MATHEMATICS T 954/2 SET 1

SECTION A (45 Marks) : Answer all questions in this section.

1. The function f is defined as f(x) =







> >> >


= == =
< << <
3
3
3
3 0
3 9
x
x
x
x
x x
,
,
,
2
.
(a) Without using graphs, determine whether f is a continuous function or not. [3]
(b) Sketch the graph of f. [3]

2. Using the substitution x =
y 2
1
, show that


2
1
2
1
1
x x
dx =
4

. [6]

3. Given that f(x) = x + a +
2
4
x
a
2
, x 2, 2 < a < 3. In terms of a,
(a) find the asymptotes of y = f(x). [2]
(b) find the coordinates of the stationary points. [3]
(c) sketch the graph of y = f(x), labeling clearly the asymptotes,
turning points and axial intercepts. [3]

4. The variables x and y are related by the differential equation
x
y
d
d
= 1 + 2x
2
x
y
.
By using y = v + x
2
, show that the differential equation may be reduced to

x
v
d
d
=
2
x
v
. [3]
Find the solution of the differential equation given that when x = 1, y = 2. [5]

5. Given that y = sin
1
x, prove that (1 x
2
)
3
3
x
y
d
d
3x
2
2
x
y
d
d

x
y
d
d
= 0. [3]
Hence, find the Maclaurins series for y up to and including the term in x
5
. [4]
Deduce the expansion for
2
x 1
1
. [2]



6. Sketch the curve of y = ln (x 2). [2]
Find an approximate value for the area of the region bounded by the curve,
x-axis and the line x = 4 by using the trapezium rule with five ordinates.
Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places. [4]
Hence, determine whether the estimated value is larger or smaller than
the exact value. [2]

SECTION B (15 Marks) : Answer any one question in this section.
7. Sketch, on a clearly labelled diagram, the graph of the curve y = 1 +
1 4
1
+ ++ +
2
x
. [2]
The region R is bounded by this curve, axes and the line x =
2
1
.
By using the substitution 2x = tan

, find
(a) the area of the region R, [5]
(b) the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated completely about the x-axis.[8]

8. Show that the equation x
3
6x + 1 = 0 has two positive real roots. [3]
(a) Show that the smaller positive root, , lies between x = 0 and x = 1. [2]
(b) A sequence of real numbers x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, . . . satisfies the recurrence relation

1 + ++ + n
x =
2
n
x (
6
1
+ 1) for x
+ ++ +
.
Use calculator to determine the behaviour of the sequence for x
1
= 0. [4]
(c) Prove algebraically that, the sequence can be used to obtain the
root of the equation x
3
6x + 1 = 0. [3]
(d) Explain whether the recurrence relation in (c) can be use to estimate
the larger real root. [3]
1. Not continuous 3(a) y = x + a, x = 2 (b) (2 + 2a,

2 + 5a) , (2 2a,

2 3a)
4. y = x
2
+
1
1

x
e 5. y = x +
6
1
x
3
+
40
3
x
5
+ . . . ; 1 +
2
1
x
2
+
8
3
x
4
+ . . .
6. 1.112 ; smaller since the curve is concave downwards.
7(a)
8
1
(4 + ) (b)
16
5
(2 + )
8(b) sequence converges to 0.16745
(d) Since the derivative value of the recurrence relation for the larger root is greater
than 1, so it cannot be use to estimate the larger root.


MATHEMATICS T 954/2 SET 2
SECTION A (45 Marks) : Answer all questions in this section.

1. Function f is defined by f(x) =






< << <
2 1 ln
2 4
x x
x ax
,
,
) (
2
.
Given that f is continuous at x = 2.
(a) Find the value of a. [3]
(b) Determine whether f is continuous at x = 2. [3]


2. A piece of wire of length d units is cut into two pieces. One piece is bent to form
a circle of radius r units, and the other piece is bent to form a regular hexagon.
Prove that, as r varies, the sum of the areas enclosed by the two shapes is a
minimum when the radius of the circle is approximately 0.076d units. [7]


3. Evaluate


1
0
2
x
x
1
dx. [3]
Hence, find the exact value of

1
0
sin
1
x dx. [4]


4. Find the general solution of the differential equation
x
y
d
d

x
y
= x sec
2
x. [5]


