CHAPTER 2.0 PNEUMATICS __________________________________________________________________ 2.

1 Learning Outcome At the end of this course, the students would be able to apply and appreciate the knowledge to: (1) Perform the safety and regulations apply in engineering workshop and/or laboratory. ( ) !escribe briefly about pneumatic control system. (") !esign the pneumatic circuit diagram and elements. (#) $orrectly install components in the pneumatic, electro pneumatic, hydraulic and control system according to the gi%en circuit diagrams. (&) 'est runs the assembled system components base on the gi%en circuit diagrams. 2.2 Pneumatic T!eor" A fluid power system is one that transmits and control energy through the use of pressuri(ed li)uid or gas. *n Pneumatics, this power is air. 'his of course from the atmosphere and is reduced in %olume by compression, thus increasing its pressure. $ompressed air mainly used to do work by acting on a piston or %ane. +hile this energy can be used in many facets of industry, the field of industrial pneumatics is considered here. 'he correct use of pneumatic control re)uires an ade)uate knowledge of pneumatic components and their function to ensure their integration into an efficient working system. Although electronic control using a programmable se)uencer or other logic controller is currently specified, it is still necessary to know the function of the pneumatic components in this type of system. 2.2.1 #!at Can Pneumatic $o%

,peration of hea%y or hot doors. -nloading of hoppers in building, steel making, mining and chemical industries. .orming operations of bending, drawing and flattening. /ottling and filling machines. Pneumatic robots. $omponent and material con%eyor transfer. Air separation and %acuum lifting of thin sheets. .igure .1 show the application of pneumatic component at chip bonding process which consists of a %acuum unit.

.igure .1: $hip /onding. 2.2.2 T!e A$&antage an$ Limitation o' Pneumatic

*t has se%eral operation modes0 can be fully automated, manually operated and semi automated mode. *t is clean, suitable for se%eral processes which are %ery sensiti%e, especially for ha(ardous chemicals and electronic components. 'he e)uipments are %ery cheap compared to other methods. 'he accuracy of the end results is moderate. 1educe production time and cost 2 mass production. 'here is no other waste produced from the operating system e3cept air. $ompress is relati%ely insensiti%e to temperature fluctuation. 'his ensures reliable operation, e%en under e3treme condition (depend on protection material). 4owe%er, pneumatic technology also has their own limitations. 5isted below are the limitations of pneumatic technology: ,nly clean air with lowest humidity is allowed to be in pneumatic system. 6o, compress air need good preparation to filter any kind of dirt and condensate. *t is seldom to get uniform and constant piston speed with compressed air. *t has the limitation in producing the output force. *t is suitable for non7hea%y duty purpose. 'he e3haust air is %ery noisy. $ompressed air is %ery e3pensi%e in terms of con%eying the power but the high price is remunerated by the cheap pneumatic e)uipments, fast and efficient production.

2.2.(

T!e )a ic o' Pneumatic S" tem

Pneumatic cylinders, rotary actuators and air motors pro%ide the force and mo%ement of most pneumatic control systems to hold, mo%e, form and process material. 'o operate and control these actuators, other pneumatic components are re)uired i.e. air ser%ice units to prepare the compressed air and %al%es to control the pressure, flow and direction of mo%ement of the actuators. A basic pneumatic system, shown in .ig . , consists of two main sections:

.igure . : /asic Pneumatic 6ystem The Air Production and Distribution System (1) $ompressor: Air taken in at atmospheric pressure is compressed and deli%ered at higher pressure to the pneumatic system. *t thus transforms mechanical energy into pneumatic energy. ( ) 8lectric 9otor: 'ransforms electrical energy into mechanical energy (") Pressure 6witch: $ontrols the electric motor by sensing the pressure in the tank. (#) $heck %al%e: 5ets the compressed air from the compressor into the tank. *t is set to a ma3imum pressure at which it stops the motor and a minimum pressure at which it restarts it. (&) 'ank: 6tores the compressed air. (:) Pressure ;auge: *ndicates the 'ank Pressure. (<) Auto !rain: !rains all the water condensing in the tank without super%ision. (=) 6afety >al%e: /lows compressed air off if the pressure in the tank should rise abo%e the allowed pressure. (?) 1efrigerated Air !ryer: $ools the compressed air to a few degrees abo%e free(ing point and condenses most of the air humidity. (1@) 5ine .ilter: *t helps to keep the line free from dust, water and oil.

