Yazd-System Description For Auxiliary Steam System - Combined

M I N I S T RY O F E N E R G Y
IRAN POWER DEVELOPMENT CO.
I PD C
22 COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS
PROJECT :
YAZD COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
FOR
AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM
FOR CONSTRUCTION
B IN CORPORATED MOM DATED 27~31 AUG. AND 08~12 SEP.’04 Nov.09,’04 Y.K.LEE Nov.09,’04 H. C. YOO Nov.09,’04 W. Y. LEE Nov.09,’04
A FOR CONSTRUCTION July. 5,’04 Y.K.LEE July. 5,’04 H. C. YOO July. 5,’04 W. Y. LEE July. 5,’04
0 FIRST ISSUE Dec.5,’03 D.C.KIM Dec.5,’03 H. C. YOO Dec.5,’03 W. Y. LEE Dec.5,’03
REV DESIGNATION DATE DESIGN DATE CHKD DATE TM

APPROVED DATE
MAPNA C o . DOCUMENT NO. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 REV. C
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( PRIVATE JOINT STOCK )
IRAN POWER PLANT PROJECTS MANAGEMENT Co. CONTRACT NO. : 22-0701/BA/TL PAGE 1 OF 8
ORIGINATOR
ORIGINATOR NO. : YZC-A-SP-449-SDE-004
DOOSAN HEAVY INDUSTRIES &
CONSTRUCTION CO.,LTD. ORIG ORIG. PROJ. DISC. DOC. AREA SYS. SEQ. SH.
LOC. DEPT. NAME TYPE TYPE FA.N N. N. REV. C
M I N I S T RY O F E N E R G Y
IRAN POWER DEVELOPMENT CO.
I PD C
22 COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS
PROJECT :
YAZD COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
REVISION REVISION
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TM
MAPNA C o . DOCUMENT NO. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 REV. C
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( PRIVATE JOINT STOCK )
IRAN POWER PLANT PROJECTS MANAGEMENT Co. CONTRACT NO. : 22-0701/BA/TL PAGE 2 OF 7
ORIGINATOR
ORIGINATOR NO. : YZC-A-SP-449-SDE-004
DOOSAN HEAVY INDUSTRIES &
CONSTRUCTION CO.,LTD. ORIG ORIG. PROJ. DISC. DOC. AREA SYS. SEQ. SH.
LOC. DEPT. NAME TYPE TYPE FA.N N. N. REV. C
YAZD SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DOOSAN
Combined Cycle AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM Changwon, KOREA
Contract No. : Doc. No. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 Revision : C

Page: 3 OF 8
22-0701/BA/TL Originator No. : YZC-A-SP-449-SDE-004 Date : Nov. 09, ‘04
AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM
CONTENTS
CLAUSE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
1.0.0 REFERENCE DRAWINGS 4
2.0.0 INTRODUCTION 4
3.0.0 AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 5
4.0.0 DESIGN BASIS 6
5.0.0 GENERAL CONTROL DESCRIPTION 8
TM
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Page: 4 OF 8
1.0.0 REFERENCE DRAWINGS

- Auxiliary Steam System P&I diagrams (MP-YZC-GA-02-SA0-001)
- P&I diagram for Feed Water Storage Section (MP-YZC-GA-02-HL0-003)
2.0.0 INTRODUCTION
The auxiliary steam system consists of auxiliary boiler (supplied by Others) and auxiliary
steam header(ALBG30BR001) with attemperator(ALBG20AZ001), pressure control valve
(ALBG10AA151), temperature control valve(ALCE11AA151).
Auxiliary steam header(ALBG30BR001) is connected to the main piping(ALBG70BR001)

from auxiliary boiler.
Each consumer for auxiliary steam is branched from the nearest tapping point of the main
auxiliary steam lines (ALBG30BR001, ALBG70BR001).
The auxiliary steam from auxiliary steam header is supplied to :

- Steam turbine gland sealing
- Hogging / holding ejector
- Two (2) deaerators for two (2) HRSGs
- HVAC
- Water treatment plant
- CPP regeneration plant
The auxiliary steam is provided from HP steam common line by means of pressure control
valve (ALBG10AA151) and attemperator (ALBG20AZ001) and also provided from the
auxiliary boiler that can supply steam to the auxiliary steam headers.
The source of attemperator spray water is provided from the condensate extraction
TM
pumps(ALCB11AP001/002).
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3.0.0 AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Auxiliary steam for the steam turbine gland seal steam system must be provided until the
steam turbine becomes self-sealing.
For normal operation of Plant, auxiliary boiler should be operated to supply its auxiliary
steam as a backup while HP steam of plant is not available as auxiliary steam.
Auxiliary steam for deaerators will be also supplied from the auxiliary steam header during
plant start-up.
A safety valve (ALBG30AA191) with relieving capacity of maximum steam flow of

desuperheated HP steam provided on module auxiliary steam header to protect from over-
pressure.
3.1.0 Auxiliary steam flow paths.
Auxiliary steam is supplied from the HP superheated steam common

header(ALBA30BR004) via 2.5 inch line(ALBG10BR001) with a motorized isolation
valve(ALBG10AA051) to the pressure control valve(ALBG10AA151).
Pressure controlled HP steam is mixed with condensate water by means of an attemperator

(ALBG20AZ001) to meet the auxiliary steam condition (15bar.a, 240℃). Mixed steam is
supplied to the auxiliary steam header via 4 inch auxiliary steam header (ALBG30BR001).
Auxiliary steam drain lines are provided to drain condensate water to blow down
tank(1/2LCQ60BB001) or flash tank(ALCM30BB001) during start-up and normal operation.
Each auxiliary steam drain line is provided with a drain leg with steam trap with bypass.
TM
The auxiliary steam for gland steam will be drained on the inlet side of gland steam control
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valve skid to avoid accumulation of water that can be injected into the seal system.
Before start up operation of plant, the initial steam from auxiliary boiler will be flowed to flash
tank through 1” pipe by opened MOV (ALCM91AA051) until the related lines are fully

Page: 6 OF 8
warmed-up. In this time, the small quantity of drain flow will be drained through orifice by the
opened isolation valves.
And, during normal operation, the MOV is being closed, and the aux. steam to gland steam
control valve skid is drained continuously through the plug resistance orifice
(ALCM91AZ001).
The auxiliary steam header(ALBG30BR001) supplies the following branches :
- 3 inch line(ALBG60BR001) for gland steam.

- 2.5 inch line(ALBG50BR001) for hogging & holding ejector.
- 3 inch lines(1/2LBG41BR001) for deaerators of two(2) HRSGs.
- 6 inch line(ALBG70BR001) for HVAC, water treatment plant, CPP regeneration plant.
The auxiliary steam will be supplied from the following steam source:
- 4 inch line(ALBG30BR001) from outlet of auxiliary steam attemperator after pressure
control valve (ALBG21BR001).
- 6 inch line(ALBG70BR001) from auxiliary steam boiler.
4.0.0 DESIGN BASIS
The auxiliary steam system is designed to satisfy the following requirements:
1. Auxiliary steam flow to consumers
(1) During start-up (Aux. steam shall be provided from Aux. boiler)
- Gland steam : 1.5 0.75 kg/s

- Hogging ejector : 1.0 kg/s
st
- 1 HRSG Deaerator : 1.8 1.0 kg/s
- HRSG #2 Deaerator : 1.8 kg/s
TM
- HVAC : 0.694 0.7 kg/s
- CPP regen. & Water treatment : N/A 0.6 kg/s
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- Water treatment : 0.37 kg/s
- Chemical storage plant : 0.19 kg/s

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(2) During normal operation (Aux. steam shall be provided from HP steam header)
- Holding ejector : 0.153 kg/s (Continous mode)

- HVAC : 0.694 0.7 kg/s (Intermittent mode)
- CPP regen. & Water treatment : N/A 0.6 kg/s (Intermittent mode)
- Water treatment : 0.37 kg/s (Intermittent mode)
- Chemical storage plant : 0.19 kg/s (Intermittent mode)
- Total coincident steam flow : 1.937 kg/s
※ If CPP regeneration and water treatment operate simultaneously, their total

steam consumption will be 0.9 0.6 kg/s.
※ HRSG #1 and HRSG #2 are not started simultaneously. And, when 2nd HRSG
start-up with normally operated 1st HRSG, the required steam for each
consumer is provided from HP steam desuperheating system. But, the required
steam for water treatment plant & CPP regeneration is not considered during
this start-up time
2. Flow from sources for generating auxiliary steam
(1) Max. steam flow of aux. boiler during start-up : **
(2) Steam flow of de-superheated HP steam during normal operation
- Flow at guarantee condition : 0.14 kg/s

- Maximum flow : 1.937 1.515 kg/s
(3) Spray water flow CEP discharge during normal operation
- Flow at guarantee condition : 0.03 kg/s

- Maximum flow : 0.416 0.338 kg/s
3. Operating pressure : 15 bar.a TM
4. Operating temperature : 240 ℃
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5. Design pressure : 20 bar.a

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6. Design temperature : 265 ℃
7. Safety valve
- Setting pressure : 20 bar.a

- Relieving capacity : 2.0 kg/s
※ ** : To be finalised by MAPNA.
5.0.0 GENERAL CONTROL DESCRIPTION
5.1.0 Auxiliary Steam Header Pressure/Temperature Control
The auxiliary steam is monitored on the auxiliary steam header by means of signals from
pressure transmitters (ALBG30CP101/102) and temperature transmitters(ALBG30CT
101/102). The pressure and temperature signals generated by the pressure and
temperature transmitters initiate an alarm from the DCS when either the steam temperature
or the steam pressure is higher or lower than the corresponding set points for maximum or
minimum values.
The auxiliary steam is supplied from the HP steam system. The auxiliary steam control
admits HP superheated steam, after pressure reduction and attemperation, to the auxiliary
steam header. The auxiliary steam pressure control is achieved by the steam pressure
control valve. The set point for the pressure control valve is the desired value (15 bar.a) in
the auxiliary steam header.
The auxiliary temperature control is achieved by the spray water control valve in the
condensate discharge line. The set point for the spray water control valve is the desired
value (240 ℃) in the auxiliary steam header.
TM
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APPROVAL ISSUE Course 234 - Turbine and Auxiliaries - Module Four
NOTES & REFERENCES

Module 234·4
AUXILIARY STEAM
SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVES:
After completing this module you will be able to:
4.1 a) For each of the two types of the reheat system. explain how the ~Pages 3-4
flow of reheater heating stearn is regulated through the whole
range of turbine load.
b) Explain the reason why reheating must be limited during turbine <=>Page 4
startup and operation at light loads.
c) State three reasons why reheaters should be valved in (out) ~Page5
slowly.
d) State the operating concern caused by exceeding the limit on the ~Page5
side-to-side stearn temperature difference at the LP turbine inlet
4.2 a) For each of the two types of the reheat system. describe how ~Page6
the Donna! drains level is controlled.
b) State the automatic actions triggered by improper reheater drains ~Pages 6-7
level:
i) Too high a level (4);
il) Too Iowa level (2).
c) Describe the adverse consequences/operating concerns caused ~Pages 6-8
by improper reheater drains level:
i) Too high • level (3);
il) Too Iowa level (2).
d) List two causes of each of the following reheater drains level ~ Pages 8-9
upsets: TM
i) Too high a level;
Too Iowa level.
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il)
4.3 a) Describe three adverse consequences/operating concerns caused ~ Pages 9-10

by a significant loss of reheat if no corrective action is taken.
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Course 234 - Turbine and Auxiliaries- Module Four APPROVAL ISSUE
NOTES & REFERENCES
Pages 10-11 ~ b) i) State two actions which minimize two of these consequences.
til Explain how these actions achieve it.
4.4 For a reheater tube leak:
Pages 12-13 ~ a) Describe four adverse consequences/operating concerns caused
by a large leak;
Page 13 ~ b) State three operator actions to minimize or prevent these conse-
quences;
Pages 13-14 ~ c) Describe one method of detecting a smail leak and two additional
indications of a large leak.
Page 14 ~ 4.5 State two operating practices used in the reheat system to prevent
water hammer.
Pages 15-16 ~ 4.6 State three reasons why attemperating sprays· must be valved in
when the gland exhaust condenser is unavailable.
Pages 17-18 ~ 4.7 a) Describe two adverse consequences/operating concerns caused
by overheating of the LP turbine exhaust.
Pages 18-19 ~ b) i) Ust four important operating parameters that should be
carefully monitored while operating in a condition that pro-
motes overheating of the LP turbine exhaust.
til Explain why each of these parameters should be monitored.
Page 19 ~ c) State two general operator actions that can be taken if heating of
the LP turbine has reached a point such that lack of action could
result in turbine damage.
Pages 19-20 ~ d) State the operating concern caused by excessive use of the LP
turbine exhaust hood sprays.
• ••
INSTRUCTIONAL TEXT
INTRODUCTION TM
In this module. the following auxiliary stearn systems are discussed:
• In some stations, the name
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of this system is slightly - The reheat system;
different. Examples: the - The gland stearn sealing system';
turbine Aland steam sys- - The LP turbine exhaust cooling system.
tem, the gland steam sys-
tem or the gland sealing
system.
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APPROVAL ISSUE Course 234 - Turbine and Auxiiiaries - Module Four
NOTES & REFERENCES