5. Given that y =
x
e
1
sin

. Show that (1 x
2
)
2
2
x
y
d
d

x
y
x
d
d
= y. [3]
By further differentiation of this result, find the Maclaurins series for y in
ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x
3
. [5]
Given that x is small, show that the first four terms of the series expansion for

x
e
x
cos
1
sin

is 1 + x + x
2
+
6
5
x
3
. [3]







6. Given the equation x
2

x
e

4 = 0.
(a) Show that the equation has only one real root. [3]
(b) Verify, by calculation that this root lies between x = 2 and x = 3. [2]
(c) Prove that, if a sequence of values given by the iterative formula

1 + ++ + n
x =
n
x
e

+ ++ + 4 converges, then it converges to this root. [2]
(d) Use this iterative formula to calculate the root correct to 2 decimal places.
Give the result of each iteration correct to 4 decimal places. [3]

SECTION B (15 Marks) : Answer any one question in this section.

7. State the asymptotes of the graph y =
4
4


2
2
x
x ) (
. [2]
Find the coordinates of its stationary points and determine its nature. [8]
Sketch its graph. [3]
Hence, find the range of values of k for which the equation
4
4


2
2
x
x ) (
k = 0
has no real roots. [2]

8. (a) Solve the differential equation (1 +
y
e
2
)
x
y
d
d
=
y
e sin x cos x,
given that y = 0 when x =
6

. [6]

(b) Find the general solution of the differential equation
x
x
y
d
d
y 2x
2
+ 1 = 0, expressing y in terms of x. [5]
Find the particular solution which has a stationary point on the positive x-axis.
Sketch this particular solution. [4]

1(a) a =
4
1
(b) Not continuous 3. 1 ;
2

1 4. y = x

tan

x + cx
5. y = 1 + x +
2
1
x
2
+
3
1
x
3
+ . . . 6(d) 2.0334 , 2.0325 ; 2.03
7. x = 2, x = 2, y = 1 ; (1, 3)
max.
, (4, 0)
min.
; 3 < k < 0
8(b) y = 2x
2
2 2 x + 1



MATHEMATICS T 954/2 SET 3
SECTION A (45 Marks) : Answer all questions in this section.

1. The function f is defined by f(x) =






< << <

+ ++ +
2 2
2
4
6
x
x
x a
x
x
,
,
, where a is a constant.
Find the value of a, if
2 x
lim
f(x) exists. [3]
With this value of a, determine whether f is continuous at x = 2. [3]


2. Given that y =
) )( ( x x
x
2 1 3 4
17
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
. If x increases at a constant rate of 1.5 unit
per second when x = 0.25, find the rate of change of y at this instant. [6]


3. By using a suitable substitution, evaluate

+ ++ +
4
0
2
) ( x 1
1
dx. [6]


4. Using the substitution u = xy, solve the differential equation
x
x
y
d
d
+ y + xy
2
= 0, given that y =
2
1
when x = 2, expressing y in terms of x. [10]


5. Given that x is sufficiently small for x
3
and higher powers of x to be neglected,
show that
x
x
sin 2
cos 4 5
+ ++ +


2
1

4
1
x +
8
9
x
2
. [5]

6. A curve has the equation y =
x
x
ln
2 + ++ +
.
(a) Show that the curve has only one stationary point, and its x-coordinate
satisfies the equation x =
x
x
ln
2 + ++ +
. [5]
Find the successive integers a and b such that this root lies in the
interval (a,

b). [3]
(b) Use the iterative formula
1 + ++ + n
x =
n
n
x
x
ln
2 + ++ +
to determine the x-coordinate
correct to 2 decimal places.
Give the result of each iteration to 4 decimal places. [4]



SECTION B (15 Marks) : Answer any one question in this section.