The Air Consuming System (1) Air 'ake ,ff. ( ) Auto !rain. (") Air 6er%ice -nit. (#) !irectional >al%e: Alternati%ely pressuri(es and e3haust the cylinder connections to control the direction of mo%ement. (&) Actuator. (:) 6peed $ontrollers: Allows easy speed adAustment of the actuator mo%ement. 2.2.* Com+onent an$ S"m,o- o' Pneumatic S" tem

'he primary le%els in a pneumatic system are: 8nergy supply/Air generation and distribution. *nput elements (sensors). Processing elements (processors). Actuating de%ices (actuators) 'he elements in the system are represented by symbols which indicate the function of the element. 'he symbols can be combined to represent a solution for a particular control task using the circuit diagram. 'he circuit is drawn with the same structure as the signal flow diagram abo%e. At the actuator le%el the addition of the control element completes the structure. 'he control element controls the action of the actuator after recei%ing signals sent by the processor elements.

.igure .": Pneumatic elements

'he directional control %al%e (!$>) may ha%e a sensing, a processing or an actuating control function. *t the !$> is used to control a cylinder motion, then it is a control element for the actuator group. *f it is used in the function of processing signals, then it is defined as a processor element. *f it is used to sense motions, then it is defined as a sensor. 'he distinguishing feature between each of these roles is normally the method of operating the %al%e and where the %al%e is situated in the circuit diagram. 'he de%elopment of pneumatic systems is assisted by a uniform approach to the representation of the elements and the circuits. 'he symbols used for the indi%idual elements must display the following characteristics: .unction Actuation and return actuation methods Bumber of connections (all labeled for identification) Bumber of switching positions ;eneral operating principle 6implified representation of the flow path A symbol does not represent the following characteristics: 6i(e or dimensions of the component Particular manufacturer, methods of construction or costs ,rientation of the ports Any physical details of the element Any unions or connections other than Aunctions 'he symbols used in pneumatics are detailed in the standard !*B *6, 1 1?, C$ircuit symbols for fluidic e)uipment and systems. .a/ Air generation an$ $i tri,ution 'he air supply for a particular pneumatic application should be sufficient and of ade)uate )uality. Air is compressed to appro3imately 1/<th of its %olume by the air compressor and deli%ered to an air distribution system in the factory. 'o ensure the )uality of the air is acceptable, air ser%ice e)uipment is utili(ed to prepare the air before being applied to the control system. 9alfunctions can be considerably reduced in the system if the compressed air *s $orrectly prepared. A number of aspects must be considered in the preparation of the ser%ice air: Duantity of air re)uired to meet the demands of the system 'ype of compressor to be used to produce the )uantity re)uired 6torage re)uired 1e)uirements for air cleanliness Acceptable humidity le%els to reduce corrosion and sticky operation

5ubrication re)uirements, if necessary 5ow temperature of the air and effects on the system Pressure re)uirements 5ine si(es and %al%e si(es to meet demand 9aterial selection and system re)uirements for the en%ironment !rainage points and e3haust outlets in the distribution system 5ayout of the distribution system to meet demand.

As a rule pneumatic component is designed for a ma3imum operating pressure of =7 1@ bar (=@@7<@@@ kPa) but in practice it is recommended to operate at between & and : bar (&@@7:@@ kPa) for economic use. !ue to the pressure losses in the distribution system the compressor should deli%er between :.& and < bar (:&@7<@@ kPa) to attain these figures. An air recei%er should be fitted to reduce pressure fluctuations. *n normal operation the compressor fills the recei%er when re)uired and the recei%er is a%ailable as a reser%e at all times. 'his reduces the switching cycles of the compressor.

.igure .#: Air supply system 'he symbols for the energy supply system can be represented as indi%idual elements or as combined elements. 'he choice between using simplified or detailed symbols is dependent upon the purpose of the circuit and its com7 ple3ity. *n general where specific technical details are to be gi%en such as re)uirements for non7lubricated air or micro7filtering, then the complete detailed symbol should be used. *f a standard and common air supply is used for all components, then the simplified symbols can be used. !ue to the high demand at certain stages of the air distribution system, a ring main with cross7feed connections is recommended. *n this way the fluctuations are reduced. 'he ring main should be laid out with a 17 E gradient to allow drainage points for condensate from the compressor. *f there is a relati%ely high condensate le%el, then air drying e)uipment should be fitted specifically to dry the air to the re)uired )uality. $ondensate is a common cause of failure in pneumatic controls.

