AAalexcosta Minicurso Sishib Vcbens Short

V Congresso Brasileiro de Energia Solar
Minicurso sobre Gerao de Energia Eltrica

via Sistema Hbrido Solar-Elico

Alexandre Costa

alexandre.acosta@ufpe.br

Professor
Departamento de Energia Nuclear da UFPE

Pesquisador
Centro Brasileiro de Energia Elica
Centro de Energias Renovveis da UFPE

Recife, Maro de 2014

Objetivos
Componentes
Aplicaes
Dimensionamento
Simulao
Estudos de Caso

Conceitos Preliminares
Motivao
Conceitos Objetivos Componentes Aplicaes Dimensionamento Simulao Estudos
(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP/news/earth-at-night.html)

sistema hbrido

sistema isolado

sistema conectado

tecnologia de painis PV

tecnologia de aerogeradores

estratgias de controle

armazenamento

Definio
Conceitos Componentes Aplicaes Dimensionamento Simulao Estudos
Definio
DC Loads
Battery Bank
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Wind
Turbines
PV
Controller
Wind Turbines
Controller
Central
Controller
Inverter
AC
DC
AC Loads
Sistema Isolado
Hbrido Elico/Solar
(Costa, 2007)
Definio
Sistema Conectado Hbrido Elico/Solar
(http://www.wholesalesolar.com/products.folder/systems-folder/GRIDTIE.html)
Classificao
(Costa, 2010)
Classificao
(Costa, 2010)
Classificao
(Costa, 2010)
A
B
C
D
E
Classificao

Pequenos Aerogeradores

Classificao
(Costa, 2010)
A
B
C
D
E
F G
H
Classificao

Grandes Aerogeradores

estabilidade do sistema

balano de potncia

preos das mquinas

desenvolvimento tecnolgico

ausncia de observaes

baixo nvel de vento

Comparao (Isolados vs Conectados)


Componentes
Aplicaes
Dimensionamento
Simulao
Estudos de Caso

Objetivos

sistemas hbridos
solar-elico

sistemas isolados

gerao distribuda
Resoluo 482/2012
da ANEEL

Sobre este minicurso

Objetivos

Aplicaes
Dimensionamento
Simulao
Estudos de Caso

Componentes
The Whole Remote System
diesel motor
AC generator DC generator
AC
bus
clutch mechanical shaft
AC sources:
wind turbines
diesel genset
PV panels
etc.
AC loads:

primary
secondary
deferrable
optional
dump
DC sources:
PV panels
etc.
rectifier
bidirectional
converter
inverter
DC storage
flywheel
DC
bus
DC loads:

primary
secondary
deferrable
optional
dump

typical AC bus machine:

grid connected
active controls
50 < P < 250 kW

The Wind Turbine

typical DC bus machine:

rotor < 40 m
2
blade < 3.5 m
P < 10 kW


hard market

small manufacturers

handicraft

technical complexity

absence of standards

warranty
The Small Wind Turbine

horizontal axis:

70% with 3 blades

20% with 2 blades

10% with 4, 5 or 6 blades

Source: A study made by the
CIEMATs Wind Group at 1998.
A View on the Market of small WTG

electric generator:

permanent magnet
generator (PMG)

4, 6, 8 or 10 poles



brake
mechanism
unique first second
mechanical 2 11 13
tip - 1 6
pitch 2 6 -
horizontal
furling
- 4 -
vertical
furling
4 5 -
short-
circuit
8 - 7

regulation mechanism:

without regulation
vertical furling
horizontal furling
pitch
stall

towers
tubular lattice self standing guyed

mature market

big manufacturers

R&D

new technologies

standards

warranty
The PV Panel

Source: CIEMATs PV Group at 2007.
A View on the Market of PV panels
technology
efficiency
(%)
/W
market
share (%)
monocrystalline Silicon (c-Si) 15 5,00 40
polycrystalline Silicon (c-Si) 14 4,00 45
amorphous Silicon (a-Si) 8 3,00 5
c-Si/a-Si combination 17 3,00 5
Copper Indium (Gallium)
Diselenide (CIGS or CIS) and
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
10 5,00 1
new technologies - - 4