7. A curve has the parametric equations
x = k + sin t and y = k cos t, where k > 0 and t .
(a) Express
x
y
d
d
in terms of t. [3]
(b) State the exact values of t at the points when the tangents are parallel
to the y-axis, and the points when the tangents are parallel to the x-axis. [4]
(c) The normal of the curve at the point where t =
4

has a y-intercept of 1.
Find the value of the constant k. [4]
(d) The normal intersects the curve again at point P. Using k = 1, find P. [4]


8. (a) By using the standard Maclaurins expansion of e
x
, find


= == =1
!
r
r
1
in terms of e. [3]
(b) Given that y = tan
1

2x, show that (1 + 4x
2
)
3
3
x
y
d
d
+ 16x
2
2
x
y
d
d
+ 8
x
y
d
d
= 0. [4]
Obtain the Maclaurins series for tan
1

2x up to and including the term in x
3
. [4]
Use the series expansion above, estimate the value of

5
1
0
tan
1

2x dx,
giving your answer as a fraction. [4]

1. a = 1 ; Not continuous 2.
169
316
3. 2 ln (
3
5
)
5
4

4. y =
x x
x
|

\
|
2
ln
1
6(a) a = 4, b = 5 (b) 4.32
7(a) k tan t (b)
2

,
2

; , 0, (c) 1 (d) (1
2
1
,
2
1
)
8(a) e 1 (b) y = 2x
3
8
x
3
+ . . . ;
1875
73







MATHEMATICS T 954/2 SET 4
SECTION A (45 Marks) : Answer all questions in this section.

1. Evaluate
| || |
| || |

| || |


\ \\ \
| || |



) (
x
e x
x
x
1
cos 1
lim
2
0
. [5]


2. Show that

2
1
0
sin
1
(2x) dx =
4
1
( 2). [5] [4,3]


3. The parametric equations of a curve are
x = ln (cos ), y = ln (sin ), where 0 < <
2

.
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where =
4

,
leaving your answer in the form of y = mx + c. [6]
Show that the tangent will not meet the curve again. [4]


4. Show that the differential equation xy
x
y
d
d
= x
2
+ 2y
2
may be reduced by
by means of the substitution y = vx to x
x
y
d
d
=
v
v
2
+ ++ + 1
. [3]
Hence obtain the general solution of y in the form y
2
= f(x). [4]


5. Given that y = 2 tan
1
| || |
| || |

| || |


\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + 3
2
x
x
. Show that (x
2
+ 2x + 3)
x
y
d
d
= 2. [2]
By further differentiation of the above result, find the Maclaurins series
expansion for y in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x
3
. [5]
Hence, find the first three non-zero terms in the expansion of
3 2
1
+ ++ + + ++ + x x
2
[2]








6. Show that the equation x + 4 + ln x = 0 has only one real root, and state the
successive integers a and b such that this root lies in the interval (a,

b). [4]
Use the Newton-Raphson method with initial estimate x
o
= 0.02 to find the
real root correct to four decimal places. [4]
Give a reason why 0.5 cannot be use as the initial estimate in the
above calculation. [1]


SECTION B (15 Marks) : Answer any one question in this section.


7. The diagram shows the region R bounded
by the curves y = x
2
and x = (y 2)
2
2
and the y-axis.
(a) Find the coordinates of the points A and B. [5]
(b) Find the area of the region R. [4]
(c) Find the volume formed when R
is rotated 2 radian about the y-axis. [4]


8. Solve the differential equation (x + 1)
x
y
d
d
= y y
2
,
and show that the general solution can be express as y =
c x
x
+
+1
,
where c is a constant. [9]
Sketch the solution curve which passes through the point (3,

2),
labelling all your intercepts and asymptotes clearly. [6]

1. 1 3. y = x ln 2 4. y
2
= x
2
(Ax
2
1)
5. y =
3
2
x
9
2
x
2
+
81
2
x
3
+ . . . ;
3
1

9
2
x +
27
1
x
2
+ . . . 6. a = 0, b = 1 ; 0.0180
7(a) (1, 1), (0, 2 2 ) (b)
3
1
(7 2 4 ) (c)
30
1
(101 2 64 )




A
B
x
y
R
0
y = x
2

x = (y 2)
2
2

MATHEMATICS T 954/2 SET 5
SECTION A (45 Marks) : Answer all questions in this section.