'he air ser%ice unit is a combination of the following $ompressed air filter, $ompressed air regulator and $ompressed air lubricator. 'he correct combination, si(e and type of these elements are determined by the application and the control system demand. An air ser%ice unit is fitted at each control system in the network to ensure the )uality of air for each indi%idual task. ITEM S0M)OL MEANIN1 $ompressor SUPPLY Pressure 6ource Pneumatic Pressure 6ource Air 1eser%oir .ilter : separation and filtration of particles .ilter and separator (automatic) 5ubricator

SERVICE EQUIP E!T

Pressure regulator

C" #I!ED SY #"LS

Air 6er%ice -nit : .ilter, 1egulator, ;auge, 5ubricator 6implified air ser%ice unit with lubricator

.igure .&: 6ymbols use in energy con%ersion and preparation 'he compressed air filter has the Aob of remo%ing all contaminants from the compressed air flowing through it as well as water which has already condensed. 'he compressed air enters the filter bowl through guide slots.

5i)uid particles and larger particles of dirt are separated centrifugally collecting in the lower part of the filter bowl. 'he collected condensate must be drained before the le%el e3ceeds the ma3imum condensate mark, as it will otherwise be re7entrained in the air stream. 'he purpose of the regulator is to keep the operating pressure (secondary pressure) %irtually constant regardless of fluctuations in the line pressure (primary pressure) and the air consumption. 'he purpose of the lubricator is to deli%er a metered )uantity of oil mist into a leg of the air distribution system when necessary for the use by pneumatic control and working components. .,/ In+ut E-ement >al%es can be di%ided into a number of groups according to their function in relation to signal type, actuation method and construction. 'he primary function of the %al%e is to alter, generate or cancel signals for the purpose of sensing, processing and controlling. Additionally the %al%e is used as a power %al%e for the supply of working air to the actuator. 'herefore the following categories are rele%ant: !irectional control %al%es: 6ignaling elements, Processing elements, Power elements Bon7return %al%es .low control %al%es Pressure control %al%es $ombinational %al%es ,.1/ 2irectiona- contro- &a-&e 'he directional control %al%e controls the passage of air signals by generating, canceling or redirecting signals. *n the field of control technology, the si(e and construction of the %al%e is of less importance than the signal generation and the actuation method. !irectional control %al%es can be of the poppet or slide type, with the poppet utili(ed for small flow rates and for the generation of input and process signals. 'he slide %al%e is able to carry larger flow rates and hence lends itself to the power and actuator control role. 'he way %al%e is described by: Bumber of ports or openings (ways): way, " way, # way, & way, etc. Bumber of positions: positions, " positions, etc. 9ethods of actuation of the %al%e: 9anual, air pilot, solenoid, etc. 9ethods of return actuation: 6pring return, air return, etc. 6pecial features of operation: 9anual o%errides, etc. E3+-anation O' S"m,oS"m,o- 2e&e-o+ment

>al%e switching positions are represented as s)uares 'he number of s)uares shows how many switching positions the %al%e has 5ine indicate flow paths, arrows shows the direction of flow 6hut off positions are identified in the bo3es by lines drawn at right angles 'he connections ( inlet and outlet ports ) are shown by lines on the outside of the bo3 .igure .:: !irectional $ontrol >al%e 6ymbol !e%elopment 'he directional control %al%e is represented by the number of controlled connections, the number of positions and the flow path. *n order to a%oid faulty connections, all the inputs and outputs of a %al%e are identified. A numbering system is used to designate directional control %al%es and is in accordance with *6, &&?? (!raft). Prior to this a lettering system was utili(ed and both systems of designation are presented here: Port or Connection Pressure port 83haust port 83haust ports 6ignal outputs Pilot line opens flow 1 to Pilot line opens flow 1 to Pilot line opens flow 1 to # Pilot line flow closed Au3iliary pilot air ISO 4455 1 " &," ,# 1 1 1# 1@ =1,?1 Lettering S" tem P 1 ("/ way %al%e) 1,6 ("/ way %al%e) /,A F (single pilot "/ way) G (&/ way %al%e) F (&/ way %al%e) F,G P(