Lead-Acid batteries

Ni-Cd batteries

flywheel

hydrogen

water pumping
The Storage System

advantages:

well tested
reliable
low cost
high energy density

disadvantages:

short lifetime
low power density
low efficiency at low
temperature

Lead-Acid Batteries

advantages:

long lifetime
lower weight
high power density
high energy density
high efficiency at low
temperature

disadvantages:

high cost
Cadmium is toxic

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
Other Storage Systems
f
l
y
w
h
e
e
l
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
w
a
t
e
r
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
Storage: Capacity and Application
capacity application
very short-term, <1 min to supply the load during diesel start/sync operations
short-term, 5-60 min to avoid peaks and valleys in the generation
medium-term, 2-12 h to store excess energy
long-term, 1-3 days to allow diesel stop
Loads

generation

primary

storage

secondary

deferrable

optional

dump

loads


roles of the battery:
storage
regulation

operational setup:
battery voltage

AC supply:
inverter
DC bus
DC Loads
Battery Bank
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Wind
Turbines
PV
Controller
Wind Turbines
Controller
Central
Controller
Inverter
AC
DC
AC Loads

frequency control:
active power balance
storage management
dump load
wind power control

voltage control:
reactive power balance
diesel genset voltage regulation
electronic compensation
AC bus
SG
diesel genset
clutch
G
generator
wind turbine
dump
load
speed
control
diesel
control
synchronous generator
primary load
380 VAC / 50 Hz
water pump
water desalination
power
control
turbine
control
Comparison: AC and DC bus
feature AC bus DC bus
installed power >50 kW small systems
AC supply direct from the bus through inverters
control complexity high low
cost per installed kW low high

systems without electric energy storage

the main product is not the electricity

the product uses to be:
heat/cold
water (pump, ice, desalination)
No bus

power balance:

generation management

load management

Control System

generation

loads

storage


tasks:

monitoring
communication
fault detection
control decisions
prediction

architectures:

dynamic/static
centralised/decentralised

Control System

stationary regime

continuous operation

interrupted operation

backup genset

essential for AC bus

great influence on the
size of DC bus systems
Diesel Genset

Objetivos
Componentes

Dimensionamento
Simulao
Estudos de Caso

Aplicaes

DC bus is the most
extended

low power systems are
the most extended

other sources: hydro,
biomass etc.
DC bus

<500 W

the most extended

high aggregated value
for domestic use

reliability for
telecommunications

boats, caravans etc.
Low Power DC bus

reliability for health
centres in remote
communities

rural activities: pig and
poultry farms

reliability for
telecommunications

inclusion of diesel
genset (reliability or
>50 kW)
High Power DC bus
Microgrids with DC bus
Diesel Generator
(Backup)
Solar Photovoltaic
Panels
Battery Storage
Inverter /
Charger
Street
Lighting
Domestic Electricity
Supply
Community Hall and/or Primary
Health Centre
Power to Small Industry
Water Pumping for Drinking, Sanitation
Livestock Purposes
Implementing
Agency HQ
Telemetry Linked
Systems Monitoring
Wind
Generator
Optional
Rectifier / Controller /
Regulator
Waste-to-power
conversion
Water Treatment
Potable Water
Supply
Mdulos fotovoltaicos
Inversor/
cargador
Rectificador/
regulador
Bateras
Biomasa
Generador Diesel
(back-up)
Aero-
generador
Bombeo de agua
Tratamiento del agua
Pequea industria
Suministro de
agua potable
Hospital
Monitorizacin a
distancia
Alumbrado
pblico
Suministro
domstico

wind/diesel systems

high wind penetration

short-term storage

complex control strategies

AC bus

water pumping

sea water
desalination

heat/cold production

possibility of
employing storage

No bus
compensao de
energia eltrica

conexo aos sistemas de
distrubuio

fontes incentivadas (solar,
elica, biomassa, PCH etc.)

microgerao,
at 100 kW

minigerao,
de 100 kW a 1 MW
Resoluo 482/2012 da ANEEL
http://www.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2012482.pdf
http://www.aneel.gov.br/arquivos/PDF/FAQ_482_18-12-2012.pdf

Objetivos
Componentes
Aplicaes

Simulao
Estudos de Caso

Dimensionamento

balano energtico:
valor mdio anual; valor mdio mensal; critrio do pior ms
(e.g., Markvart , 1996; Protogeropoulos et al., 1997)

simulao em regime quasi-estacionrio
(e.g., Baring-Gould et al., 1996; Costa et al., 2003)

anlise tcnico-econmica baseada em
regime quasi-estacionrio
(e.g., Costa, 2008; Yang et al., 2007; Zoulias and Lymberopoulos, 2007)

