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This publication will explain the main characteristics of academic writing and provide several examples of good practice.
What is academic writing?
When you write an assignment or essay, you must use an academic style of writing. This is similar to your own natural style of writing but has several characteristics which set it apart from more informal types of writing. One of the biggest misconceptions about academic writing is that it uses complex language. This is incorrect, academic writing should be as concise, simple and as clear as possible. The following characteristics are typical of academic writing: Use of correct grammar and punctuation Uses cautious language Avoids subjective and emotive language Uses linking words and phrases Uses correct referencing Clear and concise language Formal writing style Correct spelling
You will not be expected to write wonderfully written academic arguments straight away. As you progress in your course, you will start to read more textbooks and journal articles. You will also receive feedback on your writing from tutors. Using this feedback and reading more in your subject area will gradually develop your academic writing.
Language that is not cautious Jennings (2010) research shows that smoking tobacco causes lung cancer. Smiths (2011) evidence says that greenhouse gases have an effect on the climate. Cautious language Jennings (2010) research would appear to show that smoking tobacco may cause lung cancer. Smiths (2011) evidence suggests that greenhouse gases may have an effect on climate.
There are many books available in the University Library on punctuation and grammar. There is also a good resource called Improving your Academic Writing (University of Essex 2012). You can also use the Grammar Beagle (Learnhigher 2012) which can help you overcome the most common grammar and punctuation mistakes.
Useful Phrases
In academic writing, you will need to compare, contrast and explain different ideas and concepts. The phrases below are examples you can use to compare, contrast, introduce and report results or information. You will encounter these, or similar phrases, as you begin to read more journal articles and textbooks. There is an excellent resource at the Academic Phrasebank (Manchester University, 2012). This resource has many examples of academic phrases and language you can use in your own writing. Why not build your own phrasebook from useful phrases you encounter in your own reading? Phrases used to report or interpret results It is likely that It is possible that... ...suggests that... ...probably means that... It appears that... ...would appear to show that...
Words used to compare and contrast Equally... However... Likewise... On the contrary... It appears that... Despite being... Similarly... On the other hand...
Words used to show examples and draw conclusions For example... To summarise... As can be seen... In conclusion... This demonstrates... In other words... For instance... Finally...
Words used to present an authors work Russell (2011) argued that... DeMille (1999) concluded that... McGuirk (2009) estimated... Evans (2006) believed that... Roll (2009) stated that... King (2007) suggested that...
November 2013