S0M)OL

E6PLANATION

/ 7 way directional control %al%e, normally open "/ 2 way directional control %al%e normally closed "/ 2 way directional control %al%e, normally open #/ 2 way directional control %al%e .low from 1 to and from # to " &/ 2 way directional control %al%e .low from 1 to and # to & &/" 2 way directional control %al%e 9id position closed .igure .<: !irectional $ontrol >al%e, Ports and Positions (ways) 'he methods of actuation of pneumatic directional control %al%es are dependent upon the re)uirements of the task. 'he symbols for the methods of actuation are detailed in *6, 1 1?. 'he types of actuation may %ary e.g. manually actuated, mechanically actuated, pneumatically actuated, electrical, combined actuation.

.igure .=: 9ethods of Actuation .or e3ample for manual actuation operated is generally obtained by attaching an operator head, suitable for manual control, onto a mechanical operated %al%e as indicated in .igure .?.

.igure .?: 9anually of Actuation ,.2/ 7-o8 Contro- 9a-&e 'he flow control %al%e restricts or throttles the air in a particular direction to reduce the flow rate of the air and hence control the signal flow. *f the flow control %al%e is left wide open then the flow should be almost the same as if the restrictor is not fitted. *n some cases it is possible to infinitely %ary the restrictor from fully open to completely close. *f the flow control %al%e is fitted with a non7return %al%e then the function of flow7control is unidirectional with full free flow in one direction. A two way restrictor restricts the air in both directions of flow and is not fitted with the non7return %al%e. 'he flow control %al%e should be fitted as close to the working element as is possible and must be adAusted to match the re)uirements of the application. S0M)OL E6PLANATION .low control %al%e, adAustable ,ne7way flow control %al%e .igure .1@: .low $ontrol >al%es

,.(/ Pre ure contro- &a-&e Pressure control %al%es are utili(ed in pneumatic systems. 'here are three main groups: Pressure regulating %al%es without relief port Pressure limiting %al%es with relief port Pressure se)uence %al%es 'he pressure regulating %al%e controls the operating pressure in a control circuit and keeps the pressure constant irrespecti%e of any pressure fluctuations in the system. 'he pressure limiting %al%es are utili(ed on the up7stream side of the compressor to ensure the recei%er pressure is limited, for safety, and that the supply pressure to the system is set to the correct pressure. 'he se)uence %al%e senses the pressure of any e3ternal line and compares the pressure of the line against a preset adAustable %alue, creating a signal when the preset limit is reached.

S0M)OL

E6PLANATION 6e)uence %al%e7in line

AdAustable pressure regulating %al%e, relie%ing type .igure .11: Pressure >al%e ,.*/ Au3i-iar" S"m,o'here are a number of important symbols for accessories which are utili(ed in conAunction with pneumatics. 'hese include the e3haust air symbols, %isual indicators and the methods of connection of components. S0M)OL E6PLANATION

0 Bar

Pressure gauge

6ilencer

83haust Plug
0 Bar

>isual indicator

.igure .1 : Au3iliary 6ymbol c/ Proce ing E-ement As a processing element the directional control %al%e redirects, generates or cancels signals depending on the signal inputs recei%ed. 'he processing element can be supplemented with additional elements, such as the AB!7 function and ,17function %al%es to create the desired control conditions. 'he non7return %al%e allows a signal to flow through the de%ice in one direction Bon7return %al%es and in the other direction blocks the flow. 'here are many %ariations in construction and si(e deri%ed from the basic non7return %al%e. ,ther deri%ed %al%es utili(e features of the non7return %al%e by the incorporation of non7return elements. 'he non7return %al%e can be found as an element of the one way flow control %al%e, )uick e3haust %al%e. 6huttle %al%e and the two7pressure %al%e. S0M)OL E6PLANATION $heck %al%e

6huttle %al%e

AB! >al%e

Duick e3haust %al%e

.igure .1": Bon7return %al%es and deri%ati%es .$/ Actuator .Out+ut/ As a power element the directional control %al%e must deli%er the re)uired )uantity of air to match the actuator re)uirements and hence there is a need for larger %olume flow rates and therefore larger si(es. 'his may result in a larger supply port or manifold being used to deli%er the air to the actuator. 'he actuator group includes %arious types of linear and rotary actuators of. 'he actuators are complemented by the final control element, which transfers the re)uired )uantity of air to dri%e the actuator. Bormally this %al%e will be directly connected to the main air supply and fitted close to the actuator to minimi(e losses due to resistance. Actuators can be further broken down into groups: 5inear actuators: 6ingle acting cylinder, !ouble acting cylinder. 1otary actuators: >ane type, Air motors.

