Bio Charm Final Report

0
llN4L kPOk1 for 4PN PkOlc1

4kcP2009-12N5Y-korve

The following collaborators worked on this project:
ur rlyadarshlnl karve and Mr 8amakanL rabhune ApproprlaLe 8ural 1echnology lnsLlLuLe (A81l), une,
lndla, Lmall: prlyadarshlnl.karve[gmall.com
ur Slmon Shackley, Sarah CarLer, ur eLer Anderson, ur Saran Sohl, ur Andy Cross and rofessor SLuarL Paszeldlne,
uk 8lochar 8esearch CenLre (uk88C), unlverslLy of Ldlnburgh, Ldlnburgh, ScoLland, uk
Lmall: slmon.shackley[ed.ac.uk, sarah.carLer[ed.ac.uk
ur SLephan Paefele, lnLernaLlonal 8lce 8esearch lnsLlLuLe (l88l), Los 8anos, hlllpplnes, emall:
s.haefele[CClA8.C8C
1ony knowles, SML Cambodla, hnom hen, Cambodla
!ohn lleld and aul 1anger, hu researchers, Colorado SLaLe unlverslLy, lorL Colllns, CC, uSA, emall:
[ohn.l.fleld[ColoSLaLe.edu, paul.Langer[ColoSLaLe.edu

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8 8i io oc ch ho or r f fo or r c co or rb bo on n k ke ed du uc ct ti io on n, , 5 5u us st to oi in no ob b/ /e e 4 4q qr ri ic cu u/ /t tu ur re e o on nd d
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ro[ect keference Number: AkC2009-12NS-karve
I|na| keport subm|tted to AN

As|a-ac|f|c Network for G|oba| Change kesearch
2

AGL LLI1 IN1LN1ICNALL 8LANk

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CVLkVILW CI kCILC1 WCkk AND CU1CCMLS
Non-techn|ca| summary
8lochar ls Lhe solld remalns of heaLlng blomass ln an oxygen-depleLed envlronmenL. unllke Lhe
carbon found ln mosL organlc maLLer, blochar carbon ls chemlcally alLered durlng Lhe heaLlng
process and forms lnLo 'benzene-Lype' rlng sLrucLures LhaL are very reslsLanL Lo aLLack by
mlcroorganlsms. As a consequence, blochar carbon can remaln sLablllzed for long perlods of Llme -
hundreds Lo Lhousands of years - and could be an lmporLanL way of sLorlng carbon LhaL has been
scavenged from Lhe aLmosphere durlng phoLosynLhesls. WhaL ls more, blochar can enhance soll
'healLh' and has been demonsLraLed Lo promoLe planL growLh ln some slLuaLlons. ln Lhls pro[ecL we
evaluaLe Lhe beneflLs of uslng Lwo dlfferenL forms of blochar ln Lerms of: a) how much carbon
dloxlde (and oLher greenhouse gases) are reduced and removed from Lhe aLmosphere across Lhe
blomass llfe-cycle (l.e. from growLh Lo soll lncorporaLlon), and b) agronomlc beneflLs of Lhe blochar
ln rlce and vegeLable culLlvaLlon.
8lochar can be produced from modern Lechnologlcal sysLems used for generaLlng fuels and/or
elecLrlclLy from blomass, such as gaslflcaLlon and pyrolysls. ln Lhls pro[ecL, we explored Lhe use of
carbonlzed rlce husks (C8Ps) whlch are Lhe by-producL from small- Lo medlum-slzed (130 - 300 kW)
gaslflers locaLed ln rlce mllls uLlllzlng rlce husks as Lhe fuel as well as use of char produced from
sugarcane leaf llLLer and malze cobs uslng up drafL gaslfler kllns. C8Ps do noL have a clear use aL
presenL and Lhere ls already a surplus of rlce husk ash relaLlve Lo requlremenLs. Pundreds of
kllograms of C8Ps are produced dally from Lhe gaslflers and very large plles bulld-up (c. 1000 Lonnes
aL one slLe). Such plles are largely lnerL, buL could generaLe a polluLlon rlsk Lhrough leachlng or wlnd
or waLer eroslon lnLo alr, waLer or lngesLlon by anlmals, eLc. 1he agrlculLural wasLe feedsLock such as
sugarcane leaf llLLer and malze cobs (afLer galn removal) are plenLlfully avallable and are noL belng
used for any speclflc purpose.
1he carbon and energy balance of Lhe rlce husk gaslflers was calculaLed and Lhe physlo-chemlcal
properLles of Lhe Lwo blochar samples were examlned. 1he unsLable carbon - LhaL componenL whlch
ls expecLed Lo be losL Lhrough decomposlLlon ln Lhe Llme-scale of hours Lo decades - has been
esLlmaLed uslng laboraLory Lechnlques, so permlLLlng an esLlmaLe of Lhe carbon whlch would be
sLored ln Lhe long-Lerm. We found LhaL beLween 0.9 Lo 1 Lonne of CC
2
ls removed and avolded per
Lonne of rlce husk gaslfled. lndla ls Lhe world's second largesL rlce producer aL 132 mllllon Lones (ML)
paddy rlce ln 2009-10, whlle hlllpplnes produced 14 ML and Cambodla 7 ML. Assumlng 22 of Lhls
paddy rlce producLlon ls rlce husk (whlch ls Lyplcal), Lhen Lhe poLenLlal carbon abaLemenL from use
of C8Ps - assumlng LhaL an arblLrary 1/3
rd
of Lhe rlce husks could be made avallable - ls: c. 9 M1 CC
2

(lndla), 1 ML CC
2
(hlllpplnes) and 0.3 ML CC
2
(Cambodla). lf we compare C8Ps Lo some oLher
exlsLlng uses of rlce husks, such as lncorporaLlon lnLo lrrlgaLed rlce flelds, Lhen Lhe greenhouse gas
beneflL of converLlng Lo blochar becomes more slgnlflcanL. 1hls ls because some of Lhe carbon ln rlce
husks added Lo soll converLs Lo meLhane, a poLenL greenhouse gas. lncludlng such an evaluaLlon of
alLernaLlves, lncreases Lhe greenhouse savlng by Lwo or more Llmes per Lonne of husk. Cn an area-
basls, Lhe converslon Lo C8P may reduce greenhouse gas emlsslons up Lo flve Llmes compared wlLh
addlng husks Lo lrrlgaLed flelds.
1he agronomlc resulLs provlde a mlxed-plcLure of Lhe effecLlveness of blochar ln exlsLlng agrlculLural
conLexLs. 1he poL Lrlals ln Cambodla demonsLraLe LhaL blochar can have a sLrongly poslLlve effecL
upon ylelds. 1here was a sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL (93 confldence level) response Lo lncreaslng

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blochar addlLlons for leLLuce (harvesLable mass, rooL mass, number of leaves and sLem lengLh) and
for harvesL and sLem lengLh ln Lhe case of cabbage. 1he lrrlgaLed rlce fleld Lrlals showed a
sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL lncrease ln paddy yleld wlLh a 41Lha
-1
addlLlon of C8Ps ln Lhe case of one farm,
buL noL ln anoLher farm LhaL used Lhe same varleLy and was locaLed close by (100m). We cannoL
accounL for Lhe dlfference ln response. A varleLy of non-repllcaLed exploraLory Lrlals wlLh vegeLables
and lrrlgaLed rlce also gave poslLlve resulLs wlLh respecL Lo yleld. 1he lndlan poL Lrlals dld noL show
such a clear resulL as Lhose ln Cambodla. 1hree appllcaLlons sLand ouL as lncreaslng fresh blomass
relaLlve Lo Lhe unLreaLed conLrol: blochar aL 20 Lha
-1
, blochar aL 20 Lha
-1
wlLh chemlcal ferLlllzer and
chemlcal ferLlllzer only. Plgher blochar appllcaLlons (40, 60 and 80 Lha
-1
) appear Lo reduce overall
fresh blomass welghL compared Lo Lhe 20 Lha
-1
level and/or synLheLlc ferLlllzer appllcaLlons. 1he
lndlan malze fleld Lrlals uslng A81l's slngle-klln derlved blochar from sugarcane Lrash and corn cobs
dld noL show any sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL yleld response. Powever, Lhere was some evldence (noL
sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL) of a decllnlng yleld wlLh blochar addlLlons beyond 20Lha
-1
. 1he lncrease ln
malze yleld for Lhe 20Lha
-1
blochar appllcaLlon was slgnlflcanL aL Lhe 92 confldence level compared
Lo Lhe conLrol.
1he value of Lhe sLored carbon ln Lhe C8Ps ls c. $12 L
-1
assumlng a carbon prlce of $10 LCC
2
-1
.
lncludlng Lhe value of Lhe avolded carbon emlsslons from producLlon of blo-energy, Lhe carbon value
per Lonne of C8Ps lncreases Lo c. $26. lf Lhe alLernaLlve use of rlce husks ls aeroblc or anaeroblc
decomposlLlon, Lhe carbon abaLemenL value per Lonne of C8P can range from $37-69. 1he
agronomlc value ls currenLly hlghly uncerLaln, buL our Lrlals suggesL lL ls ln Lhe order of $3 - 13 L
-1
.

Cb[ect|ves
1he maln ob[ecLlves of Lhe pro[ecL were:
1. 1o explore avallablllLy of blomass for produclng blochar ln each counLry and sulLablllLy of Lhe
agrlculLural conLexL for applylng blochar Lo soll.
2. 1o evaluaLe gaslflcaLlon of rlce husks as a blomass-bloenergy-blochar ('gaslflcaLlon-blochar')
sysLem wlLh respecL Lo lLs lmpacL on neL carbon abaLemenL and lLs economlc performance.
3. 1o evaluaLe Lhe physlo-chemlcal and sLrucLural properLles and sLablllLy of Lhe carbon ln Lhe
blochar samples produced and used ln Lhe pro[ecL.
4. 1o evaluaLe Lhe envlronmenLal and healLh & safeLy lmpacLs arlslng from Lhe gaslflcaLlon-blochar
sysLem.
3. 1o explore oLher slmpler Lechnologles for produclng blochar.
6. 1o evaluaLe Lhe lmpacLs of blochar on crop yleld (and oLher blologlcal lndlcaLors) ln
demonsLraLlon (non-repllcaLed) fleld Lrlals and ln repllcaLed poL and fleld Lrlals on a range of crop
Lypes and wlLh a range of oLher soll amendmenLs.

Amount rece|ved and number years supported
1he CranL awarded Lo Lhls pro[ecL was: uS$ 40,000 for 1 ?ear 1.12.2009 Lo 30.11.002010.

Act|v|ty undertaken
1he pro[ecL lnvolved flve work packages as descrlbed below.
Work ackage 1: ldenLlflcaLlon of blochar sources and Lechnologles: gaslflcaLlon of rlce husks, fasL
growlng Lroplcal Lrees, corn cobs and oLher blo-wasLe producLs, ln Lhe parLner counLrles.
Work ackage 2: ldenLlflcaLlon of agrlculLural opporLunlLles for lncorporaLlng blochar, ln each

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parLner counLry.
Work ackage 3: CrganlsaLlon and managemenL of fleld Lrlals ln each parLner counLry.
Work ackage 4: LxamlnaLlon of organlzaLlonal and flnanclal models for maklng blochar cosL-
effecLlve and lmplemenLable aL mulLlple slLes ln parLner counLrles, lncludlng Llfe Cycle AssessmenL.
Work ackage S: LxamlnaLlon of requlremenLs for obLalnlng blochar carbon credlLs from: a) CuM,
and b) volunLary carbon markeL. ulscusslons wlLh experLs ln boLh markeLs and ldenLlflcaLlon of
parLnershlps.

ke|evance to AN's Sc|ence Agenda and Cb[ect|ves
1he pro[ecL has focused upon Lhree key aspecLs of An's sclence agenda: cllmaLe change, land use
and susLalnable use of resources. 1he resulLs have lmpllcaLlons for carbon mlLlgaLlon sLraLegles,
susLalnable food producLlon and efflclenL land-use sLraLegles, bloenergy Lechnology deploymenL and
assoclaLed envlronmenLal lmpacLs. A range of dlsclpllnes have been drawn-upon durlng Lhe
research, lncludlng soll sclence, analyLlcal chemlsLry, bloenergy englneerlng, agronomy and soclo-
economlc assessmenL.

Se|f eva|uat|on
1he Leam feels LhaL Lhe pro[ecL was a greaL success. As Lhe lengLh and deLall of Lhe reporL
demonsLraLes, a loL of daLa has been collecLed, much of lL orlglnal. LvaluaLlon and lnLegraLlon of daLa
has also been effecLlve, allowlng some sLrong key messages Lo be conveyed. arLlcularly successful
aL communlcaLlng Lhe acLlvlLles and resulLs of Lhe research ln an on-golng fashlon has been Lhe blog
slLe creaLed and malnLalned by Sarah CarLer. 1he Lwo dlssemlnaLlon evenLs organlzed as parL of Lhe
pro[ecL - an e-semlnar aLLracLlng a wlde lnLernaLlonal audlence and Lhe lndlan naLlonal ConsulLaLlon
on blochar, were boLh very successful. CrganlsaLlon and lnLegraLlon of Lhe pro[ecL was someLlmes
dlfflculL due Lo Lhe lnevlLable challenge of worklng across counLrles, lnsLlLuLlons and Llme-zones.
More face-Lo-face meeLlngs of Lhe research Leam would have helped, buL were llmlLed due Lo
budgeLary consLralnLs.

otent|a| for further work
1here ls a hlgh poLenLlal Lo Lake forward Lhe work underLaken ln Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL. 1he Lhree
prlorlLles are:
furLher and more exLenslve agronomlc evaluaLlon of C8Ps ln Cambodla and oLher counLrles where
Lhere are excess supplles Lo demonsLraLe a robusL appllcaLlon meLhod and level per crop and a
robusL value,
furLher exploraLlon of blochar producLlon from under-explolLed agrl-resldue feedsLocks such as
rlce sLraw, and,
furLher developmenL of a meLhodology for capLurlng Lhe value of C8Ps ln Lhe volunLary carbon
markeL wlLh poLenLlal appllcaLlon Lo Lhe Clean uevelopmenL Mechanlsm of Lhe kyoLo roLocol.
ln november 2010 we were approached by Lhe lnLernaLlonal 8lochar lnlLlaLlve (l8l) wlLh a requesL Lo
supply lnformaLlon on Lhe pro[ecL's work for a reporL LhaL Lhe l8l and Cornell unlverslLy are
preparlng for Lhe World 8ank on Lhe poLenLlal use of blochar ln developlng counLrles. We have senL
Lhe l8l and Cornell pre-publlcaLlon coples of a paper and reporL and wlll ln due course send Lhem
Lhls reporL.

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ub||cat|ons
Shackley S, CarLer S, Paefele, S, knowles 1, Mlddellnk, L. and Sohl S (2010) SusLalnable CaslflcaLlon-
8lochar SysLems? A Case-sLudy of 8lce-Pusk CaslflcaLlon ln Cambodla. oetqy lollcy (submlLLed)
1hree oLher papers are ln preparaLlon: one on Lhe poL Lrlal resulLs ln Cambodla, one on Lhe fleld Lrlal
resulLs ln lndla and Cambodla, and one on a Lechno-economlc evaluaLlon of Lhe gaslflcaLlon
Lechnology.

Acknow|edgments
lundlng was provlded by Lhe uk88C, unlverslLy of Ldlnburgh, Lo supporL Sarah CarLer's work on Lhe
pro[ecL ln Cambodla and Lo cover Slmon Shackley's work Llme spenL on Lhe pro[ecL. We acknowledge
addlLlonal flnanclal supporL from Carbon CapLured LlmlLed (uk) for supporLlng Lwo research Lrlps by
Slmon Shackley. We also Lhank Ankur SclenLlflc Lnergy 1echnologles vL. LLd. for provldlng Lechnlcal
lnformaLlon. 1hanks Lo all Lhose who were lnvolved ln Lhe organlzaLlon of Lhe Cambodlan on-farm
Lrlals, parLlcularly: !ulle 8ecu, Lam 8oramy, 8ruce 1odd (Cambodlan Agrlbuslness uevelopmenL
laclllLy (CAul)), kong vanLhaL, 8un MlLh (Sangkheum CenLre), ueborah Croves, Po ChanLy, 8aLha
Cng (Pelplng Pands), ScoLL & Chrls CoaLs, uale novoLney (1rall8lazer loundaLlon). Many Lhanks also
go Lo Lhe farmers and laborers who we worked wlLh on Lhe farm. 1hanks go Lo all Lhe sLaff aL Lhe
ASA8A research farm for Laklng care of Lhe planLs ln Lhe poL Lrlals, Lo ur 1an 8oun Suy for hls
Lechnlcal lnpuL and, ln parLlcular vlcheLh Srln, for hls asslsLance ln monlLorlng. 1hanks Lo 8evan
8akola and lcheLh Seng and Slmon Culemarah (nagaLhom lund) for worklng wlLh us on Lhe rlce
Lrlals. Also Lhanks Lo rokroLey khoy for asslsLlng us ln recrulLlng farmers. arLlcular Lhanks go Lo
1ankeo vlchlda, who was LranslaLor and an excellenL gulde for Lhe duraLlon of Lhe Lrlals. We are
graLeful Lo Mr. 8.n. rabhune for supervlslng Lhe on-fleld Lrlals and daLa collecLlon aL A81l, lndla, Ms.
Salll !ahaglrdar and Ms. CeeLa opLanl (lnLerns aL A81l) are Lhanked for asslsLance ln loglsLlcs of Lhe
varlous meeLlngs and evenLs organlzed as a parL of Lhls pro[ecL ln lndla.

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1LCnNICAL kLCk1
M|n|mum 1S-20 pages (exc|ud|ng append|x)

Prefoce
8locbot ls o cbotcool-llke sollJ tbot coo be cteoteJ ftom most types of otqoolc mottet. lt ls of lotetest,
lotet ollo, os o looq-tetm cotboo stote ooJ fot lts oqtooomlc ptopettles. wblle tbete bos beeo mocb
Jlscossloo of blocbot os o sostolooble sttoteqy lo Jeveloploq cooottles, tbete bove os yet beeo vety
few JetolleJ cose-stoJles ftom feeJstock to flelJ Jeploymeot. 1bls tepott pteseots otlqlool flelJ ttlols
tesolts osloq cotboolzeJ tlce bosks (ckns) ooJ soqotcooe ttosb ooJ coto cob cbot. lt olms to evoloote
systems of feeJstocks - eoetqy coovetsloo tecbooloqles - ooJ oqtlcoltotol ose of blocbot.

1ab|e of Contents
1.0 INTRODICTION 9
VHAT IS BIOCHAR. 9
DIIILRLNT CARBON IRACTIONS VITHIN BIOCHAR 9
CALCILATING NLT CARBON ABATLMLNT IROM ISL OI BIOLNLRGY-BIOCHAR SYSTLMS 10
POTLNTIAL IMPACTS OI BIOCHAR IPON SOILS 11
THL KLY RLSLARCH QILSTIONS 1`
2.0 MLTHODOLOGY 1`
VORK PACKAGL 1 1`
VORK PACKAGL 2 14
VORK PACKAGL ` 15
INDIA 17
CAMBODIA 19
THL PHILIPPINLS 2`
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OI RLSILTS 2`
VORK PACKAGL 4 2`
VORK PACKAGL 5 24
DISSLMINATION, CONSILTATION AND COMMINICATION ACTIVITILS 24
`.0 RLSILTS S DISCISSION 26
VORK PACKAGL 1: IDLNTIIICATION OI BIOCHAR SOIRCLS AND BIOCHAR-PRODICTION
TLCHNOLOGILS 26
1.1. IDLNTIIICATION OI BIOMASS RLSOIRCLS THAT MIGHT BL AVAILABLL AND SIITABLL IOR
PRODICING BIOCHAR 26
1.2. ALTLRNATIVL ISLS OI BIOMASS 28
1.`. ANALYSIS OI TLCHNOLOGILS IOR PRODICTION OI BIOCHAR ``
1.4. CHARACTLRISATION AND PROPLRTILS OI THL BIOCHAR PRODICLD BY THL ABOVL
TLCHNOLOGILS 46
1.5. SCANNING LLLCTRON MICROSCOPL IMAGLS OI CHAR IROM RICL HISKS, SIGARCANL
TRASH AND MAIZL TRASH 5`
1.6. POTLNTIAL CONTAMINATION VITHIN THL CRH, SIGARCANL TRASH AND MAIZL COB
TRASH BIOCHAR 56
1.7. POTLNTIAL HLALTH ISSILS ARISING IROM ISL OI CRHS IN AGRICILTIRAL SCLNARIOS
58

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VORK PACKAGL 2: IDLNTIIICATION OI AGRICILTIRAL OPPORTINITILS IOR INCORPORATING
BIOCHAR, IN LACH PARTNLR COINTRY 59
STAKLHOLDLR PLRSPLCTIVLS ON BIOCHAR IILLD TRIALS 59
VORK PACKAGL `: ORGANISATION AND MANAGLMLNT OI IILLD TRIALS 60
`.1. POT AND IILLD TRIALS IN INDIA 60
`.2. POT AND IILLD TRIALS INDLRTAKLN IN CAMBODIA 65
`.`. THL PHILIPPINLS 71
`.4. COMPARISON OI TRIALS 72
VORK PACKAGL 4: LXAMINATION OI ORGANIZATIONAL AND IINANCIAL MODLLS IOR MAKING
BIOCHAR COST-LIILCTIVL AND IMPLLMLNTABLL AT MILTIPLL SITLS IN PARTNLR COINTRILS,
INCLIDING LIIL CYCLL ASSLSSMLNT. 7`
4.1. LIIL CYCLL ASSLSSMLNT (LCAi 7`
4.2. IINANCIAL VIABILITY OI GASIIICATION-BIOCHAR SYSTLMS 78
4.`. ISL OI PYROLSYIS-BIOCHAR SYSTLMS (PBSi 81
VORK PACKAGL 5: LXAMINATION OI RLQIIRLMLNTS IOR OBTAINING BIOCHAR CARBON
CRLDITS IROM: Ai CDM, AND Bi VOLINTARY CARBON MARKLT. DISCISSIONS VITH LXPLRTS IN
BOTH MARKLTS AND IDLNTIIICATION OI PARTNLRSHIPS. 82
5.1. LONGLVITY OI THL BIOCHAR IN SOIL 82
5.2. LVALIATION OI ADDITIONALITY 8`
4.0. CONCLISIONS 84
5.0. IITIRL DIRLCTIONS 85
RLILRLNCLS 86
APPLNDIX 1: CONILRLNCLS/SYMPOSIA/VORKSHOPS 89
1. INCLPTION VORKSHOP 89
2. MID TLRM PROGRLSS VORKSHOP 89
`. L-VORKSHOP: BIOCHAR; THL POTLNTIAL IN ASIA PACIIIC. 89
4. NATIONAL CONSILTATION ON BIOCHAR AND CARBON LMISSION RLDICTION (NC - BCLRi
9`
5. IINAL PROJLCT VORKSHOP 97
6. ADDITIONAL INIORMATION DISSLMINATION ACTIVITILS 97
APPLNDIX 2: IINDING SOIRCLS OTHLR THAN APN 98
APPLNDIX `: YOING SCILNTISTS 98
APPLNDIX 4: RLPORTS OI CONILRLNCLS/VORKSHOPS 98
APPLNDIX 5: ADDITIONAL DATA 99

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1.0 Introducton 1.0 Introducton 1.0 Introducton 1.0 Introducton

lL ls vlLal Lo lncrease Lhe lnvolvemenL of developlng counLrles ln greenhouse gas mlLlgaLlon,
especlally ln acLlvlLles whlch can generaLe a carbon abaLemenL revenue sLream for local
communlLles. CpporLunlLles for local carbon mlLlgaLlon remaln unLapped and communlLles are noL
beneflLlng from Lhe Clean uevelopmenL Mechanlsm, one of Lhe flexlblllLy mechanlsms of Lhe kyoLo
roLocol of Lhe unlLed naLlon's lramework ConvenLlon on CllmaLe Change (unlCCC).
What s b ochar? What s b ochar? What s b ochar? What s b ochar?
8lochar has emerged as a poLenLlal opLlon for long-Lerm sLorage of carbon. Whlle Lhere ls no slngle
deflnlLlon of blochar, a useful worklng deflnlLlon for Lhls pro[ecL ls LhaL blochar ls: ... Lhe porous
carbonaceous solld produced by Lhermochemlcal converslon of organlc maLerlals ln an oxygen
depleLed aLmosphere whlch has physlochemlcal properLles sulLable for Lhe safe and long-Lerm
sLorage of carbon ln Lhe envlronmenL and, poLenLlally, soll lmprovemenL" (Shackley & Sohl, 2010).
8lochar ls produced from Lechnologles lncludlng gaslflcaLlon and pyrolysls, whlch yleld beLween 2
and 33 by welghL of Lhe blomass as blochar. A good proporLlon of Lhe carbon so produced wlll
remaln ln solls for hundreds and, posslbly, Lhousands of years. A number of sLudles have
demonsLraLed LhaL Lhe Mean 8esldence 1lme (M81) of blochar ls frequenLly from 100s Lo 1000s of
years (verhel[en eL al. 2009). 1he explanaLlon for Lhe hlgh sLablllLy of blochar arlses from Lhe change
ln Lhe chemlcal sLrucLure of Lhe cellulose, heml-cellulose and llgnln whlch Lakes place aL
LemperaLures above abouL 300
o
C. AromaLlc rlngs are creaLed ln whlch carbon aLoms are aLLached Lo
each oLher wlLh sLrong double bonds whlch are reslsLanL Lo mlcroblal aLLack, Lhough evenLually
blochar does degrade and Lhe carbon oxldlzes Lo be reLurned Lo aLmosphere.

Woolf eL al. (2010) esLlmaLe LhaL Lhe 'maxlmum susLalnable Lechnlcal poLenLlal' for carbon
abaLemenL from blochar ls 1.6 CLC per year by 2030. 1hls compares wlLh currenL LoLal anLhropogenlc
carbon emlsslons aL 7.8 CLC per year. Pence, blochar can be an lmporLanL componenL of a global
response Lo carbon abaLemenL, Lhough Lhe challenges of achlevlng such a large-scale uLlllzaLlon of
blochar would be conslderable.
0 fferent carbon fract ons w th n b ochar 0 fferent carbon fract ons w th n b ochar 0 fferent carbon fract ons w th n b ochar 0 fferent carbon fract ons w th n b ochar
1here are (aL leasL) four carbon fracLlons wlLhln blochar: a) super-lablle, whlch mlnerallzes Lo CC
2

wlLhln Lhe shorL Lerm (hours Lo a few days), b) lablle, whlch mlnerallzes over Lhe medlum-Lerm (e.g.
weeks Lo monLhs), c) unsLable, whlch mlnerallzes over Lhe long-Lerm (monLhs Lo years), d)
recalclLranL / flxed, whlch remalns non-mlnerallsed ln Lhe long-Lerm (e.g. > 100 years). 1hls can be
demonsLraLed graphlcally ln llgure 1. ln calculaLlng Lhe recalclLranL carbon fracLlon, whlch ls Lhe one
LhaL ls relevanL Lo carbon abaLemenL, lL ls necessary Lo measure Lhe exLenL of Lhe super-lablle, lablle
and unsLable fracLlons. 1he Carbon SLablllLy lacLor (CSl) ls deflned as Lhe proporLlon of Lhe LoLal
carbon ln freshly produced blochar whlch remalns flxed as recalclLranL carbon over a deflned Llme
perlod (10 years, 100 years, eLc. as deflned) (equaLlon 1). A CSl of 0.73 means LhaL 73 of Lhe
carbon ln Lhe fresh blochar remalns as flxed carbon over Lhe deflned Llme horlzon and LhaL 23 of
Lhe carbon has been converLed lnLo CC
2
.
unstab lab C C CSF =1 Lq. (1)

]
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C
lab
ls Lhe fracLlon of carbon LhaL ls superlablle and lablle (losL ln < 2 weeks)
C
unsLab
ls Lhe fracLlon of carbon LhaL ls unsLable as deLermlned by acceleraLed agelng
meLhods

IIGIRL 1: DIAGRAMMATIC RLPRLSLNTATION OI THL POTLNTIALLY DIIILRLNT CARBON IRACTIONS VITHIN
BIOCHAR (STILL PARTLY SPLCILATIVLi

Ua| cu| at ng Net Uarbon Abatement from Use of Ua| cu| at ng Net Uarbon Abatement from Use of Ua| cu| at ng Net Uarbon Abatement from Use of Ua| cu| at ng Net Uarbon Abatement from Use of oene oene oene oener rr rgy gy gy gy- -- - ochar ochar ochar ochar
5yst 5yst 5yst 5yst ems ems ems ems
LquaLlon (2) can be used Lo calculaLe Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL arlslng from Lhe use of blomass LhaL
ls used ln bloenergy sysLems wlLh resulLanL producLlon of blochar and compared wlLh alLernaLlve
appllcaLlons (combusLlon, dlrecL fleld lncorporaLlon on dry soll, or dlrecL fleld lncorporaLlon lnLo
lrrlgaLed flelds, eLc.) (Shackley eL al., 2010):
rel
avoid
fix av na
CO CO CO CO CO
2
2
2 2 2
+ + = Lq. (2)
Where:
CC
2na
ls neL carbon eq. abaLemenL
CC
2av
ls carbon eq. emlsslons avolded by replacemenL of fossll fuels
CC
2avold
ls carbon eq. emlsslons avolded by Lhermochemlcal converslon raLher Lhan
wasLe dlsposal wlLh meLhane producLlon
CC
2flx
ls carbon eq. flxed ln Lhe long-Lerm (100 years)
CC
2rel
ls carbon eq. released by Lhe blomass feedsLock processlng
(All expressed ln LCC
2
eq.L
-1
feedsLock)
Meanwhlle:
CSF CO BC BM CO
tot yield tot fix
=
2 ) 100 ( 2
Lq. (3)
Where:
CC
2flx(100)
ls CC
2
eq. flxed over 100 years
8M
LoL
ls blomass LoLal dry welghL

8ecalclLranL or flxed
carbon fracLlon
Super lablle carbon
Lablle carbon
unsLable carbon

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8C
?leld
ls blochar yleld (raLlo)
CC
2LoL
ls LoLal CC
2
eq. conLenL of fresh blochar
CSl ls Carbon SLablllLy lacLor over 100 years
(All expressed ln LCC
2
eq.L
-1
feedsLock)
1hese equaLlons wlll be used ln Work ackages 1 and 4 Lo calculaLe and compare use of C8Ps as
blochar wlLh alLernaLlve uses of rlce husks.
Potent a| Potent a| Potent a| Potent a| mpacts of b ochar up mpacts of b ochar up mpacts of b ochar up mpacts of b ochar upon so | s on so | s on so | s on so | s
lnLeresL ln Lhe lmpacLs of blochar on solls and planL growLh was flrsL sLlmulaLed Lhrough sLudles of
tetto pteto solls ln Amazonla. 1hese are human-creaLed solls LhaL conLaln large amounLs of charred
vegeLable and anlmal maLLer, along wlLh poLLery and oLher mldden-wasLe. 1etto pteto solls are
noLlceably more ferLlle Lhan Lhe ad[acenL Lroplcal solls, whlch are frequenLly depleLed and wlLh
much nuLrlenL havlng been leached ouL, even afLer hundreds of years. 1he reasons for Lhls unusual
degree of endurlng soll ferLlllLy are noL fully undersLand aL presenL. Some posslble reasons whlch
help Lo accounL for Lhe lmpacLs of blochar on solls are:

lncrease ln pP of acldlc solls (slnce blochar ls Lyplcally alkallne)
lncrease ln waLer reLenLlon, especlally ln sandy and sllLy solls
rovlslon of nuLrlenLs ln Lhe ash conLalned wlLhln Lhe blochar
LnhancemenL of Lhe CaLlon Lxchange CapaclLy (CLC) of Lhe soll, so lncreaslng nuLrlenL use
efflclency
LnhancemenL of mlcroblal communlLles wlLhln blochar, lncludlng bacLerla, mycorrhlzae and
fungal hyphae, wlLh knock-on beneflLs Lo soll processes
8eneflLs Lo soll physlcal sLrucLure Lhrough, e.g. lncreaslng Lhe poroslLy of soll Lo waLer lncldenL aL
Lhe surface

1here ls some evldence LhaL blochar can reduce Lhe run-off of agrlculLural lnpuLs such as nlLraLes as
well as suppresslng n
2
C and CP
4
emlsslons from Lhe soll Lo aLmosphere (Slngh eL al., 2010, van
ZwleLen eL al., 2010, Sohl eL al., 2010). ln Lhls way, blochar may acL Lo lmprove Lhe efflclency of Lhe
use of nlLrogen ln Lhe soll. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhe properLles of blochar ln solls are dynamlc,
due Lo Lhe physlco-chemlcal and blologlcal changes whlch occur over Llme. Cne aLLempL Lo deplcL
Lhese changes ls shown ln llgure 2.
A meLa-analysls of Lrlals where blochar has been lncorporaLed lnLo solls has been underLaken by
verhel[en eL al. (2009), see llgure 3. ln summary, Lhls meLa-analysls showed Lhe followlng:
A small, buL poslLlve, effecL on crop producLlvlLy wlLh a grand mean of c. 10,
no sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL lncrease ln yleld wlLh lncreased blochar addlLlons, Lhough a Lrend ls
Lhere ln some cases,
Wlde varlance ln Lhe response Lo blochar addlLlon - probably due Lo dlfferenL blochar, crop, soll
Lypes and managemenL,
Means for each appllcaLlon raLe are poslLlve,
no slngle blochar appllcaLlon raLe had a sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL negaLlve effecL on crop
producLlvlLy,
SLudles are heavlly skewed Lowards (sub-) Lroplcal condlLlons.

]
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IIGIRL 2: SCHLMATIC TO ILLISTRATL THL CHALLLNGL OI INRAVLLLING MILTIPLL IINCTIONS OI BIOCHAR
VHOSL POSSIBLL TRAJLCTORILS STRONGLY DIIILR (AITLR SOHI LT AL., 2010i.

IIGIRL `: THL PLRCLNTAGL CHANGL IN CROP PRODICTIVITY IPON APPLICATION OI BIOCHAR AT DIIILRLNT
RATLS, IROM A RANGL OI ILLDSTOCKS ALONG VITH VARYING ILRTILISLR CO-AMLNDMLNTS. POINTS RLPRLSLNT
MLAN AND BARS RLPRLSLNT 95 CONIIDLNCL INTLRVALS. NIMBLRS NLXT TO BARS DLNOTL BIOCHAR
APPLICATION RATLS (T HA-1i. NIMBLRS IN THL TVO COLIMNS ON THL RIGHT SHOV NIMBLR OI TOTAL
'RLPLICATLS` IPON VHICH THL STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IS BASLD (BOLDi AND THL NIMBLR OI 'LXPLRIMLNTAL
TRLATMLNTS` VHICH HAVL BLLN GROIPLD IOR LACH ANALYSIS (ITALICSi (IROM VLRHLIJLN LT AL. (2009ii

AL Lhe presenL Llme, Lhere ls a hlgh degree of uncerLalnLy regardlng Lhe lmpacLs of blochar upon soll
processes and planL producLlvlLy. 1hls ls noL surprlslng glven LhaL Lhe mechanlsms by whlch blochar
has lmpacLs upon solls are noL currenLly well undersLood, noL only ls Lhe sysLem hlghly varlable and
complex, buL also blochar has mulLlple lmpacLs. 1here does seem Lo be reasonably good evldence
LhaL Lhe lmpacLs of blochar are greaLesL ln poor and degraded solls and LhaL lLs lmpacLs are much
c
a
tio
n

e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e

c
a
p
a
c
it
y
M
in
e
ra
l a
s
s
o
c
ia
tio
n
Mass
n
u
t
r
i
e
n
t

c
o
n
t
e
n
t
Mean particle size
Time
property
status
c
a
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e
x
c
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a
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e

c
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a
c
it
y
M
in
e
ra
l a
s
s
o
c
ia
tio
n
Mass
n
u
t
r
i
e
n
t

c
o
n
t
e
n
t
Mean particle size
Time
property
status

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less evldenL ln more hlghly opLlmlzed agrlculLural sysLems where hlgh levels of lnpuLs and lrrlgaLlon
and oLher besL managemenL pracLlces are adopLed.
1he Key 1he Key 1he Key 1he Key Pesearch uest ons Pesearch uest ons Pesearch uest ons Pesearch uest ons
1he alm of Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL was Lo explore some of Lhese research quesLlons ln relaLlon Lo Lhe
speclflc slLuaLlon ln Lhree Asla-aclflc counLrles: lndla, Cambodla and hlllpplnes. Cur focus was
upon whaL feedsLocks mlghL be sulLable and readlly avallable, whaL Lechnologles mlghL be
approprlaLe for Lhe formaLlon of blochar, whaL properLles Lhe blochar samples exhlblLed, whaL were
Lhe agronomlc lmpacLs of Lhe blochar addlLlon, and whaL were Lhe overall sysLem beneflLs of
blochar addlLlon from Lhe perspecLlve of carbon abaLemenL and cosL-effecLlveness. 1he key
research quesLlons LhaL gulded Lhe research are seL ouL below.