Artigos de Reviso:
e.g., Deshmukh and Deshmukh,2008; Nema et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2010

Algumas Abordagens

Objetivos
Componentes
Aplicaes
Dimensionamento

Estudos de Caso

Simulao

some computational tools:

Hybrid2, from UMASS
http://www.umass.edu/windenergy/research.topics.tools.software.hybrid2.php
(Baring-Gould et al., 1996; Manwell et al., 1996)

HySyS, from CIEMAT
http://www4.eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/resource_center/sites/default/files/
klise_and_stein_sand2009-8258.pdf
(Costa et al., 2003; Costa, 2008)

Homer, from NREL
http://www.homerenergy.com/
(Lilienthal and Lambert, 2000; Zoulias and Lymberopoulos, 2007)
Regime Quasi-estacionrio
Hybrid2
input output
HySyS
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Bat t ery St at e of Charge
Hour
E
n
e
r
g
y

(
k
W
h
)
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Bat t ery St at e of Charge
Energy (k W h)
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
battery
state of charge
battery
state of charge
input output
Homer
input
output
output
Quasi-steady State: Concepts
P
V

W
T
G

L
O
A
D

time
T
S
T
S
= time-step

characteristics:

long I/O time series
time-step from 10 to 60 min
invariant states within the time-step
characteristic curves
battery behaviour

getting time series:

observational data
downscaling techniques

applications:

HPS sizing
long-term performance
generating data to the economical analysis

main characteristics:

upwind rotor
horizontal axis
PMG
stall regulated

Quasi-steady State: The small WTG
original curve, T
C
corrected curve, T
S
von Karman
T
S
=T
C
T
S
,T
C
v
z 0
z
yes
no
W
F
air density
power
variability
corrected curve, T
S
vertical profile
v
z
v
corr
P
corr
P
estimate
P
final
corr v ,
o
K
local
B
local
controller
P
local
Quasi-steady State: The small WTG
original power curve
The small WTG
Simulao
von Karman spectrum:
6 5 2
2
] ) ( 8 , 70 1 [
4
) (
v
Lf
v
L
f S
v
+
=
o
turbulence length scale:
063 , 0
0
35 , 0
25
z
z
L =
The small WTG
Simulao
(Manwell et al., 1996)
corrected power curve:
}
=
parada k
C
T
part k
c
T
C S C C C S S
v
v
k T k T k T k T k T k T k T
v d v v p v P v P
, ,
, ,
, , , , , , ,
) , ( ) ( ) (
] ) (
2
1
exp[
2
1
) , (
2
,
, ,
,
, ,
C S
S C
C S
S C
T T v
k T k T
T T v
k T k T
v v
v v p
=
o
t o
}
1
1
) (
,
C
S
C S
T
T
T T v
df f S o
cut-in
cut-out
The small WTG
Simulao
(Manwell et al., 1996)
vertical wind profile:
) ln(
) ln(
0
0
z
z
z
z
v v
corr
z corr
=
The small WTG
Simulao
(Panofsky and Dutton, 1984)
corrected power standard deviation:
}
}
= =
1
1
1
) (
) (
,
, ,
,
S
C
S
T
T
T
corr
corr v
corr
corr v
F corr corr P
df f S
df f S
I
v v
W P
o o
o
stochastic component of the power:
+ = ) , ( : ,
) 1 , 0 ( :
2
, , corr P corr total corr corr P total
P N P P Y P
N Y
o o
The small WTG
Simulao
(Costa et al., 2003)
correction for air density effects:
5
10 . 0133 , 1
15 , 288
225 , 1 ,
225 , 1
local
local
local
local
estimada local
B
K
P P = =
total
P x
The small WTG
Simulao
(IEC 61400-12)
Usually, the wind turbine power curve comprises the controller.
In such case, the controllers efficiency is taken as a constant
with value 1.
The small WTG
Simulao


mono or multi-
crystalline Silicon
cells

usually, the panel
is composed by a
series connection
of cells
cell panel generator
Quasi-steady State: The PV generator

cell standard I-V
curve
G

P
ger
P
final,ger
T
onc

conditions
standard test
conditions
I
sc,panel
, V
oc,panel

I
M,panel
, V
M,panel

N
cell
T
amb
cell I(G)-V(T
cl
)
curve
N
S
N
P
generator
curve

controller
=
=
N
cell
Quasi-steady State: The PV generator
standard test conditions (STC):
I
SC,panel
; V
OC ,panel
; I
M ,panel
; V
M ,panel
; N
cel
nominal operation cell temperature:
T
onc
The PV generator
Simulao
I-V standard cell curve:
tenso (V)
c
o
r
r
e
n
t
e