1. Let f and g are two continuous functions in [a , b] and such that f(a) > g(a)
and f(b) < g(b). Prove that exists a value c

[a , b] such that f(c) = g(c). [5]

2. By substituting y =
2
1
sin
2
, find the exact value of

4
1
0
y
y
2 1
dy. [5]

3. Diagram shows a rectangle ABCD inscribed in a semi-circle with fixed
radius r cm. Two vertices of the rectangle lie on the arc of the semi-circle.
If AB = x cm, show that the perimeter P of the
rectangle ABCD is 2x +
2 2
x r 4 . [2]
Given that as x varies, the maximum value of P
occurs when AB : BC = 1 : k, find k. [8]


4. Find the general solution for the differential equation
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
x
y
d
d
2
1
= tan
1

(x)
x
y
, expressing y in terms of x. [8]

5. If y = cos
1
x, show that that (1 x
2
)
2
2
x
y
d
d
x
x
y
d
d
= 0. [3]
Hence, find the Maclaurins series for y, for the first three non-zero terms. [4]


6. Given that y =
x + ++ + 1
2
. Show that
x
y
d
d
< 0 for all x 0. [3]
By using the trapezium rule with 5 ordinates, estimate the value of I,
where I =

+ ++ +
3
0 x 1
2
dx, correct to 3 decimal places. [4]
By sketching the graph of y =
x + ++ + 1
2
for x 0, determine whether the
estimated value of I is larger or smaller than its actual value. [3]





SECTION B (15 Marks) : Answer any one question in this section.

7. Given that y =
x
e
3
sin kx, where k is a constant and that
x
y
d
d
= 4 when x = 0.
(a) Find the value of k and show that
2
2
x
y
d
d
+ 6
x
y
d
d
+ 25y = 0. [6]
(b) Find the Maclaurins series for y up to and including the term in x
4
. [5]
(c) By using the standard expansions, verify the correctness of your
answer in (b). [4]


8. Given that y = [ln

(1 + x)]
2
, show that

2
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
x
y
d
d
=
2
) ( x
y
+ 1
4
and (1 + x)
2
2
2
x
y
d
d
+ (1 + x)
x
y
d
d
= 2. [5]
By further differentiation of the result above, obtain the Maclaurins series for
[ln

(1 + x)]
2
up to and including the term in x
4
. [7]
Verify that the same result is obtained if the standard series expansion for
ln

(1 + x) is used. [3]

2.
2 8
1
( 2) 3. k = 4
4. y =
2
x 3
1
[2x
3
tan
1

(x) + ln (1 + x) x
2
+ c] 5.
2

x x
3
+ . . .
6. 3.103 ; over-estimate since curve is concave upwards.
7(a) k = 4 (b) y = 4x 12x
2
+
3
22
x
3
+ 14x
4
+ . . . 8. y = x
2
x
3
+
12
11
x
4
+ . . .








A D
B C
A
MATHEMATICS T 954/2 SET 6
SECTION A (45 Marks) : Answer all questions in this section.

1. Given that f is defined as f(x) =
2
4


x
x
2
, x 2.
(a) Determine whether
2 x
lim
f(x) exists. [3]
(b) Determine whether f is continuous at x = 2. [2]


2. The parametric equations of a curve are x = ln

(2t), y = tan
1
(2t), where t > 0.
Show that the gradient of the curve at the point where y = p is
2
1
sin 2p. [5]

3. (a) Find the exact value of


3
0
2
x
x
cos
cos ln ) (
dx. [5]
(b) Using the substitution u = 1 + cos x, show that


+ ++ + x
x
cos 1
2 sin 2
dx = 4

ln

(1 + cos x) 4

cos x + c. [5]

4 By means of the substitution z =
2
y
1
, show that the differential equation

2
x
e
x
y
d
d
= 2xy
2
1
2
y can be reduced to the form
z 1
1
x
z
d
d
= 4x
2
x
e

,
where y > 1. [3]
Hence find the general solution of y in terms of x. [3]
Prove algebraically (not verify) that the minimum point of every member
of the family of solution curves lie on the y-axis. [3]


5. On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y =
x
e

and y = 9 x
2
. [2]
State the integer which is closest to the positive root of the equation x
2
+
x
e

= 9. [1]
Using the Newton-Raphson method, find an approximation to this root, correct
to three decimal place. [4]



6. It is given that y = x cos .
(a) Show that
2
2
x
y
y
d
d
2 +
2
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
x
y
d
d
2 + y
2
= 0. [3]
(b) Find Maclaurins series for y in ascending powers of x, up to and
including the term in x
2
. [3]
(c) By choosing a suitable value for x, deduce the approximate relation

4
2
1
1 + k
2
, where k is a constant to be determined. [3]

SECTION B (15 Marks) : Answer any one question in this section.