WhaL Lypes of blomass are mosL sulLable for converslon Lo blochar and whaL are Lhe mosL cosL-
effecLlve supplles of such blomass?
WhaL ls Lhe permanency of elemenLal blochar carbon ln dlfferenL soll Lypes and condlLlons?
WhaL ls Lhe overall carbon abaLemenL per Lonne of feedsLock used?
WhaL are Lhe agronomlc beneflLs of blochar for a range of crops, soll Lypes and growlng condlLlons?

1he maln ob[ecLlve of Lhe pro[ecL was Lherefore Lo galn a beLLer undersLandlng of Lhe role of blochar
for carbon sLorage and agrlculLural lmprovemenLs ln a range of envlronmenLal, soclo-economlc and
maLerlal conLexLs ln Lhree counLrles whlch Lhemselves reflecL a range of clrcumsLances and pollcy
condlLlons. A secondary ob[ecLlve was Lo make pollcy recommendaLlons for furLher developmenL of
blochar as a componenL of naLlonal cllmaLe change, susLalnable energy and agrlculLural pollcles.

2.0 Methodo|ogy 2.0 Methodo|ogy 2.0 Methodo|ogy 2.0 Methodo|ogy

1he pro[ecL followed a varleLy of acLlvlLles under flve work packages, ln Lhe Lhree counLrles. 8ased
on local condlLlons and prlorlLles of Lhe hosL organlzaLlons, Lhere was a dlfferenL emphasls ln
dlfferenL work packages.

Work Package 1 Work Package 1 Work Package 1 Work Package 1

ldenLlflcaLlon of blochar sources and Lechnologles: gaslflcaLlon of rlce husks, fasL growlng
Lroplcal Lrees, corn cobs and oLher blo-wasLe producLs, ln Lhe parLner counLrles.

AnecdoLal daLa was collecLed Lhrough slLe vlslLs and meeLlngs ln each counLry. 8esource
assessmenLs were underLaken where daLa was avallable ln Lhe publlc domaln. More sysLemaLlc daLa
collecLlon was done ln Cambodla, as Lhe hosL organlzaLlon ls assoclaLed wlLh promoLlon of a maln
source of blochar ln Lhe counLry - rlce husk operaLed gaslflers for powerlng rlce mllls (llgure 4). uaLa
on Lhe gaslflers was provlded by SML Cambodla and by Lhe manufacLurer, Ankur SclenLlflc
(vadodara, lndla). ln addlLlon, Lhe pro[ecL greaLly beneflLed from Lhe lnvolvemenL of Lwo hu
sLudenLs from Lhe Colorado SLaLe unlverslLy, uSA (!ohn lleld and aul 1anger). 1hey underLook a
deLalled englneerlng-focused analysls of Lhe Ankur gaslflers ln slLu, lncludlng measuremenL of

]
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necessary parameLers Lo underLake a full energy and carbon balance of Lhe equlpmenL (e.g. char
yleld and fuel properLles, syngas yleld and properLles).

lleld burnlng of rlce sLraw ls sLlll wldely pracLlced ln many Aslan counLrles. CbservaLlons from Lhe
fleld lndlcaLed LhaL a conslderable amounL of blochar ls produced durlng Lhe fleld burnlng. AL l88l ln
Lhe hlllpplnes, Lrlals were conducLed Lo slmulaLe Lhls common pracLlce and Lo measure Lhe amounL
of blochar produced. Samples before and afLer fleld burnlng were Laken Lo analyse molsLure conLenL
(3 sub-samples for each maLerlal, oven drylng for 48 hours aL 80 C), and elemenLal composlLlon.
l88l also underLook some experlmenLs Lo aLLempL Lo gaslfy rlce sLraw, a large resource whlch ls noL
fully uLlllzed ln oLher ways.

IIGIRL 4: RICL HISKS BLING LOADLD INTO AN ANKIR GASIIILR NLAR SILM RLAP, CAMBODIA


ldenLlflcaLlon of agrlculLural opporLunlLles for lncorporaLlng blochar, ln each parLner
counLry.

SlLe vlslLs were carrled ouL Lo ldenLlfy poLenLlal LesL locaLlons, and flnal Lrlal slLe(s) were selecLed on
Lhe basls of pracLlcal conslderaLlons. ln lndla, A81l's fleld sLaLlon aL halLan (MaharashLra) provlded

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Lhe ldeal conLexL for underLaklng Lhe Lrlals. ln Cambodla, lL was declded Lo focus Lhe fleld Lrlals ln Lhe
Slem 8eap provlnce (S8). 1hls was because: Lhere are gaslflers uslng rlce husks close Lo S8 provldlng
a convenlenL source of carbonlsed husk char (C8P), S8 provlnce has many poor quallLy degraded
solls, Lhere are a varleLy of agrlculLural crops ln Lhe S8 area, lncludlng lrrlgaLed and raln-fed rlce and
vegeLables (servlng Lhe local and LourlsL markeLs around S8). 1here are a large number of
subslsLence and low-lncome farmers so LhaL agronomlc beneflLs from blochar lncorporaLlon (aL
sufflclenLly low cosL) would be keenly appreclaLed. LxperlmenLs ln Lhe hlllpplnes were conducLed aL
l88l's research faclllLy aL Los 8anos.

Some exploraLlon was also carrled ouL Lo deLermlne Lhe knowledge avallable among farmers and
agrlculLure focused organlzaLlons, so as Lo explore poLenLlal of fuLure agrlculLural opporLunlLles. uue
Lo Lhe llmlLed Llme and manpower resources avallable, exLenslve and exhausLlve daLa collecLlon was
noL posslble. ConsulLaLlons and dlscusslons were carrled ouL Lo geL a broad ldea of Lhe agrlculLural
opporLunlLles, parLlcularly ln lndla and Cambodla.


CrganlsaLlon and managemenL of fleld Lrlals ln each parLner counLry.

We underLook physlcal lnspecLlon of blochar uslng Scannlng LlecLron Mlcroscopy (SLM) avallable aL
Lhe School of CeoSclences, unlverslLy of Ldlnburgh. We examlned Lhe followlng maLerlals wlLh Lhe
SLM: C8Ps, rlce husks, rubber Lree char, corn cob char and sugarcane Lrash char. Chemlcal analysls
of blochar was underLaken ln order Lo ensure LhaL we dld noL lnLroduce any poLenLlal conLamlnaLlon
lnLo solls and Lo esLabllsh some of Lhe key properLles of Lhe blochar samples. 1he followlng chemlcal
analysls of char was carrled ouL:

1est Var|ab|es
measured
Measurement
un|t
Deta||s of tests Laboratory
undertak|ng test
pP pP pP unlLs LlecLrochemlcal CLA88C
1. 103
o
c for 48
hours (oven-dry)
uk88C
2.LhermogravlmeLrlc CLA88C
MolsLure MolsLure of fresh mass
3.LhermogravlmeLrlc
(80
o
c for 48 hours)
l88l
Loss on lgnlLlon
(LCl)
non-ash conLenL of fresh or oven-
dry mass
1hermogravlmeLrlc CLA88C
Ash Ash conLenL 1 - LCl ueducLlon n.a.
LlemenLal
analysls
C, P, n, S of oven-dry mass CLA88C
l88l
Lxchangeable
caLlons
k, na, Ca, Mg cmolkg
-1
(dry
welghL)
lC-CLS CLA88C
CaLlon exchange
capaclLy (CLC)
Sum of above cmolkg
-1
(dry
welghL)
lC-CLS CLA88C
MeLals (LoLal) Al, As, 8a, 8e, Cd,
Cr, Cu, Mo, nl, b,
cmolkg
-1
(dry
welghL)
lC-CLS

CLA88C
l88l

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1

Sb, Se, Zn, Pg, 8, Ca,
Co, le, k, Mg, Mn,
na, Sl, v, Sr, 1l
Ashlng aL 730
o
C
followed by Aqua
8egla exLracLlon
8L1x 8enzene,
eLhyleLhylene,
Loluene, xylene
mgkg
-1
(dry welghL) PS-CC-MS CLA88C
henols henols mgkg
-1
(dry welghL) CC-MS CLA88C
APs 16 uSLA APs mgkg
-1
(dry welghL) ASL, CC-MS CLA88C
Lower heaLlng
value
LPv M!kg
-1
AdlabaLlc bomb
calorlmeLer
uCS1, hlls

TABLL 1: CHLMICAL ANALYSIS OI THL BIOCHAR SAMPLLS

AbbrevlaLlons

ASL: acceleraLed solvenL exLracLlon (uCM-aceLone as exLracLanL)
CLA88C: ConLamlnaLed Land and 8emedlaLlon 8esearch CenLre, unlverslLy of Ldlnburgh / unlverslLy of
SLraLhclyde
CC-MS: gas chromaLography mass specLromeLry
lC-CLS: lnducLlvely coupled plasma opLlcal emlsslon specLromeLry

1he solls used ln Lhe fleld Lrlals were also analysed as lndlcaLed ln 1able 2.

1est Var|ab|es
Measured
Measurement
un|t
Deta||s of tests Laboratory
undertak|ng test
pP pP pP unlLs LlecLrochemlcal CLA88C
1. 103
o
c for 48 hours
(oven-dry)
uk88C
2. LhermogravlmeLrlc CLA88C
MolsLure MolsLure of fresh mass
3.
Loss on lgnlLlon
(LCl)
non-ash conLenL of fresh or
oven-dry mass
1hermogravlmeLrlc CLA88C
Ash Ash conLenL 1 - LCl ueducLlon n.a.
LlemenLal
analysls
C, P, n, S of oven-dry
mass
CLA88C
Lxchangeable
caLlons
k, na, Ca, Mg cmolkg
-1
(dry
welghL)
lC-CLS CLA88C
CaLlon exchange
capaclLy (CLC)
Sum of above cmolkg
-1
(dry
welghL)
lC-CLS CLA88C
MeLals (LoLal) Al, As, 8a, 8e, Cd,
Cr, Cu, Mo, nl, b,
Sb, Se, Zn, Pg, 8,
Ca, Co, le, k, Mg,
Mn, na, Sl, v, Sr, 1l
cmolkg
-1
(dry
welghL)
Ashlng aL 730oC
followed by exLracLlon
wlLh aqua regla, lC-
CLS
CLA88C
8L1x 8enzene,
eLhyleLhylene,
Loluene, xylene
mgkg
-1
(dry
welghL)
PS-CC-MS CLA88C

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17
henols henols mgkg
-1
(dry
welghL)
CC-MS CLA88C
APs 16 uSLA APs mgkg
-1
(dry
welghL)
LxLracLlon wlLh uCM-
aceLone, ASL, CC-MS
CLA88C

TABLL 2: CHLMICAL ANALYSIS OI SOILS

MeLhodologles for fleld Lrlals ln each counLry are as descrlbed below
I nd a I nd a I nd a I nd a
8lochar was produced from Lhe agrlculLural wasLe of sugarcane and malze crops uslng Lhe A81l
slngle barrel charrlng klln. AgrlculLural Lrlals were carrled ouL on an experlmenLal farm, managed and
overseen enLlrely by Lhe pro[ecL sLaff. lollow up poL Lrlals were carrled ouL on A81l's own premlses.
Iarm 1r a| s Iarm 1r a| s Iarm 1r a| s Iarm 1r a| s
Crop: Malze (varleLy: Local ?ellow)
lndlvldual ploL slze: 3 m x6 m = 30 sq. meLers, 1oLal area requlred: 800 sq. m
uaLe of planLlng: 16 Aprll 2010, uaLe of harvesLlng: 04 Aug 2010

1reatment 1reatment Name 1reatment Descr|pt|on
l11 unLreaLed ConLrol no addlLlves - elLher blochar or ferLlllzer
l12 8lochar - 20 20 Lons/ha (60 kg/ploL) blochar addlLlon
l16 8lochar - 20 + v 20 Lons/ha (60 kg/ploL) blochar + 8 Lons/ha (24 kg/ploL)
vermlcomposL addlLlon
l17 Chemlcal ferLlllzer addlLlon
only
30:30:30 nk/ha aL Lhe planLlng as a basal dose and 30 kg
n aL 1 monLh afLer planLlng 8ecommended dose)

TABLL `: DLTAILS OI TRLATMLNTS IN INDIAN IILLD TRIAL

1hree repllcaLlons were used. lanL Lo planL spaclng was 20 cm and row Lo row dlsLance was 30 cm.
1he ploL layouL was as follows creaLed uslng a randomlzed block deslgn.

Iarm yard Manure
|t
k-I
1-1
k-I
1-2
k-I
1-3
k-I
1-4
k-III
1-S
k-III
1-3
k-III
1-1
k-III
1-4
k-I
1-7
k-I
1-6
k-I
1-S
k-III
1-6
k-III
1-2
k-III
1-7
k-II
1-3
k-II
1-1
k-II
1-4
k-II
1-2
Ak1I's Sugar Cane Nursery k-II
1-6
k-II
1-7
k-II
1-S

TABLL 4: IILLD LAYOIT OI INDIAN IILLD TRIALS

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8
1

IIGIRL 5: PLOT LAYOIT - SCHLMATIC AND PHOTOGRAPH

arameLers analysed: CermlnaLlon (vlsual observaLlons) Craln yleld, cob welghL, fodder welghL
Pot 1r a| s Pot 1r a| s Pot 1r a| s Pot 1r a| s
oL Lrlals: Crop: Cabbage (varleLy: SAn1, MonsanLo Poldlngs vL LLd)
oL slze = 0.031 sq.m. , number of poLs = 72, number of LreaLmenLs = 12 wlLh 6 poLs/LreaLmenL
unlmproved nursery soll was used for Lhese Lrlals.
lanLlng uaLe: 28 Aug 2010, ParvesLlng uaLe: 01 uec 2010

1reatment

1reatment
Name
Dose] ha Dose |n g]pot
8|ochar Add|t|ona| add|t|ve 8|ochar Add|t|ona| add|t|ve
I11 8lochar -20 20 L - 100
It2 8lochar -40 40 L - 200
I13 8lochar -60 60 L - 300
I14 8lochar -80 80 L - 400
I1S 8lochar-20 +
synLheLlc
ferLlllzer
20 L 333 kg (13:13:13
nk) + 108 kg urea
100 17 (13:13:13 nk)
+ 3 urea
I16 8lochar-20 +
composL
20 L 10 L composL 100 30 composL
I17 8lochar-40 +
synLheLlc
ferLlllzer
40 L 333 kg (13:13:13
nk) + 108 kg urea
200 17 (13:13:13 nk)
+ 3 urea
I18 8lochar-20 + v 20 L 8 L vermlcomposL 100 40 vermlcomposL
I19 Chemlcal
ConLrol
333 kg (13:13:13
nk) + 108 kg urea
nll 17 (13:13:13 nk)
+ 3 urea
I110 unLreaLed
conLrol
nll nll nll

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19
I111 ComposL
ConLrol
10 L nll 30 composL
I112 vermlcomposL
ConLrol
8 L nll 40 vermlcomposL

TABLL 5: DLTAILS OI TRLATMLNTS IN INDIAN IILLD TRIAL

noLe LhaL Lhe quanLlLles of blochar Lo be lncorporaLed were calculaLed from Lhe surface area of Lhe
poLs.

arameLers measured: CrowLh (vlsual observaLlons over Llme), LoLal blomass

IIGIRL 6: LAYOIT OI POT TRIALS
Ua Ua Ua Uambod a mbod a mbod a mbod a
1hree meLhods were used ln order Lo assess Lhe lmpacL of Lhe carbonlsed rlce husk (C8P) on
agrlculLural sysLems ln Cambodla.
1. oL experlmenLs
2. Managed rlce blochar Lrlals
3. Cn farm blochar lnvesLlgaLlons wlLh horLlculLural crops
8lochar farm Lrlal ploLs and conLrolled poL Lrlals were carrled ouL ln Lhe norLh WesL of Cambodla, ln
Slem 8eap and ouk dlsLrlcLs wlLhln Slem 8eap rovlnce. 1hls area was selecLed because solls were
reporLed Lo be depleLed ln many areas, so efforLs Lo lncrease agrlculLural ylelds would brlng beneflLs
Lo farmers. ln addlLlon lL ls a ma[or rlce growlng reglon, and Lherefore exlsLlng supplles of rlce husks
and of C8Ps are avallable from gaslflcaLlon used commonly Lo generaLe power for rlce mllls. ln
addlLlon, LesLlng of C8Ps on rlce solls ls parLlcularly lnLeresLlng as lL represenLs a 'closed sysLem', and
allows a modlfled form of Lhe crop resldues Lo be lncorporaLed back lnLo Lhe farm. 1he blochar used
for all Lrlals was Lhe carbonlsed rlce husks from a 130kW capaclLy conLlnuous feed gaslflcaLlon unlL
(supplled by Ankur SclenLlflc Lnergy 1echnologles vL. LLd.
1
) aL Lhe LA SophaL lce facLory ln kralanh

1
www.ankurscientific.com

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ulsLrlcL 1own, Slem 8eap rovlnce. CaslflcaLlon LemperaLures are beLween 900 and 1100
o
C (Shackley
eL al 2010). 1he rlce husk feedsLock ls abundanL and ls collecLed from nearby rlce mllls. 1he pP of Lhe
blochar aL 7.79 was unusually low compared wlLh oLher gaslfler rlce husk chars LesLed (wlLh a mean
value of 9.63 for four samples analysed (Shackley eL al 2010)).
Pot exper ments Pot exper ments Pot exper ments Pot exper ments
1reatment Name 8|ochar
(g kg
-1
)
Lake
sed|ment
(g kg
-1
)
Compost
(g kg
-1
)
LM
C11 unlmproved soll 0 0 0 x
C12 unlmproved wlLh
blochar
30 (80 L ha
-1
) 0 0 x
C13 lmproved soll 0 12.36 (20 L
ha
-1
)
23 (40 L ha
-1
) ?es
C14 lmproved wlLh low
blochar
23 (40 L ha
-1
) 12.36 (20 L
ha
-1
)
23 (40 L ha
-1
) ?es
C13 lmproved wlLh medlum
blochar
30 (80 L ha
-1
) 12.36 (20 L
ha
-1
)
23 (40 L ha
-1
) ?es
C16 lmproved wlLh hlgh
blochar
130 (167 L
ha
-1
)
12.36 (14 L
ha
-1
)
23 (28 L ha
-1
) ?es

TABLL 6 SOIL IMPROVLMLNT DLTAILS OI LLVLLS OI ADDITIONS TO THL INIMPROVLD SOILS

1reaLmenLs were seL up ln conlcal plasLlc poLs (20 cm deep, and a dlameLer from 20 cm aL Lhe Lop
and 16 cm aL Lhe boLLom) whlch were fllled Lo Lhe Lop wlLh Lhe growlng subsLraLe ln addlLlon Lo 200 g
of sLones ln Lhe boLLom Lo lmprove dralnage. 1he alr drled subsLraLe componenLs were crushed flnely
and mlxed Lhoroughly before belng llghLly packed lnLo Lhe poLs. 1he welghL of Lhe fllled poL ln each
case was 3000 g, however because of Lhe hlgh bulk denslLy of blochar, for Lhe hlghesL blochar
addlLlon raLe Lrlal (16), welghL was 3300 g. 1he amounL of resldual waLer ln Lhe blochar pores (afLer
alr drylng - deLermlned by oven drylng aL 103
o
C) ls <2 and was noL Laken accounL of. uouble Lhe
requlred number of poLs were seL up (8), half belng puL aslde Lo replace any seedllngs whlch dld noL
survlve, or grow well. 1he poLs were puL on ralsed plaLforms whlch allowed dralnage from Lhe poLs,
and neLLlng was suspended above Lo reduce Lhe sunllghL exposure, and raln damage Lo Lhe planLs.
1he poLs were arranged ln a block deslgn, wlLh one poL of each LreaLmenL ln each poslLlon wlLhln
each group. Lach poL was glven 0.23 llLre of waLer, 2-3 Llmes per day dependlng on Lhe weaLher.
Weedlng and oLher managemenL pracLlces were underLaken when necessary.

1he poL Lrlals were seL up ln lebruary 2010 and ended ln !une 2010. AfLer seL-up, solls were lefL for
13 days before Lhe flrsL leLLuce were planLed lnLo Lhe blochar amended ploLs. 1he leLLuce were grown
for a LoLal of 46 days. 1he seeds were germlnaLed ln seed Lrays, Lhen planLed ouL lnLo Lhe poLs for Lhe
remalnlng 29 days. AfLer Lhe planLs were harvesLed Lhe poLs were lefL fallow for 18 days before
cabbage were planLed for Lhe second Lrlal cycle. 1he cabbages were grown for a LoLal of 30 days, 21
days ln Lhe LreaLmenLs. 1he poLs were lefL fallow for anoLher 16 days before Lhe Lhlrd cycle of leLLuce
agaln were planLed. 1hese were grown for a LoLal of 42 days, 28 days ln Lhe LreaLmenLs.

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21

So|| and amendments ana|ys|s
All chemlcal analysls of Lhe samples was underLaken aL Lhe ConLamlnaLed Land AssessmenL &
8emedlaLlon 8esearch CenLre (CLA88C) laboraLorles aL unlverslLy of Ldlnburgh / unlverslLy of
SLraLhclyde, uk. Samples were alr drled and sLored ln cold condlLlons durlng LransporLaLlon. hyslcal
analysls of Lhe soll was done aL hnom hen naLlonal AgrlculLure LaboraLorles, Cambodla.
|ant ana|ys|s
lor each cycle, above ground blomass was welghed on Lhe daLe of harvesL. 8ooLs were washed of soll
and drled off Lhen welghed Lhe same day. lanL helghL was measured afLer harvesL from Lhe base Lo
Lhe Llp of Lhe LallesL leaf. 1he number of leaves were counLed.

Managed r ce b ochar tr a| s Managed r ce b ochar tr a| s Managed r ce b ochar tr a| s Managed r ce b ochar tr a| s
8lce farmers were selecLed from ouLgrowers of Lhe nagaLhom lund rlce mlll. 1hese farmers are
glven seeds for rlce varleLy hka 8umduol. lL ls a Cambodlan loJlco rlce culLlvar (Otyzo sotlvo L.)
(1ong & ?oshlda 2008). AnoLher farmer was also selecLed Lo parLlclpaLe who was also uslng Lhls
same varleLy. An area of land was selecLed whlch Lhe farmer advlsed would provlde conslsLenL
ylelds. 8lce was grown durlng Lhe weL season uslng Lhe usual meLhods as pracLlced by Lhe farmer.
8lce blochar LreaLmenLs were seL up followlng mosL aspecLs and appllcaLlon raLes recommended ln
Lhe meLhodologles used ln knoblauch eL al (2010). Slx ploLs (3m x 3m), Lhree conLrol and Lhree
amended wlLh 41.1 L ha
-1
blochar, were seL up ln a LaLln square layouL on each farm. A 1 m gap ln
beLween each ploL was lefL unLreaLed and a 30 cm border around Lhe ploL was noL harvesLed,
leavlng a harvesLed area of 4 m x 4 m agaln Lo accounL for Lhe edge effecL. 8lce was planLed
accordlng Lo Lhe farmers' schedule up Lo a week afLer Lhe char was added. 1he C8Ps were
lncorporaLed uslng LradlLlonal meLhods - an oxen plough, and Lhls was underLaken 1-3 Llmes afLer
spreadlng Lhe blochar.

IIGIRL 7: LAYOIT OI BIOCHAR AND CONTROL PLOTS. GRLY SQIARLS RLPRLSLNTS BIOCHAR ADDITION. THL
STRIPLD ARLA IS THL HARVLSTLD ARLA VHICH PROVIDLD THL DATA ISLD.

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ll Cu8L 8: 8l CCPA8 Auul 1l Cn 1C 8l CL ll LLu Anu PA8vLS1l nC LC1S

1he rlce was harvesLed ln Lhe LradlLlonal manner - uslng a hand scyLhe. 1he farmers harvesLed
leavlng 30 cm of sLubble ln Lhe fleld. 1he LoLal blomass was welghed, and Lhen was Lhreshed, so
graln and sLraw welghL could be measured. Soll samples were Laken for analysls aL a depLh of 13 cm
uslng a soll corer, ln 3 randomly selecLed areas wlLhln Lhe ploL for analysls. 1hls daLa ls noL yeL
avallable.
Iarm
code
Locat|on
f
: Date
char added
Date
narvested
So||
amendments
Comments
1 v: Chlreve
C: Chlreve
u: Slem 8eap
: Slem 8eap
02.08.2010 23.11.2010 0 1ransplanLed lnLo
rows.
SlgnlflcanL raL
damage.
2 v: kouk Cherel
C: Sasadom
u: Slem 8eap
: Slem 8eap
23.06.2010 20.11.2010 ComposL 1ransplanLed
randomly. Cood
harvesL
3 v: kouk Cherel
C: Sasadom
u: Slem 8eap
: Slem 8eap
14.07.2010 20.11.2010 0 1ransplanLed
randomly. Cood
harvesL
1
v = vlllage, C = Commune, u = ulsLrlcL, = rovlnce.
TABLL 6: RICL BIOCHAR IILLD LOCATION AND DLTAILS

0n farm b ochar nvest gat ons 0n farm b ochar nvest gat ons 0n farm b ochar nvest gat ons 0n farm b ochar nvest gat ons w th hort cu| tura| crops w th hort cu| tura| crops w th hort cu| tura| crops w th hort cu| tura| crops
unllke greenhouse / poL Lrlals or lnLenslvely managed farm Lrlals, Lhese Lrlals alm Lo repllcaLe real llfe
scenarlos, and Lhe condlLlons whlch would be easlly repllcable by farmers. ln Lhls conLexL, we can

A
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23
predlcL Lhe lmpacLs LhaL farmers are llkely Lo see lf Lhey add blochar Lo Lhelr land, and observe Lhe
dlfference lL makes Lo crop growLh and soll properLles. uue Lo Lhe less rlgorous meLhodology of
Lhese Lrlals, Lhey were less resource-lnLenslve Lo conducL, and hence a broad range of crops were
able Lo be LesLed ln Lhese Lrlals. Commonly grown horLlculLural crops were selecLed ln agrlculLural
areas around Slem 8eap Lown for convenlence of monlLorlng.
A range of appllcaLlon raLes were used (from 7.8 Lo 47.6 L ha
-1
), and Lhese raLes were measured
uslng sLandard bags fllled wlLh blochar, whlch were added Lo ploLs of varylng slzes. 1hls ls more
represenLaLlve of Lhe meLhods whlch farmers may use Lo add blochar Lo Lhe land, slnce noL each
farmer ls aware of Lhe exacL slze of Lhe land, or ls prepared Lo welgh Lhe blochar (whlch ls noL easy
slnce lL ls parLlcularly bulky). ln addlLlon lL ls probable LhaL Lhe blochar wlll noL be spread exacLly
evenly by farmers, so Lhe range of appllcaLlon raLes covers Lhls posslblllLy of some areas havlng
hlgher appllcaLlon raLes Lhan oLhers. A range of soll Lypes, and farmlng meLhods (lrrlgaLlon sysLems,
pesL managemenL, weed managemenL and soll amendmenLs) could be LesLed uslng Lhls
meLhodology.

1he Ph | pp nes 1he Ph | pp nes 1he Ph | pp nes 1he Ph | pp nes
AgrlculLural Lrlals Lo be conducLed by l88l under Lhe pro[ecL proposal had already been carrled ouL
when Lhe pro[ecL sLarLed. 1he work carrled ouL durlng Lhe pro[ecL perlod Lherefore lnvolved analysls
and reporLlng of prevlously conducLed blochar fleld experlmenLs.

5tat st ca| Ana| ys s of Pesu| ts 5tat st ca| Ana| ys s of Pesu| ts 5tat st ca| Ana| ys s of Pesu| ts 5tat st ca| Ana| ys s of Pesu| ts
1he key Lrlals ln lndla and Cambodla were repllcaLed and Analysls of varlance (AnCvA) was
underLaken of Lhe resulLs. 1he SLaLlsLlcal ackage for Lhe Soclal Sclences (SSS) was used.

Work Package Work Package Work Package Work Package 4 44 4

LxamlnaLlon of organlzaLlonal and flnanclal models for maklng blochar cosL-effecLlve and
lmplemenLable aL mulLlple slLes ln parLner counLrles, lncludlng Llfe-Cycle AssessmenL.

ln Cambodla, a conslderable number of rlce husk gaslflcaLlon planLs reacLors have been lnsLalled ln
Lhe pasL few years (more Lhan 33), and are operaLlng on a fully commerclal basls. lnformaLlon on Lhe
energy properLles of Lhe gaslflers was collecLed and Lhls was comblned wlLh lnformaLlon on Lhe
elemenLal properLles of Lhe C8Ps Lo calculaLe Lhe llfe-cycle neL carbon abaLemenL. A basellne
ouLllnlng Lhe alLernaLlve use of Lhe rlce husks had Lo be calculaLed ln order Lo provlde a credlble
calculaLlon of Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL arlslng from converslon of rlce husks Lhrough gaslflcaLlon Lo
C8Ps. lrom Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL, we esLlmaLed Lhe value of Lhe C8Ps ln Lerms of carbon
sLorage. We used some of Lhe fleld Lrlal daLa Lo provlde a prellmlnary esLlmaLe of Lhe economlc
value of C8P as a soll amendmenL.
ln addlLlon, Lhe operaLlonal performance of a few of Lhe gaslflers was measured by Lhe Colorado
SLaLe unlverslLy Leam. 1hls lncluded analysls of Lhe syngas gas composlLlon and properLles, some of

]
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Lhe analyLlcal work ls on-golng slnce lL proved dlfflculL Lo compleLe all Lhe laboraLory LesLs. 1he
pro[ecL has llmlLed lLself Lo an economlc evaluaLlon of Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe blochar as a long-Lerm
carbon sLore and as a soll amendmenL. lL was noL lnLended Lo lnclude an economlc assessmenL of
Lhe gaslflers as a source of blo-elecLrlclLy. neverLheless, Lhe Colorado SLaLe unlverslLy Leam dld
collecL relevanL lnformaLlon on Lhe cosL-effecLlveness of Lhe Lechnology ln Lhe Cambodlan conLexL,
hence we have lncluded some summary lnformaLlon here.

Work Package Work Package Work Package Work Package 5 5 5 5

LxamlnaLlon of requlremenLs for obLalnlng blochar carbon credlLs from: a) CuM, and b)
volunLary carbon markeL. ulscusslons wlLh experLs ln boLh markeLs and ldenLlflcaLlon of
parLnershlps.

A81l had several lnLeracLlons wlLh 1he SocleLy of 8lochar lnlLlaLlves (1S8l), lndla and nexus Carbon
for uevelopmenL, on poLenLlal fuLure collaboraLlon for obLalnlng carbon credlLs from blochar. As a
resulL of Lhese lnLeracLlons, A81l ls collaboraLlng wlLh 1S8l Lo LesL and opLlmlze a 'gasolysls' meLhod
for converLlng agrlculLural wasLe lnLo blochar and llquld fuel. A81l ls a member of Lhe nexus Carbon
for uevelopmenL, whlch ls an alllance of nCCs sLrlvlng Lo brlng carbon flnance Lo Lhe grassrooLs level
organlzaLlons. nexus experLs have expressed wllllngness Lo asslsL and collaboraLe on efforLs Lo
develop meLhodologles for generaLlng carbon credlLs from blochar producLlon and deploymenL.

ulscusslons have also been on-golng wlLh lnLernaLlonal experLs who are worklng on developmenL of
a carbon markeL for blochar. ln parLlcular, ur !ohn CaunL of Carbon ConsulLlng LLd. was consulLed,
as he (LogeLher wlLh kelLh urlver) has been developlng a 8lochar roLocol (8) for lncluslon of
blochar lnLo carbon markeLs (8lochar roLocol, 2010). 1he maln alm of Lhe 8 aL presenL ls Lo
esLabllsh blochar wlLhln Lhe volunLary Carbon markeL and Lhe pro[ecL has very usefully provlded
guldance on Lhe key sLeps whlch wlll need Lo be gone Lhrough.

A one-week long 'e-semlnar' was held vla Lhe PLuCn neLwork ln CcLober 2010 and one of Lhe
dlscusslons relaLed Lo carbon markeLs. 1he naLlonal ConsulLaLlon on 8lochar ln lndla was held ln
une on november 22
nd
and 23d 2010, represenLlng Lhe ma[or sLakeholder- / pollcy-maker
dlssemlnaLlon and dlalogue evenL for Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL, and Lhls lncluded a sesslon on carbon
markeLs. Several useful conLrlbuLlons and ldeas were provlded Lhrough boLh of Lhese rouLes.
0 ssem nat on 0 ssem nat on 0 ssem nat on 0 ssem nat on, Uonsu| tat on , Uonsu| tat on , Uonsu| tat on , Uonsu| tat on and Uommun cat on Act v t es and Uommun cat on Act v t es and Uommun cat on Act v t es and Uommun cat on Act v t es

1able 7 llsLs Lhe dlssemlnaLlon, consulLaLlon and communlcaLlon acLlvlLles whlch have been
underLaken durlng Lhe course of Lhe pro[ecL, ln addlLlon Lo Lhe Lhree lnLernal pro[ecL meeLlngs whlch
occurred ln uecember 2009 (Cambodla), May 2010 (lndla) and november 2010 (Cambodla).

ln addlLlon Lo Lhe core 8lCCPA8M evenLs, Lwo relaLed workshops Look place, one ln Cambodla and
one ln lndla. 1hese were prlmarlly organlsed as parL of a parallel pro[ecL: 'arLlclpaLlve ulsLrlbuLed
lnnovaLlon rocesses and 8lochar: Smoke 8educLlon, SusLalnable AgrlculLure and Soll ManagemenL'.

A
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2
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1

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23
1he focus of Lhe Lwo workshops was blochar producLlon ln lmproved cook sLoves, buL also lncluded
dlscusslons on oLher blochar producLlon meLhods, feedsLock avallablllLy and addlLlon Lo solls. Several
of Lhe pro[ecL leaders from Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL aLLended and were able Lo dlscuss and conLrlbuLe
uslng lnformaLlon from Lhe pro[ecL acLlvlLles. 1herefore we have drawn upon some of Lhe workshop
dlscusslons where Lhey are especlally perLlnenL Lo Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL also.

Lvent t|t|e Dates Locat|on 1ype of
part|c|pants
Number of
part|c|pants
1. L-semlnar, vla Pedon
neLwork, 8lochar, Lhe
poLenLlal ln Asla aclflc.
24 - 29
Lh

CcLober 2010
L-semlnar
based,
aLLracLlng
lnLernaLlonal
parLlclpaLlon
from Asla-aclflc
and Lurope
ollcy maker,
researcher,
pracLlLoner,
sclenLlsLs,
agrlculLural
exLenslon /
agronomy
analysLs,
members of l8l
68
2. naLlonal ConsulLaLlon
on 8lochar
22 - 23
rd

november 2010
8All, une,
MaharashLra,
lndla
racLlLloners,
research
sclenLlsLs,
agronomlsLs,
pollcy makers,
agrlculLural
supporL analysLs
30
8elaLed workshops (as parL of Lhe 8lochar-lnnovaLlon pro[ecL - 8lochar: Smoke 8educLlon,
SusLalnable AgrlculLure and Soll ManagemenL)
3. 8lochar: producLlon and
use
16 - 17
Lh

SepLember 2010
A81l'S 8ural
LnLrepreneurshl
p uevelopmenL
CenLre, halLan,
MaharashLra,
lndla
racLlLloners,
research
sclenLlsLs,
agronomlsLs,
developmenL
nCCs
34
4. 8lochar: producLlon and
use
22 +23
rd

november 2010
Slem 8eap,
Cambodla
racLlLloners,
pollcy makers,
agronomlsLs,
developmenL
nCCs
29

TABLL 7: COMMINICATION AND OITRLACH ACTIVITILS CONDICTLD AS PART OI BIOCHARM PROJLCT

]
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2
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2
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8
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C
8
1

3.0 Pesu|ts & 0scusson 3.0 Pesu|ts & 0scusson 3.0 Pesu|ts & 0scusson 3.0 Pesu|ts & 0scusson

Work Package 1: I dent f cat on of b ochar sources and Work Package 1: I dent f cat on of b ochar sources and Work Package 1: I dent f cat on of b ochar sources and Work Package 1: I dent f cat on of b ochar sources and b ochar b ochar b ochar b ochar- -- -
product on product on product on product on techno| og es techno| og es techno| og es techno| og es

1 11 1. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1. .. . I dent f cat on of b omass resources that m ght be ava | ab| e and I dent f cat on of b omass resources that m ght be ava | ab| e and I dent f cat on of b omass resources that m ght be ava | ab| e and I dent f cat on of b omass resources that m ght be ava | ab| e and
su tab| e fo su tab| e fo su tab| e fo su tab| e for r r r produc ng b ochar produc ng b ochar produc ng b ochar produc ng b ochar

very large quanLlLles of rlce husk are produced globally every year - c. 120 mllllon Lonnes (c. 20 of
LoLal rlce producLlon by welghL) (8ronzeoak, 2004). 1hese are someLlmes used as a fuel and Lhey
have a markeL value ln some rlce-produclng counLrles such as 1halland and lndla (of c. $31-39 ln
recenL years) (arnphumeesup & kerr, forLhcomlng). Powever, ln oLher reglons and counLrles, Lhe
rlce husks can become a wasLe problem and may be burnL ln fleld or even Llpped lnLo waLer bodles.