S0M)OL

E6PLANATION 6ingle acting cylinder with spring return !ouble acting cylinder !ouble acting cylinder with double ended piston rod

!ouble acting

cushion cylinder

Air motor rotation in one direction

1otary actuator

.igure .1#: Actuators 2.2.4 2e&e-o+ment o' ing-e actuator circuit

'he simplest le%el of control for the single or double acting cylinder in%ol%es direct control signals. +ith this, the cylinder is actuated directly %ia a manually or mechanically actuated %al%e, without any intermediate switching of additional directional control %al%es. *f the port si(es and the flow %alues of the %al%e are too large, the operating forces re)uired may be too great for direct manual operation.

E3am+-e 1: Direct contro$ o% a sing$e&acting cy$inder A single acting cylinder of &mm diameter is to ad%ance a component when a push button is pressed. As long as the push button is acti%ated the cylinder is to remain in the clamped position. *f the push button released, the clamp is to retract.

Positiona$ S'etch

Circuit Diagram

E3am+-e 2: Indirect contro$ o% a doub$e acting cy$inder A double acting cylinder is to e3tend when a push button is operated. -pon release of the push button the cylinder is to retract.

Circuit Diagram E3am+-e (: The $ogic A!D %unction 'he piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to ad%ance when both push button of the "/ way %al%e is actuated. *f either of these is released, then the cylinder is to return to the initial position.

Circuit Diagram

E3am+-e *: The $ogic "R %unction A double7acting cylinder is to ad%ance if one of two push buttons is operated. *f the push button is then released, the cylinder is to retract.

Circuit Diagram

E3am+-e 4:

emory circuit and s(eed contro$ o% a cy$inder

'he piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to ad%ance when a "/ way push button %al%e is actuated manually. 'he cylinder is to remain ad%anced until a second %al%e is actuated. 'he signal of the second %al%e can only

take effect after the first %al%e has been released . 'he cylinder is to then return to the initial position. 'hen cylinder is to remain in the initial position until a new start signal is gi%en. 'he speed of the cylinder is to be adAustable in both directions.

Circuit Diagram

2.2.;

Com,inationa- &a-&e

'he combined functions of %arious elements can produce a new function. 'he new component can be constructed by the combination of indi%idual elements or manufactured in a combined configuration to reduce si(e and comple3ity.

An e3ample is the timer which is the combination of a one way flow control %al%e, a reser%oir and a "/ way directional control %al%e.

.igure .1&: 'ime delay %al%e E3am+-e 1: The timer de$ay )a$)e A double7acting cylinder is used to press together glued component. -pon operation of a push button, the clamping cylinder e3tends. ,nce the fully ad%anced position is reached, the cylinder is to remain a time of 'H : seconds and then immediately retract to the initial position. 'he cylinder retraction is to be adAustable. A new start cycle is only possible after the cylinder has fully retracted.

Circuit Diagram

2.2.<

2e&e-o+ment o' mu-ti+-e actuator circuit

*n case of multiple cylinder circuits, a clear definition of the problem is important. 'he representation of the desired motion of all actuators described using the displacement7step diagram. 'he special condition for the start of the se)uence must also be defined. E3am+-e 1: Coordinated motion 'wo cylinders are used to transfer parts from a maga(ine onto a chute. +hen a push button is pressed, the first cylinder e3tends, pushing part from the maga(ine and positions it in preparation for transfer by the second cylinder onto the out feed chute. ,nce the part is transfer, the first cylinder retracts, followed by the second. $onfirmation of all e3tended and retracted positions are re)uired.