7. Sketch the graphs of y =
2
x
x
+ ++ + 1
2
and y = x for x 0, in the same diagram. [3]
The region R is bounded by the curves. Find the exact area of R. [5]
Using the substitution x = tan

, find the exact volume of the solid formed
when R is rotated through four right angles about the x-axis. [7]

8 A curve has parametric equation x = 1 + 2

sin

, y = 4 + 3 cos

.
(a) Find the equations of the tangent and normal at the point P where =
6

. [6]
Hence, find the area of the triangle bounded by the tangent and normal at P,
as well as the y-axis. [2]
(b) Determine the rate of change of xy at =
6

, if x increases at a constant
rate of 0.1 units per second. [5]

1(a) exists (b) not continuous. 3(a) 3 (1 ln 2)
3


4. y =
2
2
) (
x
A e

1
1
5. 3 ; 2.992
6(b) y = 1
4
1
x
2
+ . . . (b)
4

; k =
64
1
7. ln 2
2
1
;
6
1
(3
2
8 )
8(a) x + 2y = 13 , 4x + 2y = 3 ; 5 (b)
20
9




MATHEMATICS T 954/2 SET 7
SECTION A (45 Marks) : Answer all questions in this section.
1. The function f is defined by f(x) =






< << < < << < + ++ +
otherwise 1 2
1 1 2
,
,
x
x x
.
(a) Find

1 x
lim
f(x) and
+ ++ +
1 x
lim
f(x). [2]
(b) Determine whether f is continuous at x = 1. [2]


2. The volume of water in a hemispherical bowl of radius 12

cm is given by
V =
3

(36x
2
x
3
), where x is the depth of the water.
(a) Using Calculus method, find the approximate amount of water
necessary to raise the depth from 2

cm to 2.1

cm. [3]
(b) If water is poured in at a constant rate of 3

cm
3
s
1
, find the rising
rate of the level when the depth is 3

cm. [3]
(Leave all your answers in terms of )


3. Using x = 2 cos

, show that


2 2
x x 4
1
dx =
x
x
4
4
2

+ c. [7]


4. By means of the substitution y =
x
1
+
z
1
, show that the differential equation
x
2
x
y
d
d
= 1 2x
2
y
2
can be reduced to
x
z
d
d
=
x
z 4
+ 2. [3]
Solve this equation and hence find the general solution of the differential equation,
x
2
x
y
d
d
= 1 2x
2
y
2
, expressing y in terms of x. [5]


5. By using the graphs of y = sin
2
x
and 2y = x 2, show that the equation
2 sin
2
x
x + 2 = 0 has only one real root for x > 0, and state the successive
integers a and b such that the real root lies in the interval (a,

b). [4]
Use the Newton-Raphson method to find the real root correct to three
decimal places [4]

6. Given that y =
x
e
1
sin

, show that
(a)
x
y
d
d
= 1 when x = 0, [2]
(b) (1 x
2
)
2
2
x
y
d
d
=
x
y
x
d
d
+ y. [3]
Hence, find the Maclaurins series for y, up to and including the term in x
3
. [4]
(c) Use the series above to estimate the value of


0.1
0
1
sin x
e dx,
correct to three decimal places. [3]


SECTION B (15 Marks) : Answer any one question in this section.

7. A rectangular block with a square base and height 2(a x), x < a, is inscribed
in a sphere of fixed radius a such that the vertices of the block just touch the
interior of the sphere.
(a) Show that the square base has side length ) ( x a x 2 2 . [3]
Hence, write down the volume of the block in terms of x and a. [2]
(b) Show that the volume of the block is largest when it is a cube. [8]
Hence, find the volume of the cube in terms of a. [2]

8. Obtain the coordinates of the turning point of the curve y =
2
x
x
+ ++ + 4
2
, for x 0. [3]
Determine the nature of the stationary point as well. [3]
Sketch the curve y =
2
x
x
+ ++ + 4
2
and the line y = x
4
1
on the same diagram. [2]
The region enclosed by the graphs is denoted by R. Using the substitution
x = 2 tan