1here ls c. 800 mllllon Lones of agrlculLural blomass produced per year ln lndla. ln Lerms of resldues,
Lhls amounLs Lo Lhe followlng (flgures courLesy of ur Sal 8haskar 8eddy of Ceoecology Lnergy
CrganlsaLlon (CLC) Pyderabad):

8lce SLraw: 13 mllllon Lones
WheaL sLraw: 13.4 mllllon Lones
Sugarcane Lrash: 21.6 mllllon Lones
Cround nuL Lrash: 3.3 mllllon Lones
MusLard resldues: 4.3 mllllon Lones
CoLLon resldues: 11.8 mllllon Lones
1C1AL: 70 mllllon Lones

AL sLakeholder evenL (2), parLlclpanLs evaluaLed feedsLocks ln lndla for Lhelr poLenLlal ln blochar
producLlon and Lhe resulLs are show ln 1able 8.

Ieedstock n|gh ava||ab|||ty
a
Compet|ng use kesu|t|ng b|ochar use
b

MSW urban Lnergy / blogas L / L / C
aper mlll wasLe olluLlon! Ag / 8
llsh wasLe CaLLle feed / ferLlllsers Ag
8lce sLraw
8lce husk
n CaLLle feed Ag
8anana leaves
8anana sLems
Ag
Sugarcane leaves
8agasse
MS ComposL / elecLrlclLy
Manure / paper maklng
Ag

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27
ress mud Lnergy / ferLlllzer
CoconuL colr
CoconuL fronds
Coco peaL

Charcoal brlqueLLes
Ag / L
ulses sLalks MS Ag
CoLLon sLalks MS, A, 1n luel Ag
Malze Lrash 1n Ag
1obacco sLalks C!, kA luel Ag
Cashew shell Ag
Sunflower husks Ag
Cround nuL shells 1n, C! Ag
Cll palm SLalks
LmpLy frulL branches
Cll cake

ConsLrucLlon
Ag
8amboo leaves
8amboo sLem
noL composL Ag
Sugar palm Ag
Coffee shells Anlmal feed Ag
Sugar palm Ag
rosopls [ullflora Ag
uhencha planLaLlon
wasLe
Creen manure Ag
Mangroves CoasLal CoasLal eroslon n/A

TABLL 8: LVALIATION OI ILLDSTOCKS IN INDIA IOR THLIR POTLNTIAL IN BIOCHAR PRODICTION

a
MS = MaharashLra, n = norLh lndla, S = SouLh lndla, 1n = 1amll nadu, A = Andhra radesh, C! =
Cu[araL, kA =karnaLaka
b
L = energy, L = landflll, C = carbon sLorage, Ag = agrlculLure

lf we assume a neL carbon abaLemenL of beLween 0.3 and 1 LCC
2
abaLemenL per Lonne of feedsLock
used ln pyrolysls-blochar sysLems (8S), as reporLed by a number of publlshed llfe-cycle sLudles (e.g.
8oberLs aL al., 2010, Pammond eL al., 2011, CaunL & uownle, 2009), Lhen Lhls could represenL
beLween 33 Lo 70 mllllon Lones of CC
2
abaLemenL per year ln lndla. 1hls assumes, however, LhaL all
Lhe feedsLock would be used ln a 8S, whereas ln reallLy Lhere wlll be many compeLlng uses for Lhe

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8
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8
1

same feedsLock and use for blochar producLlon mlghL necesslLaLe subsLlLuLlon of Lhe resldue by a
dlfferenL source of blomass, poLenLlally wlLh aLLendanL greenhouse gas emlsslons LhaL would need
Lo be accounLed for. Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lhe llsL above ls far from compleLe and does noL, for
example, lnclude rlce husks or any sources of wood whlch mlghL be sulLable (l.e. susLalnably sourced
and safe Lo use). 1he currenL esLlmaLe of CPC emlsslons ln lndla ls 1,900 mllllon LCC
2
e per annum,
hence lL can be seen LhaL blochar could conLrlbuLe beLween 2 - 4 reducLlon.

LsLlmaLes of blomass resource ln Cambodla are more dlfflculL Lo come by, Lhough we do know LhaL
paddy rlce producLlon has lncreased ln Lhe lasL few years Lo abouL 7 mllllon Lones per year, whlch ls
assoclaLed wlLh producLlon of c. 1.4 mllllon Lonnes of rlce husk.

A crlLlcal lssue ln assesslng sulLable feedsLocks ls Lo evaluaLe wheLher Lhey are sourced susLalnably or
noL. 1hls mlghL be especlally perLlnenL where a markeL for blochar was Lo emerge Lhrough Lhe
avallablllLy of a carbon credlL. A slLuaLlon could be envlsaged whereby because blochar has a value,
pro[ecL developers are encouraged Lo produce lL from avallable resources. 1hese resources mlghL
oLherwlse noL have been explolLed aL all, or may have been uLlllzed for oLher purposes, ln whlch case
Lhelr use ln a 8S mlghL well necesslLaLe Lhe use of some oLher blomass resource ln lLs place. ln a
worsL-case scenarlo, glvlng blochar a value mlghL even encourage greaLer and unsusLalnable use of
woody blomass for blochar producLlon. A furLher rlsk ls LhaL blochar mlghL be used as a fuel lnsLead
of as a soll amendmenL, so nulllfylng Lhe carbon abaLemenL assoclaLed wlLh Lhe sequesLered carbon.
Lnforclng a clear dlsLlncLlon beLween charcoal and blochar would be very dlfflculL ln a dlsLrlbuLed
producLlon and appllcaLlon conLexL, such as mlghL occur aL Lhe rural household or vlllage scales.

1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. A| ternat ve Uses of omass A| ternat ve Uses of omass A| ternat ve Uses of omass A| ternat ve Uses of omass

8ecause of Lhe llmlLed avallablllLy of blomass resources ln many clrcumsLances, evaluaLlon of
approprlaLe use depends upon undersLandlng Lhe value and lmpacLs of Lhe alLernaLlve uses. 1hls
can be lllusLraLed Lhrough analysls of alLernaLlve uses of rlce husks and rlce sLraw.

1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. P ce Pusks P ce Pusks P ce Pusks P ce Pusks

8lce husks have a number of dlfferenL appllcaLlons or dlsposal rouLes lncludlng:

8urnlng ln fleld
CollecLlon and combusLlon ln bollers or oLher power or heaL generaLlng unlLs (e.g. wldely
used ln brlck-kllns ln Cambodla)
AddlLlon Lo lrrlgaLed rlce flelds
AddlLlon Lo non-lrrlgaLed rlce flelds and Lo oLher agrlculLural solls
oor quallLy feed for anlmals

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29

IIGIRL 9: RICL HISKS IROM A RICL MILL IN CAMBODIA.

Burnl ng l n the Fl el d Burnl ng l n the Fl el d Burnl ng l n the Fl el d Burnl ng l n the Fl el d

8urnlng ln Lhe fleld wlll produce CC
2
, buL also smaller quanLlLles of oLher gases such as CC, CP
4
and
n
2
C ln addlLlon Lo black carbon and parLlculaLes (secLlon 1.2.2). lf greenhouse gases such as
meLhane and nlLrous oxlde are generaLed, along wlLh black carbon parLlcles, Lhe burnlng of rlce
husks wlll have a poslLlve radlaLlve forclng effecL due Lo Lhe global warmlng poLenLlal of such
greenhouse gases (CP
4
23 x CC
2
and n
2
C 298 x CC
2
per molecule). Cpen burnlng of husks ls one of
Lhe basellnes agalnsL whlch producLlon of C8Ps from rlce husks could be compared ln Lerms of lLs
envlronmenLal and soclo-economlc lmpacLs (e.g. wlLh respecL Lo Lhe neL conLrlbuLlon Lo carbon
dloxlde equlvalenL (CC
2
(e)) emlsslons).

0ombustl on f or Lnergy 0eneratl on 0ombustl on f or Lnergy 0eneratl on 0ombustl on f or Lnergy 0eneratl on 0ombustl on f or Lnergy 0eneratl on

Whlle 20 years ago, lL was common for rlce husks Lo be burnL ln fleld, Lhls ls much less common ln
many rlce produclng counLrles such as 1halland and lndla. 1hls ls, lotet ollo, because of Lhe value of
rlce husks ln generaLlng elecLrlclLy by combusLlon ln large bollers wlLh sLeam Lurblnes. ln facL, rlce
husks now have a value of beLween $31 and $39 ln 1halland (arnphumeesup & kerr, forLhcomlng)
and prlces ln parLs of lndla seem Lo be slmllar (pers.com., lndla workshop, nov. 20100). ln Lhese
clrcumsLances, comparlng gaslflcaLlon-blochar wlLh husk combusLlon ln Lhe fleld would noL be an
approprlaLe basellne. lnsLead, Lhe emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh Lhe rlce husk combusLlon for
bloelecLrlclLy generaLlon, and Lhe avolded CC
2
(e) emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh offseLLlng fossll fuel
consumpLlon, would need Lo be calculaLed.

1he combusLlon of large amounLs of rlce husk has resulLed ln conslderable efforL ln flndlng
appllcaLlons for Lhe rlce husk ash produced. LxlsLlng markeLs are as an lnsulaLor ln Lhe producLlon of

]
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8
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1

hlgh quallLy flaL sLeel and as a pozzolan ln Lhe cemenL lndusLry, Lhere ls a range of smaller-scale
appllcaLlons (waLer fllLraLlon and purlflcaLlon, as a soll amendmenL, an absorbenL of oll and oLher
conLamlnanLs, as a way of proLecLlng foods from pesLs, eLc.) (8ronzeoak, 2003, loo & Pameed eL al.
2009). Some proporLlon of rlce husk ash appears Lo have a slmllar carbon conLenL Lo C8Ps (33),
presumably Lhe resulL of oxygen-depleLed combusLlon, buL Lhe Lyplcal commerclal rlce husk ash
Lyplcally has a maxlmum of 3 - 7 carbon conLenL (8ronzeoak, 2003).

1he use of rlce husk ash, ln addlLlon Lo rlce husk pet se, also needs Lo be Laken lnLo accounL ln
esLabllshlng a basellne agalnsL whlch Lo compare gaslflcaLlon- or pyrolysls-blochar. 1he carbon
conLenL of Lhe ash needs Lo be accounLed for, Lhough lL would also be necessary Lo esLabllsh Lhe
long-Lerm sLablllLy of Lhls carbon Lhrough lncubaLlon and acceleraLed agelng sLudles slmllar Lo Lhose
descrlbed under SecLlon 4. lurLhermore, Lhe lmpacLs of rlce husk ash upon solls and planL
producLlvlLy would also need Lo be ldenLlfled and compared Lo Lhe lmpacLs of Lhe C8Ps. lor
example, ash shares aL leasL some of Lhe properLles of Lhe C8Ps, e.g. lL ls Lyplcally alkallne, ls a rlch
source of nuLrlenLs and lL has been reporLed LhaL wood ash can suppress n
2
C emlsslons. A full
comparlson of rlce husk ash and C8Ps ls clearly complex and ls beyond Lhe scope of Lhe presenL
pro[ecL, buL ls ldenLlfled as an area for fuLure research.

Addl tl on to l rrl gated and Non Addl tl on to l rrl gated and Non Addl tl on to l rrl gated and Non Addl tl on to l rrl gated and Non- -- - l rrl gated Rl ce Fl el ds l rrl gated Rl ce Fl el ds l rrl gated Rl ce Fl el ds l rrl gated Rl ce Fl el ds

ln a sLudy underLaken ln parL aL l88l, and whlch Look place consecuLlvely wlLh Lhe 8lCCPA8M
pro[ecL, knoblauch eL al. (forLhcomlng) lnvesLlgaLed Lhe lmpacLs of lncorporaLlng rlce husks and rlce
husk char lnLo paddy flelds. 8lce paddy solls are characLerlzed by anoxlc condlLlons, anaeroblc
carbon Lurnover, and slgnlflcanL emlsslons of Lhe greenhouse gas meLhane. A maln source for soll
organlc maLLer ln paddy flelds ls Lhe rlce crop resldue LhaL ls reLurned Lo flelds lf noL burned.
knoblauch eL al. lnvesLlgaLed as an alLernaLlve LreaLmenL Lhe amendmenL of rlce paddles wlLh
charred rlce resldues. AlLhough charred blomass ls seen as almosL recalclLranL, lLs lmpacL on Lrace
gas (CC
2
, CP
4
) producLlon and emlsslons ln paddy flelds has noL been sLudled. 1he sLudy quanLlfled
Lhe degradaLlon of black carbon produced from rlce husks ln four weLland solls ln laboraLory
lncubaLlons. ln Lwo of Lhe sLudled solls, Lhe addlLlon of carbonlsed rlce husks resulLed ln a LranslenL
lncrease ln carbon mlnerallsaLlon raLes ln comparlson Lo conLrol solls wlLhouL organlc maLLer
addlLlon. AfLer almosL Lhree years, beLween 4.4 and 8.3 of Lhe black carbon added was
mlnerallsed Lo CC
2
under aeroblc and anaeroblc condlLlons, respecLlvely. 1he addlLlon of unLreaLed
rlce husks resulLed ln a sLrong lncrease ln carbon mlnerallsaLlon raLes and ln Lhe same Llme perlod
77 Lo 100 of Lhe added rlce husks were mlnerallsed aeroblcally and 31 Lo 34 anaeroblcally.
1he
13
C-slgnaLures of resplred CC
2
gave a dlrecL lndlcaLlon of black carbon mlnerallsaLlon Lo CC
2
.
ln fleld Lrlals Lhe lmpacL of carbonlzed rlce husks or unLreaLed rlce husks on soll resplraLlon and
meLhane emlsslons was quanLlfled. 1he appllcaLlon of C8Ps had no slgnlflcanL effecL on soll
resplraLlon buL slgnlflcanLly enhanced meLhane emlsslons ln Lhe flrsL rlce crop season. 1he addlLlonal
meLhane released accounLed for only 0.14 of C8P carbon added. lf Lhe same amounL of organlc
carbon was added as unLreaLed rlce husks, 34 of Lhe applled carbon was released as CC
2
and
meLhane ln Lhe flrsL season. lurLhermore, Lhe addlLlon of fresh harvesL resldues Lo paddy flelds
resulLed ln a dlsproporLlonally hlgh lncrease ln meLhane emlsslons. LsLlmaLlng Lhe carbon budgeL of
Lhe dlfferenL rlce crop resldue LreaLmenLs lndlcaLed LhaL charrlng of rlce resldues and addlng Lhe

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31
obLalned C8Ps Lo paddy flelds lnsLead of lncorporaLlng unLreaLed harvesL resldues may reduce fleld
meLhane emlsslons by as much as 80. Pence, Lhe producLlon of C8Ps from rlce harvesL resldues
could be a powerful sLraLegy for mlLlgaLlng greenhouse gas emlsslons from rlce flelds.
1. 2. 2. 1. 2. 2. 1. 2. 2. 1. 2. 2. I e| d urn ng of P ce 5 I e| d urn ng of P ce 5 I e| d urn ng of P ce 5 I e| d urn ng of P ce 5traw traw traw traw

ln LradlLlonal rlce producLlon sysLems, rlce sLraw has many uses and ls an lmporLanL resource for
farmers (used as caLLle fodder, bulldlng maLerlal, fuel, eLc). Powever, ln hlghly producLlve and
lnLenslve modern rlce producLlon sysLems, Lhe amounL of sLraw produced ls huge and Lhere ls llLLle
Llme avallable for lLs removal. 1herefore, fleld burnlng of rlce sLraw ls wldespread, even where lL ls
forbldden, because lL ls Lhe easlesL, qulckesL, and cheapesL way Lo remove lL (see llgure 12 showlng
rlce flelds ln Lhe surroundlng of Los 8anos, hlllpplnes). l88l Lherefore examlned Lhe posslble
alLernaLlve uses of rlce sLraw and seL up some experlmenLs Lo collecL daLa on Lhe Lwo opLlons of fleld
burnlng and gaslflcaLlon.

Cn 16
Lh
!une 2010, a heap of fresh rlce sLraw was burned ln Lhe open fleld aL l88l (llgures 10 and
11). 1he sLraw orlglnaLed from l88l's farm and remalned from recenLly harvesLed rlce grown ln Lhe
prevlous dry season.

I II IIGIRL IGIRL IGIRL IGIRL 10 10 10 10 AND AND AND AND 11 11 11 11 : :: : BIRNING OI STRAV IN THL IILLD, SIMILATING THL VIDLSPRLAD IARMLR`S PRACTICL. THL
LLIT PICTIRL SHOVS THL INITIAL PROCLSS VITH OPLN ILAMLS, THL RIGHT PICTIRL SHOVS A LATLR STAGL
VHLN THL HLAP IS SMOLDLRING VITHOIT OPLN ILAMLS.

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I II IIGIRL IGIRL IGIRL IGIRL 12 12 12 12: :: : ALRIAL VILV OI RICL IILLDS IN THL SIRROINDING OI IRRI, LOS 8ARCS, PHILIPPINLS, SHOVING
THL CONCLNTRATION OI HARVLSTLD RICL IN THL CLNTLR OI LACH IILLD, AND BIRNING OI THL RLSIDILS
AITLR THRLSHING, A VIDLSPRLAD IARMLR`S PRACTICL.

1he burnlng (when flames are vlslble) lasLed for abouL 3 hours buL lL Look anoLher 2 hours unLll Lhe
burnlng (smoulderlng combusLlon) was compleLed (unLll Lhe smoklng was flnlshed) and Lhe ash/char
was formed (see llgure 11). 8ecause of raln followlng Lhe burnlng, we also needed Lo deLermlne Lhe
molsLure conLenL of Lhe ash.
lresh welghL sLraw 362.2 kg, 34.6 molsLure conLenL, dry welghL sLraw 164.4 kg,
lresh welghL charred sLraw/ash 33.3 kg, 29.1 molsLure conLenL, dry welghL charred sLraw/ash
37.8 kg,

1hls resulLs ln a dry welghL loss of 77 or a remalnlng blochar/ash quanLlLy of 23 of Lhe feedsLock
resldues. 1he conLrlbuLlon of sLraw burnlng Lo aLmospherlc polluLlon wlLh CC
2
and flne parLlcles has
been shown by e.g., 1lpayarom and Canh (2007) ln 1halland. ln LesLs of rlce sLraw burnlng, Mlura
and kanno (1997) found gas emlsslons of 81 CC
2
, 3 CC and 0.43 CP
4
for dry sLraw (10.6
molsLure conLenL), and 37 CC
2
, 9 CC and 0.90 CP
4
for weL sLraw (14.2 molsLure conLenL). 1he
respecLlve ash quanLlLy was 13.6 (dry sLraw) and 18.6 (weL sLraw). 1hus, Lhe sLraw ln our
experlmenL was sLlll very weL whlch mlghL have caused Lhe hlgher ash/char raLlo. 8uL aparL from Lhe
gas emlsslons, lncompleLe combusLlon also produces parLlculaLe maLLer whlch ls Lhen dlsLrlbuLed ln
Lhe aLmosphere. 8ecenL sLudles lndlcaLed a conslderable conLrlbuLlon of black carbon parLlcles ln
aLmospherlc sooL Lo global warmlng because lL ls an lmporLanL absorber of vlslble solar radlaLlon
(8amanaLhan and Carmlchael, 2008, !acobson, 2010). CusLafsson eL al. (2009) lndlcaLed LhaL a
conslderable parL of Lhe black carbon parLlcles ln Lhe aLmosphere ln Asla comes from blomass
combusLlon (such as resldenLlal cooklng and agrlculLural burnlng) as opposed Lo malnly from fossll
fuel combusLlon as was LhoughL earller. And rlce-sLraw burnlng emlsslons were speclflcally ldenLlfled
as a slgnlflcanL source of aLmospherlc parLlculaLe and polycycllc aromaLlc hydrocarbons (APs) (Lal
eL al., 2009), and Pumlc-Llke SubsLances (PuLlS) (Lln eL al., 2010).

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WlLhln Lhe parLlculaLe maLLer from lncompleLe combusLlon, a dlsLlncLlon ls made beLween: 1) black
elemenLal carbon (8C or LC), whlch ls produced ln flamlng flres, ls mosL commonly emlLLed from Lhe
burnlng of blomass, coal, or dlesel fuel, and whlch has a CW 680 Llmes LhaL of CC
2
(8ond & Paolln,
2003), and 2) organlc carbon and/or organlc maLLer (CC or CM), whlch ls generally produced ln
smolderlng flres, conslsLs of llghL scaLLerlng parLlcles/ aerosols LhaL can be whlLe, and LhaL conLrlbuLe
Lo global coollng (esLlmaLed CW of -30 Llmes LhaL of CC
2
) (summarlzed from MacCarLy eL al., 2008).
Cas as well as parLlcle emlsslons from rlce resldue burnlng ls noL yeL properly lncluded ln Lhe analysls
ln Lhls reporL and ls, agaln, a Loplc for furLher research.

1. 1. 1. 1. 3 33 3. Ana| ys s of . Ana| ys s of . Ana| ys s of . Ana| ys s of 1echno| 1echno| 1echno| 1echno| og es for Product on of ochar og es for Product on of ochar og es for Product on of ochar og es for Product on of ochar

Several Lechnologles can be used for produclng blochar lncludlng slow pyrolysls (wlLh char ylelds of
Lyplcally 30-33) and gaslflcaLlon (wlLh char ylelds of Lyplcally <10). 8lCCPA8M has focused
mosLly upon Lhe use of gaslflcaLlon because of Lhe economlc vlablllLy of Lhls Lechnology ln Lhe
parLner counLrles. 1he orlglnal lnsplraLlon for 8lCCPA8M was Lhe observaLlon LhaL small-scale (c.
230kW capaclLy) gaslflers from Ankur SclenLlflc were operaLlng ln Cambodla uLlllzlng rlce husks Lo
produce syngas LhaL ls subsequenLly used ln a gas englne Lo provlde moLlve power (or elecLrlclLy) for
rlce mllls or for lce-maklng facLorles. ln Lhls secLlon we descrlbe Lhree dlfferenL Lechnologles: Ankur
SclenLlflc's commerclal Lechnology LhaL ls already wldely uLlllzed and from whlch Lhe C8Ps uLlllzed ln
Lhe Cambodlan fleld Lrlals was produced, l88l's experlmenLal gaslfler, and A81l's slngle-barrel
pyrolyLlc klln LhaL was used Lo produce blochar for Lhe lndlan fleld Lrlals.

1. 3 1. 3 1. 3 1. 3. .. . 1 11 1 Ankur 5c ent f c Lnergy 1echno| og es Pvt. Ltd. Ankur 5c ent f c Lnergy 1echno| og es Pvt. Ltd. Ankur 5c ent f c Lnergy 1echno| og es Pvt. Ltd. Ankur 5c ent f c Lnergy 1echno| og es Pvt. Ltd. Uas f er Uas f er Uas f er Uas f er

8lomass gaslflcaLlon has been developed successfully ln developlng and lndusLrlallslng counLrles wlLh
companles such as Ankur SclenLlflc Lnergy 1echnologles vL. LLd. (based ln lndla) manufacLurlng a
range of gaslflers from a few kW Lo 300+ kW capaclLy (hLLp://www.ankursclenLlflc.com). Ankur has
sold over 1000 gaslflcaLlon unlLs, predomlnanLly ln SouLh Asla, buL also lnLo Afrlca, Lurope, SouLh
Amerlca and SL Asla. As of mld-2010, approxlmaLely 33 Ankur gaslflcaLlon unlLs have been lnsLalled
ln Cambodla by SML 8enewables, whlch acLs as a Lurnkey conLracLor. 1he unlLs are Lyplcally 130 -
230 kW ln dellvered power capaclLy and mosL are lnsLalled ln rlce mllls and lce-maklng facLorles. 8lce
mllls separaLe Lhe graln from Lhe husks, and a proporLlon of Lhese husks (Lyplcally 1/3
rd
) are used Lo
power Lhe gaslflers. 1he gaslflcaLlon occurs aL 900 Lo 1100
o
C and Lhe feed raLe ls approxlmaLely 100
Lo 120 kg husks per hour. 1he elecLrlclLy producLlon per unlL feedsLock appears Lo vary conslderably,
wlLh one measured sysLem glvlng a value of 1.48 kg husk per kWh (from observaLlons by Colorado
SLaLe unlverslLy Leam). 1he gas ls cleaned Lhrough a serles of coarse and flne woody and cloLh fllLers
and ls lnLroduced Lo a dlesel four-sLroke englne where lL ls combusLed, along wlLh a small amounL of
dlesel. 1he englne crankshafL Lhen provldes power Lo operaLe Lhe mllllng machlnery. A dlagrammaLlc
of Lhe process ls lllusLraLed ln llgure 13 whlle lnformaLlon on a few dlfferenL operaLlonal gaslflers ls
presenLed ln 1able 9.

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IIGIRL 1` : SCHLMATIC OI ANKIR GASIIICATION SYSTLM (POVLR GLNLRATION MODLi,COIRTSLY: ANKIR
SCILNTIIIC LTD

Caslfler
lu
lnsLallaLlon
daLe
CapaclLy
(kW)
Avolded
dlesel
(llLres y
-1
)
8unnlng
hours
per year
LoLal
hours
luel
replaceme
nL
(llLres h
-1
)
Avolded
fossll
fuel
emlsslons
(LCC
2
y
-1
)
1

1 06.08 200
73,240 3,960 19.00
199
2 11.08 200 91,080 3,960 43 23.00 240
3 01.09 200 163,600 7,200 82 23.00 437
4 01.09 200 71,280 3,960 43 18.00 188
3 11.07 130 163,600 7,200 82 23.00 437
6 08.08 230 110,880 3,960 43 28.00 293

TABLL 9: CHARACTLRISTICS OI SIX GASIIILRS INSTALLLD IN CAMBODIA BY SML RLNLVABLLS (SOIRCL: SML
RLNLVABLLSi

1. Assumes a Carbon Lmlsslons lacLor of 2.6391 kg CC
2
per llLre dlesel [1]
1he syngas can reduce Lhe consumpLlon of dlesel by 70 Lo 73. Clven LhaL dlesel cosLs can consLlLuLe
up Lo Lhree quarLers of Lhe operaLlonal cosLs of Lhe mlll, Lhe lncrease ln dlesel cosLs ln 2007/8 were
an lmporLanL drlver ln Lhe lnsLallaLlon of gaslflcaLlon unlLs. Cambodla ls noL currenLly an oll or gas
producer and Lax on gasollne ls aL 94 cenLs/llLre, above Lhe level ln Lhe uS of 36 cenLs/llLre (2008
flgure) (vlcLor 2009).
A Lyplcal rlce mlll can save $6000 per monLh ln dlesel cosLs Lhrough uslng rlce husks, wlLh an lnlLlal
upfronL lnvesLmenL of $73,000. 1herefore a gaslflcaLlon unlL can pay for lLself wlLhln less Lhan Lwo
years. 1he economlcs of Lhe Ankur gaslflers make sense ln Lhe Cambodlan conLexL for a few dlsLlncL
reasons:
Lhe mllls are relaLlvely small and lnsLallaLlon of a sLeam Lurblne for power generaLlon from rlce
husk combusLlon would noL be feaslble (small Lurblnes noL belng very rellable or efflclenL),

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Lhe elecLrlclLy grld ls poorly developed ln Cambodla, hence mlcro-grld and own supply soluLlons
are cosL-effecLlve, where Lhls mlghL noL be Lhe case ln a grld-connecLed slLuaLlon,
even where grld-connecLlon exlsLs, elecLrlclLy supply ln Cambodla ls noL subsldlsed as lL ls ln
oLher counLrles, hence renewables can compeLe on a more level playlng fleld. ln Cambodla Lhere
ls generally a shorLfall of elecLrlclLy producLlon. ln clLles, elecLrlclLy ls generally supplled by a
small number of large enLerprlses, Lhe ma[orlLy belng supplled by Lhe sLaLe run LlecLrlclLe du
Cambodge (LdC). LlecLrlclLy from gaslflers can help Lo flll Lhe gaps ln supply.
Cambodla does noL have a LargeLed governmenL pollcy or flnanclal sLraLegy Lo promoLe blomass
energy
2
. Powever a lack of subsldles or feed-ln-Larlffs means blomass for elecLrlclLy generaLlon
may be more accesslble Lo prlvaLe buslness for own-use raLher Lhan for rural elecLrlflcaLlon.

lrom Lhe LCn hyllls daLabase (hLLp://www.ecn.nl/phyllls) Lhe lower heaLlng value (LPv) of rlce husk
ls around 12 - 13 M!kg
-1
and we assume here a value of 13 M!kg
-1
. 1herefore c. 19 M! ln Lhe fuel ls
used Lo produce 1kWh, lmplylng an efflclency of c. 19. Whlle Lhls ls a some whaL low efflclency
compared Lo modern gaslflcaLlon Lechnologles (c. 33 - 40), glven Lhe abundance of Lhe local
feedsLock aL Lhe gaslfler slLe, and Lhe overall favourable pro[ecL economlcs, lL does noL deLracL from
Lhe value of Lhe Lechnology.
1he properLles of rlce husks and assoclaLed C8Ps are shown ln 1ables 14 and 13. 1he C8P yleld ls c.
33 and Lhe carbon conLenL of Lhe char ls also c. 33 (own analysls). 1herefore for each Lonne of
rlce husks, 330 kg of C8Ps are produced conLalnlng 123 kgC or 431 kgCC
2
. 1he carbon conLenL of Lhe
rlce husks ls abouL 38 (own analysls), Lherefore 32 of Lhe carbon ln Lhe feedsLock ls conserved.
1hls ls much hlgher Lhan Lhe Lyplcal value for gaslflcaLlon of 2.3 Lo 8 carbon conservaLlon.
8lce husk conLalns approxlmaLely 20 ash, Lhe maln consLlLuenL of whlch appears Lo be slllca, Lhe
carbon conLenL aL 38 ls lower Lhan Lyplcal blomass (43) due Lo Lhe hlgh ash conLenL. 1he C8P
lLself ls made up of slllca and carbon - [usL over 60 ash Lo 33 carbon. 1he hlgh slllca conLenL of
Lhe C8P may help explaln why Lhe converslon of carbon Lo CC
2
ls much lower Lhan ln Lhe case of
gaslflcaLlon of oLher blomass. 1he exLerlor of rlce husks ls composed of denLaLe recLangular unlLs
whlch may form a geomeLrlc shleld whlch proLecLs Lhe combusLlble maLerlal, 'cocoonlng' Lhe carbon
such LhaL alr clrculaLlon ls reduced (8haradwa[ eL al., 2004). Accordlng Lo one sLudy, Lhe role of slllca
ls more Lhan [usL a geomeLrlc shleld Lo Lhe combusLlble maLerlal ln Lhe sample" and LhaL slllca
forms molecular bonds wlLh carbon whlch are noL easlly broken aL Lhe gaslflcaLlon LemperaLures"
(8haradwa[ eL al., 2004: 983-6).
Slllcon carblde ls noL formed slnce Lhls enLalls much hlgher LemperaLure reacLlons (2300
o
C) Lhan
occur ln gaslflcaLlon. lrom a carbon sLorage perspecLlve, Lhls feaLure of rlce husk gaslflcaLlon ls
forLulLous, as lL comblnes Lhe beneflLs of gaslflcaLlon for elecLrlclLy generaLlon wlLh carbon
conservaLlon LhaL ls over 30 of LhaL achleved Lhrough slow pyrolysls. 1he measure of volaLlles ln
rlce husks ln 1able 14 lnvolves heaLlng Lhe husks Lo 930
o
C and lL shows LhaL c. 40 by mass ls
recalclLranL maLerlal (presumably carbonaceous) LhaL does noL converL Lo CC
2
. 1hls ls a sllghLly
hlgher percenLage Lhan ln Lhe C8Ps, presumably because Lhe gaslflcaLlon exposes Lhe rlce husks Lo
more exLreme condlLlons.

2
Cambodla's 8enewable Lnergy AcLlon lan 2002-2012 (8LA) focuses on grld connecLlvlLy, Solar Pome
SysLems (SPSs), and PL, and Lhe 8ural LlecLrlflcaLlon and 1ransmlsslon ro[ecL (8L&1) ls also malnly concerned
wlLh SPS and grld connecLlvlLy.

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ln summary, rlce husk gaslflcaLlon may be parLlcularly sulLed for produclng blochar because of Lhe
hlgh char yleld. 8y conLrasL, where wood ls used as a feedsLock, Lhen Lhe char yleld ls c. 6 (!aln,
pers.com., nov. 2010). Wood char from such gaslflers ls also a poLenLlally valuable fuel. 1hls ls
because wood char has a sufflclenLly hlgh calorlflc value (Cv) (e.g. 23-30 M!kg
-1
). LxperlmenLs are
underway aL Ankur SclenLlflc Lo brlqueLLe Lhe wood char Lo produce a vlable charcoal LhaL can be
dlsLrlbuLed (or sold) Lo vlllagers. A81l also has a brlqueLLlng faclllLy LhaL lL uses Lo converL char from
agrl-resldues (see Lable 16) lnLo a fuel. 1he low char yleld, and lLs value as a fuel, means LhaL wood
char from gaslflcaLlon may well noL be a vlable source of blochar. Where rlce husk are used,
however, Lhe hlgh slllca conLenL llmlLs Lhe Cv of Lhe carbonlsed rlce husks (C8Ps), hence lL has llLLle,
lf any, value as a charcoal-Lype fuel and Lhe C8Ps can become a wasLe dlsposal or polluLlon problem.

1 11 1. 3 . 3 . 3 . 3. .. . 2 22 2. .. . M MM Mon tor ng on tor ng on tor ng on tor ng p pp program for the gas f cat on p| ants n Uambod a rogram for the gas f cat on p| ants n Uambod a rogram for the gas f cat on p| ants n Uambod a rogram for the gas f cat on p| ants n Uambod a, , , ,
conducted n June conducted n June conducted n June conducted n June- -- - Ju| y 2010 Ju| y 2010 Ju| y 2010 Ju| y 2010

8lCCPA8M was forLunaLe ln LhaL !ohn lleld and aul 1anger, Lwo hu sLudenLs from Colorado SLaLe
unlverslLy, were able Lo underLake measuremenLs of a few Ankur gaslflaLlon planLs durlng Lhe
summer of 2010. 1hls work provldes lnvaluable emplrlcal daLa on funcLlonlng planLs. 1he energy
balance wlll be presenLed ln Lhls secLlon, whlle Lhe carbon balance wlll be reporLed ln secLlon 4
under Lhe Llfe Cycle AssessmenL parL.

A. Lnergy ba|ance:
1. AmounL and energy ln Lhe fresh rlce husk,
2. AmounL and energy ln Lhe carbonlsed rlce husk,
3. AmounL and energy ln Lhe sludge accumulaLlng ln Lhe coollng waLer,
4. AmounL of dlesel fuel replaced by Lhe husk gaslflcaLlon,
3. AmounL of heaL loss esLlmaLed from Lhe oLher four componenLs.