Dis($acement Ste( Diagram

Circuit Diagram 2.( E=ui+ment

'he important elements of pneumatic e)uipment: 5aboratory trolley or fi3ed workbench with drawers. $ompressor 6et of de%ices or indi%idual components (e.g. cylinders, directional control %al%es, logic elements, linear dri%e, pneumatic switch) 'able 1.@ shown the list of e)uipment which will be used for assembly at the pneumatic trainer. 'able 1.@: 5ist of 8)uipments E3am+-e . .& 83p. 1 . .& 83p. Energ" $ompressed air production / !istribution $ompressed air production / !istribution $ompressed air production / !istribution $ompressed air production / !istribution $ompressed air production / !istribution SignaIn+ut 6witch / Push button etc. 6witch / Push button etc. Proce ing E-ement 7 7 ControE-ement "/ way !$> &/ way !$> &/ way !$> &/ way !$> &/ way !$> .low Actuator 6ingle acting cylinder !ouble acting cylinder !ouble acting cylinder !ouble acting cylinder !ouble acting cylinder

. .& 83p. "

. .& 83p. # . .& 83p. &

!ual 6witch / Pressure Push button %al%e 5imit switch (AB!) 6witch / 6huttle Push button %al%e(,1) 6witch / Push button 7

. .: 83p. 1

$ompressed air production / !istribution $ompressed air production / !istribution

. .: 83p. 1

6witch / Push button 5imit switch 'ime delay %al%e 6witch / Push button 5imit switch

!ual Pressure %al%e (AB!) 7

control %al%e &/ way !$> .low control %al%e &/ way !$>

!ouble acting cylinder !ouble acting cylinder

2.*
2.5

#or>ing Proce$ure

All components are to be fully plugged in the assembly board 5imit switches should be placed so that they contact only the side of the trip cam ne%er at the front. Permissible operating pressure should not be e3ceeded Pneumatics circuits are to be constructed with plastic tubes. .ully insert the plastic tubes into the plug7in coupling or )uick push connectors and pull the locking ring o%er the tube connection /efore the circuit is disconnected turn off the pressure supply *n order to a%oid damage to the locating pegs carefully unplug the components from the assembly board by pulling them upwards. Ta >

a) A pneumatic press is to be operated by two push buttons P/1 and P/ . *n order to meet safety re)uirements, both of the push buttons must be pressed together to start the press. 'he pneumatic press is retracted immediately when one or both push buttons are released. !raw the circuit diagram for the problem. !esignate the %al%es and indicate the numbering system for the connections.

a.1) a single acting cylinder is to be used by "/ way pilot %al%e. a. ) a single acting cylinder is to be used and connected in series. a.") a double acting cylinder is to be used with used Iand gateJ. a.#) a double acting cylinder is to be used by "/ way pilot %al%e. b) ,peration of two identical %al%es by two push buttons causes the forming tool of an edge folding de%ice to thrust downwards and fold o%er the edge of a flat sheet of sectional area. *f both or e%en Aust one push button is released, double acting cylinder slowly returns to the initial position.

b.1) a double pilot %al%e should be fitted for the control of the cylinder. *f the cylinder is to retract on reaching its fully e3tended position, roller le%er %al%es should be used as limit %al%es to confirm that this position has been reached. b. ) ,ne of the push buttons need only be operated for a short duration and the cylinder will fully e3tend, since the effect of the signal at input at the &/ way double pilot %al%e is maintained until a signal is applied. As soon as the piston rod has reached the forward end position, the limit switch generated a signal to &/ way double pilot %al%e and the %al%e is re%ersed. 'he retracted end position of the piston rod can also be sense. 'hese re)uire an additional limit switch.

c) A double acting cylinder is used to press together glued components. -pon operation of a push button, the clamping cylinder slowly ad%ances. ,nce the fully e3tended position is reached, the cylinder is to remain for a time of : sec. and then immediately retract to the initial position. A new start cycle is only possible after the cylinder has fully retracted and after a delay of & sec. !uring the delay the finished part is manually remo%ed and replaced with new parts for gluing. 'he retracting speed is to be rapid, but adAustable. !raw the displacement step diagram and circuit diagram for the problem. !esignate the %al%es and indicate the numbering system for the connections.

d) 'urned parts for spark plugs are fed in pairs on a rail to multi spindle machining stations. *n order to achie%e separation, two double acting cylinders are triggered by one actuator in alternating push7pull rhythm. *n the initial position, the upper cylinder is retracted, the lower cylinder in the forward position. 'urned parts are resting against the second cylinder. A starting signal causes cylinder A to ad%ance and cylinder / to retract. 'wo sparking plug blanks roll onto the machining station. After and adAustable time of 1 sec, cylinder A returns and cylinder / ad%ances at the same time. A further cycle can be started only when time inter%al sec. has elapsed. !raw the displacement step diagram and circuit diagram for the problem. !esignate the %al%es and indicate the numbering system for the connections.