, find the volume, in terms of , of the solid generated when the
region R is rotated completely about the x-axis. [7]
1(a) 1 ; 1 (b) continuous 2(a) 4.4 (b)
21
1
4. y =
|
|

\
|

+
2 3
3
1
1
3
cx
x

5. a = 3, b = 4 ; 3.869 6. y = 1 + x +
2
1
x
2
+
3
1
x
3
+ . . . (c) 0.105
7(a) V = 8a
2
x 12ax
2
+ 4x
3
(b)
3
a
9
3 8
8. (2,
2
1
)
max.
;
12
1
(3
2
8 )


MATHEMATICS T 954/2 SET MPM
SECTION A (45 Marks) : Answer all questions in this section.

1. The function f is defined by f(x) =






+ ++ +
otherwise 1
1 1
,
,
x
x x

(a) Find
1
lim
x
f(x). [3]
(b) Determine whether f is continuous at x = 1 . [2]

2. Find the equation of the normal to the curve with parametric equations
x = 1 2t and y = 2 +
t
2
at the point (3, 4). [6]

3. Using the substitution x = 4 sin
2
u, evaluate

1
0
x
x
4
dx. [6]

4. Show that



x
x x
x
e
d
1
2
) (
=
1 x
x
2
. [4]
Hence, find the particular solution of the differential equation

x
y
d
d
+ y
x x
x
) ( 1
2


=
) ( 1
1
x x
2

which satisfies the boundary condition y =
4
3
when x = 2. [4]

5. If y = sin
1
x, show that
2
2
x
y
d
d
=
3
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
x
y
x
d
d
and
3
3
x
y
d
d
=
3
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
x
y
d
d
+
5
2
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
x
y
x
d
d
3 . [5]
Using Maclaurins theorem, express sin
1
x as a series of ascending powers
of x up to the term in x
5
. [6]
State the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid. [1]

6. Use the trapezium rule with subdivisions at x = 3 and x = 5 to obtain an
approximation to

+ ++ +
7
1
4
3
x
x
1
dx, giving your answer correct to three places
of decimals. [4]
By evaluating the integral exactly, show that the error of the approximation
is about 4.1%. [4]


SECTION B (15 Marks) : Answer any one question in this section.

7. A right circular cone of height a + x, where a x a, is inscribed in a sphere
of constant radius a, such that the vertex and all points on the circumference
of the base lie on the surface of the sphere.
(a) Show that the volume V of the cone is given by V =
3
1
(a x)(a + x)
2
. [3]
(b) Determine the value of x for which V is maximum and find the maximum
value of V. [6]
(c) Sketch the graph of V against x. [2]
(d) Determine the rate at which V changes when x = a
2
1
if x is increasing at
a rate of a
10
1
per minute. [4]

8. Two iterations suggested to estimate a root of the equation x
3
4x
2
+ 6 = 0
are
1 + ++ + n
x = 4
2
n
x
6
and
1 + ++ + n
x =
2
1
(x
n
3
+ 6)
2
1
.
(a) Show that the equation x
3
4x
2
+ 6 = 0 has a root between 3 and 4. [3]
(b) Using sketched graphs of y = x and y = f(x) on the same axes, show that,
with initial approximation x
o
= 3, one of the iterations converges to the
root whereas the other does not. [6]
(c) Use the iteration which converges to the root to obtain a sequence of
iterations with x
o
= 3, ending the process when the difference of two
consecutive iterations is less than 0.05. [4]
(d) Determine whether the iteration used still converges to the root if the
initial approximation is x
o
= 4. [2]
1(a) 0 (b) continuous 2. x + y + 1 = 0 3.
3
1
(2 3 3 )
4. y =
2
x
x 1 2
5. y = x +
6
1
x
3
+
40
3
x
5
+ . . . ;
2

< x <
2


6. 1.701
7(b) x = a
3
1
, V
max.
=
3
a
81
32
(c)
(d)
3
a
40
1

8(c) 3.33, 3.46, 3.50 (d) Yes






a x
y
0
a
3
a
3
1

( a
3
1
,
3
a
81
32
)