Lecture no 8

Content: Calibration of partial safety factors

Partial safety factor method relation to FORM Design value format in Eurocodes Determination of partial safety factors

Introduction
Application of probabilistic methods - examples: Offshore structures: fixed and floating platforms ships coastal structures Bridges & tunnels Wind turbines Buildings reliability-based code calibration Existing structures

Building codes
Normal structures are designed according to structural design codes Design codes: reliability-based calibration of partial factors Normal purposes Common design Well known materials Well tested maintenance No design codes (Exceptional Structures) probabilistic design: New purposes Unusual designs New materials New maintenance

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Reliability based code calibration

Examples: US, Canadian, UK, building and bridge structural codes Denmark: DS409: 1998 DS409: 2006 EN1990 National Annex (2006) Eurocode EN1990 / ISO 2394 Design value format

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Reliability based code calibration

Optimality and Target Reliabilities Acceptance criteria may be established on the basis of
cost benefit considerations economic optimum reliability level LQI (Life Quality Index) lower limit on reliability level

JCSS minimum reliabilities for ULS verification (1 year reference period)

Eurocode minimum reliabilities:

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System aspects
Code based design Standard Code Format Component based - Safety format - Design equations - Enveloping loads - Load combinations - Material characteristics - Characteristic values / partial safety factors - etc.

Robustness requirements system based

Quality control requirements - human errors Inspection & maintenance - deterioration

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Overview Eurocodes
EN 1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of Structural Design EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminum structures
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Limit state design

Limit states: Ultimate (ULS) safety of people, and/or safety of the structure Serviceability (SLS) functioning of the structure or structural members under normal use comfort of people appearance of the construction works,

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Limit state design

Ultimate limit states: Persistent design situations Transient design situations Accidental design situations - normal use - e.g. execution or repair - unusual conditions e.g. fire, explosion, impact or consequences of local failure - horizontal mass load

Seismic design situations

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Basic variables - loads

Characteristic values Permanent loads: Gk If variation of G is small (COV < 5-10%) Gk = mean value If variation of G is large, use two values: Upper value Gk,sup (95% fractile) Lower value Gk,inf (5% fractile)

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Basic variables - loads

Variable loads: Characteristic value Qk (98% fractile in distribution of annual max load 50 r return period) Other representative values: Combination value 0Qk Frequent value 1Qk (exceeded in 1% af reference period) Quasi-permanent value 2Qk (exceeded in 50% af reference period)

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Ultimate Limit States (ULS) - DK

Combination of loads persistent or transient design situations STR/GEO: S d " " G Gk "" Q Qk ,1"" Q 0, 2Qk , 2 "" Q 0,3Qk ,3 ""... (6.10b)
1 2 3

S d " " G Gk
EQU: S d " " G Gk "" Q Qk ,1"" Q 0, 2Qk , 2 "" Q 0,3Qk ,3 ""...
1 2 3

(6.10a)

(6.10)

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Reliability level DK National annex

ULS NKB: 1975 JCSS EN 1990:2002 DS 409:1998 1 year reference period = 4.3 (loads: Normal distributed) = 4.2 = 4.7 = 4.8

DS 409:2006 = 4.3 EN 1990 Nat. Annex = 4.3

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Eurocode National Annex: 2007

Load bearing capacity

M = m R
where

m R

partial factor for strength parameter partial factor for computational model

R = 1 2 3

1 2 3

partial factor for failure mode partial factor for computational model partial factor for control

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Eurocode National Annex: 2007

Uncertainty and partial factors (0 = 1 1 = 1 3 = 1)
Strength parameter Computational model Load bearing capacity Uncertainty Partialfactor
2 2 Vm Vm 0 Vmp 2 V2 V20 V22p 2 VM Vm V22

M m 2

index 0 : uncertainty related to production test data / laboratory tests index p: uncertainty related to difference between production / laboratory

conditions and real structure

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Eurocode National Annex: 2007

Computational model uncertainty - examples
200 180 160 Calculated capacity [kNm] 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 Experimental capacity [kNm] 150 200

small bias: 1.06 small COV: V20 =12%

500 450 400 Calculated capacity [kN] 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

large bias: 2.5 large COV: V20 =25%

0 0 100 200 300 400 500

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Experimental capacity [kN]

Eurocode National Annex: 2007

Material partial factors
Partial factor M is calibrated to the reliability index = 4.3
1,7 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2
V_M

gamma_M

0,25

0,3

0,35

0,4

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Lecture no 8
Content: Calibration of partial safety factors
Partial safety factor method relation to FORM Design value format in Eurocodes Determination of partial safety factors

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