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2 - MAY 2010
ONLINE DESTINATIONS
IN THE ERA OF 300 BAUD
BY MICHEAL H. MCCABE
300 Baud: The title of this publication implies something more than simple hobbyist retrocomputing. It implies telecommunication something that were all familiar with now that we have the Internet in all its glory. It begs the question though, with whom were we communicating in the days of 8-bit systems, 300 baud modems, and usurious telephone rates? I hope this article can shed some light on the nearly forgotten online destinations of the 1970s and early 1980s. Destination 1: TimesHarinG SerVices If we travel back in time a few years, we find that the first real online destination for many computer hobbyists was a mainframe or minicomputer timesharing system. In my case, it was the local college and its UNIVAC 90/60. The casual web-surfer might wonder WHY, but the reason has little to do with hacking or mischief and much to do with homework. My homework required a FORTRAN compiler and a statistical package called MINITAB II; neither of which was available on the tiny Commodore VIC-20 that I scrimped for, saved for, and finally extorted my mother into purchasing. The usual means of communication with the UNIVAC was a Teletype most were using the sleek and sophisticated Model 43 by 1981; others were still using the mechanical beast known as the Model 33. Both were large, heavy, expensive, and slow. A microcomputer like the VIC-20 or the Apple II (the one I REALLY wanted) was smaller, lighter, cheaper, and faster. They also allowed you to minimize your connect charges by composing code off line using a text editor and uploading the completed work at the lighting-fast speed of 30 characters per second. One reason that speed was an issue was that, in those days, Edinboro State College was a long distance call for which the phone company charged a hefty premium. Although only located 12 miles from my home, it was actually (much) cheaper to drive over there than to make a telephone call. Sadly, I didnt have my own car and the family car was generally busy doing something else. Public transportation? Non-existent. (This is the rural United States, after all!) Another cost associated with use of the UNIVAC was the actual charge for using the computer six cents per CPU second and some fraction of that for overall connect time. They also charged for disk data storage, aggregate I/O operations, and coresets used by your program. Computer access was a valuable commodity in those days and they charged accordingly. These were not unique circumstances I found myself in. It turns out that the problem
CONTRIBUTIONS WANTED!
This is a retro-zine written by the retro-scene to be read by the retro-keen.* If you have a passion, a project or something that would be of interest then do get in touch. We certainly cant promise to run with every idea that comes our way, but the more people who write for this, the more frequent the issues are. Contact me at the email below even if you just want to chat about an article idea. Oh, and if I am trawling the web you might even get an email from me asking for help. Its a small retro world after all. *I offer no apologies! William Dale Goodfellow
Editor-in-training editor@300baudmagazine.com
of making that connection to a remote mainframe was the reason that the Internet was ultimately invented. Yes, a form of the Internet existed in 1981 but you didnt have legitimate access to it unless you were doing business directly with the government. There werent many systems online yet, but the number was growing. A more immediate solution for businesses in that period was Tymnet. This was a private data network consisting of minicomputer nodes in various U.S. cities connected by high speed (generally 56kbit/sec) leased lines to form a private wide-area network. Tymnet offered a local (as opposed to long-distance) dial-up modem number for most cities in the United States. They first began offering online access to time-sharing services in 1964. No, thats not a misprint! Tymnet users connected to remote systems using a simple command-line interface. Users would dial into Tymnet and then interact with the supervisor to establish a connection with a remote computer. Once connected, data was passed to and from the user as if connected directly to the distant system. The advantage here was the lack of any significant long-distance charges. The communications cost was generally borne by the owner of the computer you were connecting to. Tymnet was extensively used by large companies to provide dial-up services for their employees who were on the road, as well as businesses with far-flung offices like travel agencies, realtors, and florists. If David Lightman (the hacker protagonist in WarGames) had dialed into the local Tymnet node instead of using his sequential dialer, he would have found his final destination much more quickly! A hacker exploring Tymnet in 1981 would have found all sorts of interesting systems many without even the slightest bit of security beyond a username / password combination. A typing error I made while connecting to a nearby university (beyond Edinboro) once connected me to the load dispatch system for a trucking company. Intrigued by this, I was quickly able to locate a related system that could have been used to easily re-route a railroad car (or cars) to a siding located 100 feet from my house. Grand theft train anybody? I was actually afraid that this might have been a honey pot intended to trap hackers intent on mischief. In retrospect, Im pretty sure that it was just an unsophisticated system that was depending on security through obscurity. Needless to say though, I did not pursue the matter or reroute any trains! The legitimate connections available through Tymnet included early online service providers like The Source, CompuServe, Genie, Delphi, MCI Mail, Prodigy and America Online. The availability of broadband Internet connections ultimately made the service provided by Tymnet redundant. The last Tymnet nodes were shut down for good in March 2004 after forty years of service. Destination 2: OnLine SerVice ProViders While university-based timesharing computers were typically used by the faculty, staff, and students of that university, the model of a data processing utility was something that appealed to many organizations that lacked the money, expertise, and space for a mainframe computer of their own. Early online services were provided by computer service bureaus that offered remote access to a computer and appropriate software for a particular business genre. Perhaps the original example of this is ADP (Automatic Data Processing, LLC) founded in 1949 by Henry Taub of Patterson, New Jersey. ADP began providing outsourced payroll
