CEL 718: Design of Steel Structures

BEAM BEAM--COLUMN COLUMN

Dr. Vasant Matsagar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016
Email: matsagar@civil.iitd.ac.in
Beam-Column
Situations:
Predominant occurrence of axial and lateral/
transverse loads (bending) on a member
Considerable eccentricity of axial load in column
Roller support with friction (instead of
frictionless)
Brackets (carrying any load) attached to column
Beam Column Member subjected to axial load and bending simultaneously
P P
l
M
0
M
0
P P
l
Q
P P
l
w
Situations:
Predominant occurrence of axial and lateral/
transverse loads (bending) on a member
Considerable eccentricity of axial load in column
Roller support with friction (instead of
frictionless)
Brackets (carrying any load) attached to column
Primary
Effects
P P
l
Q
= Mid-span deflection
Q = Central concentrated load
P = Axial load
M
max
= Maximum moment in beam-column
Beam-Column with Central
Concentrated Load
Non-Trivial Equilibrium State Approach
EI
l Q
48
3
0
=
4
0
l Q
M =
cr
P P/ 1
1
0

=
DERIVE !!
) / ( 1
) / 81 . 0 ( 1
0 max
cr
cr
P P
P P
M M

=
Beam-Column Load-Deflection Behavior
P
=
0
.7
P
cr
P

=

0
.
4
P
c
r
P

=

0
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
l
y

a
c
t
i
n
g

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d

l
o
a
d
(
Q
)
Mid-span deflection( d)
P
=
0
.7
P
cr
P

=

0
.
4
P
c
r
P

=

0
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
l
y

a
c
t
i
n
g

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d

l
o
a
d
(
Q
)
Mid-span deflection( d)
Beam-Column Characteristics
The plot shows change in bending stiffness of a beam-
column member through the slope of transverse (Q) -
deflection ( ) curve
From the plot, it can be deduced that increase in axial load
(P) results in decrease in bending stiffness
The plots also show that for constant values of axial load (P)
and the load (Q) - deflection ( ) relation remains linear
The plot shows change in bending stiffness of a beam-
column member through the slope of transverse (Q) -
deflection ( ) curve
From the plot, it can be deduced that increase in axial load
(P) results in decrease in bending stiffness
The plots also show that for constant values of axial load (P)
and the load (Q) - deflection ( ) relation remains linear
In general, the expression for mid-span deflection of a beam-column
during buckling shows that the maximum deflection is
0
when only
transverse load (Q) is acting
The ratio P/P
cr
is amplification factor, i.e. axial load tends to amplify the
mid-span deflection. The deflection increases without bound at critical
load
Member resistance to deflection vanishes as the axial load approaches
critical buckling load
P P
l
w
= Mid-span deflection
Q = Central concentrated load
P = Axial load
M
max
= Maximum moment in beam-column
Beam-Column with Distributed Load
Rayleigh-Ritz Energy Method
EI
l w
4
0
384
5
=
8
2
0
l w
M =
cr
P P/ 1
1
0

=
DERIVE !!
) / ( 1
) / 03 . 0 ( 1
0 max
cr
cr
P P
P P
M M

=
Only bending energy is considered
Failure of Beam Columns
]

\
|

=
1
1
P
P
h
e
h
E

Load-Deflection Curve (Elastic)

Assumptions:
(1) Rectangular cross-section
(2) Ideal elasto-plastic material
(3) Bends in half sine wave
(4) Finite but small deformations
(5) Initially straight
(6) Bending about major principal axis
(

+
+ =
h
e ) ( 6
1
0 max

Load-Deflection Curve (Inelastic)
P P
l
M M
x
P = Axial load acting when bending exists
P
u
= Ultimate axial load when bending is absent
M = Maximum primary bending moment acting when axial force exists
M
u
= Ultimate bending moment when axial force is absent
3
0
0
2
0
1
54
1
1
2
1
]
]

\
|
=
(

]
]

\
|

y
E
y
h
e
h h
Load-Deflection Curve (Inelastic)
l
y
b
h
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

Strain,
Interaction Equations
Empirical Design Formula
1 s +
u u
M
M
P
P
Axial Forces (P)
Moments (M)
Strength Interaction
IS 800 (2007)
Clause 9.3 , ) j
0 . 1
/ 1
=