8. Carbon ba|ance:
lnpuL:
1. amounL of rlce husks golng ln
2. average C concenLraLlon ln rlce husks,
CuLpuL:
1. C concenLraLlon and amounL of carbonlsed rlce husks,
2. C concenLraLlon ln carbonlsed rlce husks,
3. C concenLraLlon and amounL of Lar (amounL Lo be deLermlned),
4. AmounL of syngas (Lo be calculaLed),
3. C concenLraLlon ln syngas,

Resul ts and dl scussl on Resul ts and dl scussl on Resul ts and dl scussl on Resul ts and dl scussl on
8aslc daLa on Lhe gaslflers monlLored are glven ln 1able 10. lL shows LhaL all gaslflers chosen had a
nomlnal capaclLy beLween 130 and 300 kW, an acLual husk feed raLe beLween 100 Lo 167 kg husk per

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hour, a dlesel replacemenL raLe beLween 6.90 and 8.44 kg husk for each llLer dlesel, a husk/char raLlo
of 9.6 Lo 34.8 , and a sludge producLlon of 0.06 Lo 0.67 llLers per kg husk (fresh welghL). Analysls of
Lhe syngas generaLed by Lhe reacLors ls shown ln 1able A1.
Date 17]6]10 18]6]10 20]6]10 22]6]10 23]6]10 24]6]10
Iac|||ty name kh|ev
Moeung
|n o Lap
Sophat
Chhay
k|mt|ng
am
Loeung
Choa
Mey
laclllLy Lype 8lce mlll lce
facLory
rlce mlll rlce mlll rlce mlll
CapaclLy (nom) Lon
paddy/hr
2 1.3 nA 2 3 2
Caslfler slze
(nom)
kW.mech 200 200 130 200 300 200
CapaclLy (nom) Lon
paddy/hr
2 1.3 nA 2 3 2
Pusk feed raLe kg/hr 130 103 100 167 166 170
ulesel
replacemenL
kg husk/L 8.44 7.67 - 6.90 3.44 -
Pusk Lo char 9.6 31.7 21.6 34.8 13.4
ulesel
replacemenL
L/hr 17.80 13.47 - 24.17 30.33 -
Sludge
producLlon
L/kg husk - 0.67 0.33 - 0.06 0.23

T TT TABLL ABLL ABLL ABLL 1 11 10 00 0: :: : BASIC DATA ON THL GASIIILRS MONITORLD IN JINL 2010 IN CAMBODIA

1hls lndlcaLes an overall relaLlvely consLanL dlesel replacemenL raLe buL conslderable varlaLlon ln Lhe
amounL of char and sludge produced. 1hls musL be parLly explalned by dlfferences ln how Lhe
gaslflers are operaLed (slower LhroughpuL l.e., longer resldence Llme of Lhe husks ln Lhe gaslfler wlll
reduce Lhe amounL of char produced), buL measuremenL errors could also have conLrlbuLed. ulfflculL
Lo explaln are especlally Lhe hlgh sludge raLe produced ln Lhe ?ln o rlce mlll and Lhe low value ln
?am Loeung.
1he baslc assumpLlons used for Lhe economlc analysls of a mld slze gaslfler (130 Lo 300 kW slze) are
glven ln 1able 11, and Lhey are based on Lhe daLa recorded for Lhe same gaslflers shown ln 1able 10.
uslng Lhese lnpuLs Lhe, cosLs and proflLs were calculaLed for a 3 year pay back perlod accordlng Lo
Lhe flnanclng scheme offered by SML (1able 12). 1he daLa shows LhaL a subsLanLlal down-paymenL
has Lo be made ln Lhe flrsL year buL LhaL poslLlve neL revenues seL ln already ln Lhe second year. 1he

]
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LoLal proflL wlLhln Lhese 3 years ls 14.000 uS$ even Lhough Lhe equlpmenL, lLs operaLlon, and Lhe
malnLenance ls compleLely flnanced wlLhln Lhls Llme frame.
arameter Un|t Va|ue
rlce husk consumpLlon raLe 1ons husk/hr 0.100
hours of operaLlon per day hr/day 10
uays of operaLlon per year uays/year 230
annual rlce husk cosL $/year (4,112.30)
annual labor cosL $/year (1,460.00)
annual elecLrlclLy cosL $/year (6,804.33)
annual value of dlesel replaced $/year 29,730.00
annual char revenue $/year 493.73
annual neL revenue $/year 17,868.72
sysLem cosL $ 60,000.00
fracLlon flnanced 70
loan prlnclpal $ (42,000.00)
one-Llme flxed caplLal cosL $ (18,000.00)
loan raLe annual raLe ln 13
monLhly paymenL $ (933.63)
yearly paymenL $ (11,467.33)

TABLL 11: BASIC ASSIMPTIONS ISLD IOR THL LCONOMIC ANALYSIS OI A MID SIZL GASIIILR (150 TO `00 KV
SIZLi. BRACKLTS INDICATL NLGATIVL VALILS.

ear 1 2 3 4 S 1ota|
Cne-Llme flxed caplLal cosLs (18,000) - - - - (18,000)
flnanclng cosL (11,468) (11,468) (11,468) (11,468) (11,468) (37,338)
Long-run annual revenue 17,869 17,869 17,869 17,869 17,869 89,344
neL proflL (11,399) 6,401 6,401 6,401 6,401 14,006
dlscounLlng, 10 (10,344) 3,290 4,809 4,372 3,973 7,902
dlscounLlng, 13 (10,086) 4,840 4,209 3,660 3,183 3,806
dlscounLlng, 30 (8,922) 3,788 2,914 2,241 1,724 1,744

TABLL 12: LSTIMATLD IINANCING SCHLML IOR A MID SIZL GASIIILR IN CAMBODIA, ASSIMING A 5 YLAR PAY
BACK PLRIOD. BRACKLTS INDICATL NLGATIVL VALILS.

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2
0
0
9
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8
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39
1. 1. 1. 1. 3 33 3. .. . 3. 3. 3. 3. Lnv ronmenta| I ssue Ar s ng from Use of Uas f ers Lnv ronmenta| I ssue Ar s ng from Use of Uas f ers Lnv ronmenta| I ssue Ar s ng from Use of Uas f ers Lnv ronmenta| I ssue Ar s ng from Use of Uas f ers
1he gaslflcaLlon process generaLes Lars, whlch drop down lnLo barrels below Lhe gaslfler and also
below Lhe several-sLage gas fllLers. 1hrough Lhe gas coollng and cleanlng process, condensaLes enLer
Lhe waLer sLream lnLroduced lnLo Lhe scrubber and a 'black waLer' flows from Lhe scrubber. 1hls ls
Lhen used for quenchlng and removlng Lhe C8P LhaL are deposlLed from Lhe reacLor, Lhe dlrLy waLer
ls allowed Lo seLLle ln ponds before belng cooled and re-clrculaLed. vlsual observaLlon aL several of
Lhe gaslfler slLes lndlcaLed a Larry llquld effluenL ouLflow from Lhe sludge seLLllng ponds: Lhls
appeared Lo be a consequence of Lhe seLLllng pond overflowlng. ln several cases Lhe effluenL was
slowly dralnlng lnLo a local sLream.
A sample of Lhe sludge aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe seLLllng pond was analysed and Lhe resulLs are shown ln
1able 13, comparlng Lhe values agalnsL values for a reference conLamlnaLed soll sample (8C CL8 17)
(Craham eL al., 2006) and Lhe mean value for urban solls ln Lngland (LnvlronmenL Agency, 2007).
Also show ln column 3, 1able 13, ls a C8P sample exLracLed from Lhe seLLllng pond.
L|ement or
compound
Sett||ng
pond s|udge,
Cambod|an
gas|f|er
(mgkg
-1
dry
we|ght)
S

k|ce husk
char
extracted
from sett||ng
pond
(mgkg
-1
dry
we|ght)
S

Contam|nate
d so||
reference
(8G CLk17)
(mgkg
-1
dry
we|ght)
6

Urban so||s,
Lng|and
(mean va|ue)
(mgkg
-1
dry
we|ght)
7

Max|mum |n
product
(mgkg
-1

under
I|em|sh |aw)

Crgan|c compounds
8L1x
1
300 - 1000
1oLal phenols
2
100 - 300
uSLA 16 APs
3
3223 196.7 629.9 23.7 (22
APs)

naphLhalene 1214 11.04 29.9 2.3
1-
MeLhylnaphLhalene
172
2-
MeLhylnaphLhalene
132
AcenaphLhylene 733 6.70 26.8 0.208
AcenaphLhene 73 1.03 10.3 0.131
lluorene 114 3.00 42.8 0.139
henanLhrene 386 43.94 123.1 1.81 0.9
AnLhracene < 0.01 11.07 31.1 0.236

]
40
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lluoranLhene 93 9.62 102.1 3.28 2.3
yrene 73.8 8.194 83.8 3.37
8enzo(a)anLhracene 3.3 3.239 41.1 1.19 0.68
Chrysene 4.9 8.334 27.3 1.34 1.7
8enzo(b)fluoranLhen
e
< 0.01 3.439 18.8 1.66 2.3
8enzo(k)fluoranLhen
e
1.1 2.933 16.8 1.26 2.3
8enzo(a)pyrene 0.49 2.939 28.4 1.39 1.1
lndeno(1,2,3-
cd)pyrene
< 0.01 1.076 11.9 0.798 1.1
ulbenzo(a,h)anLhrac
ene
< 0.01 0.641 2.2 0.834
8enzo(g,h,l)perylene < 0.01 1.103 9.3 1.1
8egulaLory
Lhresholds ln uk
upper llmlL
for uk
AS100
regulaLlon
(mgkg
-1
dry
welghL)
Maxlmum
permlsslble
average
annual raLe
of 1L
addlLlon over
a 10 yr
perlod
(kg/ha/yr)
(sewage
sludge regs)

Meta|s
4

Alumlnlum (Al) 3619 239
Arsenlc (As) < 1.3 < 2.6 0.7
8arlum (8a) 711.4 40.8
8erylllum (8e) < 3.0 < 3.2
8oron (8) 316 0.32
Cadmlum (Cd) < 0.3 < 0.3 1.3 0.13
Calclum (Ca) 227140 1233
Chromlum (Cr) 8.0 < 2.6 100 13

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41
Copper (Cu) 42.1 9.7 200 7.3
lron (le) 10318 128
Lead (b) 43.9 1.6 100 13
Magneslum (Mg) 24498 313
Manganese (Mn) 2688 271
Mercury (Pg) < 2.6 1 0.1
Molybednum (Mb) < 1.3
nlckel (nl) 32.6
oLasslum (k) 16428 767
Selenlum (Se) < 3.0
Slllcon (Sl) 4381 37.4
Sodlum (na) 2428 66.6
SLronLlum (Sr) 4394 9.0
1lLanlum (1l) 428.9 3.6
Zlnc (Zn) 482.3 13.3
vanadlum (v) 7.1 < 2.6

(1) PS-CC-MS
(2) CC-MS
(3) ASL, CC-MS
(4) lC-CLS
(3) analysls underLaken by CLA88C, unlverslLy of Ldlnburgh (hLLp://www.clarrc.ed.ac.uk/)
(6) [2], Lable 3, page 83, ASL meLhod
(7) [3], Lable 4.7, page 23
TABLL 1`: POTLNTIAL CONTAMINANT CONTLNTS OI GASIIILR SLIDGL AND CRH IROM SLTTLING POND AND
COMPARISON VITH CONTAMINATLD SOIL SAMPLLS. SOIRCL: (CLARRCi, INIVLRSITY OI LDINBIRGH
(P11://WWW.CLA88C.Lu.AC.uk/i; CONTAMINATLD SOILS (GRAHAM LT AL., 2006; LNVIRONMLNT AGLNCY 2007i.

lL can be seen LhaL Lhe sludge sample has a hlgh 8L1x, phenol and AP loadlng. olycycllc aromaLlc
hydrocarbons (APs) are aromaLlc hydrocarbons conLalnlng more Lhan Lwo unsubsLlLuLed benzene
rlngs. Some APs are sLrong carclnogens, l.e. benz(a)pyrene and benz(a)anLhracene, whlle oLhers are
muLagenlc and/or LeraLogenlc (e.g. Lerda 2009, uSLA 2007). 1he uS LnvlronmenLal roLecLlon
Agency (uSLA) has ldenLlfled 16 APs for whlch lL recommends monlLorlng. 1he number of APs

]
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scruLlnlzed ln envlronmenLal lmpacL assessmenL (LlA), monlLorlng and regulaLlon ls someLlmes less
Lhan Lhls (e.g. 10 under llemlsh law) and someLlmes more (e.g. 22 ln an LnvlronmenL Agency (2007)
reporL). 1here are, unforLunaLely, no agreed sLandards for deLermlnlng safe levels of APs ln solls.
1here ls daLa on exlsLlng AP levels ln solls and Lhls lndlcaLes LhaL levels can vary conslderably
beLween locaLlons and soll Lypes. ln Lhe uk, Lhe range for _ 22 APs ls 0.04 Lo 167 mgkg
-1
wlLh a
mean of 2.2 mgkg
-1
and a medlan of 0.72 mgkg
-1
(LnvlronmenL Agency 2007).
1he AP level of Lhe sludge sample ls slgnlflcanLly greaLer Lhan Lhe LoLal 16 APs ln Lhe
conLamlnaLed soll sample (column 4, 1able 13). lnLeresLlngly, Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon beLween Lhe 16 uSLA
APs ln Lhe sludge sample varles conslderably. 1here are relaLlvely small quanLlLles of Lhe (generally
more Loxlc) hlgher molecular welghL (PMW) APs: benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranLhene,
benzo(k)fluoranLhene, lndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,l)perylene for example, whereas, Lhe
conLamlnaLed soll sample conLalns far greaLer levels of Lhese APs. 1he AP loadlng of Lhe C8P
exLracLed from Lhe sludge pond ls noL as greaL as Lhe sludge sample. neverLheless, Lhe level ls sLlll
above Lhe 30 mgkg
-1
level LhaL ls advlsed as 'Lrlgger' value for concern ln converLlng conLamlnaLed
solls for domesLlc use ln Lhe uk (lC8CL, 1987).
lurLhermore, Lhe C8P sample from Lhe sludge pond conLalns hlgher levels of cerLaln PMW APs,
such as benzo(a)pyrene, Lhan Lhe sludge. 1here ls, as yeL, llLLle guldance avallable on Lhe
approprlaLe llmlLs for APs ln soll amendmenLs and few regulaLory agencles have aLLempLed Lo
deflne quanLlLaLlve Lhresholds Lo daLe. Cne of Lhe few excepLlons has been Lhe llemlsh regulaLory
auLhorlLy ln 8elglum, whlch has deflned quanLlLaLlve llmlLs expressed ln Lerms of mg per kg ln
maLerlal Lo be added Lo solls (8uysschaerL & nellssen, 2010). lf Lhese Lhreshold levels were applled,
lL can be seen ln column 6, 1able 13 LhaL, for mosL APs, Lhe levels ln boLh Lhe sludge sample and
Lhe C8P from Lhe sludge are Loo hlgh Lo permlL appllcaLlon Lo solls. WheLher Lhe Lhresholds
developed by Lhe llemlsh regulaLor are Lhe approprlaLe ones Lo use ln Lhls conLexL ls currenLly
unclear, however.
1he uSLA (2007) ecologlcal soll screenlng levels (eco-SSLs) make a dlsLlncLlon beLween low and hlgh
molecular welghL (LMW, PMW) APs. lor soll lnverLebraLes and mammals Lhe eco-SSL for low
molecular welghL APs ls 29 and 100 mgkg
-1
respecLlvely, and for hlgh molecular welghL APs, 18
and 1.1 respecLlvely. lL can be seen LhaL Lhe sludge sample has values of LMW and PMW APs
whlch far exceed Lhe eco-SSLs for boLh lnverLebraLes and mammals. 1he C8Ps recovered from Lhe
seLLllng pool also have levels of PMW APs whlch look hlgh compared Lo Lhe eco-SSL for mammals.
LlmlLed guldance ls also avallable ln Lhe uk for assesslng AP addlLlon Lo conLamlnaLed solls (Soll
Screenlng values), Lhough Lhls ls unllkely Lo be approprlaLe for addlLlon Lo agrlculLural solls.
neverLheless, applylng Lhe sLandard developed by Lhe LnvlronmenL Agency (2007) ln Lngland and
Wales, Lhe Lhreshold for benzo(a)pyrene value ls 0.13 mgkg
-1
. lL can be seen from 1able 13 LhaL Lhe
sludge sample and, even more so, Lhe C8P from seLLllng pond, conLalns a hlgher value of
benzo(a)pyrene LhaL Lhe SSv. lL musL be sLressed LhaL conslderable uncerLalnLy ls assoclaLed wlLh
evaluaLlng Lhe envlronmenLal lmpacLs of APs so Lhe Lco-SSL and SSvs menLloned above should be
regarded as only prellmlnary guldellnes LhaL are far from belng deflnlLlve or seL-ln-sLone.
1here are also qulLe hlgh levels of meLals ln Lhe sludge sample, buL much lower levels ln Lhe C8P
from Lhe sludge pond. Comparlng Lhe meLal concenLraLlons ln Lhe sludge wlLh Lhe levels ln Lhe C8Ps
shown ln 1able 14, lL ls evldenL LhaL concenLraLlon ls Laklng place ln Lhe sludge for elemenLs such as:

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k, Cu, Sr, Mn, nl, 1l, 8a, na, Ca, Mg, and 8. 1hls suggesLs LhaL Lhese elemenLs are waLer-soluble and
are belng leached ouL of Lhe char and collecLlng ln Lhe boLLom sludge.
1o LesL Lhls ldea, we collecLed a sample of Lhe black-waLer [usL before lL was changed (afLer havlng
been ln clrculaLlon for one week) and Lhen [usL afLer lL was changed. We Lhen measured Lhe
concenLraLlons of meLals (ln mgl
-1
dlssolved and ln mgl
-1
LoLal sample) ln boLh samples uslng lC-CLS.
1he pP of Lhe old coollng waLer was 8.4, whlle LhaL of Lhe new waLer was 7.1, conflrmlng LhaL cycllng
of Lhe coollng waLer wlll Lend Lo render lL alkallne Lhrough conLacL wlLh Lhe alkallne C8P. 1he
followlng elemenLs dld noL vary much beLween Lhe 'before' and 'afLer' waLer change: Al, As, 8e, Cd,
Cr, Cu, b, Pg, nl, 1l, Zn, v, 8a, na, Ca, Sr and 8. Slnce some of Lhese same elemenLs are
concenLraLlng ln Lhe boLLom sludge, lL suggesLs LhaL Lhe elemenLs may be belng exLracLed from Lhe
coollng waLer and blndlng Lo / sorblng wlLh solld parLlcles ln Lhe sludge (posslbly small black carbon
parLlcles). 1he boLLom sludge ls presumably less dlsLurbed by coollng waLer Lhan Lhe C8Ps, whlch
could accounL for why Lhe meLals do noL geL leached ouL of sludge ln Lhe way LhaL appears Lo occur
for Lhe C8Ps. AlLernaLlvely, Lhe physlo-chemlcal sLrucLure and properLles of Lhe sludge parLlcles may
exhlblL greaLer blndlng / sorpLlon poLenLlal wlLh meLals Lhan do Lhe C8Ps.
CLher elemenLs appear Lo concenLraLe ln Lhe 'old' coollng waLer, namely: le (10 x dlssolved, 2 x
LoLal), Mn (8 x LoLal), Sl (1.6 x dlssolved), Mg (2 x dlssolved), k (2 x dlssolved, 1/3 x LoLal). Why Lhese
elemenLs appear Lo respond dlfferenLly from Lhose llsLed above ls noL currenLly know. lL may,
poLenLlally, be aLLrlbuLed Lo Lhe relaLlvely lesser ablllLy of Lhese elemenLs Lo blnd wlLh Lhe sludge
black carbon parLlcles
Clven Lhe hlgh polluLanL load of Lhls black waLer and Lhe seLLllng pond sludge, lL ls clearly deslrable
for a clean-up sysLem Lo be ln place. 1he manufacLurer Ankur SclenLlflc has deslgned a waLer
fllLraLlon sysLem uslng sand, saw dusL and char from Lhe reacLor. ln addlLlon, Ankur has now
developed a 'dry dlscharge' sysLem for Lhe char, whereby a screw conveyor wlLh a bullL-ln heaL
exchange unlL removes Lhe char wlLhouL Lhe need for any weL quenchlng. 8oLh of Lhese
lmprovemenLs should be a conslderable beneflL ln reduclng Lhe rlsk of polluLed effluenL arlslng from
Lhe faclllLy. lL ls sLlll necessary for Lhe sludge Lo be removed from Lhe seLLllng pond perlodlcally. Cne
opLlon recommended by Ankur ls slmply Lo dry Lhe sludge and add Lo Lhe reacLor. Llkewlse, Lhe
varlous maLerlals used for fllLerlng wasLe waLer also need Lo be removed and replaced perlodlcally,
and Ankur also recommends LhaL Lhese can be drled and added Lo Lhe reacLor. lL appears llkely LhaL
Lhe process can be made 'clean' Lherefore lf an approprlaLe envlronmenLal managemenL sysLem ls ln
place.
Powever, a clean-up sysLem has noL been observed ln operaLlon ln Cambodla and Lhere ls no
requlremenL or lncenLlve for a gaslflcaLlon unlL operaLor Lo lnsLall such a clean-up sysLem. 1he
envlronmenLal and healLh lmpacLs of Lhe black waLer and Larry resldues from Lhe gaslflers ls noL
currenLly known. 1hls ls, Lherefore, a ma[or weakness ln Lhe susLalnablllLy of Lhe gaslflcaLlon sysLem
as lmplemenLed ln Cambodla, albelL noL relaLed dlrecLly Lo Lhe use of Lhe C8P as blochar. l.e. Lhe
polluLlon problem arlses from Lhe operaLlon of Lhe gaslflers and would occur wlLh or wlLhouL use of
Lhe C8P. Cne senslble precauLlon wlLh respecL Lo use of C8Ps ln fleld Lrlals ls Lo use only C8P and
noL mlxLures of C8P and sludge and/or oLher wasLe sLreams from Lhe process.

]
44
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1 11 1. 3. . 3. . 3. . 3. 4 44 4. .. . Uas f cat on of r ce husk and r ce straw n the exper menta| batch Uas f cat on of r ce husk and r ce straw n the exper menta| batch Uas f cat on of r ce husk and r ce straw n the exper menta| batch Uas f cat on of r ce husk and r ce straw n the exper menta| batch
gas f er gas f er gas f er gas f er at I PPI at I PPI at I PPI at I PPI

1he ob[ecLlve of Lhls acLlvlLy aL l88l was 1) Lo galn some experlence wlLh rlce husk gaslflcaLlon aL Lhls
laboraLory scale, 2) Lo measure some baslc parameLers of Lhe husk gaslflcaLlon process (duraLlon of
Lhe process, heaL developmenL proflle, quanLlLaLlve esLlmaLe of gas producLlon, welghL loss and
remalnlng ash / blochar producLlon), and 3) Lo see lf a slmllar gaslflcaLlon as wlLh husks could be
achleved wlLh rlce sLraw. lor Lhls we used a baLch gaslfler avallable aL l88l.
Rl ce husk gasl fl catl on Rl ce husk gasl fl catl on Rl ce husk gasl fl catl on Rl ce husk gasl fl catl on
1he rlce husk gaslflcaLlon was relaLlvely easy. We used rlce husks from Lhe l88l rlce mlll. 1he husks
had an average molsLure conLenL of almosL 7 (see deLalls ln 1able A2). 1oLal husk welghL fllled lnLo
Lhe gaslfler chamber was 16.8 kg, Lhe volume of Lhe chamber was 161.2 l, Lherefore Lhe husk denslLy
ln Lhe chamber was 0.1 kg per llLer. 1he husks were seL on flre from below Lhe chamber, and when
Lhey caughL flre Lhe gaslfler was closed and a conLlnuous alr sLream was blown Lhrough Lhe gaslfler
from Lhe Lop (flgures 14 and 13). 1he LemperaLure aL Lhe lower end of Lhe chamber was monlLored
and Lhe alr sLream volume was esLlmaLed. uurlng lnlLlal llghLlng of Lhe husks conslderable smoke
developed, buL Lhls sLopped afLer a few mlnuLes and Lhe acLual gaslflcaLlon was smokeless. uurlng
Lhe gaslflcaLlon Lhe flu gas came ouL of Lhe ouLleL aL Lhe lower end of Lhe chamber and was seL on
flre. Ash quanLlLy was 3.29 kg, Lhus Lhe charred husk was only 19.6 of Lhe husk lnpuL. 8esulLs from
Lhe lab analysls of samples are shown ln 1ables 13 (chemlcal properLles) and A3 (fuel properLles).

I II IIGIRLS IGIRLS IGIRLS IGIRLS 14 14 14 14 AND AND AND AND 15 15 15 15: :: : PRLPARATION OI THL GASIIILR AND INITIAL HLATING IP PHASL. THL GASIIILR CHAMBLR
VAS SITIATLD IN THL SLCOND BARRLL IROM THL BOTTOM AND HAD AN INNLR DIAMLTLR OI 0.46 M, A HLIGHT
OI 0.97 M, AND A VOLIML OI 161.2 LITLR.

Rl ce straw gasl f l catl on Rl ce straw gasl f l catl on Rl ce straw gasl f l catl on Rl ce straw gasl f l catl on
1he flrsL Lrlals of rlce sLraw gaslflcaLlon dld noL work well. We loaded Lhe gaslfler wlLh 9.67 kg of
sLraw, and llL Lhe charge from Lhe boLLom. A falrly Lhorough carbonlzaLlon occurred exLremely
qulckly, produclng excesslve, non-flammable smoke. A LoLal of 2.86 kg char/ash was recovered,
correspondlng Lo 29.6 ash/char. Assumlng LhaL Lhe low denslLy of Lhe sLraw fuel was responslble
for Lhe poor gaslflcaLlon, we ran anoLher Lrlal wlLh LlghLly bundled sLraw (see flgure 16). ln Lhls
experlmenL, we loaded Lhe gaslfler wlLh 14.73 kg sLraw, whlch was close Lo Lhe fuel denslLy ln Lhe

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flrsL Lrlals wlLh husk. As before wlLh Lhe husk, conslderable smoke developed durlng Lhe lnlLlal
llghLenlng of Lhe sLraw, buL Lhls sLopped afLer a few mlnuLes and Lhe acLual gaslflcaLlon was
smokeless. uurlng Lhe gaslflcaLlon Lhe flu gas came ouL of Lhe ouLleL aL Lhe lower end of Lhe chamber
and was seL on flre. Ash quanLlLy was 2.71 kg, Lhus Lhe charred sLraw was only 18.4 of Lhe sLraw
lnpuL. 8esulLs from Lhe lab analysls of samples are shown ln 1ables A2 and 13. We concluded LhaL
rlce sLraw gaslflcaLlon ls posslble buL LhaL probably some sorL of sLraw compresslon ls needed. 1hls ls
conflrmed by dlscusslons wlLh Ankur SclenLlflc, who advlse LhaL sLraws would need Lo be pelleLlsed
before Lhey mlghL be used as a fuel ln gaslflcaLlon (!aln, pers.com. nov., 2010). luel properLles of
Lhe gas and char produced by Lhe l88l gaslfler are shown ln 1able A3.

IIGIRL 16: VL ISLD TIGHTLY BINDLLD STRAV IN THL SLCOND ATTLMPT IOR STRAV GASIIICATION BLCAISL
VL ASSIMLD THAT THL LOV IILL DLNSITY VAS THL RLASON IOR THL POOR GASIIICATION.
1. 3. 5. AP1I ' s 5 ng| e 1. 3. 5. AP1I ' s 5 ng| e 1. 3. 5. AP1I ' s 5 ng| e 1. 3. 5. AP1I ' s 5 ng| e- -- - K | n Pyro| yser K | n Pyro| yser K | n Pyro| yser K | n Pyro| yser

1he slngle barrel klln developed by A81l (llgure 17) conslsLs of a 200 l capaclLy meLalllc drum wlLh lld
and chlmney. lL can produce up Lo 20kg of blochar per day operaLlng on a 13 mlnuLe baLch cycle. 1he
klln ls low cosL and porLable. A palr of operaLors can operaLe Lwo kllns slmulLaneously. 1yplcally lL
was found LhaL llghL blomass produces around 20 blochar and woody blomass can produce around
23-33, boLh by mass.

IIGIRL 17: ARTI`S SINGLL BARRLL KILNS IN OPLRATION. ILLDSTOCK ISLD: SIGARCANL TRASH

]
46
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2
0
0
9
-
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A
L

8
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8
1

1. 4. Uharacter sat on and 1. 4. Uharacter sat on and 1. 4. Uharacter sat on and 1. 4. Uharacter sat on and Propert es of the ochar Produced by the Propert es of the ochar Produced by the Propert es of the ochar Produced by the Propert es of the ochar Produced by the
above 1echno| og es above 1echno| og es above 1echno| og es above 1echno| og es
1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. Propert es Propert es Propert es Propert es of of of of Uarbon sed P ce Pusks Produced by Ankur Uarbon sed P ce Pusks Produced by Ankur Uarbon sed P ce Pusks Produced by Ankur Uarbon sed P ce Pusks Produced by Ankur 5c ent f c 5c ent f c 5c ent f c 5c ent f c
Uas f ers Uas f ers Uas f ers Uas f ers
1able 14 presenLs daLa on Lhe analysls of rlce, rlce husks and C8Ps from a number of gaslflcaLlon
unlLs ln Cambodla.
Measurement
(a|| dry we|ght)
k|ce (gra|n
and husk)
(1 samp|e)
k|ce husk
(average 3
samp|es or
range
shown)
k|ce husk
(average up
to S samp|es
|n LCN
hy|||s
database)
Carbon|sed
r|ce husk
(average up
to 4
samp|es)
Conservat|o
n of e|ement
from husk to
carbon|sed
husk ()
(assum|ng
33 y|e|d)
Ash ( wL) 6.3 21 19.3 63
C ( wL) 41 38 40 33 30
P ( wL) 6.3 4.7 3.3 0.17 1.2
n ( wL) 1.4 1 0.83 0.6 20
S ( wL) 0.1 0.04 0.06 0.03 41
volaLlles ( wL) 61
pP 6.6 6.6 9.63
1

CaLlon Lxchange
CapaclLy (cmol+/kg)
43 - 110
Lxchangeable k
(cmol+/kg)
11 - 72
Lxchangeable na
(cmol+/kg)
1 - 21
Lxchangeable Ca
(cmol+/kg)
4 - 13
Lxchangeable Mg
(cmol+/kg)
1 - 13
APs (uSLA 16)
mg/kg
2

0.09 0.23 13 - 104
8L1x (mg/kg)
3
7.7 - 22.3
Meta|s: (a|| mg]kg)
4

Alumlnlum (Al) 37 37 - 68 92 - 343 82 - 313
Arsenlc (As) < 1.44 < 1.32 - < 2.3 < 1.79 - < 2.3
8arlum (8a) 3.7 3 - 12 19 -48 33 - 127

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2
0
0
9
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8
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1

]
47
8erylllum (8e) < 2.89 <3.03 - < 3.83 < 3.39 - < 3.00
8oron (8) 2.14 4.97 - 9.33 1.81 - 3.38 6 - 29
Cadmlum (Cd) < 0.29 < 0.3 - < 0.39 < 0.36 - < 0.3
Calclum (Ca) 230 389 - 623 609 - 1940 32 - 103
Chromlum (Cr) < 1.44 < 1.21 - < 3.03 < 1.44 - < 2.3
Copper (Cu) 3.11 1.2 - 3.2 8.2 - 13.3 98 - 297
lron (le) 48 64 - 67 66 - 107 40 - 36
Lead (b) < 1.44 < 1.32 - < 1.93 < 2.32 - 28.2
Magneslum (Mg) 827 187 - 371 162 - 638 29 - 39
Manganese (Mn) 73.1 123 - 313 133 - 470 23 - 36
Mercury (Pg) < 1.44 < 1.32 - < 1.93 < 1.79 - < 2.3
nlckel (nl) < 0.87 < 0.89 - 1.93 < 1.39 - 1.3
oLasslum (k) 2604 1923 - 3040 393 - 2418 10 - 27
Slllcon (Sl) 3.8 3.2 - 26.8 66 - 199 209 - 340
Sodlum (na) 132 62 - 141 76 - 630 36 - 348
SLronLlum (Sr) 1.13 0.82 - 2.30 1.87 - 9.10 76 - 139
1lLanlum (1l) 0.81 0.33 - 1.21 1.79 - 3.23 49 - 337
Zlnc (Zn) 22.4 9.84 - 20.9 11.7 - 44.2 27 - 70
vanadlum (v) < 1.44 < 1.32 - < 1.93 < 1.73 - < 2.3

TABLL 14: PROPLRTILS OI RICL, RICL HISK AND CARBONISLD RICL HISK (SOIRCL: OVN ANALYSIS, LXCLPT
IOR COLIMN 4, IROM LCN PHYLLIS P11://WWW.LCn.nL/P?LLl S/i. (CLARRCi, INIVLRSITY OI LDINBIRGH
(P11://WWW.CLA88C.Lu.AC.uk/i

noLes:
(1) Average for 4 samples. Cne oLher sample had a lower pP of 7.79.
(2) APs (polycycllc aromaLlc hydrocarbons) analysed uslng acceleraLed solvenL exLracLlon (ASL)
(3) 8L1x (benzene, eLhylbenzene, Loluene, xylene) analysed used PS-CC-MS
(4) MeLals analysed uslng lC-CLS

0onservatl on and Accumul atl on of Ll ements l n Bl ochar 0onservatl on and Accumul atl on of Ll ements l n Bl ochar 0onservatl on and Accumul atl on of Ll ements l n Bl ochar 0onservatl on and Accumul atl on of Ll ements l n Bl ochar
1he conservaLlon of an elemenL ln Lhe char ls calculaLed by Lhe followlng formula.
FeedstockA
CharA CharYield
A Cons

=
LquaLlon (4)
Where:

]
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8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
n
S
?
-
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A
8
v
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-
l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

Cons
A
ls Lhe proporLlon of elemenL A reLalned ln Lhe char from Lhe feedsLock
Char?leld ls Lhe mass of Lhe char dlvlded by Lhe mass of Lhe feedsLock
CharA ls Lhe proporLlon of elemenL A wlLhln Lhe char
leedsLock A ls Lhe proporLlon of elemenL A wlLhln Lhe feedsLock
An assumpLlon ln Lhls analysls ls LhaL meLals are noL lnLroduced lnLo Lhe char from Lhe equlpmenL
lLself. lL can be seen from 1able 14 LhaL mosL of Lhe hydrogen and 80 of Lhe nlLrogen ls losL durlng
volaLlllsaLlon. More of Lhe sulphur (40) ls reLalned, buL sllghLly less Lhan reporLed ln oLher sLudles
(Chan & xu, 2009). 1he C/n raLlo ls 38, comparable Lo Lhe mean value of 67 ln Chan and xu. As for
Lhe meLals, Lhe calculaLlon of conservaLlon for Lhree gaslflers, for whlch Lhe rlce husk and C8P were
maLched, produced some unusual resulLs. 1he LoLal k concenLraLlon ls low compared Lo a range of
blochar samples (Chan & xu, 2009).
lor some gaslflers and some elemenLs, Lhe percenLage conservaLlon was over 100, lmplylng some
sorL of concenLraLlon of Lhe elemenL wlLhln Lhe blochar. 1he elemenLs for whlch Lhls was mosL
evldenL are copper, slllca, sodlum, sLronLlum and LlLanlum. 1here are marked dlfferences beLween
Lhe Lhree gaslflers, especlally ln comparlng gaslfler 3 wlLh gaslflers 1 + 2, Lhough some evldence of a
Lendency Lo reLaln and accumulaLe Lhe same parLlcular elemenLs as shown ln llgure 18. 1hls resulL
ls qulLe dlfferenL from oLher reporLed values ln Lhe llLeraLure, for example, LhaL abouL 30 of Lhe na
ls losL by vaporlsaLlon when heaLed Lo 673
o
C (Chan & xu, 2009).
1he LemperaLure of Lhe gaslfler ls above Lhe melLlng polnL of cerLaln meLals, such as Zn, Cd, As, Se, k,
na and Mg and lL ls reasonable Lo assume LhaL volaLallsaLlon of Lhese meLals wlll reduce Lhelr
concenLraLlon ln blochar slnce Lhey wlll dlsappear ln emlsslons or ln Larry effluenLs. llgure 17 does
show LhaL Lhe conservaLlon of Zn, k and Mg ls lower Lhan for oLher meLals, lndlcaLlng posslble
volaLallsaLlon. na concenLraLlon ln char, on Lhe oLher hand, show a varled response. 1he weL
quenchlng of Lhe syngas wlLh waLer may explaln such dlfferences, slnce elemenLs are more llkely Lo
be reLalned Lhan where gases are released dlrecLly Lo aLmosphere. lurLhermore, levels of meLals
wlLh much hlgher bolllng polnLs such as 8, le and Mn also appear Lo show lower levels of
conservaLlon, whereas Lhese meLals oughL Lo be conserved. 1here ls evldence of accumulaLlon of
meLals wlLhln Lhe sludge LhaL collecLs ln Lhe coollng pond, as shown ln 1able 13. very hlgh
concenLraLlons of meLals are found wlLhln Lhe sludge, especlally for Sr, Sl, CA and 1l, all of whlch
have hlgh bolllng polnLs, hence are unllkely Lo be volaLallsed and removed from Lhe reacLlon ln Lhe
gas sLream.

