All electrical devices work properly without any failure, if input power is well within set limits of electrical

properties. So Power Quality Study determines the health of the electrical to load ends. Without the proper power, an electrical device (or load) may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at all. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor quality and many more causes of such poor quality power. Some of the parameters that influence power quality are explained below. 1. Voltage, Current & frequency Voltage should be within 5 to the nominal values of 110 V for AC Voltage should be within 5 to the nominal values of 24 V for DC Frequency should be close to 50Hz. 2. Power Factor Power factor is used to understand what level of power is being used for useful work. The value of power factor can be interpreted as below. PF = 0 to 1: not all supplied power is consumed; a certain amount of reactive power is present. Current leads (capacitive load) or lags (inductive load). PF = 1: all supplied power is consumed by the device. Voltage and current are in phase. PF = -1: device generates power. Current and voltage are in phase. PF = -1 to 0: device is generating power. Current leads or lags.

3. Dips & Swells Dips & Swells records Dips, Interruptions, Rapid Voltage Changes, and Swells. Dips (Sags) and Swells are fast deviations from the normal voltage. Magnitude may be ten up to hundreds of volts. Duration may vary from a half cycle to a few seconds as defined in EN61000-4-30. During a dip the voltage drops; during a swell the voltage rises. The trigger conditions for dips and swells are threshold and hysteresis. Dips and swells are characterized by duration, magnitude, and time of occurrence. The occurrence of Dips (Sags) and Swells may indicate a weak power distribution system. It may cause reset and loss of data in computer systems and process controllers. By monitoring the voltage and current trend at the power service entrance, you can find out if the cause of the voltage dip is inside or outside the building. The cause is inside the building

(downstream) when voltage drops while current rises; it is outside (upstream) when both voltage and current drop. 4. Harmonics Harmonics are periodic distortions of voltage, current, or power sine waves. A waveform can be considered as a combination of various sine waves with different frequencies and magnitudes. The contribution of each of these components to the full signal is measured. Readings can be given as a percentage of the fundamental, as a percentage of all harmonics combined (rms value), or as rms value. Harmonics are often caused by non-linear loads such as switched mode power supplies in computers, TVs and adjustable speed motor drives. Harmonics can cause transformers, conductors, and motors to overheat The Table below represents harmonics level limit specified by IEEE 519:

The Table below represents harmonics level limit specified by EMSD:

5. Flicker Flicker quantifies the luminance fluctuation of lamps caused by supply voltage variations. The algorithm behind the measurement meets EN61000-4-15 and is based on a perceptual model of the human eye / brain sensory system. The Analyzer converts duration and magnitude of voltage variations into an annoyance factor caused by the resulting flicker of a 60 W lamp. A high flicker reading means that most people would find the luminance changes irritating. The voltage variation can be relatively small. The standard limits specified by IEC 61000-3-5 are as follows Pst <1 Plt <1 6. Transients Transients are fast spikes on the voltage waveform. Transients can have so much energy that sensitive electronic equipment can be affected or even damaged. Disturbances such as transients in a power distribution system can cause malfunctions in many types of equipment. For example, computers may reset and equipment subjected to repeated transients can eventually fail. Events occur intermittently, making it necessary to monitor the system for a period of time to find them.