The previous turbine courses describe the major functions and the layout of
these systems. as well as the functions of their major components. Based
on this general knowledge, this module discusses operation of these sys-
tems. In the discussion. emphasis is placed on operational upsets.
For your convenience, simplified flowsheets of these systems are attached
to the module end. The appropriate flowsheet can be pulled out and kept in
sight for easy reference.
Due to inherent station specific differences. the information presented in this
module is only generic and does not cover all variations.
THE REHEAT SYSTEM

Recall that two different types of this system are used in CANDU stations:
- Live steam reheat systems l"here boiler steam is the only heat input;
- Two-stage reheat systems where two different heat inputs are used: HP
turbine extraction steam in the ftrst stage, and boiler steam in the second
stage.
The first pullout diagram (on page 29) shows both these systems. For sim-
plicity. part a) of this diagram shows steam supply to only one reheater.
Likewise. part b) illustrates only one two-stage rebeater with its steam sup-
ply and drainage equipment. The remaining reheaters are equipped identi-
cally.
In this module. you wilileam about the following aspects of reheater opera-
tion:
- Reheating steam flow control;
- Drains level control;
- Effects of loss of reheat on unit operation;
- Reheater tube leak;
- Water hammer.
Reheating steam flow control ~ Obj. 4.10)

In both types of reheat system. the reheating steam flow changes with TM
turbine load.
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1. In live steam rebeat systems and the second stage or the two-
stage reheat systems. this happens as follows.
At high turbine loads", the reheating steam flow is self-regulating. '" Typically, above
What it means is that the flow adjusts itself to turbine load. No control .50-60% FP.
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Course 234 - TurbiDe and Auxiliaries- Module Four APPROVAL ISSUE
NOTES & REFERENCES
valve takes part in this process, ie. all valves in the steam supply piping
stay fully open. Here is how this self-regulation happens.
At any steady load. only as much steam enters the reheater as condenses
inside the tubes. The rate of condensation depends on. among other .
factors, the turhine steam flow rate. In the extreme case, where no
steam flows through the turbine, the rate of condensation is, in princi-
ple, zero and hence no reheating steam is taken. When the turbine load
increases, so does the rate of heat transfer through the reheater tubes be-
cause more turbine steam flows through this heat exchanger. If the rate
of condensation exceeds the flow of incoming reheating steam. the pres-
sure inside the reheater tubes drops. As a result, more steam is drawn
through the reheater steam supply piping until a new equilibrium is es-
tablished.
The pressure drop that is necessary to increase the reheating steam flow
.. Pressure losses in the is very small" because the reheater steam piping has a very small resis-
piping are only about tance to flow. This is achieved by proper sizing of the piping such that
3-5% of boiler pressure
at full power, and less
steam velocity is kept reasonably low.
at partial loads.
The opposite changes in the reheating steam flow occur when the tur-
bine load decreases.
.. A more detailed descrip- The above description is somewhat simplified". In reality, any factor
tion is given in module that influences heat transfer across the reheater tubes (eg. tube flood-
234-6.
ing), changes the rate of condensation of the reheating steam, and hence
its flow. Note that some other heat exchangers (eg. feedbeaters) exhibit
this self-regulating feature, too.
Obj. 4.1 b) ~ At light turbine loads", the reheating steam flow is isolated (except
for startup, when a small flow of steam is admitted to prewarm the re-
• Typically, below heaters). This is done to prevent overheating of the LP turbine ex-
20-30% FP. haust Recall from the previous turbine courses that during turbine
startop and at very light loads, the LP turbine exhaust steam can be su-
perheated, even if no reheat is used. As steam wetness is not a problem
during these operating states, there is no need to use the reheat. Its use
would only aggravate the LP turbine exhaust overheating which, if ex-
• Details are on pages cessive, could damage the turbine".
17-18.
As to the reheat operation at medium turbine loads, the reheating
steam flow Is throttled. The opening of the control valves gradually
... Usually, the control increases with rising load". During turbine unloading, the valves TM close
valves are fully closed at over a similar range of turbine load. Depending on the station, the
about 20-30% FP, and
fully open at 50-60% FP.
valves are controlled either by the operator or automatically. In the latter
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case, a turbine steam pressure (eg. at the HP turbine exhaust) is used as
a measure of turbine load.
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APPROVAL ISSUE Course 234 - Turbine aod Auxiliaries - Module Four
NOTES & REFERENCES

Because the control valve position is linked to turbine load - whose rate
~ Obj. 4.1 c)
of changing is limited during turbine startup and power manoeuvres -
the reheaters are valved In/out gradually.
This has the following advantages:
- Thermal stresses in the reheaters and LP turbines are minimized:
- Abrupt changes in rebeater drains flow are avoided, which facilitates
drains level control;
- As the reheater steam and drains flows change gradually, their dis-
turbing effect on boiler pressure and level control is minimized.
2. In the first stage of two.slage reheat systems, the reheating
steam flow is self-regulating over the whole range of turbine
load. Note that the stage is supplied with HP turbine extraction steam
whose pressure and temperature rise with turbine load. Therefore, the
stage can be valved in at all turbine loads.
In both types of the reheat system, more than one reheater is used. As they ~ Obj. 4.1 d)
are not perfectly identical, the temperature of the superheated steam
produced by Individual reheaters Is not exaelly the same. This
creates a side-to-side temperature difference (11T) at the LP turbine in-
let. If excessive, the I1T ean produce thermal deformations in the LP
turbine easing sufficient to cause biade and/or seal rubbing as well as
Increased vibrations. To prevent this, a iimit is imposed on the I1T.
Proper actions (eg. valving out of some reheater lUbe bundles), as specified
in the appropriate operating manual, must be taken when this limit is ap-
proached or exceeded.
SUMMARY OF THE KEY CONCEPTS

• Typically, the reheating steam flow is isolated during turbine startup and
operation at light turbine loads, throttled at medium turbine loads, and
self-regulating at high loads.
• During turbine startup and at light loads, reheating must be limited in or-
der to prevent overheating of the LP turbine exhaust
• Rebeaters should be valved in (out) slowly to minimize thermal stresses
in the reheaters and LP turbines. Also, gradual changes of the rebeater
steam and drains flow facilitates reheater drains level control and boiler
TM
pressure and level control.
• Exceeding the limit on slde-to-side I1T at the LP turbine inlet can result
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in large thermal deformations of the LP turbine casing. The deforma-
tions can cause rubbing in the turbine, as well as increased vibration.
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NOTES & REFERENCES
REHEATER DRAINS LEVEL CONTROL
Obi. 4.2 a) ~ Normal control

In both types of reheat system. condensate of the reheating steam is collect-
ed in one or more drain tanks. In live steam reheat systems (see Fig.
4.5 a) on page 29), there is only one tank which is shared by both reheaters.
Their drains are pumped to the boilers, and the drains level In the tank is
norrnaily maintained by a control valve whiclt adjusts the drains now to
the boliers. When the level rises, the valve opens more, increasing the
outflow from the tank. A recirculatinn line back to the tank is provided to
prevent overheating of the drains pump due to too small a flow. The recircu-
iation line operates when the dntios flow to the boiler is below a certain lim-
it. This happens when the control valve opening is small in response to a
low level in the drains tank.
Note in Fig 4.5 a) that some water is supplied from the discharge of the
boiler feed pumps to the suction of the reheater drains pumps. The purpose
of this water - whose temperature is well below the drains temperature - is
to subeool the dntios, thereby preventing pump cavitationlvapourlocking.
If not isolated when necessary. this water may. however, flood the reheat-·
ers and their steam piping. Such an incident has happened in a CANDU
unit.
In two-stage reheat systems (see Fig. 4.5 b) on page 28), separate
drain tanks are used for each stage because of their different operating pres-
sures and temperatures. Typically, each individual reheater has its own set
of two drain tanks. The ftrst stage drains cascade to the HP feedheaters.
whereas the second stage drains are pumped to the boilers. The drains lev-
els are normally maintained in the same way as described above. ie. by
adjusting the drains outflow.
Obi. 4.2 b) ~ Automatic actions in response to improper drains level

The above descrlption covers the normal control action performed when the
level error is relatively small. When the error is too large, other actions are
carried out to protect the equipment. The most typical of these actions are
depicted in Fig. 4.1.
Obi. 4.2 c) ~ Adverse consequences and operating concerns caused

TM by
improper drains level
Improper reheater dntios level can have serious operating implications. Let
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us fltst consider the adverse consequences/operating concerns caused by
too high a drains level. They are.1isted below in order of rlsing level.
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APPROVAL ISSUE Course 134 ..:. Turbine and Auxiliaries - Module Four
NOTES & REFERENCES

Drains Level
• Applie~ only to some
-..I:i. Steam Supply Isolated •
stations .
...l:1 High Level Alarm

Standby Pump (If any) Starts
LeV Dump \tIlve (if any) to Condenser Opens
Opono
------------~~~~~~---
LCV
CIooea
-v Low LevelAlarm
-v Orail'll Pump (if any) Tripe
Fig. 4.1. M8jor eutomltle re8pon... to reheeter drains level:

LeV. Level control valve.
I. Reduced overall thennal efficiency.

Even when the reheater tubes are still not flooded, the typical protective
action on too high a drains level is to dump the drains to the condenser.
Usually, this action can quickly restore the nonnalleve!. However,
dumping hot drains to the condenser reduces the overall thennal effi-
ciency which can be of concern when such operation is continued.
2. Flooding of the reheater tubes would result in a partial or total loss
of reheat. Its adverse consequences are described on page 10.
Once the reheater tubes are flooded with dntins, condensation of reheating
stearn in the flooded reheater(s) is stopped (for all practical purposes).
Therefore, in the stations where no attemperating water is supplied from the
boiler feed pump discharge to the reheater drains pump suction, the reheater
drains level also stops rising. But in the stations where attemperating water
is used (see Fig. 4.5 a) on page 28), failure to isolate its supply on a very
high drains level may cause the additional adverse consequences described
below.
3. Flooding of the reheat steam piping could cause the following prob- TM
lems:
a) Large thermal stresses in the piping if the drains are much cool-
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er than the piping.
Note that attemperating water temperature' is far below the reheat • 12S-1S0'C, depending.
stearn piping temperature. When this water is allowed to reach the on the station.
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NOTES & REFERENCES
resultant quenching of the hot pipes could overstress them, possibly
causing their failure. Weids in the live steam piping are particularly
susceptible and, in the extreme case, could crack.
b) Water hammer In the piping.
For example, this can happen in the main steam lines to the HP tur-
bine when the reheat drains have reached the main balance header
from where slugs of water can be driven by the main steam flow.
The presence of large quantities of water in the reheater steam pipes
also promotes water hammer during system restartup if pipeline
drainage is inadequate.
c) Water Induction to the UP turbine.
This can bappen through the main steam lines after the drains bave
reacbed the main balance heatier. The resultant damage can be very
serious.
Too Iowa reheater drains level is of much less concern. However, it
causes the following adverse consequences/operating concerns:
I. Possible cavltaUonlvapourlocklng of the reheater drains pump due
to an excessive reduction of their suction head.
In most installations, a drop in the drains level would have to be sub-

stantial (ie. the tank would have to be nearly completely drained) to
cause these problems.
2. If the low level is caused by the dralns dump valve stuck open,
the following consequences would occur:
a) The overall thermal emclency would be reduced due to dump-
ing hot drains to the condenser;
b) Water hammer in the drain lines would occur if the level dropped
enough for steam to enter the drain piping and drive slugs of water.
Obj. 4.2 d) ~ Causes of reheater drains level problems

Some of the possible causes of reheater drains level problems are as fol-
lows:
1. Too hlgh a drains level can be caused by: TM
a) Control or mechartical problems with the level control valve result-
ing in too small opening of the valve;
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b) Tripping of the rehealer drains pump combined with failure of the
standby pump (if any) to start up.
Page 8
NOTES & REFERENCES

2. Too Iowa drains level can result from:
a) Control or mechanical problems with the level control valve or the
drains dump valve resulting in excessive opening of either one;
b) A large leak in the system (eg. a pipeline break).