A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
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A
8
v
L
-
l
l
n
A
L

8
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C
8
1

]
49
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

B
a
r
i
u
m

B
o
r
o
n

C
a
l
c
i
u
m

C
o
p
p
e
r

I
r
o
n

M
a
g
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e
s
i
u
m
M
a
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g
a
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s
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P
o
t
a
s
s
i
u
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S
i
li
c
o
n

S
o
d
i
u
m

S
t
r
o
n
t
i
u
m

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

Z
i
n
c

element
%

c
o
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s
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a
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(
h
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k

t
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c
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)

Gasifier 1
Gasifier 2
Gasifier 3

IIGIRL 18: RLTLNTION AND ACCIMILATION OI A RANGL OI LLLMLNTS IN CARBONISLD RICL HISKS RLLATIVL
TO THL RICL HISK ILLDSTOCKS IOR THRLL GASIIILRS (ASSIMING CONSTANT CHAR YILLDi

1hls reLenLlon and accumulaLlon process mlghL have occurred Lhrough Lhe clrculaLlon of Lhe waLer
used for gas cleanlng and Lhen for quenchlng and removlng Lhe C8P from Lhe boLLom of Lhe reacLor.
LlemenLs may have been removed from Lhe hoL syngas when lL reacLs wlLh waLer ln Lhe gas
scrubber, lnLo whlch Lhe hoL syngas from Lhe reacLor enLers, as well as when waLer quenches Lhe hoL
C8P. 1hese elemenLs may Lhen be dlssolved lnLo, sorbed or oLherwlse carrled wlLhln parLlcles or
sedlmenLs ln Lhe coollng waLer, only Lo be adsorbed back lnLo Lhe C8P aL a laLer sLage. Where Lhere
ls a Lendency for Lhe elemenLs Lo be leached ouL of Lhe char, we would expecL reLenLlon raLes Lo be
lower. 1hls appears Lo be Lhe case for 8, le, Mg, Mn, k and Zn. Where a sLronger bond develops
beLween Lhe blochar and Lhe elemenL, reLenLlon and concenLraLlon wlLhln Lhe char may resulL, e.g.
for 8a, Ca, Cu, Sl, na, Sr and 1l. 1he daLa on Lhe meLal concenLraLlons of Lhe black-waLer before and
afLer change-over are parLly conslsLenL wlLh Lhe evldence from Lhe meLal conLenL of Lhe C8Ps. le,
Mg, Mn and k were all found Lo be hlgher ln Lhe 'old' black-waLer sLream, conslsLenL wlLh Lhe
observaLlon LhaL Lhese same elemenLs have a hlgher Lendency Lo leach ouL of char Lhan oLher
elemenLs. Cne lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe daLa ls LhaL Lhe elemenLs wlLh Lhe lower reLenLlon raLes are
Lhose more readlly leached-ouL of Lhe blochar when lL ls applled Lo solls. (8eesley eL al.'s (2010)
resulLs uslng a wood char do noL appear Lo show Lhe same properLles as Lhe C8Ps. ln Lhelr case, Lhe
blochar sorpbed Cd and Zn, buL noL As and Cu. We found, LhaL Lhe C8Ps Lend Lo sorp Cu more Lhan
Zn).
1he CaLlon Lxchange CapaclLy (CLC) varles from 44 Lo 110 cmol+kg
-1
, generally hlgher Lhan values
reporLed for charcoal. 1he varlaLlon ln Lhe value of Lhe CLC may be parLly explalned by Lhe uncerLaln
lmpacL of Lhe coollng waLer. 1hls may also accounL for Lhe varlaLlon ln pP for flve C8P blochar
samples, from 7.79 Lo 9.97. Clearly, Lhere ls slgnlflcanL varlablllLy ln Lhe composlLlon of Lhe C8P due
Lo Lhe speclflclLles of Lhe gaslflcaLlon Lechnology. 1hls makes derlvlng an accuraLe esLlmaLe of Lhe
composlLlon dlfflculL. A furLher uncerLalnLy ls Lhe varlablllLy ln Lhe char yleld beLween reacLors LhaL
was demonsLraLed ln 1able 10. 1hls ls a furLher posslble explanaLlon for Lhe daLa on elemenLal
concenLraLlons above.

]
30
A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
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S
?
-
k
A
8
v
L
-
l
l
n
A
L

8
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C
8
1

Partl cl e sl ze dl strl butl on Partl cl e sl ze dl strl butl on Partl cl e sl ze dl strl butl on Partl cl e sl ze dl strl butl on
1hls was calculaLed by uslng successlve sleves and ls lllusLraLed ln llgure 19. 1hree quarLers of Lhe
rlce husk char has a parLlcle slze beLween 0.3 and 2 mm. Wood-based char samples produced ln
charcoal kllns and baLch pyrolysls unlLs Lyplcally have a larger parLlcle-slze, wlLh 73-93 of parLlcles
havlng a slze of > 2 mm. 1he lmpacL of such parLlcle slze dlfferences upon Lhe properLles of Lhe
blochar ls noL properly undersLood aL presenL.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
remaining 63 125 250 500 2000
particle size (microns)
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
%

IIGIRL 19: PARTICLL SIZL DISTRIBITION OI THL CARBONISLD RICL HISK

1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. Prope Prope Prope Propert es of P ce Pusks rt es of P ce Pusks rt es of P ce Pusks rt es of P ce Pusks, P ce 5traw, , P ce 5traw, , P ce 5traw, , P ce 5traw, UPPs UPPs UPPs UPPs and Uarbon sed P ce and Uarbon sed P ce and Uarbon sed P ce and Uarbon sed P ce
5traw 5traw 5traw 5traw Produc Produc Produc Produced by I PPI ' s Lxper menta| Uas f er ed by I PPI ' s Lxper menta| Uas f er ed by I PPI ' s Lxper menta| Uas f er ed by I PPI ' s Lxper menta| Uas f er
1able Appendlx 2 presenLs daLa on Lhe molsLure conLenL of rlce sLraw, Lable 13 presenLs daLa on Lhe
composlLlon of Lhe four maLerlals. noLe LhaL Lhe low composlLlon of carbon by mass ln Lhe case of
Lhe C8Ps, suggesLs LhaL Lhe gaslflcaLlon process may have proceeded Lo smoulderlng combusLlon
and Lhe producLlon of more rlce husk ash Lhan carbonlzed husks.
1here ls an expecLed accumulaLlon of meLals of c. 3 Llmes ln Lhe C8P for cerLaln elemenLs such as Sl,
le and Ca (glven Lhe yleld of c. 20). Many oLher meLals do accumulaLe ln Lhe C8P, buL noL as much
as mlghL be anLlclpaLed glven Lhe 20 yleld. e.g. by 2 Lo 3 Llmes. ln oLher cases, meLals appear Lo be
losL from Lhe sysLem, Lhough lL ls hard Lo know where Lhey mlghL have gone. 1here are very large
lncreases (of c. 12 - 18 Llmes) ln Lhe case of le and Al and lL ls posslble LhaL meLals may have been
lnLroduced from Lhe gaslflcaLlon equlpmenL lLself.

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1. 4. 3. 1. 4. 3. 1. 4. 3. 1. 4. 3. Propert es of Propert es of Propert es of Propert es of Uhar Produced from 5ugarcane 1rash, Ma ze Uobs Uhar Produced from 5ugarcane 1rash, Ma ze Uobs Uhar Produced from 5ugarcane 1rash, Ma ze Uobs Uhar Produced from 5ugarcane 1rash, Ma ze Uobs
and Wood by AP1I ' s 5 ng| e and Wood by AP1I ' s 5 ng| e and Wood by AP1I ' s 5 ng| e and Wood by AP1I ' s 5 ng| e- -- - arre| arre| arre| arre| Pyro| ys s Pyro| ys s Pyro| ys s Pyro| ys s K | n K | n K | n K | n

1able 16 provldes lnformaLlon on Lhe properLles of Lhe char produced from Lhe Lwo feedsLocks -
sugarcane Lrash and malze cobs - LhaL were used ln Lhe A81l fleld Lrlals. lor comparlson purposes,
daLa on char from Lhe wood ltoposls jotlfloto, as produced ln Lhe A81l slngle-barrel klln, ls also
lncluded, as well as lnformaLlon on Lhe C8P used ln Lhe fleld Lrlals ln Cambodla.

arameter Sugarcane 1rash
Charcoa|
Ma|ze cobs
charcoa|
Proposis jutif/oro
Charcoa|
(produced by
same process,
for compar|son)
k|ce husk char
(from Ankur
gas|f|ers |n
Cambod|a)
pP 10.09 9.04 9.92 7.79
MolsLure 9.2 9.7 6.9 34
LCl 79.1 61.2 96.3 42.2
Ash 20.9 38.8 3.7 37.8
C ( dry welghL) 64.3 32.3 87.4 28.7
P ( dry welghL) 2.01 1.71 1.60 0.18
n ( dry welghL) 1.38 0.38 0.77 0.63
S ( dry welghL) 0.24 0.27 0.06 <0.03
CLC (cmol+/kg) 417.1 234.2 123.3 44.3
Lxchangeable k
(cmol+/kg)
302.8 134.0 189.2 36.4
Lxchangeable na
(cmol+/kg)
37.0 63.4 37.3 1.3
Lxchangeable Ca
(cmol+/kg)
34.7 80.8 103.4 12.4
Lxchangeable Mg
(cmol+/kg)
37.6 30.9 8.9 12.8
uSLA 16 APs
(mg/kg dry wL)
3.2 2.9 0.3 14.6
Al 863 4019 184 92.0
As <2.8 <4.4 <2.1 <1.79
8e <3.6 <8.9 <4.3 <3.39
Cd <0.6 <0.9 <0.4 <0.36
Cr <2.8 8.4 <2.1 <1.44
Cu 93.1 30.6 17.9 8.13
le 1663 3687 43.9 63.6
b 96.0 <2.7 9.7 2.62
Mn 29.0 169 8.7 133

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Pg <2.8 <4.4 <2.1 <1.79
nl 6.23 14.66 1.70 <1.08
Sl** 224 63.1 798 66.0
1l 29.1 380 2.0 1.79
Zn 13.4 22.3 2.3 11.7
v <2.8 27.7 <2.1 <1.79
8a 47.1 20.3 6.0 19.3
na 2996 1116 1238 76.1
Ca 3686 17049 8372 609
Mg 3460 3041 483 162
k 13639 3789 3093 393
Sr 63.4 77.3 111 1.87
8 2.08 19.10 7.99 3.83

TABLL 16: PROPLRTILS OI THL BIOCHAR PRODICLD BY ARTI`S SINGLL-KILN PYROLYSIS INIT IROM
SIGARCANL TRASH, MAIZL COBS, P.JITIILORA AND (IOR COMPARISONi IROM RICL HISKS (ANKIR GASIIILRi

1he wood char has a Lyplcally low ash conLenL, whlle sugarcane Lrash conLalns 21 ash and malze
cobs 39, Lhls ls reflecLed ln lower carbon conLenLs for sugarcane Lrash (63) and malze cobs (33)
compared Lo wood char (87). 1hese qulLe large dlfferences are lmporLanL ln Lerms of overall levels
of carbon abaLemenL. Plgh levels of poLenLlally useful mlnerals are found wlLhln Lhe ash, as lndlcaLed
ln 1able 16. 1esLs are currenLly belng underLaken on Lhe sLablllLy of Lhe lablle and recalclLranL
carbon ln Lhe Lhree char samples whlch wlll be compleLed ln !anuary 2011.

1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5. 5cann ng L| ectron M croscope I mages of Uhar from P ce Pusks, . 5cann ng L| ectron M croscope I mages of Uhar from P ce Pusks, . 5cann ng L| ectron M croscope I mages of Uhar from P ce Pusks, . 5cann ng L| ectron M croscope I mages of Uhar from P ce Pusks,
5ugarcane 1rash and Ma ze 1rash 5ugarcane 1rash and Ma ze 1rash 5ugarcane 1rash and Ma ze 1rash 5ugarcane 1rash and Ma ze 1rash

An SLM lmage of rlce husk ls show ln llgure 20, whlle Lhe sLrucLure of a carbonlsed rlce husk ls show
ln llgures 21 and 22. lL can be seen LhaL Lhere ls a close slmllarlLy beLween Lhe sLrucLure of Lhe
feedsLock and Lhe C8P, suggesLlng Lhe recalclLrance of Lhe slllca shell.

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IIGIRL 20: SLM OI A RICL HISK SHOVING DLNDATL RLCTANGILAR INITS AND HAIRS (COIRTLSY OI KYLL
CROMBIL, IKBRCi

IIGIRL 21: SLM DLTAIL OI A CARBONISLD RICL HISK SHOVING THL LARGLLY INTACT STRICTIRL OI THL
LXTLRNAL SILICA SHLLL

1he wldLh of Lhe recLangular unlLs decreases durlng gaslflcaLlon by approxlmaLely 73, less Lhan
mlghL be expecLed from Lhe welghL reducLlon. 1he parLlal breakdown of Lhe shell can be observed ln
llgure 22, buL oLher lmages show more clearly Lhe decomposlLlon of Lhe rlce husks followlng
gaslflcaLlon. llgure 22 shows whaL appears Lo be organlc maLLer ln Lhe process of bubbllng and
volaLlllzlng. Also evldenL are Lhe macro-pores ln Lhe cross-secLlon of Lhe maLerlal.

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IIGIRL 22: SLM OI CRHS SHOVING THL DLCOMPOSITION OI THL ORGANIC MATTLR

1hese pores are shown more clearly ln llgure 23 where hollow-flbres are evldenL, some of whlch
appear Lo have been parLlally fllled wlLh organlc maLLer parLlcles. CLher lmages (noL shown)
lllusLraLe LhaL Lhe C8P ls a qulLe heLerogeneous maLerlal, conLalnlng also meso- and mlcro-pores. lL
has noL been posslble Lo examlne Lhe sugarcane and malze cob char under Lhe SLM ln Llme Lo be
lncluded ln Lhls reporL. lmages wlll be lncluded on Lhe pro[ecL blog slLe ln !anuary 2011.

IIGIRL 2`: CROSS-SLCTION OI CRH SHOVING THL PRLSLNCL OI MACRO-PORLS

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1. 6 1. 6 1. 6 1. 6. .. . Potent Potent Potent Potent a| Uontam nat on w th n the UPP, 5ugarcane 1rash and Ma ze a| Uontam nat on w th n the UPP, 5ugarcane 1rash and Ma ze a| Uontam nat on w th n the UPP, 5ugarcane 1rash and Ma ze a| Uontam nat on w th n the UPP, 5ugarcane 1rash and Ma ze
Uob Uob Uob Uob 1rash 1rash 1rash 1rash ocha ocha ocha ochar r r r

1here are Lwo Lypes of conLamlnaLlon ln C8Ps LhaL need Lo be consldered: poLenLlally Loxlc elemenLs
(1Ls), ln parLlcular meLals, and organlc compounds. ln order Lo evaluaLe conLamlnaLlon from 1Ls,
we have used Lhe uk sewage sludge regulaLlons whlch provlde a maxlmum permlsslble
concenLraLlon of 1L ln soll ln mgkg
-1
dry solld and a maxlmum permlsslble average annual raLe of
1L addlLlon over a Len year perlod (kgha
-1
) (ueparLmenL of LnvlronmenL, 1996). no equlvalenL
regulaLlons are avallable for Lhe Cambodlan conLexL and we have used Lhe uk guldance ln lleu of
anyLhlng more approprlaLe. 1he values are pP dependenL and we have used Lhe lowesL values where
Lhere ls a cholce Lo err on Lhe slde of cauLlon. Llkewlse, we have used Lhe hlghesL values for Lhe 1Ls
from Lhe flve C8P samples analysed. 1he analysls shows LhaL Lhe 1Ls ln Lhe C8Ps, and ln Lhe malze
and sugarcane Lrash and wood char produced aL A81l, do noL exceed Lhe levels recommended by
Lhe uk governmenL. 1he elemenL whlch ls closesL Lo Lhe Lhreshold for C8Ps ls copper buL even ln
Lhls case lL would be necessary Lo add 129 Lonnes of C8P per hecLare per year Lo exceed Lhe
Lhreshold. Copper and lead are Lhe Lwo elemenLs LhaL come closesL Lo belng an lssue for Lhe
sugarcane and malze cob char, buL once agaln lL would be necessary Lo be lncorporaLe beLween 70
and 130 Lonnes of char per ha per year Lo exceed Lhe regulaLory Lhresholds seL ln Lhe uk.
1he uSLA 16 APs were measured by uslng an acceleraLed solvenL exLracLlon (ASL) and Lhe
concenLraLlons ln C8Ps were 13 Lo 104 mgkg
-1
and lower for Lhe sugarcane and malze cob char (2.9 -
3.2 mgkg
-1
). 1he deLalled speclaLlon of Lhe APs ln Lhe slngle sample of sugarcane Lrash char, malze
cob char and C8Ps ls shown ln 1able 17. 1oLals were calculaLed for Lhe 16 APs ln Lhe case of four
C8P samples, whlle lndlvldual concenLraLlons were calculaLed for a slngle sample (whlch has a _ 16
AP value of 33 mgkg
-1
). Clearly, Lhe C8P conLaln conslderably more APs Lhan Lhe average uk soll,
buL agalnsL Lhls lL has Lo be recognlsed LhaL addlng 10 Lonnes of C8P Lo soll only represenLs 0.23 of
Lhe soll mass Lo a depLh of 23cm. Pence, even a very large blochar addlLlon of 60Lha
-1
only
represenLs 1.3 of Lhe soll mass and Lhe AP concenLraLlons ln Lhe C8P would be masslvely dlluLed
(Lhough could be concenLraLed on blochar parLlcles ln soll).
An
(a|| |n mgkg
-1
)

Ckn samp|e Ma|ze trash
char
Sugarcane
trash char
Lco-So||
Screen|ng
Leve|s
(USLA)
Max|mum |n
product
(mgkg
-1

under
I|em|sh |aw)
uSLA 16 APs 33 3.2 2.9
naphLhalene 10.41 2.33 1.37 29 - 100 2.3
1-MeLhylnaphLhalene 1.77 29 - 100
2-MeLhylnaphLhalene 1.36 29 - 100
AcenaphLhylene 4.39 0.09 0.03 29 - 100
AcenaphLhene 0.81 0.11 0.03 29 - 100
lluorene 0.38 0.16 0.11 29 - 100

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henanLhrene 7.63 0.37 0.26 29 - 100 0.9
AnLhracene 1.21 <0.01 <0.01 29 - 100
lluoranLhene 3.73 <0.01 <0.01 29 - 100 2.3
yrene 2.19 <0.01 <0.01 1.1 - 18
8enzo(a)anLhracene 0.21 <0.01 <0.01 1.1 - 18 0.68
Chrysene 0.39 <0.01 <0.01 1.1 - 18 1.7
8enzo(b)fluoranLhene 0.01 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18 2.3
8enzo(k)fluoranLhene 0.06 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18 2.3
8enzo(a)pyrene 0.08 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18
0.13 (uk LA)
1.1
lndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene <0.01 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18 1.1
ulbenzo(a,h)anLhracene < 0.01 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18
8enzo(g,h,l)perylene < 0.04 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18 1.1

TABLL 17: ANALYSIS OI PAHS IN CARBONISLD RICL HISKS, MAIZL TRASH CHAR, SIGARCANL TRASH CHAR AND
COMPARISON VITH SOML RLGILATORY GIIDANCL ON LIMITS

lL can be seen ln 1able 17 LhaL for Lhe uSLA Lco-SSLs (and for Lhe one SSv for benzo(a)pyrene of Lhe
uk LnvlronmenL Agency) all Lhree blochar samples have accepLable AP levels, wlLh Lhe one
excepLlon of pyrene ln Lhe C8P. 1he llemlsh Lhresholds are more sLrlngenL and for Lhree APs
(naphLhalene, phenanLhrene and fluoranLhene), Lhe levels are Loo hlgh ln Lhe C8P, buL noL ln Lhe
malze cob and sugarcane Lrash char. 1he uk LnvlronmenL Agency Soll Screenlng values provlde a
Lhreshold also for Loluene (0.3 mgkg
-1
), whereas Lhe value for 8L1x for Lwo samples of C8Ps LesLed ls
conslderably hlgher aL 7 - 22 mgkg
-1
. 1he same guldance provldes numbers for several oLher
chemlcals, buL noLes LhaL Lhese SSvs are 'currenLly lnsufflclenLly rellable': naphLhalene (0.0333
mgkg
-1
, compared Lo 10.4 mgkg
-1
ln Lhe C8P sample), anLhracene (0.02 mgkg
-1
, compared Lo 1.21
mgkg
-1
ln Lhe C8P sample and a mean value of 0.236 mgkg
-1
ln Lngllsh solls

and benzene (0.2 mgkg
-1
)
(LnvlronmenL Agency, 2007). 1he problem wlLh relylng upon Lhese numbers ln assesslng AP levels
ln blochar ls LhaL: a) Lhey are Lyplcally developed for conLamlnaLed soll amendmenLs, b) Lhey are noL
currenLly rellable, and c) Lhey do noL accounL for dlluLlon effecLs arlslng from Lhe facL LhaL blochar
addlLlon ls llkely Lo be only a small percenLage of LoLal soll mass.
ln summary, Lhe whole lssue of organlc conLamlnanLs ln blochar, and wheLher Lhey may pose rlsks
for solls and ecosysLems, ls hlghly uncerLaln aL Lhe currenL Llme, hence lL ls very dlfflculL aL presenL
Lo deflne accepLable and safe levels of APs and oLher organlc molecules ln amendmenLs Lo soll. 1he
C8Ps conLalns hlgher levels of poLenLlally dangerous APs, buL Lhe exLracLlon meLhod used ln Lhls
sLudy ls falrly 'aggresslve' because of Lhe hlgh sorpLlon properLles of Lhe blochar and Lhere ls a ma[or
quesLlon concernlng wheLher blochar wlll acL Lo reLaln APs ln solls. Pence, blo-avallablllLy may be
much lower Lhan lndlcaLed by Lhe values ln 1able 17. 8eesley eL al. (2010) found, for example, LhaL

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blo-avallable APs were half of Lhe 'LoLals' ln conLamlnaLed soll, where blochar was used a soll
amendmenL, probably due Lo sorpLlon of APs lnLo Lhe blochar. 1he AP and meLal conLenLs of Lhe
sugarcane and malze cob Lrash blochar are generally low and well wlLhln regulaLory Lhresholds as
shown ln 1able 16 and 17.
More research needs Lo be underLaken on Lhe lssue of poLenLlally Loxlc compounds and approprlaLe
meLhods developed for LesLlng blochar samples.

1. 7. P 1. 7. P 1. 7. P 1. 7. Potent a| Pea| th I ssues Ar s ng from Use of UPPs n Agr cu| tura| otent a| Pea| th I ssues Ar s ng from Use of UPPs n Agr cu| tura| otent a| Pea| th I ssues Ar s ng from Use of UPPs n Agr cu| tura| otent a| Pea| th I ssues Ar s ng from Use of UPPs n Agr cu| tura|
5cenar os 5cenar os 5cenar os 5cenar os
AnoLher lssue of poLenLlal concern ls Lhe healLh lmpacLs arlslng from exposure Lo C8P, elLher ln
producLlon or deploymenL. 1here are a range of posslble concerns: slllcosls (chronlc, acceleraLed or
acuLe), scleroderma, lupus, arLhrlLls, Luberculosls and kldney dlsorders and cancer. 1he lnLernaLlonal
Agency for 8esearch on Cancer (lA8C, 1997) underLook an exhausLlve revlew of slllca publlshed ln
1997 and concluded LhaL:
1here ls sufflclenL evldence ln humans for Lhe carclnogenlclLy of lnhaled crysLalllne slllca ln
Lhe form of quarLz or crlsLoballLe from occupaLlonal sources. 1here ls lnadequaLe evldence ln
humans for Lhe carclnogenlclLy of amorphous slllca" (page 210, lA8C, 1997).
1he uk PealLh and SafeLy LxecuLlve has llkewlse concluded LhaL:
1he welghL of evldence from epldemlologlcal sLudles, comblned wlLh evldence from anlmal
sLudles and currenL undersLandlng of Lhe llkely Loxlcologlcal mechanlsms underplnnlng Lhe
developmenL of lung cancer ln raLs exposed Lo resplrable crysLalllne slllca (8CS), supporLs Lhe
vlew LhaL 8CS has Lhe poLenLlal Lo cause lung cancer ln humans". (page 3, PSL, 2003).
1he balance of evldence suggesLs LhaL heavy and prolonged occupaLlonal exposures Lo 8CS
can cause an lncreased rlsk of lung cancer. ... of Lhe very many sLudles avallable, mosL of
whlch clearly demonsLraLe excess morLallLy and morbldlLy from slllcosls, Lhere are few
sLudles LhaL, Laken ln lsolaLlon, provlde reasonably convlnclng evldence for an lncrease ln
lung cancer LhaL can be aLLrlbuLed Lo 8CS. 1hls appears Lo supporL Lhe vlew LhaL 8CS ls a
relaLlvely weak carclnogen, oLherwlse Lhe evldence for lung cancer would be far clearer and
convlnclng Lhan ls Lhe case. (page 3, PSL, 2003).
CrysLalllne slllca ls produced from amorphous slllca aL LemperaLures > 800
o
C, hence mlghL be
anLlclpaLed Lo form durlng gaslflcaLlon. ln order Lo explore Lhls, x-ray dlffracLlon (x8u) sLudles were
conducLed of boLh rlce husk char and rlce husk ash. lL proved lmposslble Lo dlsLlngulsh crysLalllne
slllca from graphlLe, however. lurLher LesLs are now belng conducLed Lo ldenLlfy wheLher Lhe rlce
husks exhlblL crysLalllnlLy, buL Lhls cannoL be done ln Lhe Llmescale of Lhe presenL work.

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Work Package Work Package Work Package Work Package 2: I dent f cat on of agr cu| tura| opportun t es for 2: I dent f cat on of agr cu| tura| opportun t es for 2: I dent f cat on of agr cu| tura| opportun t es for 2: I dent f cat on of agr cu| tura| opportun t es for
ncorporat ng b ochar, n each partner country ncorporat ng b ochar, n each partner country ncorporat ng b ochar, n each partner country ncorporat ng b ochar, n each partner country
5takeho| der Pe 5takeho| der Pe 5takeho| der Pe 5takeho| der Per rr r spect ves on ochar I e| d 1r a| s spect ves on ochar I e| d 1r a| s spect ves on ochar I e| d 1r a| s spect ves on ochar I e| d 1r a| s

lrom Lhe flrsL lndlan workshop, Lhe requlremenLs for blochar Lo be effecLlvely lncorporaLed lnLo an
agrlculLural sysLem wlLh approprlaLe blochar Lrlal managemenL were dlscussed and Lhe followlng key
polnLs noLed.
knowledge of Lhe land - whaL are Lhe llmlLlng facLors (pP, nuLrlenLs, waLer avallablllLy)
leedsLock should be avallable, no compeLlng use, and also ln Lhe vlclnlLy Lo reduce LransporL
cosLs
Successful Lrlal ploLs should be conducLed lnlLlally
Lven small scale Lrlals can be useful
A conLrol ploL where everyLhlng ls Lhe same aparL from Lhe absence of blochar needs Lo be
used ln all cases
1esLlng dlfferenL appllcaLlon raLes and dlfferenL blochars can yleld dlfferenL resulLs

1he workshop ln Cambodla addlLlonally dlscussed Lhe use of feedsLock as a composL versus
Lhermochemlcal converslon of Lhe feedsLock Lo blochar. lL was agreed LhaL, ln general, composL
should be used as a meLhod of ferLlllsaLlon and also Lo lncrease Lhe SCC ln Lhe soll. 8lochar can be
used as boLh a soll condlLloner (buL malnly Lo lmprove sLrucLural properLles), and also Lo sLore
carbon. ComposL ls ofLen a source of meLhane - parLlcularly where Lhe blomass encounLers
anaeroblc condlLlons, as ls ofLen Lhe case ln Cambodla due Lo waLer-logglng of solls ln Lhe ralny
season. 8lochar ls noL a ferLlllser, and should noL be consldered as one, alLhough lL does conLaln
some useful nuLrlenLs. 8oLh composLlng and blochar producLlon are valld uses of organlc wasLe, and
should noL be seen as compeLlLors, buL used raLher ln and for dlfferenL slLuaLlons and purposes.
1he selecLlon of Lhe feedsLock ls also lmporLanL: rlce husk for example may noL be a flrsL cholce for a
composL feedsLock, buL ls perhaps more sulLable for blochar producLlon. Where blochar already
occurs as a by-producL of anoLher process (e.g. charcoal producLlon) lL can be used as a bulklng
agenL for a composL, Lhus servlng Lhe purposes of lncreaslng Lhe amounL of composL used, and
provldlng carbon sLorage properLles.
ln lndla several volunLary groups and lndlvldual farmers were ldenLlfled as already experlmenLlng
wlLh blochar producLlon and appllcaLlon ln agrlculLure. Cne of Lhe offshooLs of Lhese dlscusslons and
conLacLs has been Lhe formaLlon of 1he SocleLy of 8lochar lnlLlaLlves (1S8l) ln lndla, wlLh an ob[ecLlve
of creaLlng a neLwork of blochar pracLlLloners for knowledge and experlence sharlng.
Several pracLlLloners of organlc farmlng (some who had already used blochar and some for whom lL
was an enLlrely new Loplc) parLlclpaLed ln Lhe naLlonal ConsulLaLlon on 8lochar and Carbon Lmlsslon
8educLlon, organlsed ln lndla, on november 22-23, 2010. ln general, Lhe organlc farmlng communlLy
ls very keen on explorlng Lhe use of blochar ln addlLlon Lo LradlLlonal organlc ferLlllzers ln Lhe hope of
lncreaslng Lhe efflcacy of organlc farmlng meLhods. 1he only lssue of concern ls Lhe commerclal
value of charcoal as a fuel versus Lhe flnanclal beneflL of lLs lmpacL on agrlculLural ylelds.

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Work Package Work Package Work Package Work Package 3: 0rgan sat on and 3: 0rgan sat on and 3: 0rgan sat on and 3: 0rgan sat on and M MM Management anagement anagement anagement of of of of I II I e| d e| d e| d e| d 1 11 1r a| s r a| s r a| s r a| s

3. 3. 3. 3. 1 11 1. Pot and I e| d 1r a| s n I nd a . Pot and I e| d 1r a| s n I nd a . Pot and I e| d 1r a| s n I nd a . Pot and I e| d 1r a| s n I nd a
Analysls of Lhe solls used ln Lhe poL and fleld Lrlals ls shown ln 1able 18.

arameter Va|ue
1 pP 7.42
2 Lle. ConducLance 0.96 decl slmen / m2
3 le 1.16 ppm
4. Mn 0.21 ppm
S Zn 0.93 ppm
6 Cu 1.18 ppm
7 Crganlc Carbon 0.36
8 nlLrogen 123 kg / ha
9 hosphorus 69.32 kg / ha
10 oLasslum 242 kg / ha
11 Sodlum 1.96 mg / llL
12 Calclum 7.34

TABLL 18: ANALYSIS OI THL SOILS ISLD IN THL INDIAN POT AND IILLD TRIALS

1he soll Lype ls verLlsol. Analysls shows lL Lo be sllghLly alkallne. 1here wlll, Lherefore, be no beneflLs
arlslng from pP moderaLlon from Lhe addlLlon of blochar, slnce Lhe char produced ls sLrongly alkallne
(see 1able 16) and Lhe planLs do noL requlre hlghly alkallne solls.

3. 3. 3. 3. 1 11 1. 1. . 1. . 1. . 1. I e| d tr a| s I e| d tr a| s I e| d tr a| s I e| d tr a| s

1he daLa for Lhe enLlre Lrlal ls summarlzed ln 1able 18.

1reatment rep1 rep2 rep3 MLAN
Craln yleld (kg) l11 ConLrol 0.06 0.03 0.32 0.14
l12 20L 0.423 0.31 0.67 0.47
l13 40L 0.13 0.27 0.11 0.18
l14 60L 0.1 0.093 0.233 0.14
l13 80L 0.33 0.043 0.37 0.32

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l16 20L+
vermlcomposL
0.038 0.33 0.04 0.14
l17 Chemlcal
lerLlllzer
0.038 0.13 4.62 1.60
lodder welghL (kg) l11 ConLrol 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.73
l12 20L 1.2 1 2 1.40
l13 40L 1 1.3 0.6 1.03
l14 60L 0.8 1 0.3 0.77
l13 80L 1.4 0.43 1.33 1.07
l16 20L+
vermlcomposL
0.4 2 0.33 0.92
l17 Chemlcal
lerLlllzer
0.3 1 7 2.77
Cob welghL (kg) l11 ConLrol 0.08 0.06 0.4 0.18
l12 20L 0.33 0.41 0.83 0.60
l13 40L 0.21 0.33 0.13 0.24
l14 60L 0.13 0.12 0.33 0.21
l13 80L 0.7 0.07 0.3 0.42
l16 20L+
vermlcomposL
0.03 0.42 0.03 0.17
l17 Chemlcal
lerLlllzer
0.03 0.18 0.37 0.27

TABLL 19: RLSILTS IROM THL INDIAN IILLD TRIAL

llgure 24 shows Lhe varlaLlon of Lhe Lhree measured parameLers wlLh blochar appllcaLlon levels,
lncludlng Lhe sLandard errors.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Control 20t 40t 60t 80t 20+V
Grain yield
Fodder weight
Cob weight

IIGIRL 24: IILLD RLSILTS INDIA (MAIZLi: TONNLS PLR HLCTARL VLRSIS BIOCHAR APPLICATION LLVLLS

1he daLa from Lhe l16 and l17 repllcaLes showed a very hlgh degree of varlaLlon and ls consldered Lo
be anomalous. Pence, lL has noL been consldered ln Lhe above analysls. Powever, Lhe hlghesL yleld
across Lhe full daLa seL was for one of Lhe chemlcal ferLlllzer (l17) repllcaLes.

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1he resulLs were analysed uslng AnCvA ln SSS (Lable 20) and lL was found LhaL Lhere ls no
sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL dlfference ln means beLween Lhe LreaLmenLs. Powever, when Lhe 20Lha
-1

appllcaLlon alone was compared Lo Lhe conLrol (no LreaLmenL), Lhere was clearer evldence of a
relaLlonshlp, ln parLlcular for Lhe graln yleld and cob welghL varlables (l.e. slgnlflcanL aL 92
probablllLy).

Var|ab|e A|| treatments Annova p
va|ue
11 and 12 (Contro| and 20 t
ha
-1
b|ochar) Annova p va|ue
Craln yleld 0.132 0.078
lodder welghL 0.443 0.186
Cob welghL 0.136 0.068
1oLal blomass 0.299 0.137

TABLL 20: ANNOVA RLSILTS IROM THL INDIAN IILLD TRIAL

1he besL resulL appears Lo occur aL Lhe 20 L ha
-1
dose and Lhere ls some evldence (Lhough noL
sLaLlsLlcally represenLaLlve) of a decrease ln yleld wlLh appllcaLlon level. 1he addlLlon of
vermlcomposL does noL appear Lo enhance Lhe effecLs of Lhe blochar addlLlon, and mlghL even have
Lhe opposlLe effecL (lndlcaLlng LhaL more work ls requlred Lo LesL Lhe common vlew LhaL composL +
blochar comblnaLlons wlll be more advanLageous (ln Lerms of ylelds) Lhan elLher soll amendmenL
alone).

3. 3. 3. 3. 1 11 1. 2 Pot tr a| s . 2 Pot tr a| s . 2 Pot tr a| s . 2 Pot tr a| s

1hese Lrlals were seL up wlLh Lhe same LreaLmenLs as ln Lhe fleld Lrlals as well as a few addlLlonal
LreaLmenLs as descrlbed ln 1able 21. 1hese were seL up speclflcally Lo compare Lhe effecL of blochar
wlLh Lhe effecLs of organlc and chemlcal ferLlllzers. 1he resulLs are shown ln 1able 22 and llgure 23.
1he lndlvldual repllcaLe resulLs are noL avallable here, so Lhe mean resulL for all repllcaLes ls shown.
1hls means LhaL, aL presenL, we are unable Lo underLake sLaLlsLlcal analysls of varlance and esLabllsh
slgnlflcanL dlfference.

1reatment
No.
Deta||s V|sua| Cbservat|ons
I11 8lochar 20 L ha
-1
CrowLh ls good buL noL healLhy
It2 8lochar 40 L ha
-1
lanL growLh ls lower as compared Lo LreaLmenL
I13 8lochar 60 L ha
-1
Low vlgor
I14 8lochar 80 L ha
-1
very low vlgor and showlng some Loxlc effecL
on planL
I1S 8lochar + 8ecommended
chemlcal ferLlllzer
very good growLh and healLhy planLs as
compared Lo above 4 LreaLmenLs
I16 8lochar + ComposL ferLlllzer Cood growLh and vlgor

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I17 8ochar + Chemlcal ferLlllzer Cood growLh buL low vlgor.