+
E u u
P P M
M
P
P

Improved
1.0
1.0
P/P
u
M/M
u
1 s +
u u
M
M
P
P
, ) j
0 . 1
/ 1
=

+
E u u
P P M
M
P
P
P
E
= Eulers critical buckling load
P = Axial load acting when bending exists
P
u
= Ultimate axial load when bending is absent
M = Maximum primary bending moment acting when axial force exists
M
u
= Ultimate bending moment when axial force is absent
1 s +
u u
M
M
P
P
Simplified approach for members in single curvature without end rotation
IS 800 (2007)
Clause 9.3 , ) j
0 . 1
/ 1
=

+
E u u
P P M
M
P
P

Improved
Straight Line
Nonlinear
15
20
25
Load-Deflection Curve for Beam-Column
Elastic Curve
Inelastic Behavior of Beam-Columns
0
5
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0
/h
Yield
Actual Curve
Design of Beam-Colum ns : IS 800 (2007)
1. Determine the factored loads and moments acting on the beam-column using a first-order elastic analysis
(second-order analysis is recommended).
2. Choose the initial section and calculate the necessary section properties.
3. Classify the cross-section (plastic, compact, or semi-compact) as per Clause 3.7, Page 17 of IS 800 (2007).
4. Find out the bending strength of the cross-section about the major and minor axes of the member as per
Clause 8.2.1.2, Page 53 of IS 800 (2007).
5. Determine the shear resistance of the cross-section as per Clause 8.4.1, Page 59 of IS 800 (2007). If the
design shear force exceeds 0.6V
d
then the design bending strength must be reduced as per Clause 9.2.2,
Page 70 of IS 800 (2007).
6. Check whether shear buckling has to be taken in to account as per Clause 8.4.2, Page 59 of IS 800 (2007).
7. Calculate the reduced plastic flexural strength as per Clause 9.3.1.2, Page 70 of IS 800 (2007) if the section
is plastic or compact.
8. Check the interaction equation for cross-section resistance for bi-axial bending as per Clause 9.3.1.1, Page
70 of IS 800 (2007) for plastic and compact section; and as per Clause 9.3.1.3, Page 71 of IS 800 (2007) for
semi-compact section. If not satisfied revise the initial section and redo the design calculations thereon
again.
9. Calculate the design compressive strength, P
dz
and P
dy
due to axial force as per Clause 7.1.2, Page 34 of IS
800 (2007).
10. Calculate the design bending strength governed by lateral-torsional buckling as per Clause 8.2.2, Page 54
of IS 800 (2007).
11. Calculate the moment amplification factors as per Clause 9.3.2.2, Page 71 of IS 800 (2007).
12. Check the interaction equation for buckling resistance as per as per Clause 9.3.2.2, Page 71 of IS 800
(2007); revise the design if the left hand side is not just less than 1.
1. Determine the factored loads and moments acting on the beam-column using a first-order elastic analysis
(second-order analysis is recommended).
2. Choose the initial section and calculate the necessary section properties.
3. Classify the cross-section (plastic, compact, or semi-compact) as per Clause 3.7, Page 17 of IS 800 (2007).
4. Find out the bending strength of the cross-section about the major and minor axes of the member as per
Clause 8.2.1.2, Page 53 of IS 800 (2007).
5. Determine the shear resistance of the cross-section as per Clause 8.4.1, Page 59 of IS 800 (2007). If the
design shear force exceeds 0.6V
d
then the design bending strength must be reduced as per Clause 9.2.2,
Page 70 of IS 800 (2007).
6. Check whether shear buckling has to be taken in to account as per Clause 8.4.2, Page 59 of IS 800 (2007).
7. Calculate the reduced plastic flexural strength as per Clause 9.3.1.2, Page 70 of IS 800 (2007) if the section
is plastic or compact.
8. Check the interaction equation for cross-section resistance for bi-axial bending as per Clause 9.3.1.1, Page
70 of IS 800 (2007) for plastic and compact section; and as per Clause 9.3.1.3, Page 71 of IS 800 (2007) for
semi-compact section. If not satisfied revise the initial section and redo the design calculations thereon
again.
9. Calculate the design compressive strength, P
dz
and P
dy
due to axial force as per Clause 7.1.2, Page 34 of IS
800 (2007).
10. Calculate the design bending strength governed by lateral-torsional buckling as per Clause 8.2.2, Page 54
of IS 800 (2007).
11. Calculate the moment amplification factors as per Clause 9.3.2.2, Page 71 of IS 800 (2007).
12. Check the interaction equation for buckling resistance as per as per Clause 9.3.2.2, Page 71 of IS 800
(2007); revise the design if the left hand side is not just less than 1.