• The normal drains level is controlled by adjusting the drains outllow.
• When reheater drains level is abnormally high, an alarm is given and the
dump valve (if any) to the condenser opens. The standby drains pump
(if applicable) starts up as well. In some stations, the steam supply is
automatically isolated when the drains level reaches a very high limit
• Too Iowa reheater drains level gives an alarm. When applicable, the
drains pump trips as well.
• Too high a reheater drains level can result in the following adverse con-
sequences, listed in the order of rising level. First, the overall thermal
efficiency is reduced when hot drains are dumped to the condenser.
Second, flooding of the reheater tubes results in a partial or total loss of
reheat - with all attendant consequences. Finally, flooding of the re-
heater steam piping can damage the piping due to water hammer or
quenching. Water induction to the HP turbine can also occur.
• Too Iowa reheater drains level can cause reheater drains pump cavita-
tionlvapourlocking. The overall thermal efficiency would be reduced if
hot drains were dumped to the condenser due to the dump valve stuck
open. In the extreme case, water hammer in the drains piping can result
if the level has dropped enough to cause steam to drive slugs of water
through the piping.
• Typical causes of improper reheater drains level are controVmechanical
problems with the drains LCV or the dump valve. A large leak in the re-
heat system and failure of the reheater drains pump are other causes.
You can now do assignment questions 1..9. ¢'> Pages 21-23
LOSS OF REHEAT
TM
Adverse consequences/operating concerns ¢'> Obj. 4.3 a)
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Any serious operational problem (eg. loss of drains level control or a large
steam leak) may require some or all of the reheater tube bundles W be iso-
lated. This (orced action causes the following major adverse consequences
and operating concerns:
Page 9
NOTES & REFERENCES
1. Increased thermal stresses in:
a) Tlte LP turbine casing.
If the loss of reheat is rapid, the LP turbine inlet is subjected to fast
cooling. and thus increased thermal stresses. The stresses can be
particularly high if the loss of reheat is asymmelrical with respect to
the turbine, ego when only ooe reheater is experiencing tube flood-
ing. In such a case, an excessive side-to-side dT is produced at the
LP turbine inleL The resultant thenna! deformation of the turbine
casing can cause high turbine vibration and possible blade and!
or seal rubbing.
b) The affected reheater(s).
A rapid loss of the reheating steam subjects the reheater tubes to fast
cooling by the turbine steam. The resultant thermal stresses, if re-
peated a sufficient number of times. can eventually cause a reheater
tube or gasket failure.
... In the reactor leading mode,

2. Increased steam wetuess In the LP turbine.
BPe raises the setpoint to
the turbine governing sys-
Recall from module 234-1 that this results in accelerated erosion and
tem. The GYs open more. corrosion, increased overspeed potential and reduced LP turbine effi-
If they can accommodate the ciency. Because of these consequences, and particularly due to drasti-
extra flow, the MW output cally increased erosion rate in the latter stages of the turbine, prolonged
increases. But if they can-
not, the small SRVs open, operation with no reheat should he avoided.
forcing a manual reduction
in reactor power to conserve As for the reduced LP turbine efficiency, it decreases the additional MW
makeup water. This action, output produced by the increased turbine steam flow. The latter hap-
combined with decreased LP pens because less boiler steam (or none. in the extreme case of a total
turbine effICiency, may re-
duce the generator MW out-
loss of reheat) is used for reheating. Note that the MW gain is condi-
put somewhat. tional upon maintaining reactor power, and the avs heing able to ac-
In the reactor lagging mode, commodate the increased turbine steam flow (see also point 3 helow for
BPC lowers the setpoint to more information),
the reactor regulating sys-
tem.. Reduced reactor power, 3. DIsturbed boOer pressure and level control due to loss of reheater
combined with decreased LP steam and drains.
turbine efficiency, leads to
some loss of the generator At full power, the reheaters take about 5-7% of the total boiler steam
MW oUlput. But because in
this mode of unit operation
output, depending on the type of the reheat system. Loss of this flow
the output is maintained au- disturbs a thermal equilibrium in the boilers, causing their pressure to
tomatically, the GVs open rise. BPC counteracts it as descrihed in the preceding module and sum-
more. This action tends to TM
marized in the sidenote *, Note that this action may result in some
reduce boiler pressure, and
BPC responds by adjusting loss of the generator MW output.
reactor power. If the GV
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opening can be increased In turn, loss of the reheater drains tends to lower the boiler level. If the
enough, the normal oulput level control is ineffective for whatever reason. a low boiler level- with
is restofC!l. Otherwise, the its attendant adverse consequences as descrihed in module 234-2 - will
oulput is somewhat reduced
due to the limited flow ca-
resulL
pacity of the fully open
GVs.
Page 10
APPROVAL ISS1JE Course 234 - Turbine and Auxiliaries - Module Four
NOTES & REFERENCES

Mitigating actions <=> Obj. 4.3 b)
Some of the above consequences and concerns can be minimized if the op-
erator takes proper actions. First, thermal stresses in the LP turbine can be
kept at a safe level if the side-to-side aT at the turbine inlet is within its lim-
it. To ensore this, loss of reheat on one side of the turbine must be
accompanied by vaIvlng out a proper number of reheater tube bun-
dIes on the other side of the turbine.
Second, a snbstuntIaI loss of reheat should be followed by a proper re-
ducllon In turbine load as specified in the appropriate opetating manual. Op-
eration at full load can be continued only when absolutely necessary (to sup-
ply the grid load at the time when other sources of generation are
unavailable), and then only over a limited period of time (usually, up to 12
hours).
When the torbine is unloaded, following a substantialloas of reheat, the ex-
cessive steam wetness In the LP turbine Is reduced back to the ac-
ceptable level. This effect is shown in Fig. 4.2, where sample values of
steam preasore, temperatore and wetneas are plotted, and torbine unloading
is aasorned to reduce load to about 60% W*. • Recall that turbine inter-
stage pressures cbange
proportionally to turbine
load. In this example,
480 kPa I 800 kPa '" 0.6
'" 60% FP.
2SO'C
10% StMm Wetnne
15% Steam WIt\neIIs

TM
SpIc.1c EnII'OPY
Fig. 4.2. Effects of 1088 at reheat on • simplified turbine ....m expansion line:
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Operation at full poNef wtth fuY reheat available;
- - - - Operation at full power with reheat capacity SUbstantially reduced;
- • - Operatlon at partial load with the same reduction In the reheat capacity.
Page i1
Course 234 - Turbine and Auxiliaries- Module Four APPRUVAL 1:>:>U.I£
NOTES & REFERENCES

Notice in Fig. 4.2 that turbine unloading is effective in reducing the LP tur-
bine exhaust steam wetness for two reasons:
1. Reduced LP turbine inlet pressure (and hence, the pressure ratio) causes
the turbine to extract less heat from the steam;
2. In the case of partial loss of reheat. the remaining reheat capacity can su-
perheat the reduced flow of turbine steam to a higher temperature. Nat-
urally, this effeCt does not apply to the total loss of reheat
REHEATER TUBE LEAK
Obj. 4.4 a) ~ Adverse consequences and operating concerns

During turbine operation, the reheating steam pressure is higher than the tur·
bine steam pressure. In fact. during startup and at low loads. the pressure
difference can approach 4-S MFa Hence, a reheater internal leak (through a
faulty tube or gasket) causes the reheating steam to leak into the reheater
shell where it mixes with the turbIne steam.
The leak. if large enough, can raise the HP turbine exbaust pressure
and iower the LP turbine Inlet steam temperature. The latter effect -
perhaps a bit surprising - stems from the throttling process that the leaking
• Recall from the 225 course steam undergoes·. During this process. steam temperature drops substan-
that during throttling en- tially: from about 2S0-25S'C (assuming that the leaking reheater is supplied
thalpy is assumed to stay
constant. You can easily
with boiler steam) to about 170-180'C, depending on the station. Note that
verify the temperatures the latter temperature is well helow the normal LP turbine inlet steam tem-
quoted below in the text if perature (22S-240'C at full power, dependi,ng on the station). This is why
you plot a line showing the leak tends to lower this temperat)lre. Of course, the leak rate must be
this process in a Mollier
diagram. By the way, you large enough for this temperature reduction to be measurable.
are not required to memor-
ize these temperatures - This brings us to adverse consequences/operating concerns caused
they are quoted only to by a large Internal leak:
help you understand the
problem. 1. Reduced steam temperature on one side of the LP turbine (it is
assumed here that a large tube leak appears only in one tube bundle at a
time) may result In an excessive side-tn-slde ~T at the turbine in-
let.
You will recall that the ~Tlimit would force valving out a similar tube
bundle on the other side of the turbine in order to prevent damage due to
excessive deformations of the turbine casing. TM
2. Increased moisture content of the LP turbine steam due to re-

duced Inlet temperature.
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Accelerated erosion and corrosion, reduced overall thennal efficiency.
and increased overspeed potential result from it
Page 12
NOTES & REFERENCES

3. Increased HP turbine exhaust pressure.
In the extreme case (which would require a very large leak), the follow-
ing operational concerns could arise:
a) Overloading of the LP turbine stages due to an excessive steam
flow.
Recall from module 234-1 that turbine load is essentially proportion-
alto the turbine inlet pressure. Hence, when a large reheater internal
leak results in the LP turbine inlet pressure exceeding its full power
level, the load on the LP turbine stages exceeds its full power value.
This can eventually lead to overstressing of some of the turbine
components.
b) Reduced overall thermal efficiency and loss of generator output due
to the following automatic protective actions which intend to
prevent overpressure of the moisture separators. reheaters and inter-
connecting pIping:
Opening of the release valves· (if there are any); • In some stations, this
action is not performed.
Tripping the turbine - in early CANDU stations, this feature
may be absent;
Operation of the reheater safety valves or bursting discs (de-
pending on the station) as the last line of defence.
c) Overpressure of the moiotore separators, reheaters and
thelnlerconnecting pipelines if the protective actions listed in
point b) above have failed.
4. Turbine speed control problems and possible overspeed If a
large rehealer lube leak occurred during while unsynchronlzed.
Operator actions <=> Obj. 4.4 b)

While a small tube leak creates no acute problem, a large leak requires the
following operator actions to prevent further equipment damage:
I. Identification and Isolation of the leaking lube bundle.
Note that in some stations equipped with a two-stage reheat system, iso-
lation of the frrst stage bundle may force valving out the second stage. TM
This action may be necessary to prevent excessive thennal stresses in
the second stage of the reheater.
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2. Isolation of another tube bundle(s) on the other side of the tur-
bine.
This action may be necessary to prevent an excessive side-to-side AT at
the LP turbine inlel
3. If necessary, turbine unloading as described on pages 11-12.
Page 13
Course 234 - Tmbine and Auxiliaries- Module Four APPROVAL ISSUE
NOTES & REFERENCES
Detection of a reheater internal leak
Obj. 4.4 c) <=>
Recall that a large leak in one of the reheaters is indicated by reduced LP
turbine inlet temperature and increased HP turbine exhaust pres-
sure. What about detecting a leak which is too small to cause any measura-
bie change in these pllI1lllleters?
A classic method used for this purpose relies on isolating the suspected
tube bundle and monitoring the rate at which the pressure inside decays. An
excessive rate indicates a leak. However, the leak mayor may not be locat-
ed in the tube bundle; for example. an isolating valve may be leaking. This
uncertainty about the leak location is the main drawback of this method.
This testing can be performed both on load as well as during a shutdown; in
the latter case, instrument air - and not reheating steam - is used to pressur-
ize the tube bundle.
In some stations. another method is used where dedicated reheater tube
leak detecting instmmentation measures the reheating steam flow rate to in-
dividual tube bundles. The measured flow is compared with its expected
value for a given turbine load. A sufficiently large difference between the
two implies a tube leak. This method is believed to be capable of detecting a
singie tube leak .
Obj. 4.5 <=> WATER HAMMER PREVENTION