I18 8lochar + vermlcomposL Cood growLh and vlgor as compared Lo
LreaLmenL 1 Lo 4
I19 Chemlcal ferLlllzer
recommended
very good vlgor
I110 unLreaLed conLrol very poor growLh
I111 ComposL ferLlllzer Cood vlgor
I112 verml composL Cood vlgor

8lomass measuremenL daLa*

TABLL 21: DLTAILS OI THL POT TRIALS INDLRTAKLN IN INDIA

1reatment No. Iresh b|omass
we|ght |n gm
Av p|ant
he|ght
Av no. of
|eaves per
p|ant
Iormat|on of
cabbage
Av koot
|ength per
p|ant |n cm
l11 220 22.3 11 nll 6.3
l12 70 13.0 12 nll 10.3
l13 30 17.3 7 nll 6.3
l14 40 19.0 8 nll 10.3
l13 220 19.0 17 2 11.3
l16 60 21.0 14 nll 6.3
l17 30 24.0 16 1 8.0
l18 30 20.0 10 nll 6.3
l19 230 23.3 13 1 12.0
l110 40 17.3 10 nll 8
l111 70 16.0 13 nll 11.3
l112 60 19.0 10 nll 8.3

TABLL 22: RLSILTS IROM THL POT TRIALS

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IIGIRL 25: THL RLSILTS IROM THL INDIAN POT TRIALS

As can be seen from llgure 23, Lhe besL growLh was observed ln l19, ln whlch Lhe addlLlon ls
synLheLlc ferLlllzer aL Lhe recommended dose. Powever Lhe nexL besL daLa ls observed ln l11, ln
whlch 20 Lha
-1
of blochar was applled. A hlgh yleld was also obLalned for l13, whlch comblned
blochar (20 Lha
-1
) wlLh synLheLlc ferLlllzer (same dose as ln l19). lor all oLher LreaLmenLs, lncludlng
dlfferenL levels of blochar addlLlon as well as comblnlng blochar wlLh chemlcal or organlc ferLlllzer,
Lhe growLh (boLh ln Lerms of blomass welghL and planL helghL) was lnferlor Lo LreaLmenLs l11, 3 and
9. ?lelds were sLlll hlgher Lhan Lhe conLrol (l110, no LreaLmenL) ln mosL cases, Lhough wheLher Lhls
dlfference ls sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL or noL ls noL presenLly known. 1he apparenL reducLlon ln yleld
wlLh hlgher blochar appllcaLlon levels (40, 60 and 80 Lha
-1
) may lndlcaLe over-sorpLlon of nuLrlenLs
such as blo-avallable forms of n, Lhough LreaLmenL l17 ls somewhaL dlfflculL Lo lnLerpreL ln LhaL
case slnce lL comblnes 40Lha
-1
blochar wlLh chemlcal ferLlllzer addlLlon. CLher poL Lrlals research has
shown a slmllar reducLlon ln planL blomass wlLh hlgh blochar appllcaLlon levels (8uysschaerL and
nellssen, personal communlcaLlon). As demonsLraLed ln secLlon 3.2.1., however, Lhe Cambodlan poL
Lrlals dld noL appear Lo show Lhls effecL - on Lhe conLrary, very hlgh levels of blochar addlLlon
appeared Lo conLlnue Lo have a beneflclal lmpacL on planL yleld. 1he poLenLlal for over-sorpLlon of
planL-avallable nuLrlenLs by addlLlon of Loo much blochar could be an lmporLanL consLralnL LhaL
needs Lo be furLher lnvesLlgaLed.

1he poL Lrlal resulLs are more or less conslsLenL wlLh Lhe resulLs for farm Lrlals. lL ls lnLeresLlng LhaL
even Lhough LoLally dlfferenL soll sLrucLures and crops were lnvolved, Lhe general Lrend seem Lo be
slmllar. 1hls may suggesL LhaL Lhe observed effecL ls due Lo Lhe blochar addlLlon raLher Lhan Lo
anoLher facLor. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL solls ln Lhe lndlan Lrlals were somewhaL alkallne, hence
Lhe pP moderaLlon beneflL of alkallne blochar on acldlc solls would noL have occurred.

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3. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. Pot and I e| d 1r a| s Undertake Pot and I e| d 1r a| s Undertake Pot and I e| d 1r a| s Undertake Pot and I e| d 1r a| s Undertaken nn n n n n n Uambod a Uambod a Uambod a Uambod a

3. 3. 3. 3. 2 22 2. 1. . 1. . 1. . 1. Uontro| | ed pot exper ments Uontro| | ed pot exper ments Uontro| | ed pot exper ments Uontro| | ed pot exper ments
1he soll and blochar analysls ls provlded ln 1able 23. 1he blochar has hlgher levels of exchangeable
elemenLs, and overall CLC whlch ls almosL double LhaL of boLh solls. noLe, however, LhaL Lhe
lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe CLC of blochar needs Lo be LreaLed wlLh some cauLlon. 1he measured CLC may
be prlmarlly a consequence of Lhe presence of ash ln Lhe char, raLher Lhan measurlng
exchangeablllLy of Lhe carbonaceous char surfaces. lurLhermore, Lhe CLC of blochar undergoes
change once lL ls lnLroduced lnLo soll, consequenLly Lhe sLarLlng value may noL be lndlcaLlve of Lhe
value over Llme. A number of Lrace meLals are also provlded ln Lhe blochar whlch have hlgher levels
Lhan ln Lhe soll. 1he alkallne properLles of Lhe char are slgnlflcanL slnce Lhe solls are hlghly acldlc
whlch ls ofLen a llmlLlng facLor for crop growLh.
ropert|es ] Ana|yte Un|t So|| (11)

So|| p|us sed|ment,
compost, & LM (13)
8|ochar

pP pP unlL 4.77 3.39 7.79
1oLal C 0.48 0.03 28.7
1oLal P 0.03 0.02 0.18
1oLal n 0.3 0.13 0.63
1oLal S 0.0 0.0 <0.03
Lxchangeable k Cmol+/kg 1.02 1.73 36.4
Lxchangeable na Cmol+/kg 11.38 11.98 1.3
Lxchangeable Ca Cmol+/kg 4.38 11.11 12.4
Lxchangeable Mg Cmol+/kg 1.70 3.09 12.8
CLC Cmol+/kg 18.44 24.24 44.3
Al Mg/kg 8929 9019 92.0
As Mg/kg < 1.33 <1.63 <1.79
8e Mg/kg < 3.06 < 3.26 <3.39
Cd Mg/kg <0.31 <0.33 <0.36
Cr Mg/kg 11.0 10.9 <1.44
Cu Mg/kg 2.02 2.23 8.13
le Mg/kg 4483 4334 63.6
b Mg/kg 3.10 3.39 2.62
Mn Mg/kg 26.3 33.4 133
Pg Mg/kg < 1.33 < 1.63 <1.79
nl Mg/kg 3.48 3.92 <1.08
Sl Mg/kg 79.3 92.9 66.0
1l Mg/kg 42.4 42.9 1.79
Zn Mg/kg 6.08 7.13 11.7
v Mg/kg 19.0 17.9 <1.79
8a Mg/kg 14.9 42.3 19.3
na Mg/kg 42.3 48.3 76.1
Ca Mg/kg 83.4 239 609
Mg Mg/kg 163 226 162
k Mg/kg 313 428 393
Sr Mg/kg 2.20 2.74 1.87

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8 Mg/kg < 1.49 <1.34 3.83
uSLA _16 APs
a
Mg/kg - - 14.6
Clay (<0.002 mm) 16.03 17.63 -
llne sllL (0.002-0.03 mm)* 18.13 21.93 -
Coarse sllL (0.02-0.03 mm) 3.10 3.22 -
llne sand (0.03-0.2 mm) 19.32 23.8 -
Coarse sand (0.2-2 mm) 41.47 28.89 -
a
APs were noL analysed ln Lhe soll slnce lL was consldered unllkely LhaL Lhere wlll be slgnlflcanL proporLlons
Lo be found ln Lhe soll slnce lL ls noL known Lo be a conLamlnaLed slLe.
1A8LL 23: CPLMlCAL Anu P?SlCAL 8CL81lLS Cl 8lCCPA8 Anu SClL uSLu ln 1PL C1 LxL8lMLn1 ln
CAM8CulA

1he experlmenLal deslgn ls seL ouL ln 1able 24 and Lhe seL-up ls shown ln llgure 26.

1reatment Name 8|ochar
(g kg
-1
)
Lake sed|ment
(g kg
-1
)
Compost
(g kg
-1
)
LM
11 unlmproved soll 0 0 0 x
12 unlmproved wlLh blochar 30 0 0 x
13 lmproved soll 0 12 23 ?es
14 lmproved wlLh low blochar 23 12 23 ?es
13 lmproved wlLh medlum
blochar
30 12 23 ?es
16 lmproved wlLh hlgh blochar 130 12 23 ?es

TABLL 24: TRLATMLNT DLTAILS OI POT TRIALS IN CAMBODIA

ln each LreaLmenL four repllcaLes were used and a mean value, wlLh sLandard errors, ls reporLed ln
each cropplng cycle (llgure 27, 1able 23). Powever, ln 1rlal 2, LreaLmenL one, only one planL cabbage
planL survlved, so Lhls slngle value was used.

IIGIRL 26: IMAGL OI THL CABBAGLS GROVN IN DIIILRLNT TRLATMLNTS IN POTS IN CAMBODIA

8lochar appllcaLlon Lo Lhe soll resulLs ln an lncrease ln planL producLlvlLy across all measured
lndlcaLors. 1he effecL of addlng 20 L ha
-1
blochar Lo unlmproved solls ls larger Lhan where blochar ls

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67
added Lo lmproved solls. roducLlvlLy lncrease was greaLesL for Lhe hlghesL blochar appllcaLlon raLe
(aL 130 g kg
-1
, 16). 1he dlfference beLween Lhe LreaLmenLs, as LesLed by one-way AnCvA, separaLely
carrled ouL on Lhe unlmproved and lmproved soll cases, ls sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL for all LreaLmenLs
excepL for rooL welghL, and number of leaves ln Lhe cabbage planLs.

b
0
5
10
15
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Treatment
R
o
o
t
s

(
g
)

c
0
5
10
15
20
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Treatment
N
o
.

l
e
a
v
e
s
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Treatment
S
t
e
m

l
e
n
g
t
h

(
c
m
)

IIGIRL 27: LLTTICL CROP 1, CABBAGL AND LLTTICL CROP 2 IN ALL TRLATMLNTS VALILS AND STANDARD
LRROR GIVLN IOR A HARVLST (Gi B ROOTS (Gi C NIMBLR OI LLAVLS D STLM LLNGTH (CMi

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ln each case, Lhere was a slgnlflcanL dlfference ln Lhe varlables measured ln 11 and 12 - Lhe conLrol
and soll amended wlLh Lhe lowesL blochar appllcaLlon. ln Lhe lmproved soll, Lhe addlLlon of blochar
resulLs ln slgnlflcanL poslLlve dlfferences, excepL ln Lhe case of Lhe rooLs and number of leaves of Lhe
cabbage cycle.

Crop cyc|e Var|ab|e 11 & 12
(un|mproved
so||) Anova p
va|ue
S|gn|f|cance 13, 4, S & 6
(|mproved so||)
Anova p va|ue
S|gn|f|cance
LeLLuce 1 ParvesL 0.000 SlgnlflcanL 0.000 SlgnlflcanL
Cabbage ParvesL n/A
a
- 0.042 SlgnlflcanL
LeLLuce 2 ParvesL 0.000 SlgnlflcanL 0.001 SlgnlflcanL
LeLLuce 1 8ooL 0.000 SlgnlflcanL 0.001 SlgnlflcanL
Cabbage 8ooL n/A
a
- 0.101 noL slgnlflcanL
LeLLuce 2 8ooL 0.001 SlgnlflcanL 0.002 SlgnlflcanL
LeLLuce 1 no. leaves 0.000 SlgnlflcanL 0.000 SlgnlflcanL
Cabbage no. leaves n/A
b
- 0.124 noL slgnlflcanL
LeLuce 2 no. leaves 0.000 SlgnlflcanL 0.000 SlgnlflcanL
LeLLuce 1 SLem lengLh 0.000 SlgnlflcanL 0.000 SlgnlflcanL
Cabbage SLem lengLh n/A
c
- 0.040 SlgnlflcanL
LeLLuce 2 SLem lengLh 0.000 SlgnlflcanL 0.000 SlgnlflcanL
a,b,c
Slnce Lhere ls only one value for 11 cabbage, analysls of varlance could noL be carrled ouL

TABLL 25: THL IMPACT ON HARVLST, ROOTS, NIMBLR OI LLAVLS AND STLM LLNGTH IROM BIOCHAR ADDITION
TO LLTTICL AND CABBAGL, IN PLAIN AND IMPROVLD SOIL.

A paper reporLlng on Lhe resulLs of Lhe poL Lrlals ls belng submlLLed Lo Lhe [ournal lloot ooJ 5oll.

3. 2. 2. 3. 2. 2. 3. 2. 2. 3. 2. 2. Managed r ce b ochar tr a| s Managed r ce b ochar tr a| s Managed r ce b ochar tr a| s Managed r ce b ochar tr a| s

As descrlbed ln Lhe meLhods secLlons, Lwo LreaLmenLs (wlLh and wlLhouL blochar) were used ln Lhree
rlce farms. ln each farm, 3 repllcaLes were LesLed. 1he resulLs are shown ln llgure 28 and 1able 26.
1he presence of blochar ln Lhe soll lncreases boLh Lhe paddy yleld and Lhe sLraw yleld. ln farm 3,
Lhere ls a slgnlflcanL dlfference beLween Lhe yleld of paddy on Lhe conLrol and blochar amended
ploLs (p = 0.033). ln farm 1 Lhere ls a slgnlflcanL dlfference beLween Lhe yleld of sLraw wlLh and
wlLhouL blochar (p = 0.042). 1he low ylelds of paddy and sLraw aL farm 1 are explalned by damage
from raLs whlch lnvaded Lhe fleld. larm 2 Lrlals (unllke Lhose aL farm 1 and 3) used composL
addlLlons as well as blochar. 1he lack of response aL farm 2 lnvlLes furLher research on Lhe
effecLlveness (or oLherwlse) of comblnlng blochar and organlc amendmenLs.

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69
a)
Rice straw
0
1
2
3
4
5
Farm 2
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 2
control
0t/ha
Farm 3
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 3
control
0t/ha
Farm 1
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 1
control
0t/ha
Treatment
R
i
c
e

s
t
r
a
w

(
k
g
)

b)
Paddy yield
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Farm 2
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 2
control
0t/ha
Farm 3
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 3
control
0t/ha
Farm 1
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 1
control
0t/ha
Treatment
P
a
d
d
y

y
i
e
l
d

(
k
g
)

IIGIRL 28: THL IMPACT OI CRHS ON A AA Ai ii i RICL STRAV YILLD AND B BB Bi ii i PADDY YILLD (LRROR BARS SHOVNi

Mean paddy Mean straw
Iarm contro| (t
ha
-1
)
w|th b|ochar
(t ha
-1
)
P contro| (t ha
-1
) w|th b|ochar
(t ha
-1
)
P
larm 1 0.26 0.37 0.493 (n.s.) 0.34 0.88 0.042 (slg)
larm 2 1.91 2.10 0.233 (n.s.) 2.42 2.43 0.933 (n.s.)
larm 3 1.77 2.33 0.033 (slg) 2.20 2.63 0.076 (n.s.)
n.s. = noL slgnlflcanL, slg = slgnlflcanL p<0.03
TABLL 26: RLSILTS IROM THL RICL TRIALS IN CAMBODIA

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3. 2. 3. 3. 2. 3. 3. 2. 3. 3. 2. 3. 0 00 0n farm b ochar nvest gat on n farm b ochar nvest gat on n farm b ochar nvest gat on n farm b ochar nvest gat on

1he farmlng calendar usually allows for a long perlod of Llme durlng whlch Lhe soll ls belng prepared
for planLlng of Lhe nexL crop, aL Lhese Llmes, Lhe blochar could be added. AL mosL farms vlslLed, Lhe
land was ploughed by oxen Lhree Llmes before Lhe crop was planLed. 8lochar can be added by Lhe
same meLhods, and aL Lhe same Llme as, oLher soll lncorporaLlons lncludlng composL and manure,
whlch are used commonly by farmers. 8ecause of Lhe lack of repllcaLlons ln Lhese on-farm Lrlals, and
/ or Lhe prlmlLlve meLhods of recordlng daLa, flndlngs can be LreaLed as anecdoLal evldence only.
neverLheless, Lhe daLa provlde a prellmlnary lnslghL lnLo Lhe effecLs of blochar upon crop ylelds. AL
Lhe mlnlmum, Lhe encouraglng daLa suggesLs LhaL furLher research on Lhe effecLs of blochar upon
vegeLable culLlvaLlon ln Cambodla (and oLher counLrles) ls well worLh lnvesLlgaLlng furLher ln
repllcaLed Lrlals. noLable yleld lncreases followlng blochar addlLlon occurred ln Lhe case of cucumber
culLlvaLlon (llgure 29). llve LreaLmenLs were used for 23 m long ralsed beds (1 m wlde) of
cucumbers whlch were planLed on 13.02.10 and grown for 42 days unLll harvesL began on 27.03.10
for 20 days. CLher soll lmprovemenLs - ferLlllzers and manure - were added, and Lhe cucumbers
were regularly weeded and waLered. An lncrease ln yleld of cucumbers can be seen from addlLlon of
blochar up Lo 30.3 L ha
-1
, however aL 60.7 L ha
-1
Lhe same yleld (132 lncrease from Lhe conLrol) ls
seen. lL ls posslble LhaL Lhere ls a llmlLlng facLor whlch ls causlng Lhls Lo be Lhe maxlmum yleld ln
Lhese growLh condlLlons.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 20 40 60 80
Biochar (t/ha)
C
u
c
u
m
b
e
r

y
i
e
l
d

(
p
e
r

s
q
m
)

IIGIRL 29: IMPACT OI BIOCHAR AMLNDLD SOILS ON CICIMBLR

8lochar was lncorporaLed lnLo leLLuce beds aL Lhe Sangkheum cenLre school and orphanage, ln Lhelr
vegeLable garden (llgure 30). Manure and LM were added Lo Lhese ploLs, whlch were hand waLered.
1he land had prevlously been used for vegeLable growlng. 1wo LreaLmenLs (7 square meLer) rows
were used for Lhe 'wlLh' and 'wlLhouL' blochar LreaLmenLs. 1he resulLs show LhaL Lhe ploLs wlLh
blochar had an lncrease ln all of Lhe lndlcaLors of growLh (rooL, and above ground blomass).

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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Biochar
(20t/ha)
Biochar
(0t/ha)
Biomass (kg)
T
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
Lettuce biomass
(saleable)
Root biomass
Other lettuce
biomass
Total biomass

IIGIRL `0: IMPACT OI BIOCHAR ON LLTTICL

3. 3. 3. 3. 2 22 2. .. . 4. 4. 4. 4. Uonc| us ons from Uambod an I e| d 1r a| s Uonc| us ons from Uambod an I e| d 1r a| s Uonc| us ons from Uambod an I e| d 1r a| s Uonc| us ons from Uambod an I e| d 1r a| s
1he fleld Lrlals ln Cambodla provlde encouraglng evldence of Lhe lmpacLs of blochar upon rlce graln
and sLraw ylelds (ln repllcaLed Lrlals) and upon vegeLable ylelds (non-repllcaLed). noL all Lhe rlce
Lrlals dld lllusLraLe yleld lmprovemenLs, however, for reasons LhaL are noL currenLly undersLood.
lurLhermore, Lhe C8P addlLlon was qulLe hlgh aL c. 40 Lha
-1
: as we saw ln Lhe lndlan fleld Lrlals, lower
appllcaLlon levels may produce a larger effecL upon yleld. ln fuLure work, lL ls lmporLanL Lo LesL ouL
lower addlLlons of C8Ps (e.g. 3, 10 and 20 Lha
-1
levels) and Lo lnclude repllcaLlon ln rlce and
horLlculLural fleld Lrlals.

3. 3. 3. 3. 3 33 3. . . . 1he Ph 1he Ph 1he Ph 1he Ph | p | p | p | pp pp p nes nes nes nes

AgrlculLural Lrlals had already been carrled ouL by l88l before Lhe pro[ecL and some of Lhe resulLs
clearly lndlcaLed beneflclal effecLs of blochar. lL was, lotet ollo, Lhe experlence of Lhese Lrlals LhaL
was used Lo plan Lhe Lrlals ln lndla and Cambodla as a parL of Lhls pro[ecL. Analysls and collaLlon of
Lhe daLa collecLed ln Lhe prevlous pro[ecLs was carrled ouL durlng Lhe pro[ecL perlod, and Lwo
publlcaLlons have resulLed from Lhe same. 1he summary of resulLs from Lhe fleld Lrlals ls presenLed
below from a MS ln preparaLlon for Lhe [ournal llelJ ctops keseotcb enLlLled '1he effecLs and faLe of
black carbon from rlce resldues ln rlce-based sysLems' by Paefele SM, knoblauch C, konboon ?,
Wongboon W, AmaranLe S, MaarlfaL AA

Abstract: 8lce resldues consLlLuLe a huge and valuable resource, buL acLual resldue managemenL
pracLlces do noL use Lhelr poLenLlal adequaLely and ofLen even cause negaLlve envlronmenLal
consequences. 8loenergy and blochar could offer new ways Lo manage and use rlce resldues, buL Lhe
faLe and effecL of blochar ln rlce producLlon sysLems has noL been sLudled before. 1o address Lhese
lssues, our sLudy lnLended Lo l) examlne Lhe effecL of blochar from rlce husks on soll characLerlsLlcs
ln a range of dlfferenL rlce solls, ll) lnvesLlgaLe Lhe sLablllLy of carbonlzed rlce resldues under Lhe
speclal condlLlons of dlfferenL rlce-based sysLems, and lll) LesL Lhe agronomlc effecL of carbonlzed
rlce resldues appllcaLlons. lleld LesLlng of Lhe effecL of carbonlzed rlce resldues on rlce growLh and

]
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soll characLerlsLlcs was conducLed ln Lhree dlfferenL envlronmenLs and for Lhree Lo slx cropplng
seasons. 1he resulLs of our sLudy lndlcaLe LhaL black carbon amendmenLs from carbonlzed rlce
resldues can lmprove poor solls buL may have llLLle effecL on ferLlle solls. no slgnlflcanL effecL on
planL nuLrlLlon could be deLecLed wlLh excepLlon of, ln some cases, sllghLly hlgher k and Sl upLake ln
Lhe blochar LreaLmenLs. 1he applled blochar from rlce resldues appeared Lo be relaLlvely sLable ln
varlous solls and rlce envlronmenLs, buL seemed Lo move down ln Lhe soll proflle. 1he speed of Lhe
verLlcal LransporL was depenenL on soll characLerlsLlcs. We concluded LhaL blochar can lmprove
especlally poor rlce solls and provldes an opLlon Lo reduce greenhouse gas emlsslons and Lo
sequesLer carbon ln rlce-based sysLems.

3. 4. 3. 4. 3. 4. 3. 4. Uompar son of 1r a| s Uompar son of 1r a| s Uompar son of 1r a| s Uompar son of 1r a| s

1he resulLs from poL and fleld Lrlals ln Cambodla and lndla, and Lhose prevlously underLaken ln Lhe
hlllpplnes, lllusLraLe qulLe a dlvergence ln response. 1hls ls ln many ways conslsLenL wlLh Lhe wlde
scaLLer of resulLs lllusLraLed ln llgure 3. We have used dlfferenL blochar Lypes (C8Ps, a mlxLure of
corn cob and sugarcane Lrash char, Lhe prevlous rlce Lrlals underLaken by l88l are llkely Lo have used
C8Ps wlLh qulLe dlfferenL properLles from Lhe gaslfler C8Ps used ln 8lCCPA8M). 1he solls have also
been qulLe dlverse and a range of crops have been examlned. 1he Cambodlan Lrlals gave beLLer
resulLs ln Lerms of yleld lncreases Lhan Lhe lndlan Lrlals. lL ls noL known why hlgh blochar appllcaLlon
levels ln Lhe lndlan Lrlals may have reduced ylelds whereas equally hlgh appllcaLlons ln Lhe
Cambodlan Lrlals dld noL appear Lo do so and, ln some cases, acLually lncreased ylelds. Could Lhls be
due Lo a hlgher sorpLlon poLenLlal ln Lhe case of Lhe chars produced by A81l ln lndla compared Lo Lhe
sorpLlon poLenLlal of C8Ps from gaslflers? ls Lhe sllghL alkallnlLy of Lhe lndlan solls a posslble reason
why blochar addlLlon ls less effecLlve Lhan where blochar ls added Lo acldlc solls? lL ls also perhaps
slgnlflcanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhe denslLy of C8P ls hlgher Lhan Lhe denslLy of Lhe char produced from llghL
welghL agrlculLural wasLe. 1hus, Lhere was a dlfference ln Lhe volume of char lnvolved ln Lhe same
mass dosage ln Lhe Lwo counLrles. uue Lo Lhe hlgh volume of Lhe blochar used ln lndla lL was qulLe
dlfflculL Lo properly lncorporaLe Lhe char lnLo Lhe Lopsoll for Lhe lndlan Lrlals. 1he slgnlflcance of Lhe
(very dlfferenL) meLhods of producLlon upon Lhe properLles of Lhe char ls also noL currenLly known.
AnoLher curlous dlfference ls LhaL beLween l88l's prevlous work on C8Ps ln lrrlgaLed and raln-fed
rlce and Lhe resulLs reporLed here. l88l's prevlous work suggesLed LhaL C8Ps had yleld beneflLs when
lncorporaLed lnLo poor quallLy raln-fed solls, posslbly due Lo Lhe waLer reLenLlon properLles of C8Ps.
1he resulLs reporLed here suggesL a beneflL for rlce yleld even ln lrrlgaLed solls, Lhough noL
conslsLenLly. Clearly, much more work needs Lo be done Lo Lease-ouL Lhe lnfluence of compeLlng
varlables upon Lhe planL and soll response Lo blochar addlLlons.

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73
Work Package 4: Lxam nat on of organ zat ona| and f nanc a| mode| s for Work Package 4: Lxam nat on of organ zat ona| and f nanc a| mode| s for Work Package 4: Lxam nat on of organ zat ona| and f nanc a| mode| s for Work Package 4: Lxam nat on of organ zat ona| and f nanc a| mode| s for
mak ng b ochar cost mak ng b ochar cost mak ng b ochar cost mak ng b ochar cost - -- - effect ve and mp| ementab| e at mu| t p| e s tes n effect ve and mp| ementab| e at mu| t p| e s tes n effect ve and mp| ementab| e at mu| t p| e s tes n effect ve and mp| ementab| e at mu| t p| e s tes n
partner countr es, nc| ud ng L fe Uyc| e Assessment. partner countr es, nc| ud ng L fe Uyc| e Assessment. partner countr es, nc| ud ng L fe Uyc| e Assessment. partner countr es, nc| ud ng L fe Uyc| e Assessment.

4. 1. 4. 1. 4. 1. 4. 1. L fe Uyc| e Assessment L fe Uyc| e Assessment L fe Uyc| e Assessment L fe Uyc| e Assessment (LUA) (LUA) (LUA) (LUA)

LCA ls a Lechnlque whlch can be used for calculaLlng Lhe neL carbon dloxlde equlvalenL (CC
2
(e))
abaLemenL arlslng from a glven opLlon and comparlng lL wlLh Lhe same for oLher opLlons for use of a
feedsLock, managemenL of a sysLem, use of caplLal, eLc. We have used LCA here Lo esLlmaLe Lhe
overall carbon abaLemenL arlslng from Lhe use of C8Ps compared Lo oLher alLernaLlve opLlons for
use of rlce husks. 1he LCA underLaken ln Lhls sLudy by Slmon Shackley, unlverslLy of Ldlnburgh, has
been supporLed by lndependenL and more deLalled LCA work underLaken by !ohn lleld and aul
1anger aL Colorado SLaLe unlverslLy and SLephan Paefele aL l88l.

4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. Lab | e Uarbon Uontent and Long Lab | e Uarbon Uontent and Long Lab | e Uarbon Uontent and Long Lab | e Uarbon Uontent and Long- -- - term 5tab | ty of the UPP ochar term 5tab | ty of the UPP ochar term 5tab | ty of the UPP ochar term 5tab | ty of the UPP ochar

1he super-lablle and lablle carbon conLenL of blochar refers Lo Lhe fracLlon of carbon whlch ls rapldly
losL Lhrough mlcroblal decomposlLlon and mlnerallsed Lo CC
2
(see flgure 1).

1he lablle conLenL of Lhe
C8P was measured by uslng an lnoculaLlon Lechnlque, Lhe descrlpLlon of whlch ls belng publlshed
separaLely by Lwo of Lhe currenL auLhors (Cross and Sohl, forLhcomlng). 1he lablle conLenL ls c. 0.36
of Lhe carbon fracLlon. 1he recalclLranL carbon fracLlon refers Lo LhaL proporLlon whlch ls sLable and
reslsLs mlcroblal decomposlLlon ln Lhe long-Lerm (decadal Lo cenLurlal). 1he recalclLranL fracLlon has
been measured by an acceleraLed agelng Lechnlque, Lhe deLalls of whlch wlll also be publlshed
separaLely. 1he prellmlnary meLhod used suggesLs LhaL 7 of Lhe carbon ln Lhe blochar ls unsLable
ln Lhe long-Lerm (Lhe Llme perlod of relevance for cllmaLe change). 1herefore Lhe recalclLranL
fracLlon ls c. 92.
1hls compares reasonably closely Lo Lhe lncubaLlon experlmenLs uslng C8Ps underLaken by
knoblauch eL al. over several years of 4.4 Lo 8.3 loss of carbon ln Lhe fresh blochar (aeroblc and
aneroblc condlLlons respecLlvely). Powever, Lhe samples ln Lhe knoblauch eL al. sLudy mlghL have
been expecLed Lo have demonsLraLed lower of carbon reducLlon, because Lhey were noL sub[ecL
Lo acceleraLed agelng. 1hls mlghL be due Lo dlfferences ln Lhe samples, posslbly relaLed Lo Lhe
meLhod of manufacLure. (knoblauch eL al.'s samples were produced ln a much less conLrolled
fashlon Lhan Lhe C8P LhaL are obLalned from Lhe gaslfler). lL ls also lnLeresLlng LhaL decomposlLlon ls
greaLer under aneroblc condlLlons, could Lhls suggesL LhaL aneroblc bacLerla mlghL be more effecLlve
aL breaklng down blochar Lhan bacLerla ln aeroblc condlLlons?
Lxpressed ln Lerms of equaLlon 1 ln secLlon 1,
CSl for C8P = 1 - 0.0036 - 0.07 = 0.926.
lor one Lonne of rlce husks, Lhe CC
2flx
ls Lherefore 1 x 0.33 x 0.33 x 0.926 = 0.1134 x 3.667 =- 0.416
LCC
2
L
-1
feedsLock for a 33 char yleld.

]
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4. 1. 2. Lst mate of the Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement Across 4. 1. 2. Lst mate of the Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement Across 4. 1. 2. Lst mate of the Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement Across 4. 1. 2. Lst mate of the Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement Across
the L fe the L fe the L fe the L fe- -- - Uyc| e (U Uyc| e (U Uyc| e (U Uyc| e (Un vers ty n vers ty n vers ty n vers ty o oo of f f f L LL Ld nburgh d nburgh d nburgh d nburgh est mate est mate est mate est mate) ) ) )
1able 27 presenLs Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL resulLs for burnlng of rlce husks ln flelds, for
gaslflcaLlon-blochar, for aeroblc decomposlLlon and a mlxLure of aeroblc and anaeroblc
decomposlLlon ln fleld. A slmple decay funcLlon ls used Lo slmulaLe Lhe decomposlLlon of rlce husks
added Lo fleld. ApproxlmaLely 10 of blomass carbon applled Lo flooded rlce flelds ls emlLLed as
meLhane (knoblauch eL al. 2010). lor every 1 Lonne of applled blomass (sLraw or rlce husks) wlLh a C
concenLraLlon of 40 (deLermlned for oven dry sLraw) abouL 40kg of carbon ls converLed lnLo
meLhane, produclng 33 kg of CP
4
(lbld.) 1hls corresponds Lo 1,219 kg CC
2
per Lonne sLraw / husk. 1he
resL of Lhe carbon ls assumed Lo decompose aeroblcally. 8lomass replacemenL ls Lhe assumpLlon
here, slnce Lhe rlce husk ls a resldue from agrlculLural sysLems and lL can be assumed LhaL rlce wlll
conLlnue Lo be culLlvaLed aL slmllar levels ln fuLure years.
lndicotor 8urninq in
fie/d
6osificotion -
biochor {with
e/ectricity
qenerotion)
uirect
incorporotion
of rice husks
into fie/d -
oerobic
decomposition
2

uirect incorporotion
of rice husks into
fie/d - onoerobic +
oerobic
decomposition
l

SLarLlng
feedsLock
mass (L)
1 1 1 1
Carbon
conLenL aL
sLarL (L)
0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38
C conLenL aL
end
(sLablllsed) (L)
0.0114
1

0.1093 ?r. 0: 0.38
?r. 1: 0.14
?r. 2: 0.03
?r. 3: 0.02
?r. 4: 0.007
?r. 0: 0.34
?r. 1: 0.13
?r. 2: 0.03
?r. 3: 0.02
?r. 4: 0.006
CC
2flx(100)

(LCC
2
L
-1
)
0.042 0.416 0.026 0.022
CC
2av
- Avolded emlsslons (replacemenL of fossll fuels)
Avolded dlesel
per hour
(llLres)
23 0
Avolded CC
2

per hour
61
8lce husk
consumpLlon
raLe per hour
120 kg
4

A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
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8
L
C
8
1

]
73
CC
2av
(LCC
2
L
-1
) 0 0.3 0 0
Carbon emlsslon facLor: 2.6391 kg CC
2
per llLre (dlesel)
CC
2rel
- CC
2
released by blomass processlng
CC
2rel
(LCL
-1
) 0.3686 0.2703 0.373 0.334
CC
2rel
(LCC
2
L
-1
) 1.33 0.99 1.38 1.23
1oLal CC
2
abaLemenL per Lonne feedsLock (L) assumlng no blomass replacemenL
CC
2na
(LCC
2
L
-1
) - 1.31 - 0.07 -1.33 -1.21
1oLal CC
2
abaLemenL per Lonne feedsLock (L) assumlng blomass replacemenL
CC
2na
(LCC
2
L
-1
) - 1.31 0.92 -1.33 -1.21
CC
2
abaLemenL from decomposlLlon of blomass Lo meLhane assumlng 40kg of carbon ls
converLed lnLo 33kg of meLhane (assumlng a CW for CP
4
of 23)
CC
2
(CP
4
)

(LCC
2
L
-1
)
0 -1.219
1oLal CC
2
abaLemenL per Lonne feedsLock (L)
CC
2
LoLal

(LCC
2
L
-1
)
0 -2.43

TABLL 27: ASSLSSMLNT OI CARBON ABATLMLNT AND LMISSIONS ASSOCIATLD VITH KLY LIIL-CYCLL STAGLS OI
THL GASIIICATION-BIOCHAR SYSTLM
1. 8ronzeoak, 2003
2. Assumes an exponenLlal decay funcLlon wlLh a decay consLanL of 1.0
3. Assumes an exponenLlal decay funcLlon wlLh a decay consLanL of 0.73
4. LquaLes wlLh lnformaLlon from Ankur LhaL 3kg of rlce husk are used Lo replace 1 llLre of dlesel
[4].
Pence, Lhe LoLal neL carbon abaLemenL from rlce husk gaslflcaLlon (assumlng blomass replacemenL)
ls 0.92 LCC
2
L
-1
. 1hls compares Lo an emlsslon of beLween 1.31 and 1.33 LCC
2
L
-1
for burnlng and
aeroblc decomposlLlon respecLlvely, and of 2.43 LCC
2
L
-1
where rlce husks are added Lo lrrlgaLed
paddy flelds. Where rlce husks are used as a fuel, e.g. ln brlck facLorles or combusLlon for
bloelecLrlclLy, Lhey can be consldered Lo be effecLlvely carbon neuLral. Pence, compared Lo
alLernaLlve uses of Lhe rlce husks, Lhe gaslflcaLlon-char opLlon resulLs ln neL carbon equlvalenL
abaLemenL of beLween 0.92 LCC
2
L
-1
(husks as a fuel), 2.22 LCC
2
L
-1
(husks burnL or aeroblc
decomposlLlon) and 3.33 LCC
2
L
-1
(anaeroblc decomposlLlon ). Assumlng an average use of 4000
Lonnes of rlce husks per gaslfler per year, and 33 operaLlonal gaslflers, Lhls amounLs Lo 30,800 LCC
2
eq. for Lhe exlsLlng fleeL (agalnsL a basellne of burnlng wlLhouL energy recovery or aeroblc
decomposlLlon). WlLh a nomlnal carbon prlce of $10 LCC2
-1
, Lhls carbon abaLemenL could be worLh
$300k. Clven LhaL Lhere are c. 0.8 - 1.3 mllllon Lonnes of rlce husks ln Cambodla, Lhe LheoreLlcal
carbon equlvalenL abaLemenL from use of rlce husks amounLs Lo c. 1 Lo 3 mllllon LCC
2
equlvalenL
dependlng on Lhe basellne selecLed.