(
A
)
,

p
o
t
n
c
i
a

(
1
0
2

W
)
I
SC
I
M
P
mx
V
M
V
OC
potncia
corrente

current
power
voltage (V)
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
,

p
o
w
e
r

(
1
0
2

W
)

The PV generator
Simulao
cell parameters:
cel
panel M
M panel M M
cel
panel OC
OC panel SC SC
N
V
V I I
N
V
V I I
,
,
,
,
;
;
= =
= =
The PV generator
Simulao
The PV generator
Simulao
(Fraidenraich e Lyra, 1995;
Green, 1986; Lorenzo, 1994)
dependence on solar irradiance:
dependence on cell temperature:

G C G I
SC 1
) ( =

2
2
1
/ 1000
) / 1000 (
m W
m W I
C
SC
=

C mV
dT
dV
o
cl
OC
/ 3 , 2 =

G C T T
amb cl 2
+ =

2
2
/ 800
20
m W
C T
C
o
onc

=
generator parameters:
generator characteristic equation:
ger ger ger
I V P =
P SC ger SC
N I I =
,
S OC ger OC
N V V =
,
P
S S
ger S
N
N R
R =
,
)] exp( 1 [
, ,
,
t S
ger S ger ger OC ger
ger SC ger
V N
R I V V
I I
+
=
The PV generator
Simulao
(Fraidenraich e Lyra, 1995;
Green, 1986; Lorenzo, 1994)
controller efficiency curve:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
P
entrada
/P
nominal
e
f
i
c
i
n
c
i
a

(
%
)

P
input
/P
nominal
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

The PV generator
Simulao


Lead-Acid
deep cycle
stationary
KiBaM, UMASS
constant voltage
temperature
effects neglected
capacity model
lifetime

Quasi-steady State: The Battery bank
tank thickness = 1
q
max

q
2

c 1-c
k
R
0

I
q
1

available charge,
volume
bounded charge,
volume
tank width,
capacity ratio tank width
constant conductance
internal
resistance
regulated
current
maximum charge,
volume
available charge
q
1,0
, q
2,0
q
1
, q
2
P
dem
or P
ofe
bounded charge
k c q
n
t
n
T
s
V
nom
( )
( )
( ) c c
k
k
c
q
h
c
q
h
h h k
dt
dq
h h k I
dt
dq
= =
=
=
1
'
,
1
,
'
'
2
2
1
1
2 1
2
2 1
1
where:

k is the new constant conductance;
h is the height.
(Manwell and McGowan, 1993)
where: q
0
= q
1,0
+ q
2,0
= total charge at t=0
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
k
e kt c I
e c q e q q
k
e kt Ic
k
e I kc q
e q q
kcq q c k
dt
dq
kcq q c k I
dt
dq
kt
kt kt
kt kt
kt
+
+ =
+

+ =
=
+ =
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
0 0 , 2 2
0
0 , 1 1
2 1
2
2 1
1
where: I
d,max
= maximum allowable current; I
dem
= demanded current;
P
dem
= demanded power; V
nom
= nominal voltage; I
efed
= effective current.
discharge:
( )
( )
( )
dem d efed
nom
dem
dem
kt kt
kt kt
d
I I I
V
P
I
e kt c e
e kc q e kq
I q p
, min
1 1
1
, 0 /
max ,
0 0 , 1
max , 1
=
=
+ +
+
= =

for
( )
( )
( ) ( )
ofe c efec
nom
ofe
ofe
kt kt
kt kt
c
I I abs I
V
P
I
e kt c e
e kc q e kq kcq
I cq q p
, min
1 1
1
, /
max ,
0 0 , 1 max
max , max 1
=
=
+ +
+ +
= =

where: I
c,max
= maximum allowable current; I
ofe
= offered current;
P
ofe
= offered power; V
nom
= nominal voltage; I
efec
= effective current.
charge:
for
efficiency curve:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
P
entrada
/P
nominal
e
f
i
c
i
n
c
i
a