To prevent water hammer in the reheat system, the following major general
operating practices are necessary:
I. Proper drainage, particularly when prewarmlng the system dur-
ing startup and at light loads.
Recall from module 234-3 that the above operating conditions cause in-
creased rate of steam condensation in the piping. To prevent an exces-
sive accumulation of condensate, that could lead to the fonnation of wa-
ter slugs. the drain valves must be open during these operating
conditions. At medium and high turbine loads. drainage is provided by
steam traps.
2. After baving Isolated the faulty reheater(s) upon a very high
drains level, the reheat steam piping must he properly drained
prior to steam admission.
TM
This precaution is taken because some drains might enter the steam pip-
ing during the drains level excursion. To remove this water, drain
valves in the piping must be open for a sufficiently long period of time.
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You will recall that prevention of a very low drains level (such that steam
could enter the drains dump pipmg to the condenser and drive slugs of wa-
ter) is also important to prevent water hammer in the reheat system.
Page 14
NOTES & REFERENCES

• A loss of reheat increases thermal stresses in the LP turbine and the af-
fected reheater(s), raises the steam wetness in the LP turbine and dis-
turbs boiler pressure and level control.
• To minimize thermal stresses in the LP turbine. the operator must ensure
that the loss of reheat is symmetrical with respect to the turbine such that
the LP turbine inlet side-tn-side AT is within its limit
• A substantial loss of reheat should be followed bY an appropriate turbine
unloading to avoid prolonged operation with excessive wetness of the
LP turbine steam.
• A large internal leak in a reheater can result in an excessive side·to-side
AT at the turbine inlet, increased moisture content of the LP turbine
steam, and increased HP turbine exhaust pressure.
• Major indications of a large leak include reduced LP turbine inlet steam
temperature and increased HP turbine exhaust pressure.
• To prevent equipment damage in the event of a large interoaI.leak in a re-
heater, the leaking bundle, as well as another tube bundle on the other
side of the turbine, must be isolated. The turbine may have to be un-
loaded, depending on the extent of the loss of reheat
• Detection of a small internal leak requires isolating the suspected bundle
and monitoring the rate of pressure decay. In the alternate method, no
isolation is performed, and the actual reheating steam flow rate is meas-
ured and compared with the expected value for a given turbine load.
• To prevent.water hammer, the reheat steam piping must be properly

drained during system warming, at light loads, and after any reheater
has been isolated on a very high drains level.
You can now do assignment questions 1()"13. ~ Pages 23·25
THE GLAND STEAM SEALING SYSTEM ~Obj. 4.6

Most of the information about this system is provided in the previous tur-
bine courses. The only topic that is left over is the use of attemperating
sprays. Fig. 4.3 on the next page shows the part of the system where the
TM
sprays are installed, whereas the whole system is shown in a pullout dia-
gram at the module end (Fig. 4.6 on page 29).
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NOTES & REFERENCES
Steam and ai' from the
gland exhaust manifold
t"i:l atmosphere
... Other names of this equip- GLANO* I
ment, that are used in
some stations, are listed
EXHAUST
FANS
~
\..J
~ __ ~
! -------1"
ATTEMPEAATING SPRAYS **
on page 29 (Fig. 4.6).

10 LP feedhealers ..... _~-J.- .,,/''''- , ..../........... .~_ From CEP
discharge
"Not installed in some GLAND EXHAUST *
units.
CONDENSER L. DralnslD r'nain condenser
Flg.4.3. The exhllult part of the gland ."m . .ling system:

--Steam - - - - - Air _ . - Condensate
Normally inoperative, the attemperating sprays must be valved in whenever

temperature of the air flowing to the gland exhaust fans reaches an alarm
level. The sprays must also be valved In before the gland exhaust
... In the units where no at- condenser Is isolated (eg. due to tube leaks)-, while steam supply to the
temperating sprays are fit- gland steam sealing system is continued. The sprays condense the glaild
ted, the gland exhaust
condenser has an overflow
steam leakoff, thereby compensating for the loss of cooling in the gland ex-
sized to handle the con· haust condenser.
densate from a tube leak.
Therefore, the gland ex- Failure to use the sprays in these clrcumstances would mean a total
haust condenser with a loss of cooling of the steam leakoff from various seals. As a result, the
tube leak does not have to steam would flow through the gland exhaust fans which normally handle
be valved out, and opera-
tion can be continued. only air evacuated from the seals. The following adverse consequenc-
es/operating concerns would result:
1. Possible damage to the gland exhaust fans due to overheating.
2. Release of steam from the turbine and steam valve gland seals
which are connected to the gland exhaust condenser.
Note that the greatly increased flow rate would exceed the capacity of
the fans, causing their suction pressure to rise. As a result. the pressure
in the gland exhaust manifold would rise enough to cause steam outleak-
.. The adverse consequences age from the glaild seals connected to this manifold-. Recall that the
of sucb leakage are out· manifold pressure must be maintained a few kPa below abnospheric in
lined in module 234·1.
order for the gland seals to function properly.
3. Possible steam hammer in the condensate system.
The flow of hot steam through the gland exhaust condenser, combined
TM
with a loss of condensate flow. would cause the condensate inside the
tubes to boil. The relief valve installed on the condensate line should
open, preventing overpressure of the tubes. But the steam pockets
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formed inside the tubes would implode when the condensate flow is re-
stored. The resultant collisions of water columns previously separated
• Also discussed in module by the pockets would produce steam hammer-.
234-6.
Page 16
NOTES & REFERENCES

• The attemperating sprays in the gland steam sealing system must be
valved in to compensate for loss of normal cooling in the gland exhaust
condenser.
• Failure to do this would result in steam flowing through the gland ex-
haust fans which normally handle air only. The fans could suffer dam-
age due to overheating. In addition, their suction pressure would rise
because the actual flow would greatly exceed their flow capacity. As a
result, steam egress from the turbine and steam valve gland seals would
occur. Finally, water hammer in the condensate system could occur due
to implosion of the steam pockets created (due to beat input from the
gland leakoff steam) inside the gland exhaust condenser tubes.
THE LP TURBINE EXHAUST COOLING SYSTEM

In the previous turbine courses, the purpose, major components and opera-
tion of the LP turbine exhaust cooling system were described. In this mod-
ule, you willieam about:
- Possible LP turbine damage due to overheating of its exhaust if the sys-
tem failed to provide adequate cooling;
- Operating parameters that should be monitored to prevent such damage;
- Operator actions that should be taken wben the turbine exhaust beating
is excessive;
- Operating concern caused by excessive use of the LP turbine exhaust
hood cooling sprays.
For easy reference. the system is shown in a pullout diagram (Fig. 4.7) on
page 29.
LP turbine exhaust overbeating ~ Db}. 4.7 a)

You will recall that prolonged motoring" or operation at very light load pro- • Motoring is discussed in
motes overheating of the LP turbine exhaust During these operating condi- detail in module 234·13.
tions, large windage losses occur in the turbioe last stage(s). and the small
stearn flow cannot provide adequate cooling. As a result, the moving blades
and (to a smaller extent) the shaft, diaphragms, casing and exhaust cover
become hotter. The ttansient heating produces increased thermal sttesses.
It also results in reduced radial and axial ciearances in the turbine due to the TM
rotating and statiooary components expanding at different rates.
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If proper condenser vacuum is maintained and the LP turbine exhaust cool-
ing system operates satisfactorily, LP turbine exhaust temperature - while
elevated as.compared with normal operation - stays at a safe level. Other-
wise, overheating of the LP turbine exhaust may develop, causiog the fol-
lowing adverse consequences/operating concerns:
Page 17
NOTES & REFERENCES
I. If no protective action were taken. the turbine could suffer damage
due to:
- Rubbing of turbine internals. ego seals;
• Turbine generator dam- - Increased rotor vibration· caused by rubbing and/or increased
age due to excessive vi· bearing misalignment due to the thermal distortion of the LP turbine
bration is described in
module 234-14.
casing and exhaust cover;
- Permanent distortion (in the extreme case, cracking) nf turbine
parts, ego the exhaust cover.
2. Forced turbine trip for turbine protection. As necessary as this action
is. it would cause loss of production for which poor condenser vacuum
and/or malfunction oflbe LPturbine exbaustcooling system may be re-
sponsible.
Obj. 4.7 b) ~ Monitored parameters

To prevent turbine damage, the following paramelers must be carefully
monitored:
I. LP turbine exhaust temperatures.
Several temperature sensors are installed in the six LP turbine exhausts.
The indicated temperatures should be checked against the operating lim-
its (as specified in the appropriate operating manual) to make sure the
turbine trip limit bas not been exceeded and that the cooling waler sprays
in the LP turbine exhaust hood operate properly.
2. LP turbine bearing vibrations.
They are monitored to ensure that hearing of the LP turbine exhaust has
not resulted in excessive bearing misalignment and/or internal rubbing in
the turbine.
3. LP turbine axial differential expansions.
These parameters (typically, one for each LP turbine) are monitored to
make sure that the axial clearances in the turbine have not been reduced
excessively.
4. Condenser vacuum.
TM
Efforts should be made to keep condenser vacuum as high as possible
during the turbine operating states when LP turbine exhaust overheating
is a potential problem. Note that high condenser vacuum results in a
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low density of the LP turbine exhaust steam, thereby reducing the wind-
age losses in the turbine last stage(s).
In addition to these parameters, a proper supply of condensate to the
LP turbine exhaust cooling sprays must be ensured by checking the
Page 18
NOTES & REFERENCES

status of the isolating valves (should be open) and the pressure drop across
the strainer (should not be excessively high). During motoring, similar
checks should be made to ensure proper supply of motoring cooling
steam and Its attemperatlng sprays (if installed).
Operator actions ~ Obj. 4.7 c)

If the LP turbine exhaust overheating has become excessive (as in-
dicated by some of the monitored parameters), prevention of turbine damage
requires the opemtor to take either of the fonowing actions:
I. Load the turbine.
This action reduces the windage losses in the turbine last sfage(s) and
improves cooling of the turbine internals by the increased Steam flow.
To minimize thermal stresses caused by the cooling, the initial loading
should be performed slowly.
2. Trip the turbine (if loading is impossibie. ego due to reactor prob-
lems).
Excessive use of the LP turbine exhaust cooling sprays ~ Obj. 4.7 d)

The major operating concern caused by excessive use of the LP turbine ex-
haust cooling sprays is that it can result in erosion of the last stage
blades. Recall that at nollight loads - not to mention motoring - intensive
steam recirculation occurs in the exhaust hood and the last stage biading.
This was already described in module 234·1, but for your convenience is
also shown below in Fig. 4.4.
FIXED
BLADES
MOVING
BLADES
TM
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ROTOR
Fig. 4.4. Steem reclrculetlon In the la.t stage at nollightturbina load.
Page 19
NOTES & REFERENCES
Note in Fig. 4.4 that the recirculating steam enters the moving blades at their
trailing edge close to the blade root The stearn carries the sprayed water
droplets that have not been fuHy evaporated. Collisions between these
droplets ood the trailing edge of the blades eventually cause blade erosion.
To minimize this erosion. it is important not to use the sprays when they are
not necessary for turbine protection from overheating.

• If no action is taken. overheating of the LP turbine exhaust can result in
severe damage to the torbine.
• LP turbine exhaust temperatures, bearing vibrations, axial differential
expaosions ood condenser vacuum should be carefully monitored whlie
operating in a condition that promotes overheating of the LP turbine ex-
haust
• If ooy safe limit has been reached. turbine load sbould be slowly in-
creased. When loading is impossible. the turbine should be tripped in
order to prevent damage.
• Excessive use of the LP turbine exhaust cooling sprays can result in ero-
sion of the traliing edge of the moving blades in the last stage.
Pag•• 25·27 ~ You coo now do assignment questions 14-17.
TM
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Page 20
NOTES & REFERENCES