]
76
A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
n
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l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

1he upsLream emlsslons ln produclng and LransporLlng Lhe feedsLock have been omlLLed from Lhe
LCA (glven LhaL Lhe husks are very low value relaLlve Lo Lhe rlce graln lLself). We have used an overly-
slmple meLhod for calculaLlng Lhe avolded carbon emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh use of Lhe rlce husks -
namely, we have used daLa from SML on Lhe replacemenL of dlesel fuel and worked ouL Lhe avolded
CC
2
emlsslons. 1hls meLhod may noL fully accounL for process-based emlsslons. lor example, Lar
LhaL ls produced durlng Lhe process ls collecLed and burnL, hence generaLlng addlLlonal carbon
equlvalenL emlsslons. upsLream emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh consLrucLlon of Lhe planL have also noL
been accounLed for. We also have noL accounLed for LransporL emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh movemenL
of Lhe rlce char from Lhe facLory Lo Lhe fleld. 1hls ls llkely Lo be low, however, because sulLable
agrlculLural locaLlons are very llkely Lo be slLuaLed close Lo rlce husk gaslflers glven Lhe hlghly rural
characLer of Cambodla. lf we assumed a 23km round Lrlp, and a CLl of 0.272 kgCC
2
km
-1
for a 3.23
Lonne dlesel-fuelled vehlcle, Lhls would only be c. 3.3 kgCC
2
-1
per Lonne char.
Cn Lhe oLher hand we have noL lncluded some poLenLlally lmporLanL addlLlonal carbon abaLemenL
arlslng from Lhe lncluslon of blochar ln solls arlslng from Lhe prlmlng of soll organlc carbon ln solls.
1here may also be some suppresslon of oLher soll CPC flux (nlLrous oxlde or meLhane emlsslons)
arlslng from blochar addlLlon buL we have noL aLLempLed Lo lnclude Lhese due Lo uncerLalnLy. 1he
fleld Lrlals are belng underLaken wlLh subslsLence farmers who largely do noL use synLheLlc
ferLlllsers, whlch Lend Lo be Lhe largesL source of n
2
C (alLhough organlc amendmenLs do also
generaLe some CPCs). 1here ls a hlgh degree of uncerLalnLy assoclaLed wlLh Lhe lndlrecL lmpacLs of
blochar ln solls, wlLh esLlmaLes ln Lhe llLeraLure ranglng from zero Lo 40 of Lhe overall CC
2
eq.
abaLemenL (Shackley eL. al, 2011). WlLhouL emplrlcal sLudles of Lhe lmpacLs of Lhe C8Ps upon Lhe
speclflc solls ln Cambodla and under Lyplcal agrlculLural managemenL pracLlces, we declded LhaL lL
would be preferable Lo leave ouL Lhe lndlrecL lmpacLs.
1he neL carbon abaLemenL of C8P aL 0.9 LCC
2
L
-1
feedsLock ls slmllar Lo Lhe equlvalenL value obLalned
ln oLher sLudles of blochar, e.g. Pammond eL al (2011) aL 1 Lo 1.4 LCC
2
L
-1
and 8oberLs eL al. (2010) aL
0.8 LCC
2
L
-1
for a range of feedsLocks. 1hose sLudles have assumed pyrolysls as Lhe Lhermochemlcal
converslon Lechnology, raLher Lhan gaslflcaLlon. As we noLed above, Lhe gaslflcaLlon of rlce husks
shares some slmllarlLles wlLh pyrolysls, Lhls belng due Lo Lhe shleldlng of Lhe carbon maLLer by Lhe
slllca ln Lhe rlce husks and Lhe overall carbon conservaLlon ls c. 33 compared Lo c. 30 ln slow
pyrolysls and c. 2 - 10 ln Lyplcal gaslflcaLlon. 1he C8Ps are also hlgh ln slllca, hence have a lower C
conLenL Lhan mosL forms of blochar (whlch range from 60 - 80 C). As a consequence, Lhe
conLrlbuLlon of Lhe sLablllsed C ln Lhe char Lo Lhe overall neL C abaLemenL ls lower Lhan ln many
pyrolysls-blochar sysLems (8S) (buL Lhe generaLlon of renewable energy ls more efflclenL Lhan ls
assumed for many pyrolysls Lechnologles). 1herefore, Lhe conLrlbuLlon of Lhe offseL carbon
emlsslons from bloenergy generaLlon ls hlgher for Lhe C8S Lhan fo Lhe 8S.

4. 1. 3. 4. 1. 3. 4. 1. 3. 4. 1. 3. Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement (Un vers ty of Uo| orado Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement (Un vers ty of Uo| orado Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement (Un vers ty of Uo| orado Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement (Un vers ty of Uo| orado
est mate) est mate) est mate) est mate)

1he unlverslLy of Colorado Leam was able Lo collecL a wlde range of speclflc process daLa whlch
allowed a more deLalled esLlmaLe of Lhe neL CC
2
(e) abaLemenL Lhan Lhe esLlmaLe above, whlch relled
upon more generlc lnformaLlon from Lhe equlpmenL manufacLurer and SML 8enewables. 1he uoC
Leam were also able Lo lnclude Lhe upsLream CPC emlsslons ln Lhelr calculaLlons and also Look

A
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2
0
0
9
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1
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C
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1

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77
accounL of Lhe global warmlng poLenLlal of roducLs of lncompleLe CombusLlon (lC) arlslng from
blomass burnlng ln fleld. lleld Lrlal and lncubaLlon sLudy resulLs from l88l were also drawn upon
whlch allowed more deLalled and emplrlcal analysls of decomposlLlon of rlce husks and C8Ps when
lncorporaLed Lo soll (raLher Lhan relylng upon a generlc model as ln 4.1.2).

llgure 31 shows Lhe prellmlnary resulLs of an evaluaLlon of Lhe neL greenhouse gas emlsslons per Lon
of rlce husk fed Lo Lhe gaslfler. 1he calculaLlons Lake lnLo accounL caplLal embodled emlsslons (based
on Lhe lndlan lndusLrlal lnLenslLy ln kg CC
2
eq/ln8), processlng emlsslons (energy needed Lo LransporL
Lhe feed sLock 23 km Lo run Lhe gaslfler), carbon sequesLraLlon from husk char applled Lo solls,
avolded CC
2
emlsslons from dlesel noL needed Lo run Lhe rlce mlll, and avolded basellne emlsslons
(Lhe basellne emlsslon were calculaLed based on Lhe observed mlx of uses llke open alr sLorage,
open fleld burnlng, flrlng ln a brlck klln, and appllcaLlon ln rlce flelds). 1he resulLlng balance lndlcaLes
LhaL uslng one Lon husk ln Lhe gaslflers acLually saves emlsslons of one Lon of CC
2
equlvalenLs. noL
yeL Laken lnLo accounL ln Lhls calculaLlon are arLlculaLes of lncompleLe CombusLlon (lCs) emlsslons
of any process lnvolved because we dld noL have any measuremenLs on Lhem. 1he resulL shows
close slmllarlLy Lo Lhe flndlngs of 4.1.2. and Lhe convergence of Lhe resulL provldes reassurance LhaL
lL ls reasonably robusL.
Net GnG em|ss|ons
-1.60
-1.40
-1.20
-1.00
-0.80
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
t
o
n

C
C
2
e
q
]
t
o
n

h
u
s
k
CaplLal embodled
emlsslons
rocesslng
emlsslons
Change ln lC
emlsslons
Char C
sequesLraLlon raLe
Avolded dlesel
emlsslons
Avolded basellne
emlsslons

IIGIRL `1: :: : LSTIMATLD NLT GRLLNHOISL GAS LMISSIONS PLR TON OI RICL HISK ISLD IN A GASIIILR BASLD ON
THL OBSLRVLD VALILS IROM ALL GASIIILR SITLS SIRVLYLD (SLL TABLL 9i.

1he values Lhus esLlmaLed for Lhe neL greenhouse gas emlsslons were Lhen used Lo esLlmaLe Lhe
CPC fluxes for dlfferenL scenarlos of a rlce sysLem producLlon sysLem wlLh a 3 L graln yleld per
hecLare (Lhls means also 3 L ha
-1
sLraw and 1 L ha
-1
rooLs) accordlng Lo knoblauch eL al., (2010). 1he
dlfferenL scenarlos were 1) lncorporaLlon of all resldues ln Lhe soll wlLh subsequenL floodlng, 2) Cpen

]
78
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C
2
0
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9
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8
1

burnlng ln Lhe fleld of mosL of Lhe sLraw and Lhe rlce husks, and 3) a bloenergy/blochar sysLem uslng
a gaslfler and gaslfylng all husks and mosL sLraw (Lhough gaslflcaLlon of sLraw ls currenLly noL readlly
achlevable).
1he resulLlng gross CPC fluxes as well as Lhe neL CPC balance (afLer subLracLlon of Lhe CC
2
neuLral
emlsslons) are shown ln llgure 32. 1hls analysls lndlcaLes LhaL Lhe gaslflcaLlon-blochar sysLem has by
far Lhe lowesL CPC emlsslons and LhaL resldue lncorporaLlon has Lhe hlghesL CPC emlsslons. 1hls
analysls does Lake esLlmaLed lC emlsslons lnLo accounL (based on llLeraLure values) buL mlghL sLlll
underesLlmaLe Lhe CP
4
emlsslons of resldue burnlng.

IIGIRL `2: LSTIMATLD GROSS GHG ILIXLS (IN (G CO2 LQ/M
2
CROPii AS VLLL AS THL NLT GHG BALANCL
(AITLR SIBTRACTION OI THL CO2 NLITRAL LMISSIONSi IOR A PADDY RICL SYSTLM VITH A GRAIN YILLD OI 5 T
HA
- 1
.

4. 2. I nanc a| v ab | ty of Uas f cat on 4. 2. I nanc a| v ab | ty of Uas f cat on 4. 2. I nanc a| v ab | ty of Uas f cat on 4. 2. I nanc a| v ab | ty of Uas f cat on- -- - ochar 5ystems ochar 5ystems ochar 5ystems ochar 5ystems
1he rapld adopLlon ln Cambodla ln rlce mllls and lce maklng facLorles sLrongly suggesLs LhaL Lhey are
an aLLracLlve lnvesLmenL and en[oy a good reLurn on lnvesLmenL. 1he uoC work on Lhe economlc
vlablllLy supporLs Lhls concluslon (see 1able 11 and 12). ln LhaL sense, Lhe C8Ps are a free by-, or
wasLe-producL, dependlng upon wheLher a markeL exlsLs for Lhelr use. Some mllls have succeeded
ln selllng C8Ps Lo farmers aL a prlce of 300 - 400 rlel per 23kg bag, or c. $3-4 per Lonne (see llgure 33
for an example of C8Ps belng uLlllzed locally).
Concluslve resulLs from fleld Lrlals ln slLu are noL yeL avallable, buL we can use Lhe evldence from
yleld responses Lo rlce ln 2010 fleld Lrlals whlch lndlcaLed a response of beLween 1 and 3.3 lncrease
ln yleld per Lonne of C8P addlLlon. lf we assume a value of $230 per Lonne of unmllled paddy rlce,
Lhen Lhe value of Lhe C8P ls beLween $4 and $14 per Lonne. 1hls assumes zero purchase cosL and
does noL Lake accounL of LransporL and appllcaLlon cosLs. lf we assume a low LransporL and
appllcaLlon cosL of c. $1 L
-1
, Lhen Lhe value of Lhe C8P range from $3 Lo $13 L
-1
. lf Lhe farmer were Lo
pay $3-4 per Lonne, Lhen, aL Lhe lower end of Lhe 'value-range' Lhere would be llLLle galn ln addlng
Gross GnG f|uxes
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
3000
1 2 3
C
C
2

e
q
u
l
v
a
l
e
n
c
y

(
g

C
C
2

e
q
/
m
2
/
c
r
o
p
)
CC2 upLake
lC eml ssl ons
CP4 eml ssl ons
CC2 eml ssl ons
Net GnG em|ss|ons
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
3000
8esl due l ncorporaLl on 8esl due open burnl ng 8l ochar producLl on
C
C
2

e
q
u
l
v
a
l
e
n
c
y

(
g

C
C
2

e
q
/
m
2
/
c
r
o
p
)

A
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C
2
0
0
9
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79
C8P Lo lrrlgaLed rlce flelds. Cn Lhe oLher hand, aL Lhe hlgher end of Lhe value-range, lL ls deflnlLely
work addlng Lhe C8P.

IIGIRL ``: CARBONISLD RICL HISKS (CRHSi IROM A GASIIICATION INIT IN AN ICL IACTORY BLING COLLLCTLD
IN SILM RLAP, CAMBODIA.

A furLher posslble revenue sLream ls from sale of carbon credlLs under Lhe Clean uevelopmenL
Mechanlsm (CuM) or Lhe volunLary Carbon MarkeL (vCM) - boLh are speculaLlve aL presenL because
blochar ls noL currenLly lncluded wlLhln Lhese mechanlsms. Assumlng a carbon prlce of $10 per
Lonne CC
2
, Lhe value of a Lonne of C8P ls a producL of prlce CC
2
L
-1
, 1/char yleld, and LoLal CC
2

abaLemenL L
-1
feedsLock. l.e. 10 x 1/0.33 x 0.92 = c. $26 L
-1
C8P. (noLe LhaL Lhls value would be c. $12
L
-1
C8P lf only Lhe sLablllsed carbon ln Lhe char ls accounLed for and Lhe avolded fossll fuel emlsslons
noL lncluded).
lf a basellne of burnlng or aeroblc or aneroblc decomposlLlon were accepLed, Lhen Lhe value could
be slgnlflcanLly greaLer - from $37 L
-1
Lo as hlgh as $69 L
-1
. Pence, a 7.3 L ha
-1
appllcaLlon raLe could
generaLe an lncome of $193 ha
-1
($317 ha
-1
for an avolded anaeroblc decomposlLlon basellne),
compared Lo Lhe agronomlc value of Lhe C8P of c. $22 - 97 ha
-1
. 1he LoLal value of Lhe C8P ls
beLween $29 L
-1
and $39 L
-1
C8P ($82 L
-1
for

an avolded anaeroblc decomposlLlon basellne) (or $13 Lo
$23 L
-1
C8P where only Lhe sLablllsed carbon ln Lhe C8P ls accounLed for). oLenLlally, Lherefore, Lhe
C8Ps can be a slgnlflcanL addlLlon Lo farm lncomes Lhrough lmprovlng ylelds and especlally lf a
carbon value for Lhe C8P could be reallsed.
Where Lhe C8Ps are glven away for free or aL a very low cosL, Lhe overall effecL could be Lo brlng
lncome Lo subslsLence farmers. C8Ps could lncrease ln cosL, however, as gaslfler operaLors come Lo
reallse Lhelr value Lo farmers. Commerclal producers could buy-up Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe supply,
Lhereby denylng Lhe subslsLence farmers Lhe opporLunlLy Lo beneflL from Lhe avallablllLy of C8Ps.
Copy-caL gaslflers uslng locally avallable blomass could reduce Lhe avallablllLy of such blomass Lo
households LhaL rely upon such blomass for cooklng. Such copy-caL gaslflers are already belng

]
80
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8
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consLrucLed ln Cambodla. More deLalled analysls ls requlred Lo assess Lhe posslblllLy of Lhese
adverse lmpacLs becomlng a problem.

4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 1o what extent s U5 a n che 1o what extent s U5 a n che 1o what extent s U5 a n che 1o what extent s U5 a n che- -- - techno| ogy app| cat on? techno| ogy app| cat on? techno| ogy app| cat on? techno| ogy app| cat on?

An lmporLanL conslderaLlon ls Lhe exLenL Lo whlch Lhe C8S sysLem sLudled ln Cambodla mlghL be
someLhlng of a nlche-opporLunlLy and noL amenable Lo wlde scale repllcaLlon ln oLher counLrles.
1here are several feaLures of Lhe C8S uslng rlce husks LhaL mlghL make Lhls case-sLudy a nlche.

a) 1he relaLlvely low Cv of Lhe C8Ps (c. 13 M!kg
-1
) - Lhe hlgh slllca and low carbon conLenL of
C8Ps compared Lo woody char resulLs ln Lhe C8Ps havlng a low Cv. ConsequenLly, Lhe C8Ps
are unllkely Lo be brlqueLLed and used as a fuel. Where wood char ls produced, lL probably
makes good sense for Lhls Lo be brlqueLLed and used as a charcoal ln place of flre wood.
Ankur SclenLlflc and A81l have been lnvesLlgaLlng Lhls posslblllLy. 1herefore, only cerLaln
hlgh-mlneral conLalnlng feedsLocks are llkely Lo sulLable for produclng blochar for addlLlon Lo
solls.

b) Where woody blomass ls used ln Lhe gaslflers, Lhe blochar yleld ls much lower, Lyplcally 4-6
for Lhe Ankur gaslflers. 1he conservaLlon of carbon ls very low, aL 3-3 compared Lo 10
where rlce husks are uLlllzed. 1hls means LhaL Lhe neL carbon dloxlde equlvalenL abaLemenL
wlll be commensuraLely lower ln Lhe case of woody feedsLocks - perhaps 0.1 Lonne CC
2
per
Lonne feedsLock from Lhe sLablllzed carbon ln Lhe char.

c) CaslflcaLlon lLself ls llkely Lo be someLhlng of a nlche Lechnology. Where grld-elecLrlclLy ls
wldely and rellably-avallable, lL ls more llkely LhaL rlce mllls would slmply used grld elecLrlclLy
lnsLead of lnsLalllng a gaslfler for elecLrlclLy generaLlon. Cn Lhe oLher hand, lf grld-elecLrlclLy
were very expenslve, and / or lf Lhe elecLrlclLy was noL rellably avallable, Lhen lL sLlll may
make sense for Lhe mlll (or oLher elecLrlclLy-uslng faclllLy, such as an lce-maklng facLory) Lo
lnsLall gaslflcaLlon equlpmenL. ln Cambodla, boLh Lhe absence of an effecLlve elecLrlclLy grld
ln many locaLlons, and Lhe hlgh cosL of elecLrlclLy pre unlL where lL does exlsL, favour
lnsLallaLlon of gaslflers.

d) CaslflcaLlon ls an effecLlve means of generaLlng elecLrlclLy from blomass ln Lhe 10 Lo 300 kW
scale. lLs effecLlveness aL Lhe large-scale (>300kW) ls less clear. Several schemes ln Lhe MW
scale have been developed and subsequenLly abandoned due Lo hlgh caplLal cosLs, problems
of gas clean-up, or loss of confldence by lnvesLors (e.g. see lLerou eL al., 2008). A far more
proven Lechnology aL Lhe large-scale for elecLrlclLy generaLlon from blomass ls use of a
blomass boller Lo ralse sLeam LhaL ls Lhen converLed Lo elecLrlcal energy vla a sLeam Lurblne.
1he gaslfler Lechnology works well ln Lhe Cambodlan rlce mllls / lce-maklng facLorles,
because of Lhe modesL scale of Lhese faclllLles. ln nelghbourlng 1halland, for comparlson, Lhe
rlce mllls Lend Lo be much larger and ln Lhese slLuaLlons bollers and sLeam Lurblnes are llkely
Lo be a more cosL-effecLlve way of generaLlng elecLrlclLy.

ln summary, blomass gaslflcaLlon ls llkely Lo be someLhlng of a nlche-appllcaLlon and Lherefore

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lnherenLly llmlLed ln Lhe exLenL Lo whlch lL could accounL for large-scale carbon abaLemenL on Lhe
global-scale. Cn Lhe oLher hand, mosL new Lechnologles are deployed Lhrough enLry vla nlche
appllcaLlons, as expressed ln Lhe mulLl-level perspecLlve on soclo-Lechnlcal LranslLlons (e.g. Shackley
& Creen, 2007). ln oLher words, lL ls generally vla adopLlon wlLhln a nlche LhaL new Lechnologles flnd
accepLablllLy and wlder adopLlon wlLhln soclo-Lechnlcal sysLems.

4. 3. Use of Pyro| sy s 4. 3. Use of Pyro| sy s 4. 3. Use of Pyro| sy s 4. 3. Use of Pyro| sy s- -- - ochar 5ystems (P5) ochar 5ystems (P5) ochar 5ystems (P5) ochar 5ystems (P5)

MosL dlscusslons of blochar have cenLred on Lhe use of pyrolysls-blochar sysLems (8S). yrolysls
lnvolves producLlon of syngas buL aL a slgnlflcanL energy penalLy compared Lo gaslflcaLlon, due Lo Lhe
producLlon of much larger quanLlLles of char. lL ls noL easy Lo envlsage why 8S would be adopLed ln
Lhe case of rlce husks or oLher feedsLocks, lf Lhe prlme raLlonale and [usLlflcaLlon for Lhe faclllLy ls
elecLrlclLy generaLlon. 1he only case where carbonlzaLlon mlghL make good economlc sense ls where
Lhe C8Ps Lhemselves have a reasonably hlgh markeLable value. ln !apan, for lnsLance, C8Ps (known
as kootoo) are on Lhe markeL for c. $230 per Lonne and dedlcaLed rlce husk carbonlzaLlon equlpmenL
ls ln operaLlon, as shown ln llgures 34 (Masek eL al., 2010).

IIGIRL `4: CARBONISLD RICL HISKS IOR SALL IN `0KG SACKS IN JAPAN (LLITi AND THL CARBONISLR VITH
MAKLS THLM (RIGHTi (COIRTLSY OI MASLK LT AL.,2010i.

kootoo ls used Lo cover and proLecL rlce nurserles, as an addlLlve Lo Lhe culLure medlum for
ornamenLal planLs, and as a componenL of growLh medla for seedllngs and hydroponlcs. lL was also
reporLed Lo funcLlon as an absorpLlve maLerlal for molsLure and gas and as a waLer purlfler. lL ls noL
easy Lo lmaglne LhaL such hlgh prlces could be charged ln developlng or emerglng economles,
however. lL ls also worLh noLlng LhaL rlce husks Lhemselves have value, and LhaL Lhls ls llkely Lo vary
qulLe conslderably beLween locaLlons and Llme. WlLh a value of c. $30-40 per Lonne (reporLed for
1halland and Andra radesh, lndla), Lhe cosL of produclng a Lonne of C8Ps would be c. $90-120. 1hls
cosL would have Lo be recovered vla Lhe sale of Lhe C8Ps and assoclaLed elecLrlclLy generaLlon.
lL ls more llkely LhaL 8S would make sense when conslderlng Lhe uLlllzaLlon of oLher Lypes of organlc

]
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wasLe and agrl- or foresLry-resldues LhaL has a much lower (or even negaLlve) value ln Lhe markeL-
place. lor lnsLance, Lhe alm Cll lndusLry (Cl) produces large amounLs of wasLe whlch leads Lo a
wasLe dlsposal problem. Conslderable lnLeresL has been emerglng ln Malaysla assoclaLed wlLh Lhe
use of Lhese sources of organlc wasLe Lhrough pyrolysls Lo produce blochar for lncorporaLlng back
lnLo planLaLlon solls (personal communlcaLlon and e-workshop correspondence wlLh Sleng PuaL
kong and ur Loh Soh kheang, Pead of Lnery & LnvlronmenL unlL, Lnglneerlng and rocesslng
ulvlslon, Malayslan alm Cll 8oard - !uly 2010, Slem 8eap.).

Work Package 5: Lxam nat on of requ rements for obta n ng b ochar Work Package 5: Lxam nat on of requ rements for obta n ng b ochar Work Package 5: Lxam nat on of requ rements for obta n ng b ochar Work Package 5: Lxam nat on of requ rements for obta n ng b ochar
carbon cred ts from: a) U0M, and b) vo| untary c carbon cred ts from: a) U0M, and b) vo| untary c carbon cred ts from: a) U0M, and b) vo| untary c carbon cred ts from: a) U0M, and b) vo| untary carbon market. 0 scuss ons arbon market. 0 scuss ons arbon market. 0 scuss ons arbon market. 0 scuss ons
w th experts n both markets and dent f cat on of partnersh ps. w th experts n both markets and dent f cat on of partnersh ps. w th experts n both markets and dent f cat on of partnersh ps. w th experts n both markets and dent f cat on of partnersh ps.

AL Lhe Llme of wrlLlng, lnLernaLlonal negoLlaLlons on a new cllmaLe LreaLy Lo succeed Lhe kyoLo
roLocol (k) have sLalled slnce Lhe weak Copenhagen Accord was agreed ln laLe 2009. 1herefore,
we do noL know whaL fuLure shape such a LreaLy mlghL have or whaL mlghL be Lhe role of Lhe Clean
uevelopmenL Mechanlsm (CuM), and oLher 'flexlblllLy mechanlsms'. WhaL ls clear, however, ls LhaL
crlLlclsm of Lhe CuM has been exLenslve and LhaL, as a consequence, lL ls very unllkely Lo remaln ln
lLs currenL form. A few of Lhe key lssues arlslng from posslble lmplemenLaLlon of blochar wlLhln Lhe
CuM wlll be covered below.

MosL CuM pro[ecLs lnvolve calculaLlon of off-seL fossll-fuel emlsslons. lor example, uslng renewable
energy generaLlon lnvolves off-seLLlng use of coal, say, and Lhe carbon savlng can be calculaLed.
CuM pro[ecLs enLall Lwo accounLlng and reporLlng perlods.

a) 3 x 7 years C8:
b) 1 x 10 years

(1he numbers are 3 x 10 years and 1 x 30 years for foresLry pro[ecLs). 1he offseL carbon equlvalenL
emlsslons are Lhen calculaLed on a yearly basls over Lhese reporLlng perlods and can be sold lnLo Lhe
CerLlfled Lmlsslons 8educLlon (CL8s) markeL. 8lochar pro[ecLs enLall a number of dlfferenL carbon
abaLemenL 'sLreams', ofLen lncludlng off-seL carbon emlsslons from fossll fuel combusLlon.

MeLhodologles approved by Lhe LxecuLlve 8oard of Lhe Clean uevelopmenL Mechanlsm are wldely
avallable for calculaLlon of off-seL carbon emlsslons. MeLhods are also avallable for calculaLlng
avolded meLhane emlsslons arlslng from avolded decomposlLlon of blomass. lor lnsLance, lf landfllls
are capped, a proporLlon of Lhe meLhane generaLed vla decomposlLlon can be collecLed and used Lo
generaLe elecLrlclLy. ln such a case, Lhe pro[ecL developer may uLlllze an approved CuM
meLhodology Lo calculaLe Lhe avolded CP
4
emlsslons and converL Lo CC
2
(equlvalenL) emlsslon
savlngs (ln addlLlon Lo accounLlng for off-seL fossll fuel emlsslons). 1hls rouLe can be used for
blochar where Lhe basellne case lnvolves anaeroblc decomposlLlon. lor lnsLance, where rlce husks
are added Lo lrrlgaLed flelds.

5. 1. 5. 1. 5. 1. 5. 1. Longev ty of the ochar n 5o | Longev ty of the ochar n 5o | Longev ty of the ochar n 5o | Longev ty of the ochar n 5o |
1yplcally Lhe largesL slngle conLrlbuLor Lo Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL ls Lhe sLablllzed carbon ln Lhe

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char lLself. Pence, calculaLlon of Lhe sLablllLy of Lhe carbon ln Lhe C8P ls absoluLely cruclal Lo
aLLempLlng Lo obLaln a carbon credlL for blochar. 1he closesL analogue Lo blochar ln Lhls respecL ls
probably Carbon uloxlde CapLure and SLorage (commonly known as CCS), whereby CC
2
ls removed
from power planL flue gas emlsslons and sLored below sea-level or land ln depleLed oll and gas
reservolrs, or ln sallne aqulfers. CCS also faces Lhe challenge of longevlLy slnce CC
2
ln geologlcal
formaLlons could ln Lheory leak-ouL back Lo aLmosphere. 1he CCS communlLy has agreed LhaL a very
low leakage raLe should be almed for, e.g. 0.01 per year, lmplylng a Mean 8esldence 1lme of
10,000 years (lCC, 2003). 1hls ls conslderably longer Lhan Lhe M81 LhaL ls Lyplcally quoLed for
blochar, of c. 100s - 1000s of years.

1he meLhods descrlbed ln secLlon 4 are an lnlLlal aLLempL Lo calculaLe Lhe proporLlon of Lhe carbon
LhaL ls sLablllzed ln Lhe long-Lerm vla Lhe Carbon SLablllLy lacLor. 1hese meLhods have noL, as yeL,
been callbraLed agalnsL hlsLorlcal charcoal samples. Pence, Lhey should be LreaLed as LenLaLlve
measures and, poLenLlally, wlLh a hlgh degree of uncerLalnLy assoclaLed wlLh Lhe calculaLlon.

As parL-and-parcel of Lhe case for carbon sLorage vla blochar, lL wlll be necessary Lo underLake
Lhorough fleld monlLorlng of blochar sLablllLy over Llme. 1hls could be done Lhrough emplrlcal
measuremenLs aL deflned Llme-perlods, buL Lhls would be very expenslve, posslbly prohlblLlvely. A
remoLe senslng approach would be far more efflclenL lf lL could be lmplemenLed successfully.

5. 2. 5. 2. 5. 2. 5. 2. Lva| uat on of Add t ona| ty Lva| uat on of Add t ona| ty Lva| uat on of Add t ona| ty Lva| uat on of Add t ona| ty

1he CuM lmposes Lwo requlremenLs LhaL a pro[ecL should be 'addlLlonal' Lo whaL would happen
oLherwlse. 1here are Lwo sLrands Lo addlLlonallLy LesLs: envlronmenLal and flnanclal.

LnvlronmenLal addlLlonallLy requlres LhaL a pro[ecL should noL have deleLerlous envlronmenLal
lmpacLs. As noLed above, approprlaLe managemenL pracLlces and lncremenLal Lechnologlcal
lmprovemenLs by Ankur SclenLlflc, should mean LhaL some of Lhe envlronmenLal lmpacLs of Lhe
gaslflers can be dealL wlLh adequaLely. 1he problem remalns, however, LhaL where regulaLlon ln
counLry ls lnsufflclenL, Lhese lmprovemenLs and managemenL pracLlces mlghL remaln un-
lmplemenLed.

llnanclal addlLlonallLy refers Lo Lhe condlLlon LhaL a pro[ecL should noL have been economlcally
favourable wlLhouL Lhe CuM-derlved carbon credlLs. We know LhaL Lhe lnsLallaLlon of gaslflers aL
rlce mllls ls already flnanclally vlable wlLh a good lnLernal raLe of reLurn. Pence, lL would noL be
posslble Lo obLaln a carbon credlL for supporLlng lnsLallaLlon of gaslflers per se. WhaL mlghL be
feaslble, however, ls Lo obLaln a carbon credlL for Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of blochar Lo farmers and lLs
addlLlon Lo solls. under cerLaln assumpLlons abouL agronomlc value, blochar could be economlcally
feaslble Lo lncorporaLe lnLo solls as noLed ln secLlon 4. ln Lhose cases, carbon-credlLs would noL be
requlred and Lhe pro[ecL would be lnellglble for Lhe CuM. ?eL, oLher resulLs suggesL LhaL Lhe
agronomlc value of Lhe C8Ps ls much lower and noL sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL. ln Lhose cases, an
argumenL could be made LhaL Lhe carbon credlLs from CL8s wlll be requlred ln order Lo help flnance
Lhe collecLlon of Lhe C8Ps, Lhelr LransporLaLlon from source Lo slLe of fleld appllcaLlon and Lhelr
acLual lncorporaLlon lnLo Lhe fleld.

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A nexL sLep for Lhe pro[ecL ls Lo explore wheLher an appllcaLlon Lo obLaln a carbon credlL from
blochar mlghL be developed uslng Lhe C8P gaslflcaLlon-blochar sysLem as Lhe pro[ecL.

4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0. .. . U UU Uonc|usons onc|usons onc|usons onc|usons

1he maln ob[ecLlve of Lhe pro[ecL was Lo galn a beLLer undersLandlng of Lhe role of blochar for
carbon sLorage and agrlculLural lmprovemenLs ln a range of envlronmenLal, soclo-economlc and
maLerlal conLexLs ln Lhree counLrles whlch Lhemselves reflecL a range of clrcumsLances and pollcy
condlLlons. A secondary ob[ecLlve was Lo make pollcy recommendaLlons for furLher developmenL of
blochar as a componenL of naLlonal cllmaLe change, susLalnable energy and agrlculLural pollcles. 1he
8lCCPA8M pro[ecL has demonsLraLed Lhe followlng.

1. 1he gaslflcaLlon-blochar sysLem ls an efflclenL and effecLlve way of sLorlng carbon ln Lhe
long-Lerm (hundreds Lo Lhousands of years, so relevanL Lo cllmaLe change) (c. 0.9-1 LCC
2
(equlvalenL) abaLemenL per Lonne of rlce husks).
2. CuesLlons remaln regardlng Lhe safeLy of C8Ps for human healLh. More work needs Lo be
done buL lL ls llkely LhaL approprlaLe precauLlons and pracLlces can llmlL Lhe rlsks adequaLely.
uncerLalnLy remalns ln wheLher such precauLlons would be lmplemenLed and enforced,
however.
3. Llkewlse, Lhere are polluLlon and conLamlnaLlon lssues assoclaLed wlLh Lhe producLlon and
sLorage of C8P. Cur evaluaLlon Lo daLe relaLes only Lo use of C8P, noL Lo mlxLures of C8P
and sludge from Lhe seLLllng ponds. Such sludge conLalns hlgh quanLlLles of APs, some of
whlch are known carclnogens. 8efore C8S could be furLher promoLed as a susLalnable
opLlon, far more effecLlve and comprehenslve clean-up of Lhe black waLer, sludge, Lars and
oLher wasLe sLreams wlll be necessary. lssues such as burnlng of Lars and sludge ln a non-
conLrolled fashlon ls of concern. 8ecenLly, Ankur SclenLlflc has developed gaslflers whlch
dlscharge Lhe char ln dry form. A small parL of Lhls dry dlscharge can be used for waLer
LreaLmenL buL Lhe large quanLlLy can be puL Lo use as blochar as Lhe dry dlscharge ellmlnaLes
Lhe conLacL beLween Lhe char and Lhe process waLer. 1hls lnnovaLlon ls llkely Lo be
lmporLanL ln lmprovlng Lhe susLalnablllLy of Lhe C8S buL may be dlfflculL, lf noL lmposslble,
Lo reLroflL on already-lnsLalled unlLs.
4. 1here are some lnLeresLlng and encouraglng resulLs on Lhe agronomlc poLenLlal of C8Ps and
oLher forms of blochar produced form malze and sugarcane wasLes. ln repllcaLed Lrlals,
sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL yleld lncreases occurred ln Lhe case of lrrlgaLed rlce Lrlals and ln poL
Lrlals wlLh leLLuce and cabbage (uslng C8Ps). ?eL ln oLher such fleld and poL Lrlals (malze,
cabbage), no sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL resulLs were obLalned (uslng sugarcane Lrash and malze
cob char). AL Lhe presenL Llme, lL ls noL know why dlfferenL resulLs were obLalned. lL may,
however, have been due Lo Lhe dlfferences ln Lhe soll Lypes, agrlculLural managemenL
pracLlces, blochar Lype, blochar lncorporaLlon meLhod, eLc. Large uncerLalnLles remaln on
Lhe approprlaLe blochar dose, appllcaLlon meLhods, Llmlng of appllcaLlon, medlum- Lo long-
Lerm effecLs, comblnaLlon wlLh manures, greenwasLes, mosL responslve crops, eLc.

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3. 1he value of C8Ps and of oLher forms of blochar ls currenLly hard Lo evaluaLe because of
uncerLalnLy ln agronomlc value and ln wheLher a carbon markeL mlghL develop for blochar
deploymenL. Where Lhe C8P or oLher blochar are 'free' Lhen Lhelr use almosL cerLalnly does
provlde a good prospecL of a poslLlve reLurn on lnvesLmenL. 1hls value wlll lncrease greaLly lf
a carbon markeL can develop whlch allows for Lhe sLablllsed and offseL fossll fuel emlsslons
Lo be valued ln carbon markeLs. 1he carbon abaLemenL value of Lhe C8P looks Lo be several
Llmes larger Lhan Lhe agronomlc value.
6. Where Lhe C8P are glven away for free or aL a very low cosL, Lhe overall effecL should be Lo
brlng lncome Lo subslsLence farmers. C8Ps could lncrease ln cosL, however, as gaslfler
operaLors come Lo reallse Lhelr value Lo farmers. Commerclal producers could buy-up Lhe
ma[orlLy of Lhe supply, Lhereby denylng Lhe subslsLence farmers Lhe opporLunlLy Lo beneflL
from Lhe avallablllLy of C8P. Copy-caL gaslflers uslng locally avallable blomass could reduce
Lhe avallablllLy of such blomass Lo households LhaL rely upon such blomass for cooklng.

1he resulLs presenLed suggesL LhaL Lhe blomass (bloenergy)- blochar sysLems sLudled here, maklng
use of a readlly avallable agrlculLural resldue (rlce husks, sugarcane Lrash, corn cobs, eLc.), offers
poLenLlal noL only as a way of effecLlng Lhe long-Lerm sLorage of carbon buL also ln lmprovlng crop
producLlvlLy. 1he blomass-blochar sysLem can also, poLenLlally, effecL a more susLalnable dlsposal
rouLe for wasLe by-producLs such as C8Ps whlch oLherwlse may be a polluLanL.

5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0. . . . Iuture 0rectons Iuture 0rectons Iuture 0rectons Iuture 0rectons

We feel LhaL Lhe pro[ecL resulLs are encouraglng enough Lo conLlnue furLher exploraLlon. More
agrlculLural Lrlals are needed Lo draw any confldenL concluslons abouL Lhe efflcacy of blochar ln
agrlculLure ln all Lhe Lhree counLrles. Some ldeas for fuLure research are as follows.

