Basics of Electronic Circuits

Experiment 4 Superposition Principle 2005-06/I

The objective of this experiment is to study the application of superposition principle in an a-c circuit. We will use the simple circuit shown in Fig. 4.1 with ! 1 " !# " #$% and & " $.$1F. 's the circuit is not purely resistive it is expected that the output voltage in response to a sinusoidal input voltage vs " (sm sin t will be given by vo " (om sin )t * + where is the phase angle of vo with respect to vs. Though the actual circuit of Fig. 4.1 has only one physical input voltage v s applied from the F, we will treat the circuit as if the same voltage v s is applied to two different points of the circuit from two different sources as shown in the e-uivalent circuit of Fig. 4.#. & $.$1F & * vs vs #$% !# vo ! 1 vs !# !1 * vo 9

F,

!1

#$% 9 vo " vo1 * vo# where!i". 4.2 E#ui$alent Circuit Then according 9 to .uperposition /rinciple vo1 and vo# are the output voltages of the two separate circuits shown in Figs. 4.0 and 4.4. 1ote that superposition implies an algebraic addition of the two component voltages as functions of time and not an addition of their amplitudes. Thus if 4.1 %ctual Circuit !i". vo1 " (1m sin )t * 1+ and vo# " (#m )t * #+ vo " )(1m cos 1 * (#m cos #+ sin t * )(1m sin 1 * (#m sin #+ cos t. & * !1 * vs !1 & !# vo# )i+

vs

!1

!1

!#

vo1

9 9 1. 'ssemble the circuit of Fig. 4.1 on the breadboard. &onnect v and v appropriately s 4.4 Circuit o !i". for $02 to the !i". 4. Circuit for $ &!2 input channels and select 01 the &!2 trigger control in such a way that the &!2 is always triggered by vs and a display of vo vs vs can be made without changing the connections. 1ote that this arrangement displays vs as vs " (sm sin t )phase angle " $+. 2bserve v s on the &!2 and set the F, controls so that the pea%-to-pea% value of v s is 1#( and its fre-uency is 1.3%45. .elect the time base so that a little more than one full cycle is displayed on the &!2. 2. 6easure the pea%-to-pea% value of the output voltage. 7etermine the phase difference between vs and vo from the ratio of the time difference between the 5ero-crossings of the two waveforms and the duration of a half-cycle. 8se a high vertical sensitivity and the x3 magnifier for the time base for achieving the best possible accuracy in your measurements. (erify the amplitude of vo and the phase difference from the ellipse obtained in an x-y display. . !epeat step # with the fre-uency set at 0%45 the pea%-to-pea% value of v s remaining 1#(. 4. !epeat steps 1 # and 0 for the circuits given in Figs. 4.0 and 4.4. 5. For each value of fre-uency use e-uation )i+ to calculate the amplitude and phase angle of v o from the measured values of (1m 1 (#m and # and compare these with the measured values. /lot the phasors representing the voltages v o1 vo# and vo and verify that the vector sum of the phasors for vo1 and v$# gives the phasor for vo at each value of fre-uency.