ASSIGNMENT
I. a) In a typical live steam reheat system and the second stage of a
two-stage reheat system. the reheating stearn flow is controlled
as follows:
i) At high turbine loads:
Ii) At medium turbine loads:
iii) At low turbine loads:
b) In the fIrSt stage of a two-stage reheat system, the reheating steam

flow is over the whole range of turbine
bine load.
2. a) Reheating must be limited during turbine startup and operation at
light loads in order to _
b) Valving out the reheat during turbine startup and operation at light
loads (does I does not) result in excessive steam webless in the
LP turbine.
3. Reheaters should be valved inlout slowly in order tn:
a)
b)
c)
TM
4. An excessive side-tn-side ~T at the LP turbine inlet can result in
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5. The nonnal reheater dntins level is controlled by _
Page 21
NOTES & REFERENCES
6. The following actions (other than the nonnal control) are canied out in
response to:
a) Too high a reheater drains level:
i)
ti)
iii)
iv)
b) Too Iowa reheater drains level:
i)
ti)
7. a) Even when the reheater tubes are still not flooded, too high a
drains level reduces the overall thennal efficiency due to
b) Flooding of the reheater tubes results in _
c) Flooding of the reheat stearn piping could cause:

i)
ti)
iii)
8. Too Iowa .reheater drains level can cause the following adverse conse~
quencesloperating concerns:
a)
b)
TM
9. a) Too high a reheater drains level can be caused by:
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i)
Page 22
APPROVAL ISSUE Course 234 - Turbine and Auxiliaries - ModulI> Four
NOTES & REFERENCES

il)
b) Too Iowa reheater drains level can be caused by:

i)
il)
10. a) Valving out some or all of the rebeatertube bundles while operat-
ing at a high load can cause the following adverse consequences!
operating concerns:
i)
il)
iii)
b) Reducing turbine load can alleviate excessive wetness of the LP

turbine steam due to the following two effects:
i)
il)
11. a) A rebeater internal leak causes the (reheating I turbine) steam to

leak into the reheater (shell I tubes).
b) A large leak can (decrease I increase) the temperature of the su-
perheated steam supplied to the LP turbines.
TM
c) A reheater leak detection instrumentation enables detection of a
small leak by _
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NOTES & REFERENCES
d) A classic method of leak detection relies on _
12. a) A large reheater internal leak is indicated by:

i)
il)
b) The adverse consequences/operating concerns caused by a large

reheater intemalleak are:
i)
il)
iii)
iv)
c) When a large reheater internal leak results in increased HP tur-

bine exhaust pressure, the following operating concerns arise:
i)
il)
TM
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iii)
Page 24
NOTES & REFERENCES

d) A large rehealer intemalleak requires the following operator ac-
tions to prevent further equipment damage:
i)
til
iii)
13. Water hammer in the reheat system is prevented by the following gen-
eral operating practices:
a)
b)
14. a) Attemperating sprays in the gland sealing steam system must be

valved in when _
b) Fallure to do this would result in the following adverse conse-

quences/operating concerns:
i)
til
iii)
TM
15. a) Overhealing of the LP turbine exhaust is promoted during the fol-
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lowing turbine operating states:
i)
til
Page 25
NOTES & RI;FERENCES
b) Excessive heating of the turbine during these operating states
causes the following adverse consequences/operating concerns:
i)
il)
16. a) The fonowing parameters should be carefolly monitored while

operating in a state that promotes overheating of the LP turbine
exhaust:
i) Parameter: _
Reason Why it is monitored: _
il) Parameter. _
iii) Parameter: _
iv) Parameter: TM _
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Page 26
APPROVAL ISSUE Course 234 - Turbine and Auxiliaries - Module Fow
NOTES & REFERENCES

b) In addition to the above, the following checks should also be
made: _
c) If any of the monitored parameters listed in point a) has reached

its safe limi~ the operator can take either of the following actions:
i)
ti)
17. The major operating concern caused by excessive use of the LP turbine
exhaust cooling sprays is _
Before you move on to the next module, review the objectlves and make
sure that you can meet their requirements.
Prepared by: J. Jung, ENTD

Revised by: 1. Jung, ENID
Revision date: May, 1994
TM
PDF Editor Page 27

APPROVAL ISSUE Course 234 - Turbin I Auxiliaries - Module Four
A) UVE STEAM REHEAT SYSTEM
Steam pressure correspondill\l *

to turbine load
Live st611,~--1t>lq.- ...., ,k1....-_

REHEAT REHEAT *
ISOLATING CONTROL
VALVE VALVE REHEATER
From _ ToLP
moisture - - - turbines
separato~
Drains from
other rehealer
;;p
AEHEATEA DRAINS TANK
~=--~- .,'
~ =
.0' =
.'." :.
OR~T~~tT~~(S) ,.f;
From boiler
foodWaler pump
discharge
_._._._..~~:?~F~..JL..,!f:"";.;,:;;;;;;::
f l .... REHEATER DRAINS
10 boilers
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE(S)
To condenser
REHEATER DRAINS *
DUMP VALVE
B) TWO-STAGE REHEAT SYSTEM
Steam pr_ure
corresponding
lolu,birwload
Live sleam
p ..j. ISZC()fld -'''II''
V
AEHE.od REHEAT
ISOLATli'll3 ",m"" REHEATER
HP turbine
extraclio
steam "
~"
.P-" IA
REHEAT Firsts!..;
STOPCHECI(
~'" tI
I
From th. moisture
s8plvator in Ina ( EHEIUER SECON : \ . .
( AEHE!J"ER FIRST ( "
,;:..~...
same \/essel STAGE OFWNS"t'NK STAGE DRAINS TANK
- - @ .. - -.
'....~"i".
REHE.oJER -
o~" l.............. o- FIRST
~""""
~~, O~"
DUMP DUMP
LEVEL
~"' ,~ VALVE "" DAAlNS
PUMP
TM
~'"
To condenser 10 HP feedheaters REHE."JER
,•••••.•.•-Q- SECONO sto.GE
9- LEVELVALVE
CONTROl.
PDF Editor
To condense,
Tooolers
Fig. 4.5. Reheatsysterns in CANDU stations:

______ Turbine process steam, Reheater steam and drains,
_._.- Attemperating water, Control signals.
* Not in all stations.
Page 28
APPROVAL ISSUE Course 234 - Turbin Auxiliaries - Module Four
.. ofl'OfP/'lO'"
'- FromollomOltOOllf'l>Ot 1)
I ol ••••''90111am
i PF\V
STJV,INEA
TURBINE
S~"IA
VAIYES
LP TURBINES
GLANDEXIi,o.USTFANS2)h
t" Iln'IOCpIItrll
\.J - - - ,
At
.lrTEMPEPATING SPRAYS 1)
_ "'", ./'......... P_ _ F"""CEP

llLPf.._..... ~,,, ...... ' ~ di~_'9'
GLAND EXHAUST 3)
CONDENSER :...- _ . - ~"" 10 mo,n condon..,
Flg.4,6. SImplified gl_nd steam s.allng system:

Steam ------ Air - - - Condensate ......•...• Control signal
Notes:
1) Not in all stalkms.
2) AlsO /al<:>wn undsr other nal7l68 "",h as vapour 9Xlraction lans,
!uItJ.'M QJRtId 8J8wn VlIf'OiH ~r,idots. (ff gI.Md sleam ax/Wtst foWs.
3) A few otller n!ll!ll!l& III" <1180 in U!JJ9, £""mp/lls: the gland sream
OOndtlflS6f or rll8 srum paoking UhBUfI/tIf.
STRAINER
~ CEP
MOTOAING COOLING STEAM • dlachatQll
CEsuPlOAHEIITING SPRI>oYS
ISOlATING VALVE
OJ toEXHAUST HOOD SPI:l.AYS
CONTROL VAlVE
MOTORING STEAM
ISOLATINQ VALVE
;-~-_··i}-----,
'rom
.eheaters +
To .m
L_ .. --- --_ .. 1 .""""

:
I
I
PRESSURE"
f'.EOUClOO.
OR\F~E
I
I
~
OSPPtAY
. LP tUrb
~1;1 ...._.~ ..L~......• t~~b7~ t RING
ESV GV To olher I
L?turolnlljl
, , ~
- Cooling BPraya waler EXHAUST
TM
- - - - Momnngcoollngste&m (_ nola bEllowl '0'"
51'1'....'1'$
LPTURBINE
"
I"
,
............ Turblna ataam
"
PDF Editor
* Notina!!stmW/18.
Fig. 4.1. SImplified lP turbine exhaust cooling sy81em:

CEP '" Condensate extraction pump; ESV '" Emergency stop valve.
GV = Governorvll.lve.
N0t9:
In soms sfBtlons. motoring cooling steam;s not used at all or is
SIJPP/isd to (fie HP turbine, bypassing m@cfos/JdGItS. In the latter
case. the steam follows the normal fIr:Nv path tllrough tfl9 tur/)ifle set.
Page 29
IB Turbo Pvt. Ltd. http://www.ibturbo.com/multistage_back_pressure_steam_turbine.html
HOME ABOUT US PRODUCTS CO-GENERATION PHOTOGAL
MBT-6 Multi Stage Back Pressure

Steam Turbine with Bleed
• Upto 5 Stages for High Efficiency.

• Bleed Provision for different back pressure outlets.
• Programmable Control Panel for Synchronised and
• Woodward Governor for accurate control.
• Robust and Sturdy turbine for continuous operation
Constructional Features MBT - 6 Turbines

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TURBINE CASING
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The turbine casing of this MULTI-STAGE turbine is split on horizontal centre-line to facilitate easy inspection and a
Proper tightness of the mating surfaces is ensured through high-accuracy finish and using metal-to-metal contact witho
bottom half high pressure end of casing is secured and supported by a kinematic support to allow controlled expansion
pedestal. Radial pins fitted between casing flange and bearing pedestal, permit radial expansion of casing maintain
pedestal which in turns ensures correct alignment during operation. A gap between the casing and the bearing pedesta
air thus minimises the transfer of heat between from hot casing to the bearing pedestal.
1 of 3 3/4/2014 12:57 PM
TURBINE ROTOR AND BLADES

The rotor is a solid alloy steel forging and designed to be of stiff; i.e. the first critical speed is well above any operatin
soundness of the rotor is ensured using latest Ultrasonic testing techniques.
The blades are made of alloy steel. Each blade is machined in one piece with its spacer root and is fixed in the groov
The outer ends of blades are connected by short lengths of shrouds riveted on.
Each rotor is dynamically balanced to high degree of accuracy. This ensures the trouble free and smooth operatio
bearings.
COMBINED STOP AND EMERGENCY VALVE, CONTROL VALVE

The stop-and-emergency valve is spring loaded. The whole steam flow to the turbine passes first through the sin
emergency valve, and then through the double seated control valve to the first stage nozzles of the turbine. The
mounted horizontally for ease of operation. The valve held fully open by the latch. Under the emergency conditions d
trip gear and solenoid valve, the trip latch is operated and the Valve is closed by the action of valve spring. The valve
the hand wheel clockwise moves the guide nut, compressing the valve spring and keeping the valve on its seat. As the
its travel, the trip catch is automatically engaged and is locked. Turning the hand wheel in ANTI-CLOCK direction, valve
The Combined stop and Emergency Valve incorporates a balanced main valve and a pilot valve to enable it to be freely
full steam pressure, except when the valve is close, steam may pass through the holes in the main valve to equalize
the valve. However, when the Combined Stop and Emergency valve is shut, the pilot valve having a small sliding m
valve closes these holes.
The control valve is mounted in the steam chest, which is rigidly bolted to the bottom half of the turbine cylinder. D
turbine, the control valve is opened by the linkage from the speed governor.
A steam strainer is provided on the inlet side of the valve to protect the turbine from the ingress of foreign matter.
BEARINGS
The rotor is supported at both ends with special designed white-metal lined journal bearings called OFF SET HALF type.
side is housed in the pedestal attached with the turbine cylinder with a special attachment.
A tilting pad type thrust bearing also contained in this bearing pedestal, which locates the rotor in its correct position an
during operation. The exhaust end bearing is fitted in a housing formed at the exhaust end of the turbine cylinder.
NOZZLES AND DIAPHRAGMS

The nozzle blades are secured to the steam belt formed at the steam end of the turbine cylinder and may be divide
depending on the individual contract requirement.
Inter-stage diaphragms with nozzles are mounted in grooves in the casing. These diaphragms are supported on radia
are fitted to give the correct vertical location of the diaphragm. Transverse location of the diaphragm is maintained in
steel side pins in the upstream side of the diaphragm.
The top half diaphragms are further secured with help of Check screws at the horizontal face.
SPEED REDUCTION GEAR

Speed-reducing gear is generally mounted on the turbine base-plate. The high-speed gears are precision-machined, ha
long operating-life. Lubricating oil from the lubricating oil system is used for cooling of the gears. The main oil-pump i
the low-speed gear.
TM
GLAND SEALS
Metallic LABYRINTH type glands seal the passage of the rotor shaft through the turbine cylinder. These are formed b
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loaded NICKEL LEADED BRONZE rings and mounted in segments in annular grooves in the gland housings and also
baffles are able to move radially on contact with the shaft to provide protection against rubs and bending of the ro
clearances with the rotor shaft. These form series of multiple throttling, which reduces the pressure, and minimize th
shaft.
Spaces are arranged between the groups of baffle rings at the steam end and exhaust end of the turbine. The high-pr
to the exhaust branch. The remaining two H.P. leak offs and the two L. P. leak offs are led to terminal flanges, which a
from the valve spindles of emergency and control valve.
2 of 3 3/4/2014 12:57 PM
OIL BAFFLES
The turbine bearings adjacent to the steam glands are provided with oil baffles. In addition to preventing the escap
bearing housing these baffles, in association with the steam ejector, also minimize the chances of any steam or m
bearing housing thus avoiding contamination of oil. In this way, the greatest difficulty of turbine maintenance is avoided
SPEED GOVERNOR
The speed governor is Hydro Mechanical type as standard scope of supply. This governor takes its drive from the turb
of worm and worm wheel. The link rod attaches the output of the governor to the steam control valve. The governor ha
adjustment and motorized gear to operate from a remote position.
EMERGENCY OVERSPEED TRIP GEAR.