Long Lerm monlLorlng of currenL slLes glven LhaL Lhe lmpacLs of blochar are anLlclpaLed Lo be
dynamlc,
lurLher measuremenL ln lncubaLlon experlmenLs and ln fleld Lrlals of Lhe lmpacL of agrl-
resldues and char addlLlons Lo soll upon greenhouse gas fluxes such as CP
4
, n
2
0, CC
2
,
lurLher LesLlng of Lhe lmpacLs of blochar upon dlfferenL soll Lypes and ln dlfferenL agro-
cllmaLlc zones,
lnLroducLlon of mulLlple ploLs on each Lrlal slLe Lo allow sufflclenL repllcaLlon for sLaLlsLlcal
analysls,
use of a wlder range of blochar addlLlons Lo LesL Lhe effecLs of dlfferenL appllcaLlon raLes
(lncludlng lower raLes, such as 3 and 10 L ha
-1
),
1esLlng of a wlder range of arable and horLlculLural crops,
1he lmpacL of blochar addlLlon ln ralnfed versus lrrlgaLed agrlculLure needs Lo be explored,
lurLher LesLlng of blochar wlLh a range of organlc amendmenLs, lncludlng spenL mushroom
composL, vermlcomposL and oLher sources of greenwasLe,
lurLher LesLlng of blochar wlLh dlfferenL levels of synLheLlc ferLlllzer addlLlon,
lurLher Lrlals Lo explore Lhe effecL of appllcaLlon meLhods - e.g. Lo compare Lhe lmpacLs of
one-Llme addlLlon vs. lncremenLal addlLlon of blochar every year. (lf hlgher blochar doses

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mlghL be lmmoblllzlng planL-avallable n ln Lhe soll, for example, Lhls would be a sLrong case
for avoldlng hlgh doses, and posslbly uslng lncremenLal doses Lo bulld up appllcaLlon levels
over Llme),
locuslng on hlgh value cash crops lncludlng peanuLs, soy bean, malze and melon,
Longer Lerm lnvesLlgaLlons of Lhe lmpacL of blochar on Lree crops,
uLlllsaLlon of alLernaLlve sources of blochar Lhan Lhose currenLly LesLed ln each counLry and
comparlson wlLh farmers' 'home-made blochar',
Comparlson of Lhe effecL of ash and sooL addlLlon Lo soll from open burnlng of agrlculLural
wasLe ln Lhe fleld as agalnsL dellberaLe appllcaLlon of blochar,
lnvesLlgaLlon of Lhe loglsLlcal lmpllcaLlons and farmer percepLlons of blochar lncorporaLlon
lnLo a farm sysLem ln Cambodla
Llfe cycle assessmenL of blochar producLlon and use ln lndla along Lhe llnes Lo LhaL done ln
Cambodla for Lhe C8Ps.

Lmerglng concepLual and laboraLory Lechnlques LhaL are movlng Lowards 'purposeful selecLlon'
of blochar could be used Lo help selecL Lrlal candldaLes from Lhe very large unlverse of
posslblllLles.

Peferences Peferences Peferences Peferences

8eesley, L., Moreno-!lmenez, L. and Comez-Lyles, !. (2010), LffecLs of blochar and greenwasLe
composL amendmenLs on moblllLy, bloavallablllLy and LoxlclLy of lnorganlc and organlc
conLamlnanLs ln a mulLl-elemenL polluLed soll, j5]
8haradwa[, A., Wang, ?., Srldhar, S., Arunachalam, v.S. ( 2004), yrolysls of rlce husk, cotteot 5cleoce
87, 981-986.
8ond, 1. and Paolln, Sun (2003), Can 8educlng 8lack Carbon Lmlsslons CounLeracL Clobal Warmlng?
ovtl. 5cl. &1ecb., 3921.
Chan, k.?., xu, Z. (2009), 8lochar: nuLrlenL properLles and Lhelr enhancemenL ln: Lehmann, !., !oseph,
S. (Lds.), 8locbot fot ovltoomeotol Moooqemeot, LarLhscan, London, pp. 67-84.
ueparLmenL of LnvlronmenL (1996), Code of racLlce for AgrlculLural use of Sewage Sludge, 2nd ed,
London
LnvlronmenL Agency (2007), uk Soll and Perbage olluLanL Survey, ukSPS 8eporL no. 9,
LnvlronmenLal ConcenLraLlons of olycycllc AromaLlc Pydrocarbons ln uk Soll and Perbage, pp.
32
Craham MC, Allan 8, lalllck AL, larmer !C. (2006), lnvesLlgaLlon of exLracLlon and clean-up
procedures used ln Lhe quanLlflcaLlon and sLable lsoLope characLerlsaLlon of APs ln
conLamlnaLed urban solls, 5cleoce of tbe 1otol ovltoomeot, 360:81-9.

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CusLafsson, C., krus, M., Zencak, Z., Sheesley, 8.!., CranaL, L., LngsLrm, L., raveen, .S., 8ao,
.S.., Leck, C., 8odhe, P. (2009). 8rown Clouds over SouLh Asla: 8lomass or lossll luel
CombusLlon? 5cleoce, 323:493-498.
Pammond !., Shackley, S., Sohl, S. and 8rownsorL, . (submlLLed), redlcLed Llfe Cycle Carbon
AbaLemenL for yrolysls 8lochar SysLems ln Lhe uk, oetqy lollcy
PealLh and SafeLy LxecuLlve (2003), 8esplrable CrysLalllne Slllca, hase 2: CarclnogenlclLy PSL 8ooks
lA8C (1997), 5lllco. lA8C Monographs on Lhe LvaluaLlon of Carclnogenlc 8lsks Lo Pumans.
lnLernaLlonal Agency for 8esearch on Cancer
lC8CL (1987), Culdance on Lhe AssessmenL and 8edevelopmenL of ConLamlnaLed Land,
lnLerdeparLmenLal CommlLLee on Lhe uevelopmenL of ConLamlnaLed Land, Culdance noLe 39/63,
Second LdlLlon, !uly 1987
lCC (2003), cotboo uloxlJe coptote ooJ 5totoqe, Speclal 8eporL of Worklng Croup lll of Lhe
lnLergovernmenLal anel on CllmaLe Change, Ceneva
!acobson, M.Z. (2010), ShorL-Lerm effecLs of conLrolllng fossll-fuel sooL, blofuel sooL and gases, and
meLhane on cllmaLe, ArcLlc lce, and alr polluLlon healLh, Iootool of Ceopbyslcol keseotcb, 113:23
!aln, A., (personal communlcaLlon wlLh Slmon Shackley). Ankur SclenLlflc, vadodara, Cu[uraL, lndla,
november, 2010
knoblauch, C., MaarlfaL, AA., felffer, LM, Paefele, SM. (2010) uegradablllLy of black carbon and lLs
lmpacL on Lrace gas fluxes and carbon Lurnover ln paddy solls, 5oll 8loloqy & 8locbemlstty,
dol:10.1016/[.sollblo.2010.07.012 (ln press).
Lal, C.P., Chen, k.S., Wang, P.k. (2009). lnfluence of rlce sLraw burnlng on Lhe levels of polycycllc
aromaLlc hydrocarbons ln agrlculLural counLy of 1alwan, I ovltoo 5cl (cbloo), 21:1200-7.
Lerda, u. (2009), olycycllc AromaLlc Pydrocarbons (APs), lacLsheeL, 8ep. no. !8C 30087. !olnL
8esearch CenLre, Ceel, 8elglum
Lln, ., Lngllng, C., ?u, !.Z. (2010), Pumlc-llke subsLances ln fresh emlsslons of rlce sLraw burnlng and
ln amblenL aerosols ln Lhe earl 8lver uelLa 8eglon, Chlna, Atmos. cbem. lbys., 10:6487-6300.
Masek, C., Sohl, S., klso, !. and 8oag, k. (2010), lCC Mlsslon Lo !apan - 8lochar. uoL lnLernaLlonal
Cfflce Lravel granL, lukuoka, !apan, 11-12Lh AugusL 2010
MacCarLy, n., Cgle, u., 8ond u.S.1., 8oden C. (2008), A laboraLory comparlson of Lhe global warmlng
lmpacL of flve ma[or Lypes of blomass cooklng sLoves, oetqy fot 5ostolooble uevelopmeot,
volume xll no. 2:3-14.
arnphumeesup, . and kerr, S. (forLhcomlng), SLakeholder preferences Lowards Lhe susLalnable
developmenL of CuM pro[ecLs: Lessons from blomass (rlce husk) CuM pro[ecL ln 1halland
lLerou, A., Shackley, S. and upham, . (2008), 'ro[ecL A888L: Lessons for blo-energy developers
and pollcy-makers', oetqy lollcy 36: 2044-2030.
8amanaLhan, v., Carmlchael, C. (2008),

Clobal and reglonal cllmaLe changes due Lo black carbon.
Notote Ceoscleoce, 1:221-227.

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8oberLs, k.C., Cloy, 8.A., !oseph, S., ScoLL, n.8., Lehmann, !. (2010). Llfe Cycle AssessmenL of 8lochar
SysLems: LsLlmaLlng Lhe LnergeLlc, Lconomlc, and CllmaLe Change oLenLlal. ovltoomeotol
5cleoce & 1ecbooloqy, 44, 827-833.
8uysschaerL, C. and nellssen, v. (2010), Legal aspecLs on Lhe use of blochar ln Lhe soll ln llanders,
8elglum, aper prepared for lnLerreg 8lochar: CllmaLe Savlng Solls pro[ecL
Shackley S, CarLer S, Paefele, S, knowles 1, Mlddellnk, L., Sohl S (2010) SusLalnable CaslflcaLlon-
8lochar SysLems? A Case-sLudy of 8lce-Pusk CaslflcaLlon ln Cambodla. Lnergy ollcy (submlLLed)

Shackley, S. and Creen, k. (2007). 'Lxplorlng LranslLlons Lo susLalnable energy: uecarbonlsaLlon of Lhe
uk', oetqy, 32: 221-236

Slngh, 8. ., PaLLon, 8. !., Slngh, 8., Cowle, A. L. and kaLhurla, A. (2010), lnfluence of blochars on
nlLrous oxlde emlsslon and nlLrogen leachlng from Lwo conLrasLlng solls, Iootool of ovltoomeotol
Ooollty, 39

Sohl, S.., krull, L., Lopez-Capel, L., 8ol, 8. (2010). A revlew of blochar and lLs use and funcLlon ln soll.
AJvooces lo Aqtooomy, 103: 47-82.

1lpayarom, u., Canh, n.1.k. (2007), LffecLs from open rlce sLraw burnlng emlsslon on alr quallLy ln Lhe
8angkok meLropollLan reglon, 5cleoceAslo, 33:339-343.

1ong, L. and ?oshlda, 1. (2008) CeneLlc ulverslLy of Cambodlan 8lce CulLlvars, lloot ltoJ. 5cl. 11(3):
366-367

uSLA (2007), Lcologlcal Soll Screenlng Levels of olycycllc ArmoaLlc Pydrocarbons, lnLerlm llnal,
CSWL8 ulrecLlve, 9283.7-78
van ZwleLen, L., klmbe,r S., Morrls, S., uownle, A., 8erger, L., 8usL, !. and Scheer, C. (2010), lnfluence
of blochars on flux of n
2
C and CC
2
from lerrosol, Aosttolloo Iootool of 5oll keseotcb 48, 333-368.

verhel[en, l.C.A., !effery, S., 8asLos, A.C., van der velde, M., ulafas, l. (2009). 8lochar AppllcaLlon Lo
Solls - A CrlLlcal SclenLlflc 8evlew of LffecLs on Soll roperLles, rocesses and luncLlons. Lu8
24099 Ln, Cfflce for Lhe Cfflclal ubllcaLlons of Lhe Luropean CommunlLles, Luxembourg, 149pp.

vlcLor, u. (2009), 1he ollLlcs of lossll-luel Subsldles. 1he Clobal Subsldles lnlLlaLlve unLold 8llllons:
lossll-luel Subsldles, 1helr lmpacLs and 1he aLh 1o 8eform, lnLernaLlonal lnsLlLuLe for
SusLalnable uevelopmenL.
Woolf, u., AmoneLLe, !., SLreeL-erroLL, A., Lehmann, !. and !oseph, S. (2010), SusLalnable blochar Lo
mlLlgaLe global cllmaLe change, Notote commoolcotloos, 1, 36, uCl:dol:10.1038/ncomms1033

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Appendx Appendx Appendx Appendx 1 11 1: Uonferences/5ymposa/Workshops : Uonferences/5ymposa/Workshops : Uonferences/5ymposa/Workshops : Uonferences/5ymposa/Workshops

1. I ncept on Workshop 1. I ncept on Workshop 1. I ncept on Workshop 1. I ncept on Workshop

Crganlsed by A81l, lndla, PosLed by SML, Cambodla
uaLes: uecember 12-13, 2009
Agenda: llrsL meeLlng of Lhe collaboraLors, decldlng on deLalls of acLlon plan, and dlscusslng flnanclal
and admlnlsLraLlve lssues.
arLlclpanLs: ur. rlyadarshlnl karve & Mr. 8.n. rabhune (A81l, lndla), ur. Slmon Shackley & Ms.
Sarah CarLer (uk88C, uk), ur. SLephan Paffele (l88l, Lhe hlllpplnes) Mr. 1ony knowels (SML,
Cambodla)

2. M d 1erm Progress Work 2. M d 1erm Progress Work 2. M d 1erm Progress Work 2. M d 1erm Progress Workshop shop shop shop

Crganlsed by A81l, lndla, PosLed by A81l, lndla
uaLes: May 23-26, 2010
Agenda: 8evlew of work done and prellmlnary analysls of daLa, agreelng on nexL sLeps Lo achleve
pro[ecL ob[ecLlves
arLlclpanLs: ur. rlyadarshlnl karve & Mr. 8.n. rabhune (A81l, lndla), Ms. Sarah CarLer (uk88C, uk,
also represenLlng SML, Cambodla), ur. SLephan Paffele (l88l, Lhe hlllpplnes) & ur. Slmon Shackley
(uk88C, uk) - by phone and skype.

3 33 3. L . L . L . L- -- - Workshop: ochar, the potent a| n As a Pac f c? Workshop: ochar, the potent a| n As a Pac f c? Workshop: ochar, the potent a| n As a Pac f c? Workshop: ochar, the potent a| n As a Pac f c?

Crganlsed by Lhe uk 8lochar 8esearch CenLre, unlverslLy of Ldlnburgh and ApproprlaLe 8ural
1echnology lnsLlLuLe-lndla
Monday 23
Lh
- lrlday 29
Lh
CcLober 2010
nosted by: Pousehold Lnergy neLwork (www.hedon.lnfo).
Conducted 8y: Sarah CarLer, rlyadarshlnl karve & Slmon Shackley
Agenda: onllne dlscusslon on blochar, coverlng Lechnology, use and pollcy wlLh a focus on Lhe
poverLy allevlaLlon poLenLlal of gaslflcaLlon cook sLoves, lnvlLlng parLlclpaLlon/lnpuLs from pro[ecL
developers, cook sLove producers and dlsLrlbuLors, academlcs, pollcy makers and Lhose wlLh cllmaLe
change / carbon offseL lnLeresL.

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Contr|butors: Chrls Adam, SLuarL 8rown, AnneLLe Cowle, Cerbe uellava, karabl uuLLa, Mamadou lall,
!ohn lleld, !ohn CaunL, Wlm CeLkaLe, SLephan Paefele, 8ryan Puglll, Craham knlghL, Sleng PuaL
kong, rakash !ha, !ames !oyce, 8on Larson, Lucy Lu, Luca ue Moses, Lewls eake, Sal 8haskar 8eddy
nakka, 8uy korscha ue La 8osa, 1revor 8lchards, aal Wendelbo, kelple Wllson, uomlnlc Woolf.
LlsL of reglsLered parLlclpanLs:
User Iob t|t|e Locat|on:
cont|nent
8enson Zeyl nA nA
Luka ue Moses nA nA
Marco Alcalde Cunnlngham nA nA
eLer 8ussell nA nA
Lone Andersen nA nA
ChrlsLa 8oLh nA nA
8lchard lllffe nA nA
!an lleLen nA nA
karabl uuLLa 8lomass Lnergy ConsulLanL Asla
!eremlah klplagaL 1uLorlal fellow Afrlca
sahadev kunapull nA Asla
aulo Lopes Carbon ManagemenL ConsulLanL Lurope
nlLln agare ro[ecL Manager Lurope
aal Wendelbo 1echnlcal advlser Lurope
8apLlsLe lllpo nA Lurope
Craham knlghL ulrecLor Lurope
8onal Larson resldenL Amerlca norLh
Mamadou lall lreelance consulLanL Afrlca
Cerbe uellava ro[ecL/roducL ueveloper Asla
rlyadarshlnl karve ro[ecL Co-ordlnaLor Asla
Sarah CarLer 8esearch AsslsLanL Lurope
Mbaarl klnya LxecuLlve ulrecLor Amerlca norLh
ArL uonnelly ulrecLor Amerlca norLh

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ClemenL Algbogun ulrecLor Afrlca
lrancesco vlLall hu sLudenL Lurope
PamzaL Lawal nA Afrlca
Abhlshek Saxena AssL. rofessor Asla
Ckechukwu ugwu ro[ecL Cfflcer Afrlca
Sandeep uungdung nA Asla
1awanda Madovl Managlng ulrecLor Afrlca
uaya 8am nhuchhen SLudenL, M L ln Lnergy 1echnology Asla
Wlm CeLkaLe ManagemenL Advlsor Afrlca
8ebecca 8owe 8esearcher Lurope
lsaac Zama nA Amerlca norLh
8ebeca 8amlrez AcosLa englneer Lurope
kelple Wllson CommunlcaLlons LdlLor for lnLernaLlonal 8lochar
lnlLlaLlve
Amerlca norLh
vo[Lech klusak osLuoc Lurope
1revor 8lchards nA Asla
lucy lu nA Amerlca norLh
eLer ClLhln[l nA Lurope
8ryan Puglll naLural 8esource ManagemenL SpeclallsL Asla
Lyobel C/senbeL Lnergy experL Afrlca
Amanda 8avenhll nA Amerlca norLh
Pannah Werdmuller nA Lurope
uomlnlc Woolf nA Lurope
Maura ShelLon hu candldaLe Amerlca norLh
Lewls eake hu sLudenL Lurope
kelll 8oberLs nA Amerlca norLh
!ohn lleld nA Amerlca norLh
Malrl 8lack 8esearch AssoclaLe Lurope
nelson ko PLuCn sofLware developmenL Amerlca norLh

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CranL 8allard-1remeer ulrecLor Lurope
Sleng PuaL kong osL-CraduaLe Asla
vlnda Levy nA Asla
8arakoLura 8arakoLura nA Lurope
rakash Chandra !ha v.p Asla
SLuarL 8rown Lead consulLanL Asla
AnneLLe Cowle nA Cceanla
Sallm Mayekl Shaban resldenL Afrlca
SLephan M Paefele Senlor SclenLlsL for soll sclence and agronomy Asla
Slmon Shackley LecLurer Lurope
marle hlll Manager Asla
8oberL Polmer 8eglonal ulrecLor, LasL and SouLheasL Asla Asla
Anll kumar vempaLy Managlng ulrecLor Asla
L8SLS 8lLlMC8lA CLC Anu lCunuL8 Asla
Sohel Ahmed 8esearch AssoclaLe Lurope
aul 1anger nA Amerlca norLh
Chrls Adam sLove deslgner, approprlaLe LechnologlsLe, hu
CandldaLe,
nA
!an Sorensen Man ulr Lurope
nlck Marshall ulrecLor Lurope
Sal 8haskar 8eddy nakka Chlef LxecuLlve Cfflcer Asla
8ob 8ryanL nA Lurope
Syamasundar 8eddy AssL. rofessor Asla
8elne Marle ndew ulCP nA Afrlca
lan McChesney ulrecLor Lurope
Lvan Palgler LxecuLlve ulrecLor Amerlca norLh
!uan ablo MarLlnez
Mansllla
CLC Amerlca SouLh

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4 44 4. Nat ona| Uonsu| tat on on ochar and Uarbon Lm ss on Peduct on (NU . Nat ona| Uonsu| tat on on ochar and Uarbon Lm ss on Peduct on (NU . Nat ona| Uonsu| tat on on ochar and Uarbon Lm ss on Peduct on (NU . Nat ona| Uonsu| tat on on ochar and Uarbon Lm ss on Peduct on (NU - -- -
ULP) ULP) ULP) ULP)

OtqoolseJ by. Apptoptlote kotol 1ecbooloqy lostltote (Ak1l)
uotes. 22-2J Novembet, 2010
veooe. ut. Moolbbol uesol Moooqemeot 1tololoq ceotet, 8bottlyo Aqto loJosttles loooJotloo
(8All), ut. Moolbbol uesol Noqot, Notloool nlqbwoy No.4, wotje, looe
1he rogramme of Lhe ConsulLaLlon was as follows:
November 22, 2010
8.30-9.30 8eglsLraLlon & 8reakfasL
9.30-10.00 lnauguraLlon and lnLroducLlon of arLlclpanLs
10.00-11.00 8lochar: lnLernaLlonal erspecLlve
key noLe Address by rof. Slmon Shackley (30 mln + 10 mln)
11.00-11.30 1ea 8reak
11.30-1.30 Lxperlence Sharlng - 1
A81l's charcoal maklng Lechnologles - Mr. n.!. Zende (20 mln + 3 mln)
8lochar by gasolysls - Mr. nllesh lnamdar (20 mln + 3 mln)
8lomass CaslflcaLlon and blochar - Mr. C.. nagorl (20 mln + 3 mln)
8lochar experlence from Lhe fleld - Ms. nlshlLa vasanLh (20 mln + 3 mln)
lnLroduclng SocleLy for 8lochar lnlLlaLlves - Mr. erses 8lllmorla (20 mln)
1.30-2.30 Lunch
2.30-3.30 8lochar roducLlon and uses
1hemaLlc 1alk by ur. Sal 8haskar 8eddy (30 mln + 10 mln)
3.30-4.00 Cpen lorum
3.00-7.30 ubllc luncLlon Lo lellclLaLe ur. A.u. karve on 73
Lh
blrLhday
venue: vedshaLroLLe[ak Sabha, near Sanas Cround, une.
7.30 - ulnner
November 23, 2010
10.00-11.00 AgrlculLure wlLhouL ferLlllzer - new perspecLlves
1hemaLlc 1alk by ur. A.u. karve (30 mln + 10 mln)

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94
11.00-11.30 1ea 8reak
11.30-1.30 Lxperlence Sharlng - 2
WC18's work ln organlc farmlng - Mr. Sushll 8a[pal (20 mln + 3 mln)
llrsL hand experlence of blochar based urban agrlculLure - Mr. Sunll 8hlde (20
mln + 3 mln)
romoLlng Crganlc larmlng - Mr. 8avlndra karve (20 mln + 3 mln)
A81l's blochar experlmenLs - Mr. 8.n. rabhune (20 mln + 3 mln)
1.30-2.30 Lunch
2.30-3.30 8lochar, CllmaLe change and llnance
lnLroducLlon Lo nexus Carbon for uevelopmenL - ur. rlyadarshlnl karve (13 mln
+ 3 mln)
lnLernaLlonal ollcy lssues - ur. Slmon shackley (13 mln + 3 mln)
8ole of Mlcroflnance ln SusLalnable 1echnology romoLlon - Mr. Saurabh LkboLe
(13 mln + 3 mln)
3.30-4.30 Cpen lorum
November 24, 2010
8.00-3.00 lleld vlslL Lo A81l Lralnlng cenLer, halLan (CpLlonal)

1he llsL of parLlclpanLs ls glven below:
name CrganlsaLlon hone e-mall
1 ur. Slmon Shackley uk 88C, unlv of
Ldlnborough, uk
nA slmonshackley.ed.ac
.uk
2 Mr. erses 8lllmorla 1he SocleLy of 8lochar
lnlLlaLlves, Mumbal,
MaharashLra
9821030328 earLhsoullndla[gma
ll.com
3 ur. C.. nagorl ankur SclenLlflc,
vadodara, Cu[araLh
2632783098 gpnagorl[ankurscle
nLlflc.com
4 ur. Salbhaskar 8eddy CLC Lnglneerlng,
Pyderabad, Andhra
radesh
9246332018 salbhaskarnakka[g
mall.com
3 Ms. nlshlLa vasanLh Shola LrusL, Cudalur,
1amll nadu
9480322881 nlshlLa[LhesholaLru
sL.org

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6 Mr. Sahadev kunapalll ravuLa olam 8adl
(larmers' lleld School),
Chanpur, ulsL
Warangal, Andhra
radesh
944379870 k_sahadev[redlffm
all.com
7 Mr. kashlnaLh nayak !lvan Slkhshan
raLlshLhaan, 8elgaon,
karnaLaka
nA
8 Mr. 8amesh Paglrdarl !lvan Slkhshan
raLlshLhaan, 8elgaon,
karnaLaka
nA
9 Mr. Madhav
Sahasrabuddhe
rayas, une,
MaharashLra
020 23469839 madhavsahasrabudh
e[gmall.com
10 Mr. Sushll 8a[pal WC18, une,
MaharashLra
nA vandana.salvl[woLr
.org.ln
11 Mr. nllesh lnamdar aLperL
LeknowsysLems, une,
MaharashLra
9011094984 nlleshlnamdar[paL
perL.com
12 Mr. Sura[ Mundhe aLperL
LeknowsysLems, une,
MaharashLra
8888828043 sura[mundhe[paLp
erL.com
13 Ms. 8upall ChaLe Creen LarLh, une,
MaharashLra
020-23466103 rupallghaLe[gmall.c
om
14 Mr. Sourabh LkboLe LlecLronlca llnance LLd,
une, MaharashLra
9637107416 s.ekboLe[elecLronlc
aflnance[org
13 ur. C.S. 1asgaonkar Zeal LducaLlon SocleLy,
une, MaharashLra
9822334204
16 Mr. Mlllnd aLll olyfab, une,
MaharashLra
9823187231
polyfab_eps[vsnl.n
eL
17 Mr. San[ay 8hosale MaharashLra
navnlrman Sena, une,
MaharashLra
9890048676 san[ay_bhosale_mns
[gmall.com
18 Mr. Prlshlkesh
ueshpande
Lnglneer lnLeresLed ln
WasLe ManagemenL,
Pyderabad, Andhra
radesh
9704990147 hrlshl_63[yahoo.co
m

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96
19 Mr. 8avlndra karve romoLer of Crganlc
larmlng, Sangll,
MaharashLra
9766607317 ravlndrakarvepc[g
mall.com
20 Ms. ushaprabha age romoLer of Crganlc
larmlng, une,
MaharashLra
9422647433 ushaprabhapage[g
mall.com
21 Mr. rabhakar andlL Sclence CommunlcaLor,
une, MaharashLra
9326994383
22 Mr. Sunll 8hlde Crganlc farmer, une,
MaharashLra
9420481731 sunbhlde[gmall.co
m
23 Mr. Arvlnd ChlLale lnLeresLed ln Crganlc
farmlng, une,
MaharashLra
9637106366 amchlLale[yahoo.c
om
24 Mr. Suyog lulbadave AgrlculLure SLudenL,
une, MaharashLra
nA suyog_fulbadave[g
mall.com
23 Mr. Mohlnlra[ Somany lnLeresLed ln Crganlc
farmlng, une,
MaharashLra
020-26832369 nA
26 Mr. urushoLLam
SumanL
lnLeresLed ln Crganlc
farmlng, une,
MaharashLra
nA purushoLLam_suma
nL[redlffmall.com
27 ur. rlyadarshlnl karve A81l, une,
MaharashLra
9822338743 pkarve[arLl-
lndla.org
28 ur. A.u karve A81l, une,
MaharashLra
9881309623 adkarve[gmall.com
29 Mr. narendra Zende A81l, halLan, uls.
SaLara, MaharashLra
9226369688 wLparLl[gmall.com
30 Mr. 8. rabhune A81l, halLan, uls.
SaLara, MaharashLra
9423033331 rnpabhune[ymall.c
om
31 Mr. 8.u ueshmukh A81l, une,
MaharashLra
9226894301 arLl_pune[vsnl.com
32 Mr. 8.k. ?adav A81l, une,
MaharashLra
9923233806 arLl_pune[vsnl.com
33 Mr. A.S. aLwardhan A81l 9423322991 arLl_pune[vsnl.com
34 Ms. CeeLa opLanl A81l - lnLern, une,
MaharashLra
9730936488 geeLa.popLanl[gma
ll.com

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97
5. I na 5. I na 5. I na 5. I na| Pro[ ect Workshop | Pro[ ect Workshop | Pro[ ect Workshop | Pro[ ect Workshop

Crganlsed by: A81l, lndla
venue: Slem 8eap, Cambodla

uaLes: november 23-29, 2010

Agenda: CollaLlng daLa from all Lhree counLrles, collecLlvely analyzlng daLa, dlscusslng resulLs and
concluslons, collecLlvely preparlng flrsL skeleLal drafL of flnal reporL

arLlclpanLs: ur. rlyadarshlnl karve & Mr. 8.n. rabhune (A81l, lndla), Ms. Sarah CarLer (uk88C, uk,
also represenLlng SML, Cambodla), ur. SLephan Paffele (l88l, Lhe hlllpplnes)

6. Add t ona| I n 6. Add t ona| I n 6. Add t ona| I n 6. Add t ona| I nformat on d ssem nat on act v t es format on d ssem nat on act v t es format on d ssem nat on act v t es format on d ssem nat on act v t es

8|og: http:]]b|ocharm.wordpress.com
1he pro[ecL blog ls open access, and glves lnformaLlon abouL Lhe currenL sLaLus and acLlvlLles of Lhe
pro[ecL. lL also provldes a forum for dlscusslon slnce lnLeresLed parLles can conLacL us and leave
commenLs Lo share lnformaLlon. 1oLal vlews of Lhe blog as of 20.12.2010 were 3821. 1he blog wlll be
onllne afLer Lhe end of Lhe pro[ecL, and end of pro[ecL reporLs wlll be avallable Lhere.

IIGIRL A1: SCRLLN SHOT OI THL BIOCHARM BLOG SITL

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98
Appendx 2: Iundng 5ources ot Appendx 2: Iundng 5ources ot Appendx 2: Iundng 5ources ot Appendx 2: Iundng 5ources other than APN her than APN her than APN her than APN

uk 8lochar 8esearch CenLre, unlverslLy of Ldlnburgh
ConLrlbuLlon-ln-klnd: $33,000

Carbon CapLured LlmlLed (uk):
ConLrlbuLlon Lowards Lravel and subslsLence cosLs for ur Slmon Shackley: $3000

Appendx 3: Young 5centsts Appendx 3: Young 5centsts Appendx 3: Young 5centsts Appendx 3: Young 5centsts

Sarah Carter (scarterQstaffma||.ed.ac.uk)

AsslgnmenL: Provide on-the-ground assistance for the field trails undertaken in Cambodia, and in
general assist in co-ordination of project activities.

lt wos o qteot expetleoce to wotk oo tbls ptoject, ooJ toke oo oew tespooslbllltles, locloJloq floooclol
ploooloq, moooqloq flelJ ttlols ooJ moJetotloq oo e-wotksbop, wblcb wos cbolleoqloq bot tbe botJ
wotk polJ off! 1bese oew skllls wlll be exttemely osefol ooJ l bope to be oble to ose tbem lo my oext
osslqomeot. l olso boJ tbe oppottooltles to lotetoct wltb oew otqoolsotloos, ooJ os o tesolt leotoeJ o
lot ftom some expetts lo Jlffeteot flelJs. wotkloq lo Aslo olso qove tbe cbooce to expetleoce oew
coltotes, ooJ ttovel to oew ploces, wblcb wos oo oJJeJ booos.

Appendx Appendx Appendx Appendx 4 44 4: Peports of Uonferences/Workshops : Peports of Uonferences/Workshops : Peports of Uonferences/Workshops : Peports of Uonferences/Workshops

ALLached:

LWorkshop8eporL.pdf
nC8CL88eporL.pdf

8eporLs of relaLed workshops (noL funded Lhrough Lhls pro[ecL):
8locharroducLlon&use_lndla2010.pdf
8locharroducLlon&use_Cambodla2010.pdf

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101

Mater|a| Lab code 8atch Iresh
we|ght
Dry
we|ght
Water

MC

Mean
MC
(gms) (gms) () ()
8lce SLraw 60910 18 18.82 17.34 1.28 6.80 6.7S
8lce SLraw 61110 18 18.63 17.23 1.40 7.31
8lce SLraw 60910 28 23.04 21.63 1.41 6.12
8lce SLraw 61110S 28 19.96 18.67 1.29 6.46
8lce SLraw 60910 38 23.66 21.98 1.68 7.10
8lce SLraw 61110S 38 27.17 23.41 1.76 6.48

8lce Pusk 61110P 18 10.26 9.22 1.04 10.14 6.96
8lce Pusk 60810 18 32.34 30.78 1.76 3.41
8lce Pusk 61110P 28 12.89 11.74 1.13 8.92
8lce Pusk 60810 28 39.09 37.17 1.92 4.91
8lce Pusk 61110P 38 11.28 10.44 0.84 7.43
8lce Pusk 60810 38 30.34 29.03 1.31 4.94

Carbonlsed rlce sLraw 61110S 1L 43.28 44.60 0.68 1.32 3.7S
Carbonlsed rlce sLraw 60910 1L 18.64 17.30 1.14 6.31
Carbonlsed rlce sLraw 6410S 2L 36.87 33.88 0.99 1.77
Carbonlsed rlce sLraw 61110S 3L 39.22 38.31 0.71 1.84

Carbonlsed rlce husk 60810 1L 26.37 23.79 0.78 3.02 2.8S
Carbonlsed rlce husk 61110P 1L 27.76 26.87 0.89 3.31
Carbonlsed rlce husk 60810 2L 20.66 19.98 0.68 3.40

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102
Carbonlsed rlce husk 60810 3L 23.97 23.06 0.91 3.93

T TT TABLL ABLL ABLL ABLL A2 A2 A2 A2: :: : MOISTIRL CONTLNT OI SAMPLLS IROM THL BATCH GASIIILR TLST RINS AT IRRI, CONDICTLD JILY
2010. THL SAMPLLS VLRL TAKLN DIRLCTLY BLIORL AND AITLR THL GASIIICATION.

Samp|e code]deta||s DCS1 samp|e code neat|ng va|ue,
81U]|b
neat|ng
va|ue,
MI]kg
L|teratur
e va|ue,
MI]kg
(AS1M D201S)
AdlabaLlc bomb
calorlmeLer

lresh 8lce SLraw (8S) 18 60910 &
61110, 28 60910 & 61110S and 38
60910 & 61110S
2010 987- 1 8S 3986 13.9 13.7
lresh 8lce Pusk (8P) 18 61110P &
60810, 28 61110P & 60810, 38
61110P & 60810
2010 987- 2 8P 3980 13.9 13-13

Carbonlsed 8lce SLraw (C8S) 1L
61110S and 60910
2010 987- 3C8S 1L 831 2.0
6410S and 60910
2010 987- 4C8S 2L 1118 2.6
61110S and 60910
2010 987- 3C8S 3L 1473 3.4

Carbonlsed 8lce Pusk (C8P) 1L
61110S and 60910
2010 987- 6C8P 1L no CombusLlon noL
deLecLable

6410S and 60910
deLecLable

61110S and 60910
deLecLable

T TT TABLL ABLL ABLL ABLL A` A` A` A`: :: : ANALYSLS OI SAMPLLS SIBMITTLD TO STANDARDS AND TLSTING DIVISION, INDISTRIAL
TLCHNOLOGY DLVLLOPMLNT INSTITITL (DOSTi, SLPTLMBLR 2010. THLSL VLRL SAMPLLS IROM THL
GASIIICATION TRIALS DONL AT IRRI TOGLTHLR VITH JOHN IILLD ISING THL BATCH GASIIILR, JILY 2010.
2`24.4 IS THL CONVLRSION IACTOR IROM BTI/LB TO J/KG, 1,000,000 IS IOR CONVLRSION TO MJ/KG

A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
n
S
?
-
k
A
8
v
L
-
l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

]
103

1. Dclra: 2009 uidclincs |o dclra / dccc's h convcrsion lac|ors lor companv rcpor|in. (2009i.
2. Graham M, Allan R, Iallick A, Iarmcr J: Invcs|ia|ion ol cx|rac|ion and clcan-up proccdurcs
uscd in |hc quan|ilica|ion and s|ablc iso|opic charac|crisa|ion ol pahs in con|amina|cd urban
soils Scicncc ol |hc To|al Lnvironmcn| `60 9(2006i.
`. Crcascr Cs, Vood Md, Alcock R, Copplcs|onc D, Crook P, Barraclouh D: Ik soil and
hcrbac pollu|an| survcv: Lnvironmcn|al conccn|ra|ions ol polvcvclic aroma|ic hvdrocarbons in
uk soil and hcrbac. (2007i.
4. Ankur: 'ankur' biomass asilica|ion svs|cms usin ricc husk as a lucl (2010 i.
5. Bccslcv L, Morcno-Jimcncz L, Gomcz-Lvlcs J: Lllcc|s ol biochar and rccnwas|c compos|
amcndmcn|s on mobili|v, bioavailabili|v and |oxici|v ol inoranic and oranic con|aminan|s in a
mul|i-clcmcn| pollu|cd soil. Lnvironmcn|al Pollu|ion 158(1i 155-160 (2010 i.

Bio Charm Final Report

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llN4L kPOk1 for 4PN PkOlc1

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