(
%
)

P
input
efficiency/100.P
input

P
input
/P
nominal
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
%
)

Quasi-steady State: The Inverter

main objectives for a small DC bus:

energy balance
power balance
electric stability
physical integrity of components

main actions:

switch-on/switch-off of sources
switch-on/switch-off of loads
battery flow control
Quasi-steady State: The Control system
primary
loads
deferrable
loads
optional
loads
dump
load
wind turbines
battery
bank
PV
generator
control system
100% 80% 40% 60%
battery bank state of charge
battery bank flow control

Objetivos
Componentes
Aplicaes
Dimensionamento
Simulao

Estudos de Caso
Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Lxico

BT = low voltage
CIF = cost, insurance and freight
ERB = cell phone station
LD = electric distribution line
O&M = operation and maintenance
TRX = transceptor
SE = transformer
ICCA = investments plus O&M costs at constant cumulated
prices

This study was made with values from the Brazilian market in
the year 2000.

Costa A. HySyS, Hybrid Power System Analyser. Workshop on status and
development of software tools for PV hybrid and mini-grid systems, PVPS
Task 11 on PV Hybrids and Mini-grids, International Energy Agency (IEA),
Valencia, 2008.
Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Objetivo
open circles = metropolitan regions
closed circles = cell phone stations
Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Objetivo

Priorities:

1. 0% of unmet load for:
1 omni ERB with 14 TRX; 10 channels/TRX; ~10W/channel
2. minimisation of the maintenance tasks
3. initial investment smaller than US$100,000.00
4. relatively constant O&M costs
Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Metodologia
Grid Extension Diesel Genset Hybrid System
Feasibility of the Hybrid System

Technical Analysis
Load Supply
System Autonomy

Economical Analysis
Investments
O&M Costs

Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Metodologia
final configuration
yes
yes
no
no
grid & diesel
wind &
sun
loads
objectives
operational
conditions
initial
configuration
quasi-steady state
technical analysis
grid & diesel economical analysis
objectives
objectives
Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Cargas
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
:
0
0
1
:
0
0
2
:
0
0
3
:
0
0
4
:
0
0
5
:
0
0
6
:
0
0
7
:
0
0
8
:
0
0
9
:
0
0
1
0
:
0
0
1
1
:
0
0
1
2
:
0
0
1
3
:
0
0
1
4
:
0
0
1
5
:
0
0
1
6
:
0
0
1
7
:
0
0
1
8
:
0
0
1
9
:
0
0
2
0
:
0
0
2
1
:
0
0
2
2
:
0
0
2
3
:
0
0
hour
k
W
Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Simulao: Homer
Loads
mean
1
3.58 kW
minimum
1
1.24 kW
maximum
1
6.66 kW
annual demand
1
31,343.57 kWh
unmet load
1
0%
2

excess 62%
3

Production
wind turbines 93%
3

pv panels 7%
3

total production 91,175 kWh

Battery Bank
flow 4,648 kWh
effective lifetime 5 years

1
w.r.t. all primary loads;
2
w.r.t. annual demand;
3
w.r.t. total production.
Purely Renewable
(simulation period = 1 year)
priority 1
yes
priority 2
yes
Renewable with Diesel
Loads
mean
1
3.58 kW
minimum
1
1.24 kW
maximum
1
6.66 kW
annual demand
1
31,343.57 kWh
unmet load
1
0%
2

excess 26%
3

Production
wind turbines 88%
3

pv panels 4%
3

diesel genset 8%
3


Battery Bank
flow 7,505 kWh
effective lifetime 5 years

1
2
3
priority 1
yes
priority 2
yes
Diesel Genset
Production
fuel consumption 16,077 litres
especific consumption 0.464 litre/kWh
unmet load
1
0%
2

excess 5%
3

minimum output 2.10 kW
maximum output 6.99 kW
mean output 3.95 kW
effective lifetime 1,7 year
number of starts 1