The eccentric ring is mounted on the rotor shaft within the steam end pedestal and is held in concentricity with the sha
turbine speed reaches approximately 10% above the normal, the centrifugal unbalance overcome the spring force and
trip lever, which de-latch the trip rod. The emergency valve is then closed by its spring.
The emergency trip gear may also be operated manually or by the solenoid trip valve, which is associated with the prot
LUBRICATING OIL SYSTEM

Lubricating main oil for the turbo set is provided from the geared type oil pump driven from the free end of bull gear s
through a flexible coupling. An auxiliary A.C. motor driven geared oil pump is also provided for flooding the bea
maintaining an adequate supply of oil while running up and shutting down. The operation of A.C. motor driven pump is
a pressure switch in the lubricating oil system. Non-return valves on the delivery lines of auxiliary pump and main oil p
of auxiliary pump by the discharge of the main oil pump.
The lubricating oil is water cooled through the oil cooler. A fine filter is provided in the oil system to avoid any fo
bearings.
LOW OIL PRESSURE TRIP

Its purpose is to protect the turbine from damage, which might be caused by low oil pressure.
The trip consists of a hydraulic piston and cylinder. In running conditions the lube oil pressure held the valve in positio
value 0.5-0.7 kg/cm2 this pressure is incapable of holding the valve against the spring load, thus activating the tripping
BASEPLATE
This is of fabricated construction and has a built-in oil reservoir. An oil level indicator is fitted. The base-plate is se
special bolts.
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3 of 3 3/4/2014 12:57 PM
Patent US4541247 - Steam turbine gland seal control system - Google Patents http://www.google.com/patents/US4541247
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Steam turbine gland seal control system

US 4541247 A
ABSTRACT
A high pressure steam turbine having a sealing gland where the turbine rotor
penetrates the casing of the turbine. Under certain conditions the gland is sealed
by an auxiliary steam supply, and under other conditions the gland is self sealed
by turbine inlet steam. A control system is provided to modify the temperature of
the auxiliary steam to be more compatible with the self sealing steam, so as to
eliminate thermal shock to the turbine rotor.
IMAGES (4)
DESCRIPTION CLAIMS (7)
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION I claim:
1. Field of the Invention 1. A steam turbine gland seal control system for a steam turbine driving an
electrical generator which supplies power to a load after main circuit breakers
The invention in general relates to steam turbines, and particularly to a system
are closed, and in which the gland is self-sealing by steam in the turbine after
for maintaining proper temperature in the gland sealing system of the turbine.
said closing, comprising:
2. Description of the Prior Art

(A) means for measuring turbine speed for providing an output signal
A steam turbine ordinarily has a shaft, or rotor, resting in bearings and enclosed indicative of turbine speed;
in one or more casings, referred to as cylinders. At the point where the rotor
(B) means for measuring turbine load for providing an output signal indicative
penetrates the outer cylinders some means is required in order to prevent
of load, when said circuit breakers are closed;
leakage of air into, or steam from, the cylinders. Members known as glands
having labyrinth-type seal rings in conjunction with a gland sealing steam system (C) a steam line in steam communication with said gland seal;
are provided to perform this function.
(D) a gland seal steam supply controllably connected to said steam line;
During startup or at relatively low load conditions, sealing steam for the glands is
provided by a steam supply such as an auxiliary boiler designed for this purpose.
TMwithin said steam line for
(E) means for measuring the temperature of steam
providing a temperature output signal;
Once the turbine is running at higher load levels, the steam for sealing the gland
is provided from within the turbine itself such as by exhaust steam, during which (F) a control circuit responsive to (a) said temperature output signal and (b)
PDF Editor
condition the system is self-sealing. one of said speed or load output signals, depending upon whether said
turbine is on-line, to provide an output control signal which continuously
Some turbines are designed such that the turbine inlet steam is utilized to
varies as said speed or load output signals vary; and
self-seal a gland, in which case the steam temperature for sealing is much higher
than that provided by an auxiliary system. If the turbine is suddenly tripped, or if (G) heating means responsive to said output control signal to modify the
the load drops below a predetermined level, sealing switches from self-seal back temperature of steam in said steam line.
to the auxiliary system at the much lower temperature. This subjects the rotor to
an objectionable thermal shock due to the difference in temperatures between 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said heating means includes:
the sealing steam, and thus reduces the life of the rotor. Conversely, during
(A) a heater in heat transfer relationship with said steam line and
1 of 4 3/4/2014 12:22 PM
startup conditions sealing steam will switch from the relatively low temperature responsive to said control signal to modify the steam temperature
auxiliary to the relatively higher temperature inlet steam again subjecting the in said steam line.
rotor to the objectionable thermal shock.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein:
The present invention provides for an improved gland sealing system which
(A) said heater is an electric heater.
minimizes or eliminates the objectionable thermal shock and therefore increases
rotor life. 4. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein:
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION (A) said turbine is a high pressure single flow turbine, and
The improved steam turbine gland seal control system of the present invention (B) said gland is disposed at the high pressure inlet end of said
includes a steam line in steam communication with a gland seal of the turbine turbine.
and a gland seal steam supply is controllably connected to the steam line.
Means are provided for measuring the temperature in the steam line, for 5. Apparatus according to claim 1 which includes:
generating a temperature output signal and a control means responsive to the
(A) valving means connecting said steam supply to said steam line
temperature output signal and a signal indicative of a predetermined operating
and responsive to said output control signal to allow mixing of
condition of the turbine functions to modify the temperature of the steam in the
steam from said supply with steam in said steam line.
steam line.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(A) said steam supply includes at least first and second sources;
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a steam turbine generator system;
(B) said valving means includes first and second valves for
FIGS. 2A and 2B are sectional views diagrammatically illustrating a gland sealing
respectively controlling steam flow from said first and second
arrangement;
sources; and
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a gland sealing steam system of the prior art;
(C) said control circuit provides first and second output control
FIGS. 4 and 5 are curves illustrating improved sealing operation provided by the signal for respectively controlling said first and second valves.
present invention;
FIG. 6 is one embodiment of the present invention as applied to a high pressure
(A) said turbine is a high pressure single flow turbine, and
turbine; and
(B) said gland is disposed at the high pressure inlet end of said
FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention.
turbine.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical steam turbine system for a power plant and includes a
steam turbine arrangement 10 having a plurality of turbines in the form of high pressure turbine 12, intermediate pressure
turbine 14 and low pressure turbine 16. The turbines are coupled to a common shaft 18 to drive an electrical generator 20
which supplies power to a load 22, after main circuit breakers 23 are closed.
A power detector 24 is operable to provide an output signal (MW) indicative of load and a speed transducer system 25 is
operable to provide an output signal (RPM) indicative of turbine speed.
Steam to drive the turbines is supplied from a boiler system 26 which includes a reheater section 28. Boiler steam is
provided to the high pressure turbine 12 through input valving 30 and steam exiting the high pressure turbine 12 is reheated
in the reheater section 28 and provided to intermediate pressure turbine 14 through valving 32. Steam exiting the
intermediate pressure turbine 14 is provided by way of crossover piping 33 to the low pressure turbine 16 from which the
steam is exhausted into a conventional condenser 34 and thereafter circulated back to the boiler system.
As will be described, the turbines include glands which must be sealed under certain operating conditions by means of gland
seal steam. The steam supply for this can be one of a number of sources one of which is the steam input to reheater 28,
such steam also being known as the cold reheat steam, and controllably supplied by valve 35. The main steam, controlled
by valve 36, may also be used as a source as well as steam from an auxiliary boiler 37 controllably supplied by valve 38. TM
A typical rotor gland seal is illustrated in simplified form in FIG. 2A. The gland seal arrangement includes a plurality of gland
seal rings 40 to 42 each containing a respective number of seal strips 43 to 45 which encircle the rotor 48 at the ends of the
PDF Editor
outer cylinder 50 and which clear the rotor surface just enough to prevent contact during operation.
The atmospheric environment outside of the turbine is represented by letter A while B represents the turbine interior. The
gland sealing arrangement defines two interior chambers X and Y each encircling the rotor 48. During startup or at relatively
low loads, the pressure at B is below the atmospheric pressure at A and sealing steam is supplied to chamber X via steam
line 60. The sealing steam thus supplied to chamber X leaks past the seals into the turbine, as indicated by arrow 62, and
into chamber Y as indicated by arrow 63. Chamber Y is maintained at a pressure slightly below atmospheric pressure by a
connection to a gland condenser via line 64. Since chamber Y is at subatmospheric pressure, air leaks past the outer seal
from the atmosphere to chamber Y, as indicated by arrow 66.
2 of 4 3/4/2014 12:22 PM
When the pressure at B exceeds the pressure of chamber X, a reversal in flow occurs across the inner seal ring, as
indicated by arrow 62' in FIG. 2B. With increasing pressure, flow increases such that the gland becomes self-sealing and
steam is discharged from chamber X back to the gland's steam system where it will be supplied to the glands of the low
pressure turbine and any excess steam will be provided to the system condenser. The pressure at B may be the pressure
at the turbine exhaust and, for a single flow high pressure turbine, may be the pressure at the high pressure inlet end. (This
would be maintained at the same pressure as the high pressure exhaust.)
A typical prior art gland steam system is illustrated in FIG. 3. High pressure turbine 12 includes on respective ends thereof
glands 70 and 71, intermediate pressure turbine 14 includes glands 72 and 73 and low pressure turbine 16 includes glands
74 and 75. The glands of all three turbines are commonly connected to a gland condenser 80 which accepts leakage steam
and air and maintains one chamber (Y) of the gland seal at subatmospheric pressure. The glands of high and intermediate
pressure turbines 12 and 14 are additionally commonly connected to a steam header 82 the connection being made to
chamber X such as by steam line 60 illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B.
Discharge from chamber X is utilized for sealing the glands of low pressure turbine 16, after being cooled to a compatible
operating temperature by means of a desuperheater 84. Any excess steam flows to the main condenser via a valve 86
which serves to maintain the proper pressure in the header.
The steam supply for sealing the glands may include main steam which is controllably provided to header 82 by means of a
valve 88 as well as auxiliary steam from an auxiliary boiler or cold reheat steam controllably provided to header 82 by
means of valve 90.
If the high pressure turbine 12 is of a single flow design wherein gland 70 is self-sealed by inlet steam, a problem arises in
potential thermal shock to the turbine rotor due to the significant difference in temperature between the inlet steam and the
gland supply steam. To illustrate this, reference is made to FIG. 4 wherein the dot-dash curve 100 represents turbine load,
plotted on the right vertical scale. Curve 100 represents a decreasing load from 100% to about 10 percent at time t.sub.1
and during which decrease, gland 70 is self-sealing by the inlet steam; steam temperature is represented by solid curve
102. The temperature is plotted on the leftmost vertical axis and it is seen that the temperature of gland sealing steam is in
the 800 (426.7.degree.-482.2.degree. C.) range, provided by the inlet steam. At time t.sub.1 at the 10% load figure the self
sealing condition switches to the gland steam supply system such as provided by the auxiliary boiler, which, from practical
considerations, provides steam at a maximum temperature in the range of 500 (260 function at time t.sub.1. The abrupt
change in temperature is a thermal shock to the rotor and will potentially reduce rotor life. The present invention smooths
out this thermal shock by gradually reducing sealing steam temperature from the upper range to the lower range, and is
illustrated by the dotted curve 104 which portrays a gradual reduction in temperature from time t.sub.1 to time t.sub.2.
A similar problem exists when the turbine comes on line. For example, the dot-dash curve 106 of FIG. 5 represents
increasing turbine speed up to the rated speed, plotted on the rightmost vertical scale. After having achieved rated speed
from time T.sub.0 to T.sub.1 the unit thereafter will pick up load at time T.sub.2. Up until time T.sub.2 the gland is being
sealed by auxiliary steam in the lower temperature range as indicated by solid curve 108. At time T.sub.2 self-sealing
occurs with the higher temperature inlet steam resulting in a step function of temperature at time T.sub.2. The present
invention eliminates this step function shock by gradually increasing the sealing steam temperature from T.sub.0 to T.sub.2,
as illustrated by the dotted curve 110.
One embodiment of the present invention which accomplishes the elimination of thermal shock is illustrated in FIG. 6 which
reproduces portions of FIG. 3. For convenience the intermediate and low pressure turbines 14 and 16 as well as the gland
condenser system are not illustrated.
The arrangement of FIG. 6 includes a control means 120 having a control circuit 122 for regulating the heat provided by
heater 124 such as an electric heater in heat transfer relationship with steam pipe 60. A transducer 126 associated with
steam pipe 60 provides an output signal indicative of the steam temperature within the pipe and provides this indication to
the control circuit 122 which also receives signals indicative of speed (RPM) and load (MW).
When the unit is on line, the control circuit 122 is able to sense decreasing load such that when it attains a predetermined TM
value, such as the 10% level, the control system will be operative to initially impart a higher than normal temperature to the
auxiliary steam for sealing and to gradually decrease the heat energy supplied in accordance with curve 104 of FIG. 4.
PDF Editor
Conversely, when coming on line, the temperature and speed indications will cause the control arrangement to gradually
increase the heat of the auxiliary steam used to seal gland 70 until it attains the temperature of inlet steam which will be
applied, in accordance with curve 110 of FIG. 5.
Although a similar control arrangement can be applied to the steam line for gland 71, it will generally be unnecessary since
the self-sealing steam for that gland is the turbine exhaust steam at a lower temperature more compatible with the auxiliary
steam, thereby resulting in a less severe and more acceptable thermal shock.
FIG. 7 illustrates an alternate embodiment wherein sealing steam temperature is controlled by steam mixing as opposed to
3 of 4 3/4/2014 12:22 PM
electric heating. Higher temperature main steam, just prior to valve 88, can be supplied to steam line 60 by means of a
valve 131 and the lower temperature auxiliary steam, from ahead of valve 90 can be supplied by means of valve 132. The
opening and closing of these valves 131 and 132 is governed by the control circuit 122 which in response to the temperature
indication provided by transducer 126 and load or speed indication will regulate these valves to add or reduce heat, as the
case may be, as previously described. In the steam mixing embodiment, a nonreturn or one-way valve 134 is included in the
steam line 60.
Accordingly an arrangement has been described for reducing stress in the steam turbine gland area and prolonging rotor life
by eliminating thermal shock due to the different temperatures in sealing steam when switching from or to a self sealing
condition.
PATENT CITATIONS
Cited Patent Filing date Publication date Applicant Title

