Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur.

7 July 2004

Part 1 Conventional Landfill Design & Operation

From Design to Problem Solving
Professor Zaini Ujang
Ph.D., C.Eng.(UK), C.W.E.M. (UK), PPT

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Email: zaini@fka.utm

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Presentation Menu
Types of landfill and landfilling methods Sitting Gas management Leachate control Surface water control Structural characteristics and settlement Layout design Development of operation plan Landfill closure and post-closure
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Natural attenuation landfill

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Modern sanitary landfill

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill technology
Definitions
Landfill refers to Physical facilities used for the disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface soils of the earth Sanitary landfill refers to engineered facility for the disposal of municipal solid wastes designed and operated to minimize public health and environmental impact Secure landfill refers to engineered facility for the disposal of municipal solid wastes designed and operated to hazardous wastes
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Environmental concerns
Uncontrolled release of landfill gases that might migrate off-site and cause odor etc. Impact of the uncontrolled discharge of landfill gases and greenhouse effect in the atmosphere Uncontrolled release of leachate that might migrate down to underlying groundwater or to surface water Breeding and harboring of disease vector in improperly managed landfills Health and environmental impacts associated with the release of the trace gases arising from the hazardous materials that were often place in landfills in the past

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill planning, design and operation

Layout and design Operation and management Biochemical reactions Management of landfill gases Management of leachate Environmental monitoring Landfill closure and post-closure

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill planning, design and operation

Layout and design

Sectional view through a sanitary landfill

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill planning, design and operation

Operation and management

Definition sketch for landfill operations and processes

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Development and completion of landfill

Landfilling

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Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Development and completion of landfill

Completed landfilling

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill planning, design and operation

Biochemical reactions Biotransformation of organics into landfill gases and liquids Starting with aerobic, then followed by anaerobic processes. Aerobic process produces CO2 and H2O Anaerobic process produces CO2, CH4 and trace amounts of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill planning, design and operation

Chemical reactions
Dissolution and suspension of materials and biological conversion products in liquid percolating through the water Evaporation and vaporization of chemical compounds and water into evolving landfill gas Sorption of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds into the landfilled material, Dehalogenation and decomposition of organic compounds Oxidation-reduction of metals Solubility of metal salts Dissolution of bioconversion products and other compounds esp. organic compounds, into leachate id of special importance because these materials can be transported out landfill with the leachate
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill planning, design and operation

Physical reactions Lateral diffusion of gases in landfill Emission of landfill gases to surrounding environment Movement of leachate within the landfill and into underlying soil Settlement caused by consolidation and decomposition of landfill materials

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill calssification, types and methods

Landfill classification

Class I II III

Type of wastes Hazardous waste Designated waste Municipal solid waste

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill types and methods

Landfilling methods
Methods Excavated cell Area Type of wastes - Adequate depth of cover material is available - Far from water table -Where terrain is unsuitable for excavation of cells - High ground water conditions - Canyons, ravines, dry barrow pits and quarries - Depends on availability of adequate material to cover the individual lifts and final cover

Canyon / depression

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Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Commonly used landfilling methods

(a) Excavated cell/trench

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Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Commonly used landfilling methods

(b) Area

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Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Commonly used landfilling methods

(c) Canyon/depression

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Landfill siting considerations

Factors
Haul distance Locations restrictions Available land area Site access Soil conditions and topography Climatologic conditions Surface water hydrology Geologic and hydrogeologic conditions Local environmental conditions Ultimate use for completed landfill
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Composition and characteristics, generation, movement and control of gases

Components Methane Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfides, disulfides, mercaptans, etc. Ammonia Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide Trace constituents %(dry volume basis) 45 - 60 40 - 60 2-5 0.1 - 1.0 0 - 1.0 0.1 - 1.0 0 - 0.2 0 - 0.2 0.01 - 0.6

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Composition and characteristics, generation, movement and control of gases

Characteristics Temperature, 0F Specific gravity Moisture content High heating value, Btu/sft3 Value 100-120 1.02-1.06 Saturated 400-550

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Molecular weight, density, and specific weight of gases found in sanitary landfill at standard conditions (0oC, 1 atm)
Gas Air Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Methane Nitrogen Oxygen NH3 CO2 CO H2 H2S CH4 N2 O2 Formula Molecular Weight 28.97 17.03 44.00 28.00 2.016 34.08 16.03 28.02 32.00 Density g/L 1.2928 0.7708 1.9768 1.2501 0.0898 1.5392 0.7167 1.2507 1.4289 Specific weight lb/ft3 0.0808 0.0482 0.1235 0.0781 0.0056 0.0961 0.0448 0.0782 0.0892
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

Workshop on New Technologies for Cost-effective Landfill Management, UTM Kuala Lumpur. 7 July 2004

Typical concentrations of trace compounds found in landfill gas at 66 California MSW landfill (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993)
Compounds Benzene Dichloromethane Toluene Tetrachloroethylene Vinyl chloride Styrenes Xylenes Concentration, ppbV Median 932 1,150 8,125 260 1,150 0 0 Mean 2,057 25,694 34,907 5,244 3,508 1,517 2,651 Maximum 240,000 620,000 280,000 180,000 32,000 87,000 38,000

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Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management

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