1
2
3
priority 1
yes
priority 2
no
Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Investimento
Purely Renewable
component quantity unity (US$) subtotal (US$)
turbine and tower
1
02 23,750.00 47,500.00
central controller
1
01 10,000.00 10,000.00
pv panel 35 850.00 29,750.00
battery bank 01 18,000.00 18,000.00
converter 01 8,330.00 8,330.00
diesel backup and tank 01 7,000.00 7,000.00

total (US$) 120,580.00

1
imported equipment
CIF Values plus Installation, Pernambuco, Brazil
priority 3
no
Renewable with Diesel
component quantity unity (US$) subtotal (US$)
turbine and tower
1
01 23,750.00 23,750.00
central controller
1
01 10,000.00 10,000.00
pv panel 10 850.00 8,500.00
battery bank 01 9,000.00 9,000.00
converter 01 13,328.00 13,328.00
diesel and tank 01 6,000.00 6,000.00

total (US$) 70,578.00

1
imported equipment
priority 3
yes
Diesel Genset
component US$
diesel and tank 7,000.00
rectifier 4,998.00

total 11,998.00

priority 3
yes
Grid Extension
component US$
km of 3-phase LD 4,500.00
SE 30 kVA 1,400.00
low voltage connection 205.00
low voltage measurement 215.00

Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Concluso
Comparing with Diesel Genset
-
50.000,00
100.000,00
150.000,00
200.000,00
250.000,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10
year
I
C
C
A

(
U
S
$
)
diesel
renew
renew+diesel
Caso 1: Sistema Isolado: Concluso
Comparing with Grid Extension
-
50.000,00
100.000,00
150.000,00
200.000,00
250.000,00
300.000,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10
year
I
C
C
A

(
U
S
$
)
10 km 15 km 20 km 30 km 50 km renew renew+diesel
Caso 2: Gerao Distribuda: Objetivo

resoluo 482/2012 da ANEEL

viabilidade econmico-financeira

microgerao em Goiana-PE

implantao de um aerogerador

Dias Filho A. Anlise de viabilidade econmico-financeira da instalao de um
microgerador elico: um estudo de caso. Trabalho de Concluso de Curso,
Graduao em Engenharia de Energia, Departamento de Energia Nuclear,
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014.
Caso 2: Gerao Distribuda: Metodologia

downscaling do vento local
(Wilby and Wigley, 1997)

estimao da AEP de 2 aerogeradores
(IEC 61400-12)

valor presente lquido e taxa interna de retorno
(Oliveira, 1982)

comparao entre os 2 aerogeradores

sensibilidade com respeito aos fatores de
capacidade, forma e escala

Caso 2: Gerao Distribuda: Metodologia
Downscaling do Vento Local
1
Dados Observacionais: Torre do INPE (Perodo: 5 anos)
Dados de Reanlise: NCEP/NCAR
2
e ERA-Interim
3
(Perodo: 30 anos)
1
Wilby and Wigley, 1997;
2
Kalnay et al. 1996;
2
Dee et al. 2011.
Caso 2: Gerao Distribuda: AEP
Aerogerador Enersud Verne 555
Informaes do aerogerador

Resultados
Potncia nominal (kW) = 6

AEP (kWh) = 10.866

Energia mensal (kWh) = 905,5
Parmetros de Weibull

Fator de capacidade = 20,67%
Fator de escala (c) = 6,17

Fator de forma (k) = 1,82

Clculos

Vi (m/s) Pi (kW)

F(Vi) F(Vi)-F(Vi-1) (Pi-1+Pi)/2

0 0,00

0,00 0,00 0,00

1 0,00

0,04 0,04 0,00

2 0,00

0,12 0,08 0,00

3 0,07

0,24 0,12 0,03

4 0,20

0,37 0,13 0,13

5 0,58

0,49 0,13 0,39

6 1,00

0,61 0,12 0,79

7 1,50

0,72 0,10 1,25

8 2,24

0,80 0,08 1,87

9 3,14

0,86 0,06 2,69

10 4,06

0,91 0,05 3,60

11 4,96

0,94 0,03 4,51

12 5,63

0,97 0,02 5,30

13 6,02

0,98 0,01 5,83

14 6,07

0,99 0,01 6,05

15 5,82

0,99 0,01 5,94

16 5,01

1,00 0,00 5,41

Caso 2: Gerao Distribuda: AEP
Aerogerador Aeolos-H 10 kW
Informaes do aerogerador