services using tab-card machinery and moved into the era of modern electronic storedprogram digital computers in 1958. By 1962, ADP was providing online access (using Teletype equipment) for high-volume brokerage services in the financial sector. In 1972, ADP began providing services to automobile dealerships. In 1975, with the purchase of Cyphernetics Corporation in Ann Arbor, Michigan ADP moved into the generalized computerservice business. A natural evolution of the computer service bureau was a shift in focus from specific industries and tasks to a more general information-services platform. CompuServe Information Services (CIS), began in 1969 as the data-processing subsidiary of Golden United Life Insurance. By 1978, it was offering its services to users of the Radio Shack TRS-80 family of microcomputer systems as MicroNET and in 1979 began providing online services to the general public under its own name. Derided by its own management as schlock timesharing, the service was nonetheless very popular, albeit expensive. Although not nearly as pervasive as the Internet would later become, CompuServe could attribute half its operating revenue to its consumer network operations by 1987. Like Tymnet, CompuServe would eventually be killed by the widespread availability of broadband Internet service. Classic CompuServe was taken offline on June 30, 2009. Also commencing operations of its consumer network in 1979, The Source, was a similar online service provider that offered news, weather, stock quotations, a shopping service, electronic mail, various databases, online text of magazines, and airline schedules. Like CompuServe, The Source, was an expensive luxury item charging upwards of $20 per hour during daylight hours. The initial registration fee to get online was $100 for the software, manuals, and a username. The hourly rate at night (after 6:00 PM) was $7.75 with a $5.00 per hour surcharge if you used a fast (1200 baud) modem. Putting these costs in context, I was earning $3.50 per hour in 1981 and was pleased as punch that it was 15 cents more than the $3.35 minimum wage offered by most employers in the area. Clearly, the expense of an online service like The Source, was beyond the means of the average computer hobbyist. Destination 3: BuLLetin Board Systems The early computer bulletin board systems are somewhat hard to describe particularly to a generation that takes streaming video, MP3 downloads, and broadband access for granted. The bulletin board systems, and the culture they represented, were as diverse as the system operators that constructed and operated them. First of all, unlike the commercial online services or the university mainframes, the overall tone and content of a bulletin board system was entirely dependant upon the system operators own personality and technical prowess. They ranged in hardware complexity from tiny Commodore 64 systems running off a single floppy disk and maintained by a 12 year old computer protg to hardcore mainframe computers operated by MIS professionals. The amateur BBS systems were generally hardware specific Apple II machines went to Apple II BBS Systems, Commodore machines went to Commodore BBS Systems, CP/M machines went to CP/M BBS Systems. Many of the cross-platform boards were run by professionals; the Byte Information eXchange (BIX) was cross-platform, but had the backing of a major technical publication. Here, the content was strictly regulated by the publishers. The first BBS I can recall hearing about was the Community Memory Bulletin Board System. This was established in San Francisco in the early 1970s and consisted of an SDS 940 mainframe computer connected to a public teletype located in a Berkeley record store. Although originally conceived as a public information resource for the Berkeley counter-
culture, it soon became the prototype for many online user paradigms email, newsgroups, a virtual flea market that presaged eBay, computerized personal ads that were remarkably similar to modern day online dating, and even SPAM created by purveyors of illicit narcotics and the sex trade. The original Community Memory was shut down in January of 1975, but inspired a number of follow-on incarnations that helped establish our online culture. The first microcomputer BBS Im familiar with was the Computer Bulletin Board System (CBBS) created by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess in early 1978. Operating out of Chicago, Illinois, the system went online on February 16, 1978 running on a homebrew S-100 microcomputer with homebrew software. The pair documented their efforts for an article that appeared in the November 1978 issue of Byte magazine. The purposes and content of a computer bulletin board system were as varied as their owners; some were strictly above-board and dedicated to a particular topic I visited boards that were operated by Youth for Christ, amateur radio aficionados , model train buffs, and hardcore computer science types. Others were darker and mostly concerned with software piracy, PHREAKING, and other black hat activities. There were BBS systems dedicated to erotic literature, general anarchy, and the drug culture. One memorable BBS opened with an image of a nude woman committing an unspeakable act. The image was rendered in glorious green-on-black ASCII art; sized for the 40-column UPPERCASE ONLY display of an Apple II Plus. Guess which boards got the most traffic from the adolescent male demographic? Bulletin board systems reached their apex in the mid 1990s when many began offering access to the nascent commercial Internet. Although some BBS systems were the first to provide this service to the public in many areas, the commercial ISPs eventually dominated the dialup market. Widespread availability of broadband Internet access in the early 21st century killed off most of the remaining dialup BBS systems. There are a few lonely survivors, but the BBS culture has largely disappeared. If you missed the BBS era, much of the flavor of early BBS culture has been preserved at the website http://www.textfiles.com/. Final Thoughts The online destinations mentioned in this article are ones that I personally found useful, or at least intriguing, during the first few years of my online experience. I know that other people did strange and wonderful things with their modem that I could never fathom; like sending faxes to each other and checking their bank balance. I hope that they write it down, put it out on the web, or publish it in a magazine somewhere. The online culture that exists today is one that was created by us if we are to claim our place in history, we must first write the history we claim.