)
nib
fountain pen
notebook
spiral-bound
Stationery and offce supplies
correction
fuid
eraser
(BrE also rubber)
index
card
card index (BrE)
card catalog (NAmE)
marker
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
V57
C
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
Classroom
dropper
crucible
syringe
tongs
mortar
pestle
retort
spatula
glass rod
magnet
Petri dish
cover
burette
(US also buret)
stand
microscope
objective
lens
slide
eyepiece
gauze mat
fask
tripod
bunsen
burner
rubber
tubing
fame
Laboratory equipment

1 projector
2 corridor (NAmE also
hallway)
3 poster
4 locker
5 interactive whiteboard
6 whiteboard
7 board pen
8 sports feld
9 desk
10 school bag
11 backpack (BrE also
rucksack)
12 textbook (NAmE also
text)
13 workbook (BrE)
exercise book (NAmE)
14 exercise book (BrE)
notebook (NAmE)
15 pencil case
16 satchel
17 protractor
18 ruler
19 set square (BrE)
triangle (NAmE)
5
6
10
11
12
13
18
19
14
9
7
8
15
16
17
1
2
4
3
clamp
plunger
beaker
funnel
flter paper
test tube
rack
stopper
test tube
evaporating
dish
pipette spatula
graduated
cylinder
V58
S
h
a
p
e
s
,

s
o
l
i
d
s

a
n
d

a
n
g
l
e
s
Shapes, solids and angles
Shapes
Solids
Angles
triangles
quadrilaterals
other polygons
square
pentagon
cylinder
pyramid
right angle alternate angles
(also Z angles)
corresponding angles
(also F angles)
90
37
37 40
143
143
refex angle
acute angle
obtuse angle
interior
angle
exterior
angle
prism tetrahedron octahedron
cone cube sphere
circle
parabola hyperbola
ellipse
hexagon octagon
rhombus rhomboid trapezoid (BrE)
trapezium (NAmE)
rectangle
trapezium (BrE)
trapezoid (NAmE)
scalene triangle
right-angled triangle (especially
BrE) / right triangle (NAmE)
isosceles
triangle
equilateral
triangle
circles
conic sections
hypotenuse
side
right angle
diameter
chord
circumference
quadrant
vertex
edge
face
sector
arc
centre
(also center
especially US)
tangent
segment
radius
semicircle arc
115
108 72
324
143
143
V59
T
h
e

e
a
r
t
h

a
n
d

t
h
e

s
o
l
a
r

s
y
s
t
e
m
The earth and the solar system
North Pole
prime meridian
(also Greenwich
meridian)
(0 longitude)
tropic of Cancer
(23 26 north)
axis
Arctic Circle
equator
(0 latitude)
tropic of Capricorn
(23 26 south)
line of longitude
line of
latitude
Antarctic Circle
South Pole
The seasons
southern hemisphere
northern
spring
21 March equinox
southern
autumn/fall
northern
summer
21 June
solstice
southern
winter
northern
winter
southern
summer
northern
autumn/fall
southern
spring
22 December
solstice
23 September equinox
northern hemisphere
The earth
international
Date line
(180 longitude)
The solar system
The world
A map is a drawing or plan of the
world or a part of the world.
An atlas is a book of maps and a
globe is a model of the earth in the
shape of a ball.
The planet where we live, and its
surface: earth, the earth (also the
Earth).
The earth, including all the
countries, people, etc.: world (often
the world).
The study of the world, including
its natural and man-made features
(seas, mountains, countries, cities,
etc.), is geography [U]; adjective:
geographical; person: geographer.
The study of the rocks, etc. which
form the surface of the earth is
geology [U]; adjective: geological;
person: geologist.
Seasons
When talking about the seasons we
normally do not use the, but we
may do if we want to talk about a
particular winter, summer, etc.:
I love spring its my favourite
season.
That was the summer we went to
Australia.
The stars and planets
The planets in the solar system orbit
(= go round) the sun.
Everything that exists, including the
earth, the planets, the stars, etc. is
called the universe.
A group of stars with a name is a
constellation and a very large group
of stars is a galaxy.
A piece of rock moving through
space is a meteor and a meteor that
has landed on earth is a meteorite.
The scientifc study of the stars,
planets, etc. is astronomy [U];
adjective: astronomical; person:
astronomer.
The belief that the positions
and movements of the stars and
planets infuence what people do
and what happens to them
is astrology [U]; adjective:
astrological; person: astrologer.
See also geographical names
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V60
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