US3062553 * Apr 19, 1960 Nov 6, 1962 Sulzer Ag Method and means for producing sealing vapor
US4282708 * Aug 22, 1979 Aug 11, 1981 Hitachi, Ltd. Method for the shutdown and restarting of combined power plant
JP46034805A * Title not available
JPS54132001A * Title not available
* Cited by examiner
REFERENCED BY
Citing Patent Filing date Publication date Applicant Title

US6748742 * Nov 7, 2001 Jun 15, 2004 Capstone Turbine Corporation Microturbine combination systems
Utilization of spillover steam from a high pressure
US7147427 Nov 18, 2004 Dec 12, 2006 Stp Nuclear Operating Company
steam turbine as sealing steam
Methods for detecting water induction in steam
US7461544 * Feb 24, 2006 Dec 9, 2008 General Electric Company
turbines
Eif Nte Hybrid Intellectual Property
US8161724 Dec 1, 2010 Apr 24, 2012 Hybrid biomass process with reheat cycle
Holding Company, Llc
Eif Nte Hybrid Intellectual Property
US8495878 Aug 28, 2012 Jul 30, 2013 Feedwater heating hybrid power generation
Holding Company, Llc
Eif Nte Hybrid Intellectual Property Hybrid power generation cycle systems and
US8596034 Mar 31, 2010 Dec 3, 2013
Holding Company, Llc methods
US20120198845 * Feb 4, 2011 Aug 9, 2012 William Eric Maki Steam Seal Dump Re-Entry System
EP2369140A2 * Mar 21, 2011 Sep 28, 2011 General Electric Company Steam seal system
* Cited by examiner
CLASSIFICATIONS
U.S. Classification 60/660, 60/676, 60/657

International Classification F01D11/06
Cooperative Classification F01D11/06
European Classification F01D11/06
LEGAL EVENTS
Date Code Event Description

Expired due to failure to pay
Dec 7, 1993 FP Effective date: 19930919
maintenance fee
TM
Lapse for failure to pay
Sep 19, 1993 LAPS
maintenance fees
Nov 18, 1988 FPAY Fee payment Year of fee payment: 4
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Owner name: WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION, WESTINGHOUSE BL
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MARTIN,
Jun 5, 1984 AS Assignment
HARRY F.;REEL/FRAME:004270/0412
Effective date: 19840501
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4 of 4 3/4/2014 12:22 PM
Steam turbine: Sealing Arangements for Casing http://amnrrr12.blogspot.ae/2009/01/sealing-arangements-for-casing.html
‫تسجيل الدخول‬ ‫إنشاء مدونة إلكترونية‬ «‫المدونة اإللكترونية التالية‬ ‫المزيد‬ 0
Steam turbine
A little information on steam Engineering as I understand it, using all the sources from Internet. It
proves that if you want to search , there are vast informations you can collect from the webs.
Saturday, January 10, 2009 wanna be steam boiler

Sealing Arangements for Casing driver or ICE driver?
try us
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Regarding Steam Turbines
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Members (18)
Gland seal systems are very important to main and auxiliary

turbines. Turbine shafts must exit their casings in order to couple
up or connect with the unit that the turbines drive (reduction
gears, pumps, etc.) The main and auxiliary gland seal systems
enable the turbine to be sealed where the shaft exits the casing; in
effect keeping "air out and steam in."
The purpose of gland seal system is to prevent the leakage of air
from the atmosphere into turbine casings and prevent the escape Already a member? Sign in
of steam from turbine casings into the atmosphere (see Figure 1).
Operation Overview
About Me
1. The pressure differential between the atmosphere and inside
the main engine turbine casing will vary depending on ship's aza ni
speed. Similarly, the differential between the atmosphere and married,with five children
inside the ship's service turbine generator (SSTG) turbine casing
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will vary depending on electrical load.
TM
2. Labyrinths- Sets of labyrinth packing are employed along the
turbine rotor where the rotor exits the turbine casing to maintain
this pressure differential.
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a. The labyrinths create many little chambers causing pressure
drops along the shaft. The number of labyrinth sets depends
greatly on the steam pressure possible in that area. Labyrinth
packing alone will neither stop the flow of steam from the turbine
nor prevent air flow into the turbine.
3. Gland Sealing Steam
a. The gland sealing system provides low pressure steam to the
1 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM
turbine gland in the final sets of labyrinth packing. This assists the
labyrinth packing in sealing the turbine to prevent the entrance of
air into the turbine, which would reduce or destroy the vacuum in
the associated condenser. Excess pressure (excess gland seal) is
removed by the gland seal unloader.
4. Gland Exhaust
a. Since there are times when steam escapes from the seals, a
gland exhaust system is provided. The gland exhaust system
consists of low pressure piping connected to the gland area
between the last two outer sets of labyrinths which receives and
prevents steam from escaping to the atmosphere. This system
collects the steam and directs it to a condenser for further use in
the steam plant.
C. Main Engine Gland Seal System Components.
1. The gland seal regulator (see Figure 2)
a. Senses system pressure on the outlet side of the regulator. The

gland seal regulator valve reduces 150 psig auxiliary ("dry or wet"
steam depending on the ship type) steam to gland seal system
pressure of .5 to 2 psig. The valve begins to open at 2 psig and is
fully open at .5 psig. The bypass valve allows the operator to
maintain system pressure in the event the regulator valve is
inoperable. (see Figure 1)
2. The Gland seal unloader valve (see Figure 3)
TM
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2 of 11
a. This valve senses the pressure of the gland seal supply piping.
3/4/2014 12:30 PM
The unloader piping is wider in diameter than the regulator piping.

The gland seal unloader "dumps" the excess gland seal piping
pressure to the LP turbine exhaust trunk. The unloader begins to
open at 2 psig, and is fully open at 3 psig. It has a handwheel to
permit manual operation of the unloader to control gland seal
system pressure during a loss of control air causality.
Piping system (see Figure 1)
a. The regulator supplies the gland seal header. This header has
branch lines to each turbine gland area and a branch line to the
unloader. The ahead throttle valve assembly and the astern
throttle valve also have a connection to receive gland sealing
steam. The reason is the same on the unloader- to prevent the
possible introduction of air into the system. Any air entering the
turbines or piping systems affect the vacuum in the main
condenser.
b. On some ships, spectacle flanges are installed in the supply
lines to the HP turbine glands to allow the gland seal and gland
exhaust system to be isolated when singling up with the LP turbine
operating.
c. Inputs to the gland seal system include the gland seal regulator,
astern throttle leak-off, ahead throttle lifting rod leak-off, HP
turbine forward and after gland leak-off, and main steam
emergency throttle leak-off (on ships with singling up capabilities).
4. Main engine gland exhaust system
a. Steam leaking from the gland seal section of the shaft packing is
drawn off by the gland exhaust system. Gland exhaust is drawn
into the gland exhaust condenser section of the Main Engine Air
Ejector.
b. The gland exhaust steam is then condensed and returned to the
fresh water drain collecting tank. The air and non-condensable
gases are drawn off by the gland exhaust fan.
5. Gland Seal steam system operation
a. The gland seal regulator supplies .5 to 2 psig steam to the
glands in varying degrees as bells change on the main engine.
When answering a low bell or all stop, the gland leak off is
minimal, causing the regulator to supply the total gland sealing
steam. As engine speed increases, the casing is pressurized and
the increased gland leak off, along with the regulator, supplies all
the gland sealing steam required by the system.
(1) As ship's speed increases, the main engine becomes self
sealing. The gland seal regulator is fully shut and the unloader is
functioning to maintain the system pressure between 2 3 psig,
dumping the excess gland seal steam to the LP turbine exhaust
TM
trunk.
(2) As ship's speed slows, the gland seal system operates in
reverse sequence. (see Figure 4,5,6)
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3 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM
D. SSTG Gland Seal System Components

1. These components are almost identical to the main engine
gland sealing components. The major difference between the main
and SSTG system is the size.
a. The Gland seal regulator
(1) Senses pressure on the drain pot (or manifold). The drain pot
or manifold is similar to a header and acts as "collection area" for
the system steam. This area allows for the sensing lines to
accurately measure the system pressure. The valve functions by
reducing 150 psig auxiliary steam to the system pressure of .5 2
psig.
2. The Gland seal unloading valve

a. Senses the pressure on the drain pot. The operating range is 2 3
psig, unloading excess gland seal pressure to the lower section of
the turbine exhaust casing.
3. The piping system (see Figure 7)
a. Consists of piping to the forward and after glands from the drain
pot or manifold. The inputs to the system are gland seal regulator,
TM
and the forward turbine bearing. At a 60% load on the generator,
leakage from the forward end of the turbine (high pressure end)
supplies the system, the regulator is closed and the unloader
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bleeds excess to the turbine exhaust trunk.
E. Gland Exhaust System
1. Steam leaking from the gland seal area of the shaft packing,
steam leak off from the steam chest lift rods, and steam leak off
from the trip throttle valve is drawn into the gland exhaust system
and into the air ejector condenser.
2. The steam is condensed in the SSTG air ejector condenser. Air
4 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM
and non condensable gases are discharged to the atmosphere via

the gland exhaust fan which maintains a slight vacuum on the
auxiliary air ejector condenser.
F. Causes of System Failure
1. Since most gland seal regulators are air operated reducing
valves, improper pressure settings on the air pilots for the
regulating and unloading valves can cause system pressure to be
too high or low, or both valves may be open at the same time.
Ruptured diaphragms may occur in these air pilot controllers and
air operated valves. Oil and water in the air lines to the pilots or
air operated valves can cause erratic operation and deterioration
of the rubber diaphragms. Upon loss of air pressure, both valves
fail open and the unloader valve must be operated with the
manual handwheel to control gland seal pressure.
2. Painted valve stems or improper packing installation can cause
binding of the stem, restricting valve operation.
3. Improperly calibrated gages can cause the system to be
improperly operated.
4. In the event of a jammed gland seal regulator, the operator
should take control of gland seal pressure by using the regulator
bypass valve.
G. Safety Precautions
1. Do not admit steam to the glands of an idle turbine, as varying
degrees of corrosion, erosion, or a bowed rotor may result.
2. Ensure the gland seal system is in operation on the main engine
before aligning the main engine air ejectors. This helps prevent
dirt and debris from being drawn into the turbine glands.
3. Adjustment of components shall be conducted by qualified and
knowledgeable personnel. When performing adjustments, careful
coordination of involved personnel will minmize confusion of gage
indication.
Posted by aza ni at 6:48 PM