Resultados
Potncia nominal (kW) = 10

AEP (kWh) = 24.230

Energia mensal (kWh) = 2.019,2
Parmetros de Weibull

Fator de capacidade = 27,66%
Fator de escala (c) = 6,17

Fator de forma (k) = 1,82

Clculos

Vi (m/s) Pi (kW)

F(Vi) F(Vi)-F(Vi-1) (Pi-1+Pi)/2

0 0,00

0,00 0,00 0,00

1 0,00

0,04 0,04 0,00

2 0,00

0,12 0,08 0,00

3 0,20

0,24 0,12 0,10

4 0,49

0,37 0,13 0,34

5 1,02

0,49 0,13 0,75

6 1,85

0,61 0,12 1,44

7 3,10

0,72 0,10 2,47

8 4,85

0,80 0,08 3,98

9 7,32

0,86 0,06 6,09

10 10,08

0,91 0,05 8,70

11 12,70

0,94 0,03 11,39

12 13,40

0,97 0,02 13,05

13 13,20

0,98 0,01 13,30

14 12,20

0,99 0,01 12,70

15 11,10

0,99 0,01 11,65

16 10,10

1,00 0,00 10,60

Caso 2: Gerao Distribuda: Investimento
Fornecedor Enersud Aeolos
Modelo Verne 555 Aeolos-H
Potncia 6 kW 10 kW

Aerogerador
37.900,00
28.680,00
Controlador 4.548,00
Inversor 12.000,00* 14.304,00
Torre 15.000,00* 17.088,00
Frete 2.000,00* 12.648,00*
Custos importao - 19.000,00*
Instalao 16.500,00* 16.500,00*

Total R$ 83.400,00 R$ 112.768,00

Nota: Os valores seguidos de um asterisco foram estimados.
Caso 2: Gerao Distribuda: Concluso
Aerogerador Enersud Verne 555
Dados de entrada