Labels: turbine
16 COMMENTS:
joseph19 February 25, 2010 at 3:57 AM
I have a steam turbine 330 mw which if i operate at

control valve set point of 345 mw causes the self sealing of
hp ip and lp glands to fail and the auxilary sealing valve
opens in auto. Why does this happen?
TM
Reply
PDF Editor
AZANI February 25, 2010 at 7:13 AM
dear joseph
the auxiliary steam is making up the gland sealing
steam...if the ammount of sealin steam in the pockets is
low, the aux steam will top up the required steam.
when you increase steam demand to the turbine,the
5 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM
ammount of steam tapped to accommodate aux steam will

be affected.normally aux steam is either supplied from its
own aux boiler or tapped from main steam,pressure
reduced, furthermore by adding etra steam to turbine,you
will heat up the turbine,cooling steam from aux steam is
required to redice the temperature difference between
blades and casing.The turbine is designed to run own its
manufactured range.By overloading it you tend to
overheat.
Reply
AZANI February 25, 2010 at 7:14 AM
to others please rephrase your question so that i can read

and understand
Reply
High Temperature Sealant March 19, 2010 at 2:51

AM
Thanks allot for this articles it was a nice articles about

steam seal, the promoter of silicon free high temperature
sealant, polyurethane adhesives, thread locker and steam
seals.
Reply
New And Used Catering Equipment June 24, 2010

at 6:50 AM
My cousin recommended this blog and she was totally right

keep up the fantastic work!
Reply
RR Scar August 2, 2010 at 1:52 PM
How far out (max time)before a plant start up should you

set seals? Why would you not want to set seals 10hrs
before a start?
TM
Toshiba D11 Steam Turbine. GE 7H Gas Turbine.
PDF Editor
Reply
Anonymous September 7, 2010 at 3:22 AM
Hello!
We have problem with vacuum in the steam system!We
checked almost all lines,retaided,retaped with special
6 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM
tape,main condenser is cleaned,vacuum pumps ok but sill

vacuum only 680mmHg!Water temperature is 26 after
Cel!Maybe it could bee a gland steam!On screen ir shows
0,1 bar, but on gland steam air regulator valve pressure ir
adjusted 0,2 bar............and spill valve more than 0.2 bar
but still is only 0.1 bar in the system!!What could be
wrong???Maybe no water in constant level pot?Or air
regulators have some error??!!
Reply
agrawalsatish September 12, 2010 at 12:03 AM
Application area, metal-to-metal joints

BIRKOSIT - Dichtungskitt ®
BIRKOSIT - Dichtungskitt ® Sealing Compound has been

used for 50 years on Siemens turbines (product
development 1952 with Siemens). Without the additional
sealing of individual pressure areas using BIRKOSIT -
Dichtungskitt ® the production imprecision or the
distortion under loads are no longer evened out, which
means that the turbine areas in the individual pressure
areas become permeable under pressure. This means the
turbine loses power, and can even lead to unplanned
reconditioning.
BIRKOSIT - Dichtungskitt ® is formulated to be practically

inert in its standard applications in steam and gas
turbines. It is, therefore, resistant to exposure to hot air,
steam, water, light fuel oils and lubricants. By implication,
it should be resistant to crude oil and natural gas.
For placing your orders, please contact
Project Sales Corporation, General Agency of A.I. Schulze,

for marketing BIRKOSIT - Dichtungskitt ® in India
28 Founta Plaza, Suryabagh, Visakhapatnam 530 020, AP,
India; phone: +918912564393; fax: +918912590482
http://india.birkosit.com
Ordering Instructions: TM
Product : BIRKOSIT DICHTUNGSKITT (SEALING
COMPOUND)
Make : AI SCHULZE, GERMANY
PDF Editor
Pack Size: 1 kg
Price: Rs.4250 per KG
Taxes: CST 2% extra against form C, else 14.5% extra
Delivery FOR Destination through First Flight Courier/GATI
MOQ: 10 kgs
India Distributors: Project Sales Corporation,
Visakhapatnam
7 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM
Country of Origin: Germany
Reply
agrawalsatish October 23, 2010 at 11:58 PM
Sole manufacturer and Distributor A.I. Schulze

Chemotechnische Fabrik e.K.
Project Sales Corporation
General Agency of A.I. Schulze
for marketing BIRKOSIT - Dichtungskitt ®
in the India
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
Product Data Sheet

for extreme conditions of temperature and pressure
Description:
BIRKOSIT is a single-component, paste luting agent /

sealing compound for industrial use wherever conditions of
temperature and pressure at smooth, plane sealing
surfaces (butt joints) make extreme demands on the
quality of the sealing compound.
Product data sheet This applies, in particular, to the

sealing
of metallic joints: steam and gas turbines, compressors,
pumps, housings, flange joints etc.
Technical data:
Temperature resistance:
hot steam and air, hot and cold water, light fuel oils and
lubricants, crude oil and natural gas at up to 900 °C.
Pressure resistance:
The excellent adhesion on sealing surfaces and butt joints
guarantees a perfect seal up to 250 bar. The pressure
resistance for flanges without sealing rings is up to 450 bar TM
and even up to 550 bar for screw joints.
Plastic deformation:
PDF Editor
is unlimited in its plastic workability so that, even under
the most demanding conditions, the sealing film does not
break. cf. temperature and pressure resistance.
Application areas:
Steam and gas turbines, power plants, gasworks and
waterworks, oil refineries, smelting works, shipyards, paint
8 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM
and rubber manufacturing, chemical industry.
Working recommendations:
To be spread on the dry surfaces using a putty knife or
rubber spatula. As the product doesn’t cure but slightly
changes its consistence staying flexible and elastic,
application on butt joints without time pressure is possible.
And the product can be subjected immediately to working
loads!
A small amount of linseed oil varnish may be added to
improve the spreading properties.
Storage:
Unlimited storage life when correctly stored. Its properties
are stable and it is flexible in use. The tin should be
properly closed when only a part of the contents is used.
Packaging:
BIRKOSIT is packed and supplied in special 1-kg tins. Its
colour is reddish-brown. For further properties of the
product, see the materials safety data sheet 91/155/EEC,
changed 93/112/EC and the storage life certificate. State
of October 2009.
This issue of the product data sheet supersedes back

issues.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
Reply
agrawalsatish October 23, 2010 at 11:58 PM
BIRKOSIT - Dichtungskitt ® Sealing Compound has been

used for 50 years on turbines (product development 1952
with Siemens). Without the additional sealing of individual
pressure areas using BIRKOSIT - Dichtungskitt ® the
production imprecision or the distortion under loads are no
longer evened out, which means that the turbine areas in TM
the individual pressure areas become permeable under
pressure. This means the turbine loses power, and can
even lead to unplanned reconditioning.
PDF Editor
BIRKOSIT - Dichtungskitt ® is formulated to be practically
inert in its standard applications in steam and gas
turbines. It is, therefore, resistant to exposure to hot air,
steam, water, light fuel oils and lubricants. By implication,
it should be resistant to crude oil and natural gas.
9 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM
[main application]
single-component, paste sealing compound for sealing
between machined surfaces (joints between parts) in
steam and gas turbines at temperatures up to 900 °C and
pressures up to 250 bar.
[other applications]
can also be used for sealing between smooth surfaces in
compressors, housings, pumps etc. and by extension, in
valve glands and screw joints.
[additional applications]
All kinds of screwed metal flange pipe connections
(independent of flange diameter and shape). Their
operating conditions are characterized by water, steam,
pressure, high temperature
Reply
Anonymous December 8, 2010 at 6:21 PM
what is a turbine steam pressure control?
Reply
Anonymous April 7, 2011 at 9:07 PM
what are the effect of overheating and overcooling of

turbine casing
Reply
Anonymous July 8, 2012 at 9:01 PM
Can anyone tell me the advantages of pressure balanced

gland segment please?
Reply
chittaranjan mohapatra September 8, 2012 at 7:52

PM
hi, can tell me why and how gland sealing of steam turbine
temp. increse keeping pr. const.,& also auxulary staem
TM
team. const..And how control its temp.
PDF Editor
Reply
enerzea power March 4, 2013 at 3:46 AM
The Steam turbine manufacturers company should be

known for manufacturing best quality of industry specific
and customized steam turbines.
10 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM
Reply
kessels October 13, 2013 at 10:49 PM
Steam turbine manufacturers - Kessels is a leading

Steam Turbine manufacturer in the range of 5 KW to 30
MW, providing the most reliable and efficient steam
turbine solutions for over 25 years.
Reply
Comment as:
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TM
Error matching blog to blogger entry. If you are the owner of this blog, please check that there is no typo in your blog address and that you have pasted the code from the Add Ads page
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correctly (http://amnrrr12.blogspot.ae/2009/01/sealing-arangements-for-casing.html)
11 of 11 3/4/2014 12:30 PM

Yazd-System Description For Auxiliary Steam System - Combined

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Yazd-System Description For Auxiliary Steam System - Combined

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M I N I S T RY O F E N E R G Y

IRAN POWER DEVELOPMENT CO.

0 FIRST ISSUE Dec.5,’03 D.C.KIM Dec.5,’03 H. C. YOO Dec.5,’03 W. Y. LEE Dec.5,’03

REV DESIGNATION DATE DESIGN DATE CHKD DATE TM

MAPNA C o . DOCUMENT NO. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 REV. C

MAPNA C o . DOCUMENT NO. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 REV. C

Contract No. : Doc. No. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 Revision : C

AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM

CLAUSE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1.0.0 REFERENCE DRAWINGS 4

3.0.0 AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 5

4.0.0 DESIGN BASIS 6

5.0.0 GENERAL CONTROL DESCRIPTION 8

Contract No. : Doc. No. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 Revision : C

1.0.0 REFERENCE DRAWINGS

Auxiliary steam header(ALBG30BR001) is connected to the main piping(ALBG70BR001)

The auxiliary steam from auxiliary steam header is supplied to :

Contract No. : Doc. No. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 Revision : C

3.0.0 AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

A safety valve (ALBG30AA191) with relieving capacity of maximum steam flow of

3.1.0 Auxiliary steam flow paths.

Auxiliary steam is supplied from the HP superheated steam common

Pressure controlled HP steam is mixed with condensate water by means of an attemperator

Contract No. : Doc. No. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 Revision : C

The auxiliary steam header(ALBG30BR001) supplies the following branches :

- 3 inch line(ALBG60BR001) for gland steam.

4.0.0 DESIGN BASIS

The auxiliary steam system is designed to satisfy the following requirements:

1. Auxiliary steam flow to consumers

- Gland steam : 1.5 0.75 kg/s

Contract No. : Doc. No. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 Revision : C

- Holding ejector : 0.153 kg/s (Continous mode)

※ If CPP regeneration and water treatment operate simultaneously, their total

2. Flow from sources for generating auxiliary steam

(1) Max. steam flow of aux. boiler during start-up : **

(2) Steam flow of de-superheated HP steam during normal operation

- Flow at guarantee condition : 0.14 kg/s

(3) Spray water flow CEP discharge during normal operation

- Flow at guarantee condition : 0.03 kg/s

3. Operating pressure : 15 bar.a TM

4. Operating temperature : 240 ℃

Contract No. : Doc. No. : MP-YZC-GA-04-SA0-001 Revision : C

6. Design temperature : 265 ℃

- Setting pressure : 20 bar.a

5.0.0 GENERAL CONTROL DESCRIPTION

5.1.0 Auxiliary Steam Header Pressure/Temperature Control

NOTES & REFERENCES

4.3 a) Describe three adverse consequences/operating concerns caused ~ Pages 9-10

NOTES & REFERENCES

THE REHEAT SYSTEM

Reheating steam flow control ~ Obj. 4.10)

NOTES & REFERENCES

SUMMARY OF THE KEY CONCEPTS

Obi. 4.2 a) ~ Normal control

Obi. 4.2 b) ~ Automatic actions in response to improper drains level

Obi. 4.2 c) ~ Adverse consequences and operating concerns caused

NOTES & REFERENCES

...l:1 High Level Alarm

Fig. 4.1. M8jor eutomltle re8pon... to reheeter drains level:

I. Reduced overall thennal efficiency.

In most installations, a drop in the drains level would have to be sub-

Obj. 4.2 d) ~ Causes of reheater drains level problems