Energia anual gerada (kWh): 10.866

Preo da energia (R$/kWh): 0,43

Custos de operao e manuteno: 1,5% do investimento em equipamentos

Margem de perdas: 2,5% da energia gerada

Ano 0 Ano 1 Ano 2 ... Ano 20
Receitas

0,00 1,00 2,00 ... 20,00
Economia com gerao

0,00 4.674,65 4.674,65 ... 4.674,65
Despesas

Investimento inicial

-83.400,00 0,00 0,00 ... 0,00
Operao e Manuteno

0,00 -748,50 -748,50 ... -748,50
Perdas

0,00 -116,87 -116,87 ... -116,87

Fluxo de caixa

-83.400,00 3.809,28 3.809,28 ... 3.809,28
Fluxo de caixa acumulado

-83.400,00 -79.590,72 -75.781,43 ... -7.214,32

VPL -R$ 35.902,94

TIR -0,85%

Caso 2: Gerao Distribuda: Concluso
Aerogerador Aeolos-H 10 kW
Dados de entrada

Energia anual gerada (kWh): 24.230

Preo da energia (R$/kWh): 0,43

Custos de operao e manuteno: 1,5% do investimento em equipamentos

Margem de perdas: 2,5% da energia gerada

Ano 0 Ano 1 Ano 2 ... Ano 20
Receitas

0,00 1,00 2,00 ... 20,00
Economia com gerao

0,00 10.423,69 10.423,69 ... 10.423,69
Despesas

Investimento inicial

-112.768,00 0,00 0,00 ... 0,00
Operao e Manuteno

0,00 -712,98 -712,98 ... -712,98
Perdas

0,00 -260,59 -260,59 ... -260,59

Fluxo de caixa

-112.768,00 9.450,12 9.450,12 ... 9.450,12
Fluxo de caixa acumulado

-112.768,00 -103.317,88 -93.867,75 ... 76.234,45

VPL R$ 156,00

TIR 5,52%

Disciplina Eletiva: Energia Elica III
Ementa: Sistemas Hbridos com Elica...
Carga Horria: 60 h
Curso: Graduao em Engenharia de Energia
Departamento: Energia Nuclear
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Convite
Arribas L.; Cruz I. Small wind turbines, Chapter I.6 in: Wind energy the facts: a
guide to the technology, economics and future of wind power. European Wind
Energy Association, 2009.
Baring-Gould E. I.; Green H. J.; van Dijk V. A. P.; Manwell J. F.Hybrid2: The hybrid
power system simulation model (No. NREL/TP--440-21506; CONF-960630--6).
National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO, 1996.
Costa A.; Arribas L.; Avia F.; Feitosa E. HySyS v.1.0 - Hybrid Power System Balance
Analyser. Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference, Madrid, 2003.
Costa A. Training Programme on Hybrid Power Systems. World Wind Energy
Institute (WWEI), Recife, 2007.
Costa A. HySyS, Hybrid Power System Analyser. Workshop on status and
development of software tools for PV hybrid and mini-grid systems, PVPS Task
11 on PV Hybrids and Mini-grids, International Energy Agency (IEA), Valencia,
2008.
Costa A. Notas sobre Energa Elica para el Master en Ingeniera y Gestin de las
Energas Renovables (B-46901-2009). Institut de Formaci Continua (IL3),
Universitat de Barcelona, 2010.
Dee et al. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data
assimilation system. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 137: 553:597, 2011.
Referncias
Deshmukh M. K.; Deshmukh S. S. Modeling of hybrid renewable energy systems.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1): 235-249, 2008.
EWEA. Wind energy the facts: a guide to the technology, economics and future of
wind power. European Wind Energy Association, 2009.
Fraidenraich N.; Lyra F. Energia solar: fundamentos e tecnologias de converso
heliotermoeltrica e fotovoltaica. Ed. Universitria da UFPE, 1995.
Green M.A. Solar cells: operating, principles, technology and system applications.
University of New Souyh Wales, 1986.
Kalnay E. et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 77(3): 437-471, 1996.
Lilienthal P.; Lambert T. The hybrid optimization model for electric renewable
HomerPro. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2000.
Lorenzo E. Electricidad solar: ingeniera de los sistemas fotovoltaicos. Universidad
Politcnica de Madrid, 1994.
Manwell J.F.; McGowan J.G. Lead acid battery storage model for hybrid energy
systems. Solar Energy, 50(5): 399-405, 1993.
Manwell J.; Rogers A.; Hayman G.; Avelar C.; McGowan J. Draft theory manual for
Hybrid2; the hybrid system simulation model, 194 pp. University of
Massachusetts / National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1996.

Referncias
Markvart T. Sizing of hybrid photovoltaic-wind energy systems. Solar Energy, 57(4):
277-281, 1996.
Nema P.; Nema R. K.; Rangnekar, S. A current and future state of art development
of hybrid energy system using wind and PV-solar: A review. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(8): 2096-2103, 2009.
Oliveira J. A. N. Engenharia econmica: uma abordagem s decises de
investimento. So Paulo: McGraw-Hill do Brasil, 1982.
Panofsky H.; Dutton J. Atmospheric turbulence: models and methods for engineering
applications. John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
Protogeropoulos C.; Brinkworth B. J.; Marshall R. H. Sizing and technoeconomical
optimization for hybrid solar photovoltaic/wind power systems with battery
storage. International Journal of Energy Research, 21(6): 465-479. 1997.
Wilby R. L.; Wigley T. M. L. Downscaling general circulation model output: a review
of methods and limitations. Progress in Physical Geography, 21(4): 530-548,
1997.
Yang H.; Lu L.; Zhou W. A novel optimization sizing model for hybrid solar-wind
power generation system. Solar energy, 81(1): 76-84, 2007.
Referncias
Zhou W.; Lou C.; Li Z.; Lu L.; Yang H. Current status of research on optimum sizing
of stand-alone hybrid solarwind power generation systems. Applied Energy,
87(2): 380-389, 2010.
Zoulias E. I.; Lymberopoulos N. Techno-economic analysis of the integration of
hydrogen energy technologies in renewable energy-based stand-alone power
systems. Renewable Energy, 32(4): 680-696, 2007.
Referncias

Muito obrigado por sua ateno e interesse!

Alexandre Costa
alexandre.acosta@ufpe.br

Professor
Departamento de Energia Nuclear da UFPE

Pesquisador
Centro Brasileiro de Energia Elica
Centro de Energias Renovveis da UFPE

Recife, Maro de 2014

AAalexcosta Minicurso Sishib Vcbens Short

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

AAalexcosta Minicurso Sishib Vcbens Short

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

V Congresso Brasileiro de Energia Solar

Minicurso sobre Gerao de Energia Eltrica

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi