Green ICT Report

A PROJECT REPORT ON
GREEN STRATEGIES FOR ICT

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Prof. Giri Hallur
TOWARDS PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN TELECOM MANAGEMENT (MBA -TM)
SUBMITTED BY
Aatish Kapur Aditya Chavan Aditya Sardana Arun Premarajan Deepali Lavangare Gaurav Ghai Venkatesh.B
Symbiosis Institute of Telecom Management Constituent of Symbiosis International (Deemed University) Pune-411 042 MBA TM Batch 2009-11
Acknowledgements
Ability and ambition are not enough for success. Many capable persons fail to achieve anything worthwhile because he or she has not been properly guided and directed. Success of our project depends solely on support, guidance encouragement received from our guide and our parents, well-wishers that include our all staff members and friends. We have been fortunate to have more than one pillars of strength in our humble effort to make this project. We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Mr. Sunil Patil, Director- Symbiosis Institute of Telecom Management and Prof. Giri Hallur, In-house mentor, for giving us opportunity to work on this project and present it. We are pleased to express our deep sense of gratitude to our mentor Mr. Akbar Boghani, Head IT Strategy, Vodafone Essar Limited who has opened floodgates of his extending continuous co-operation, encouragement and his knowledge for us which he derived from his years of experience in his field of expertise. His contributions have been important in so many different ways that we find it difficult to acknowledge them in a specified manner. We would like to offer our special heartfelt appreciation towards Mr Siddhartha Joshi, Deputy Manager Corporate IT, Vodafone Essar Limited, for his innovative ideas and making us to think in various aspects and extract more from us. Finally yet importantly, we are thankful to all our well-wishers, friends and colleagues for their co-operation and continuous encouragement.
Aatish Kapur Aditya Chavan Aditya Sardana Arun Premarajan Deepali Lavangare Gaurav Ghai Venkatesh.B
Executive Summary
There has been a considerable increase in the average temperature of earth in the past century. This rise in temperature is attributed to the effects of global warming brought about by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is estimated that during the last 30 years the CO2 emissions have gone up by 73%. It is estimated that the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector accounts for 2% of global carbon emissions. Mobile telecom companies burn 2 billion litres of diesel every year to operate 33000 towers across India. Nearly 50% of the towers are in rural India where availability of power is a major problem. The telecom industry requires energy to power and cool their BTS sites. The rapid growth of telecom industry during the last 10 years has resulted in increased energy costs and corresponding increase in CO2 emissions which is adversely affecting the environment. India currently has around 330,000 towers, and the number is expected to increase to 450,000 towers in the next three years 'Going green' is now a necessity for telecom operators, as energy expenses constitute nearly 25% of the total network costs. The BTS equipment are still indoor type needing air conditioning and the shelter temperature to be maintained in the 22 25 degree Celsius range. Nearly 30% of the mobile towers in India do not have supply from the grid. Due to the frequent load shedding which extends up to 20 hours every day in some power-starved states and voltage fluctuations, the telecom operators use the standby diesel generator sets extensively. Introduction of energy efficient technologies like installing next generation TRX hardware both in new BTS as well as replacing older ones are the new initiatives which are followed by telcos to cope up with this issue. Recycling of waste material including non-usable network materials and mobile phones is also practiced nowadays. These elements contain small amount of hazardous materials which will harm the environment if mismanaged at the time of disposal. There is a need to monitor and report the actual carbon foot print across the telecom industry under various segments like service providers, tower companies and equipment manufacturers. In order to reduce the use of diesel, the Government should ensure increased and assured grid power supply to all BTS installations. The Government needs to support the industry through subsidy or incentive for investing in alternative energy projects like solar and wind energy. Tax incentive and clear carbon credit policy are the other measures which will help the telecom industry to go green faster. The operators are experimenting with alternative source of energy like wind power solar and bio fuels. Idea has launched a project in Maharashtra's Latur district where 28 telecom towers are running on bio fuel. Bharti has rolled out pilot projects in Bihar and UP using solar power and bio diesel. Many operators are waiting for the government to disburse a 50% subsidy on solar panels which was announced in the national budget.
Telecom sector must join other industries in going green and implement innovative solutions to reduce carbon emissions. Going green also makes good business sense in terms of lower operational costs, which is the need of the hour when the industry margins are under pressure. For telecom operators, environmental responsibility, lower costs and reaching into remote areas are the three energy efficiency drivers. By reducing the energy consumption in the network and deploying alternative energy solutions, the telecom industry will greatly reduce its impact on the environment and achieve the goal of becoming carbon neutral.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 Green: Myth or Reality? ............................................................................................ 2 Green World ............................................................................................................... 4 Green Telecom ........................................................................................................... 5 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 7 Achievements of mobile operators to date .............................................................. 9 Enabling impact........................................................................................................ 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 13 Kyoto Protocol .......................................................................................................... 13 Carbon Credits .......................................................................................................... 13 Generation of carbon credits................................................................................... 14 Kyotos Flexible Mechanisms .................................................................................. 15 Carbon market ......................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 2: MOBILE INDUSTRY AND ITS FOOTPRINTS ............................................. 7
CHAPTER 3: CARBON CREDIT SYSTEM ...................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 4: GREEN INITIATIVES ............................................................................... 19

4.1 Existing Initiatives ................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Payoffs for Companies Implementing Green IT initiatives: .................................. 20 4.3 Research by Gartner: Green IT Initiatives Are Moving Beyond Power and Cooling Efficiencies........................................................................................................................... 22 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.2 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 22 Key Findings: ............................................................................................................... 22 Recommendations: ...................................................................................................... 22 Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 22
Sustainability and Green IT, 2010 ........................................................................... 25 Methods to mitigate carbon footprint in telecom sector ....................................... 27 GreenTouch .............................................................................................................. 29 NGMN Energy Efficiency and Green Footprint Activities .................................... 30 Energy Efficient Ethernet or EEE (IEEE 802.3az) ................................................... 34 ATIS ........................................................................................................................... 35 The Green Grid ......................................................................................................... 35 Global Green USA ..................................................................................................... 36 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive ............................. 37 Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive ........................................ 37 Perspectives on current policies ............................................................................. 38 Role of Government to help the mobile sector reduce emissions......................... 41
CHAPTER 5: CONSORTIA IN TELECOM DOMAIN ....................................................... 29
CHAPTER 6: PUBLIC POLICY ....................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER 7: GREEN INITIATIVE: VODAFONE PERSPECTIVE .................................... 43

7.1 7.2 Vodafones Existing Projects ................................................................................... 44 Green Initiatives that can be enforced in the immediate future by Vodafone ..... 45 Computer Shutdown policy and power saving mode............................................... 45 Eco Fonts ...................................................................................................................... 47 Recycling of Paper for Office Use ............................................................................... 50
7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6
CHAPTER 8: INDUSTRYS VIEW ON GREEN TELECOM .............................................. 54

Association of Unified Telecom Service Providers of India (AUSPI)..................... 55 Infrastructure and Logistics Federation of India (ILFI)......................................... 57 Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI)...................................................... 59 Alcatel Lucent ........................................................................................................... 62 WTTIL-Quippo .......................................................................................................... 63 Indus Towers ............................................................................................................ 64 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 67 Server Sprawl ........................................................................................................... 69 Server Virtualization: .............................................................................................. 69 Server Consolidation................................................................................................ 70 Application Consolidation ....................................................................................... 70 Cost-benefit analysis of server virtualization through power savings: ................ 71 Case studies on cost benefits of virtualization ....................................................... 74 Virtualized Data Center- Big Savings for Crest Animation Studio ........................... 74 Server Virtualization drives Power Savings at TCS .................................................. 75 How Virtualization Helped Financial Technologies save Rs. 2 Crore...................... 76 Storage Virtualization- WNS Storage Virtualization Wins ....................................... 77
CHAPTER 9: VIRTUALIZATION ................................................................................... 69
9.6.1 9.6.2 9.6.3 9.6.4 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8
CHAPTER 10: CASE STUDIES RELATED TO GREEN TELECOM .................................. 80

Green power for mobile, GSMA and operators, global........................................... 80 Universal charging solution, handset vendors and operators, global .................. 80 Green handsets, handset vendors, global ............................................................... 82 Recycling, operators and handset vendors, global ................................................ 82 Fleet management logistics with Trimble, Telstra, Australia ............................... 84 Smart logistics and fleet management, Isotrak, UK ............................................... 85 Smart metering for CSG, Huawei and China Mobile, China .................................... 85 Dematerialisation services from mobile broadband network, Telstra, Australia 86 10.9 Diesel particulate filter remote monitoring, KT, South Korea .............................. 87
Chapter 11: Conclusion ............................................................................................... 88 Appendix 1: List of Figures ......................................................................................... 89 Appendix 2: List of Tables........................................................................................... 90
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope This study aims to identify the Green ICT strategies implemented by organisations around the world and suggest a feasible strategy for Vodafone India. It also aims to find any standards for Green ICT and what you would define as green. Presently India has no has no set standards for Green ICT, neither does it have any policies related to the reduction of carbon footprints. This study will also involve the determination of the carbon footprint of each of the elements in a data centre and telecom infrastructure. 1.2 Introduction The global eco-system is under pressure due to climate change-related effects which are linked to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Scientists have been debating how much GHG the world could emit in total and have warned that the world is on course for disaster. Even the most drastic emissions cuts currently being discussed stand little chance of limiting global warming to safe levels; two recent studies published in Nature by scientists in England and Germany have found prompting calls for radical rethinking on how to tackle climate change. These studies predict that if present emissions and trends continue, an estimated trillion tons of carbon dioxide will be emitted by the year 2050 which is enough to push the planet into a danger zone which could lead to catastrophic consequences. The key to understanding climate change and developing mitigation methods is to realize that what matters most is the cumulative total of CO2 emissions because it is the concentration of CO2 and other GHGs that influence climate change. Energy efficiency is at the heart of the climate change problem. The energy efficiency measures that are implemented will have to balance out the rapid economic growth that is predicted in the coming decade especially in the Asia-Pacific region. New energy infrastructure investments are urgently required to move towards cleaner energy production, but there is also much that can be done in reducing energy consumption, thereby reducing the carbon emissions. According to calculations by consultants A.T. Kearney, worldwide IT now generates CO2 emissions of about 600 million metric tons a year1. This situation underlines the need to implement Green ICT which is the designing environmentally friendly and resourceefficient ICT products over their entire life cycle from system design and component manufacturing to usage and recycling of the equipment. The most obvious benefits of Green ICT are reduced environmental impact and cost savings. This is to be seen against the background of increased energy consumption on
1
http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/isd/greenict.htm
Green Strategies for ICT
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the part of business with greater emissions of greenhouse gases as a result. The ecological impact of a business or product is frequently measured and expressed in terms of its carbon footprint and companies are increasingly expected, and willing, to take steps to reduce it within the scope of their commitment to corporate social responsibility. At the same time, energy is becoming an increasingly large cost factor. Here, Green ICT offers major potential for savings, for instance by installing more efficient hardware and making intelligent use of infrastructure. This suggests that the main motivation for implementing Green ICT is to reduce costs. But a comprehensive Green ICT strategy offers many other benefits appealing to all stakeholder groups. Employee satisfaction increases, the companys standing with capital markets and with society as a whole improves, and the business can attract new customer groups. 1.3 Green: Myth or Reality?2 Can technology ever be green? IT equipment generally suffers from various challenges viz. design, manufacturing and disposal challenges. The presence of toxic chemicals like lead, mercury, cadmium, polyvinyl chlorine in IT equipment with known human health risks creates a potential health hazard. U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) in 2005 estimated that of the 1,918,500 to 2,172,600 tons of electronic goods disposed of, approximately 60% were IT-related assets like desktops, laptops, monitors, and keyboards and only 15% to 20% were recycled. Due to the presence of toxic chemicals in IT equipment, improper disposal or recycling of e-waste can pollute the earths ecological systems and in turn expose humans to health risks. Even in 2006, electricity consumed by servers in US data centers (including cooling and auxiliary infrastructure) represented about 1.5 % of national electricity use which had estimated cost of about $4.5 billion. The aforesaid proves that if certain important steps are not taken to avoid the ailment then it would act as a slow poison affecting the environment. Some organisations have realized this problem and they have started working on it. They have not only started their measures to control it but they are taking those initiatives as serious business opportunities. Companies like Enterprise Rent-A-Car and Dell are focused on reducing energy consumption in the desktop arena, whereas Barclays Bank and Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield are tackling the data center.
Forrester Research, Is Green IT Your Emperor With No Clothes? Measure Your Green IT Baseline Or Risk Being Caught With Your Pants Down by Doug Washburn with Robert Whiteley, Rachel A. Dines, Christian Kane, and Ben Echols, August 29, 2008
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Table 1: Businesses Turn To Infrastructure Optimization To Drive Green IT Benefits
Organization
Project overview
Enterprise is replacing traditional PCs with a network of 45,000 thinclient terminals operated through 743 terminal servers that connect Enterprise rental offices throughout the world.
Business value
Enterprise expects to save $500,000 in annual energy costs since thin clients will use only 13.6 watt-hours and 2.4 watt-hours of electricity in active and passive states, respectively, compared with the 77.1 watthours and 1.8 watthours consumed by traditional PCs. Highmark avoided a threefold increase in data center energy costs, since the new facility is three times larger than the old one but its electricity costs are the same. Additionally, Highmarks cost per kilowatt is expected to increase by 20-30% after 2010, generating additional cost savings into the future when this rate increase goes into effect.
Environmental value
Enterprise expects to avoid 6.5 million pounds of CO emissions per year by reducing electricity consumption with more energy-efficient thin clients.
Enterprise Rent-A-Car
Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield
Highmark constructed a new 86,000-squarefoot, Tier III data center facility in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, that is certified as a leader in energy and environmental design by the U.S. Green Building Council.
While not officially quantified by Highmark, reducing electricity consumption in the data center by threefold is likely to also reduce CO emissions by an equivalent amount. In addition, Highmark conserves water by cooling the facility using rainwater runoff and reduced construction waste by using all recycled building materials sourced within 500 miles of the site.
Dell
Barclays Bank
Dell improved the energy management on approximately 50,000 in-house desktop and notebook computers using 1Es NightWatchman and SMSWakeUp software to power-off and power-on machines from a centralized command. The project will improve data center energy efficiency in Barclays new facility
Dell expects to save $1,800,000 in annual PC-related energy costs, since desktop energy consumption dropped from 89 watthours per hour to 5 watt-hours and notebook energy consumption dropped from 15-25 watt-hours to 3 watt-hours. Barclays estimates that improved temperature management will save up to 13.4% of total
While not officially quantified by Dell, reducing PC-related energy consumption by 40% is likely to also reduce CO emissions by an equivalent amount.
Barclays expects that improved energy efficiency in the data center will avoid
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Organization
Project overview
Business value
Environmental value
15,000,000 pounds of CO emissions annually.
in Gloucester, UK, by energy used in the data deploying Hewlett- center. Packards Dynamic Smart Cooling technology to monitor and automatically adjust air temperature to maximize cooling functions.
These mentioned efforts by the companies are planned measures which helps them to improve their business value and environment value. Strategic efforts of these organizations will help them to establish a baseline for the energy consumption, CO2 emissions and operating costs of IT. Some key points which need to be considered while taking any green initiative are: A realistic goal should be established to get the green benefits. Measure the benefits of green initiatives over the time. Adhere to environmental regulations.
Every step taken in the name of green should be standardised. The green IT baseline accounts for not only energy consumption but also the CO2 emissions and costs of operations. Green IT not only includes CO2 emissions , reducing ITs energy consumption but it goes far beyond the criteria such as paper waste, water usage, disposal, recycling practices, and beyond. Most CIOs are just embarking on the idea of actually implementing Green IT. Some of the factors that have forced them to think on these lines are: Increasing importance of sustainability & risk mitigation Reduce Costs and Increase Revenues
This is attained through the following initiatives: Pursuing Energy Efficiency Green initiatives in IT infrastructure & all other IT operations
The biggest handicap in enforcing this is because of the fact that most CIOs do not have a plan for reducing environmental impacts and achieving financial objectives. 1.4 Green World3 There has been a considerable increase in the average temperature of earth in the past century. This rise in temperature is attributed to the effects of global warming brought about by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The main culprit is
3
http://www.indiatelecomonline.com/green-telecom/
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the increased energy consumption which results in emission of pollutants particularly CO2 emissions. The natural calamities like typhoons, floods and changes in the sea levels are attributed to the CO2 fueled greenhouse effect. It is estimated that during the last 30 years the CO2 emissions have gone up by 73%. The Kyoto Protocol, 1997, a UN agreement, which was signed by more than 160 countries including India, urges all countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5% from their 1990 levels by 2012 or pay a price. India is ranked fifth globally in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Many governments worldwide including India have taken action to cut energy consumption and emissions. India has committed to a reduction of 20-25% in carbon intensity from 2005 levels by 2020 through mandatory fuel efficiency standards. The total quantum of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions caused by an organization, event or product is known as carbon footprint. It is expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide or its equivalent of other GHGs emitted. A carbon credit refers to one tonne of carbon dioxide emissions avoided by the adoption of a certain practice when compared with a business-as-usual scenario. The ultimate goal for all companies is to become carbon neutral, and the only way for most companies to achieve a zero footprint is through carbon offsets, which are essentially financial representations of a reduction in greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol allows carbon offsets as a way for countries or corporations to earn carbon credits that they can then trade in an open market. After achieving carbon neutral, the companies are encouraged to make money by selling their credits to other companies which are not carbon neutral. World Bank is playing a major role in the carbon credit market and has rolled out Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or carbon trading in 2000. The concept of carbon trading arrived in India in 2002, and since then India has developed an attractive CDM portfolio with a market share close to 12%. 1.5 Green Telecom It is estimated that the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector accounts for 2% of global carbon emissions. Mobile telecom companies burn 2 billion litres of diesel every year to operate 33000 towers across India. Nearly 50% of the towers are in rural India where availability of power is a major problem. It is either not available or supply is erratic. Even though the industry generates less pollution and tends to be relatively clean, it has its share of social responsibility by conserving energy and reducing emissions. The telecom industry requires energy to power and cool their BTS sites. The rapid growth of telecom industry during the last 10 years has resulted in increased energy costs and corresponding increase in CO2 emissions which is adversely affecting the environment. The greenhouse gas emissions from the telecommunication industry arise mainly on account of the following. Energy consumed by the network equipment like mobile towers, switches, data centers, site offices Emissions associated with the manufacturing and deployment of network equipment
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Energy consumed by mobile handsets and other devices, when they are manufactured, distributed and used
The Indian telecom industry is consuming around 2 billion litres of diesel every year for maintaining its mobile towers. Every litre of diesel emits about 2.7 kg of CO2. The consumption will go up further when the new operators launch their services and the existing operators expand their network further to launch 3G and BWA services. India currently has around 330,000 towers, and the number is expected to increase to 450,000 towers in the next three years 'Going green' is now a necessity for telecom operators, as energy expenses constitute nearly 25% of the total network costs. As the margins are under pressure, it is imperative for the telecom operators to cut down the energy costs through efficient power management methods.
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CHAPTER 2: MOBILE INDUSTRY AND ITS FOOTPRINTS

In the past eight years, the total number of connections served by the global mobile industry has grown an average of 25% per annum to more than 4 billion today. The growth rate in Western Europe and North America has now slowed, but demand from Africa and Asia Pacific is increasing rapidly and will lead to a global market of approximately 8 billion connections by 2020 (excluding machine to machine connections, which are forecast to reach 50 billion by 20204), according to an analysis by Irbaris and Wireless Intelligence. That equates to a growth in mobile penetration from 49% of the worlds global population in 2009 to 76% in 2020 5. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the mobile industry arise from a number of sources: Energy consumed by the network in operation Embedded emissions of the network equipment, for example, emissions associated with the manufacturing and deployment of network equipment Energy consumed by mobile handsets and other devices, when they are manufactured, distributed and used, as well as their embedded emissions Emissions associated with buildings run by mobile operators, and emissions from transport of mobile industry employees
2.1 Overview Irbaris estimates that mobile industry emissions were 90 mega-tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e) in 2002 rising to 245 Mt CO2e by 2009. During this period, the industry grew from 1.1 billion to 4.6 billion connections, whilst GSM network coverage increased to over 90% of the worlds population in 2009 from 50% in 20026 and a new generation of mobile broadband networks, 3G HSPA, began to be built out. Emissions per connection actually fell by 30% from 2002 to 2009. The mobile industry forecasts that business and technology innovations by mobile operators and vendors will ensure that emissions remain at the 2009 level in 2020, even as the industrys total connections rise to 8 billion7.
Ericsson forecast for 2020: Ericsson predicts that there will be over 50 billion connected devices by the year 2020 5 This estimate assumes an average connection/subscriber ratio of 1.4 globally, in-line with Europe today 6 Irbaris analysis; SMART 2020, The Climate Group and GeSI, Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age, 2008; Ericsson, Lifecycle Assessments of ICT, 2009; Nokia, Lifecycle environmental issues of mobile phones, 2005. Emissions include full lifecy cle from consumption / use and emissions tied to the manufacturing process. 7 Excluding machine-to-machine connections
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Device Device Embedded Consumption 12% 4% Network Embedded 13%
Network Consumption 71%
Figure 1: Direct emissions of the mobile industry 2009, %, Total = 245 Mt CO2
If the number of connections globally increases by 70% from 2009 to 2020 and emissions remain flat, the industry will have achieved an overall emissions reduction of 40% per connection in the period 2009-2020. The Appendix provides the assumptions behind these calculations.
Figure 2: GHG Emissions from mobile sector
In recent years, the energy efficiency of mobile network equipment has improved markedly. By way of example, the figure shows the annual CO2e emissions per subscriber in Ericsson networks has declined over the past 20 years, at the same time as the data throughput of mobile communication technologies has increased dramatically.
Green Strategies for ICT Page 8
Figure 3: Annual CO2e emissions per subscriber8
2.2 Achievements of mobile operators to date Measuring the comparative GHG emissions associated with mobile networks is difficult because: Some operators are still building out their networks (especially in emerging countries) Operators offer different services (for example, data versus voice) Operators configure networks differently and use a range of frequency bands Parts of the network are sometimes outsourced (including the entire transmission and switching components in the case of virtual operators) Operators have different customer bases (business and governments versus consumers) Different countries have very different sources of energy powering the electricity grid or have limited or poor grid infrastructure
However, the European Commission, in a paper published in March 2009, quoted a comparison of commitments by telecom companies9:
Ericsson, Life Cycle Assessments of ICT, May 2009 OECD Conference; New network data and use of average network characteristics; Diesel operation excluded; Note that 3G is deployed at higher frequencies; has a much higher data traffic and has lower emissions than GSM at the same frequency and traffic 9 EU Commission press release, Commission pushes ICT use for a greener Europe, 12 Mar ch 2009. Nokia entry adjusted to reflect CO2 emissions rather than energy consumption; Sony Ericsson entry added; Telenor entry added; Ericsson improved energy efficiency of radio base stations by 80% from 2001 to 2008; the baseline is the year against which the improvement target is set
8
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Figure 4: Voluntary telecom sector commitments to targets and deadlines for GHG emissions and energy efficiency/consumption
Since then some of these companies have updated or refined their commitments. 2.3 Enabling impact A business-as-usual scenario would see global emissions associated with human activities rise from 40 GtCO2e emitted in 2002 to nearly 52 GtCO2e in 2020, according to the IEA, These emissions emanate from six major sources: transportation, power, buildings, industry, agriculture, and forestry and land use.
8% 17%
15%
Transportation Power Buildings
28%
24% 8%
Industry Agriculture Forestry
Figure 5: Direct emissions by sector Gt CO2e, 2020, Global, Total = 51.9
The mobile industry is enabling significant reductions in GHG emissions and costs across a range of sectors of the economy, using M2M (Machine-to-Machine) and other
communications to deliver so-called smart solutions. A 2009 analysis, published by Vodafone and Accenture in the Carbon Connections report 10, assessed 13 specific initiatives related to dematerialisation, smart grids, smart logistics, smart transportation (smart cities) and smart manufacturing, in which existing mobile technologies are abating GHG emissions in Europe (EU2511). The report details how such existing technologies can be put to use to reduce GHG emissions in multiple sectors of the economy and estimates that 113 Mt CO2e can be saved by 2020 through this set of initiatives. The report SMART2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age 12, published by GeSI and The Climate Group in 2008, assesses the direct and enabling impact of the ICT sector as a whole on global GHG emissions from 2002 to 2020. The report details how a large set of ICT-enabled initiatives leading to GHG emissions reductions in the buildings, transportation, power, and industry sectors can lead to 7.8 GtCO2e reductions in 2020, from a total 2020 GHG emissions of 51.9 Gt CO2e on a business-as-usual trajectory. An extrapolation of results from the Carbon Connections and SMART202013 reports shows that the mobile industry can enable GHG savings of at least 1,150 Mt CO2e in 2020, or 2.2% of the global 2020 GHG emissions, in the business-as-usual scenario, provided the initiatives are rolled out worldwide. Examples of the initiatives required to reduce GHG emissions include: Smart transportation and logistics o Smart logistics solutions, including fleet tracking systems and load optimisation o Smart transportation solutions, including synchronised traffic and notification systems, onboard telematics to encourage eco-driving, congestion management, routing and journey management optimisation, and road pricing Smart grids and smart meters solutions, including electricity network monitoring, and electricity and gas metering Smart buildings, which use mobile and other ICT technologies to deliver highly energy-efficient, low-emissions buildings both for new and existing building stock Dematerialisation, that is, the substitution of high carbon products and activities with low carbon alternatives, for example, substituting face-to-face meetings with video-conferencing, or home-working
Vodafone, Carbon Connections: Quantifying mobiles role in tackling climate change, July 2009 EU 25 is composed of the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom 12 Vodafone, Carbon Connections: Quantifying mobiles role in tackling climate change, July 2009 13 SMART2020, The Climate Group and GeSI, Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age, 2008
10 11
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The mobile industry also has a role to play in monitoring and broadcasting weather and other environmental impacts, a crucial element for successful adaptation to the changing climate. Mobile technology can facilitate climate change adaptation by providing mobile-enabled weather monitoring systems, adverse weather early warning systems, and water level and soil water monitoring systems.
5% 2% 14% 18% Smart Transportation Smart Logistics Smart Grids 30% Smart Buildings Smart Motors Dematerialisation
31%
Figure 6: Enabling impact from Mobile Telecom Industry, Gt CO2e, 2020, Global, Total = 1.2
A number of abatement technologies have already been developed across the sectors mentioned, and the markets and business models relating to these technologies have achieved varying levels of maturity. Common to all, however, is the need for cooperation between stakeholders in the development, marketing and implementation of solutions in order to secure their viability. For example, smart buildings solutions require the cooperation of stakeholders including property developers, property owners, architects, building technology manufacturers, e.g., heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting and automation technologies, contractors, and specialist companies such as telecom businesses. A large number of these solutions also require wireless components in their implementation. For example, M2M communications can be used for the automatic measurement and transmission of data from remote sources. M2M has applications across a range of sectors including transportation, buildings, power and security services and can have a direct impact on the efficient use of energy in society and hence on GHG emissions. For example, embedded mobile solutions in cars can help drivers make more educated choices as to their routing and schedules, hence reducing delays and congestion, as well as supporting preventative maintenance.
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CHAPTER 3: CARBON CREDIT SYSTEM

3.1 Introduction The gravity of Global Climate Change and its consequences estimated by scientists all over the world has raised serious environmental concerns .Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions by Human activities are held responsible for the change .In 2005 Kyoto Protocol came into force which aims to tackle global warming by setting target levels to reduce GHG emissions for nations worldwide. Several industries in the world are struggling to strike the balance between maintaining the growth in economic activities and curbing GHG emissions. The Kyoto protocol has given birth to Emission Trading Industry. 3.2 Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol14 is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries called Annex I countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Under the Treaty, countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures. However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them an additional means of meeting their targets by way of three market-based mechanisms. Annex I countries agreed to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from the 1990 level. Each Annex I country is required to submit an annual report of inventories of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from sources and removals from sinks under UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. These countries nominate a person (called a "designated national authority") to create and manage its greenhouse gas inventory. The non-Annex I countries have also established a designated national authority to manage its Kyoto obligations. India is non- Annex I country signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. 3.3 Carbon Credits Carbon credits15 as defined by Kyoto Protocol are one metric ton of carbon emitted by burning of fossil fuels. It is also termed as Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). Credits can be exchanged between businesses or bought and sold in international markets at the prevailing market price. Each of the six Greenhouse Gasses, regulated in Kyoto Protocol has as internationally agreed Global Warming Potential (GWP) assigned to it. These GWP factors are used to convert each of the five gases that are not CO2 into tonnes of CO2 equivalent, which is standard unit for trading.
http://unfccc.int/2860.php http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php 15 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credit

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3.4 Generation of carbon credits16 Annex I (These countries are classified as industrialized countries and countries in transition: Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America) countries under the Kyoto Protocol are assigned the caps or quotas for Greenhouse gases also known as Assigned Amounts. The quantity of the initial assigned amount is denominated in individual units, called Assigned Amount Units (AAUs), each of which represents an allowance to emit one metric tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent, and these are entered into the country's national registry. These Annex I countries in turn set quotas on the emissions of installations run by local business and other organizations, generically termed as 'operators' .National registry is used by these countries to manage this which are also required to be validated and monitored for compliance by the UNFCCC. Each operator has an allowance of credits, where each unit gives the owner the right to emit one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or other equivalent greenhouse gas. Operators that have not used up their quotas can sell their unused allowances as carbon credits, while businesses that are about to exceed their quotas can buy the extra allowances as credits, privately or on the open market. By permitting allowances to be bought and sold, an operator can seek out the most costeffective way of reducing its emissions, either by investing in 'cleaner' machinery and practices or by purchasing emissions from another operator who already has excess capacity. Non-Annex I countries do not have quantitative emission reduction commitments, but they are committed to mitigation actions. The protocol provides for Annex I developed countries commitment to quantitative emission reduction targets, while Non Annex I developing countries with the opportunity of their participation to mitigate emissions through the CDM an acronym for Clean Development Mechanism. Projects which qualify as CDM projects earn CERs (Certified Emission Reductions) or popularly known as Carbon Credits. Carbon credits are UNFCCC to the implementers of the approved Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. CERs earned are proportional to the difference between the baseline and actual emissions. These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries to a meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Companies sell carbon credits to commercial and individual customers who are interested in lowering their carbon footprint on a voluntary basis. These carbon off setters purchase the credits from an investment fund or a carbon development company that has aggregated the credits from individual projects. The quality of the credits is based in part on the validation process and sophistication of the fund or
16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credit
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development company that acted as the sponsor to the carbon project. This is reflected in their price; voluntary units typically have less value than the units sold through the rigorously validated Clean Development Mechanism .Example: GOLD STANDARD17 - a best practice methodology and a high quality carbon credit label for both Kyoto and voluntary markets using the GS Brand. 3.5 Kyotos Flexible Mechanisms The Protocol allows for several "flexible mechanisms", such as emissions trading, the clean development mechanism (CDM) and joint implementation to allow Annex I countries to meet their GHG emission limitations by purchasing GHG emission reductions credits from elsewhere, through financial exchanges, projects that reduce emissions in non-Annex I countries, from other Annex I countries, or from annex I countries with excess allowances. a. Joint Implementation (JI) Joint Implementation18 is a project based mechanism which assist Annex I countries in meeting their emission reduction targets through joint projects with the other Annex I countries, meaning that JI projects can only be implemented between capped industrialized countries. One or more investors (Governments, companies, funds etc) can agree with partners in a host country to participate in project activities which generate Emission Reduction Units (ERUs), as they can use them for compliance with the targets. JI projects reduce emissions in the host country and free up part of their total amount which can be transferred to the investor country in form of ERUs which are subtracted from the host countrys allowed emissions and are added to the total allowable emissions of the investor country. JI can be implemented under following scenarios: 1. When an Annex I country meets all the eligibility and reporting requirements under the Kyoto Protocol. It can issue ERUs to a project, which can then transfer them to the investing entity. 2. When an Annex I country does not meet with all the requirements, ERUs generated by a project must be verified by an external body. b. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)19 It is project based emission reduction activities in developing countries. A project design document along with description of baseline has to be prepared by the participant. The baseline states the technology used, monitoring methodology, environmental benefits generated etc. The Project Design Document is first submitted to National CDM Authority for validation, after which the same is
http://www.carboncreditworld.net/ http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/joint_implementation/items/1674.php 19 http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_mechanism/items/2718.php
17 18
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registered with the Host country. Then the document is submitted to UNFCCC for review and validation. After the project is duly validated, the operational entity forwards it to the executive board for registration. The project is then ready to be operationalized. The host country will monitor the project throughout the project cycle. Carbon credits are the Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) issued UNFCCC to the implementers of the approved Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. A CER is equivalent to one tonne of CO2. c. International Emissions Trading (IET) It is based on the setting of a quantitative restriction of emissions. IET 20 is a flexibility mechanism which allows the trade of Assigned Amount Units among Annex B countries. Emission Trading- Under UNFCCC countries are permitted to use a trading system to help meet their emissions targets. A country may allocate permits to individual companies for emission of a certain quantity of GHG. If permits are only issues to a level equal to or below the assigned amount, then a country should meet its Kyoto commitment. If a country is incapable of meeting its target, it could conceivably buy permits from countries that are under their targets. Similarly companies within a country that prove more able to reduce their emissions would be allowed to trade excess permits to other, more polluting enterprises Emissions Trading is a market based system that allows firms the flexibility to select costeffective solutions to achieve established environmental goals. Carbon sinks and emission trading are used by this flexibility mechanism. 3.6 Carbon market It comprises of Compliance Market & Voluntary Market. Compliance markets generate and trade greenhouse gas emission reductions known as Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) that are regulated and directly initiated under the Kyoto Protocols CDM. Voluntary markets generate and trade greenhouse gas emission reductions that are not regulated or directly initiated by the Kyoto Protocol and known as Verified Emission Reductions or (VERs).
20
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/emissions_trading/items/2731.php
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Figure 7: Global Carbon Market
Carbon credits are bought and sold in carbon market. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the largest multi-national, emissions trading scheme in the world, and is a major pillar of EU climate policy. Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) is North America's only cap and trade system for all six greenhouse gases, with global affiliates and projects worldwide. CCX also has license agreement with Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) of India to trade carbon as commodity. Also exchanges like CO2E exchange in UK, CDM Exchange in Europe carry out carbon trading activity. Emission reduction transactions range from simple spot purchases and sales to structured options and direct investment. The concept of carbon trading arrived in India in 2002, and since then India has developed an attractive CDM portfolio with a market share close to 12%. As of Jan 2010 India has emerged as the second largest player21, with a market share of 20.27%, second to China, which commands a market share of 47.85%. Korea (12.99%) and Brazil (10.07%) are the other two countries at the third and fourth positions, respectively. By number of projects registered, India, with 474 projects (24.15% of total projects), is second to China, which has 694 projects registered (35.35% of total projects). Carbon-credit business carries two major risks. First, the price of CERs has crashed post global financial crisis. As per the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (Ncdex), prices of carbon credit have been volatile and have reported a low of around Rs 456 per CER and high of Rs 968 per CER in 2009. Second, developed countries are reeling under severe recession. This has adversely impacted their output level, bringing down their CER requirement.
21
http://www.capitalmarket.com/cmedit/story11-43.asp?sno=364784
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Carbon Credits allows the entities to reduce the GHG emissions they are responsible for, by offsetting, reducing or displacing the GHG in another place, typically where it is more economical to do so. India has generated approximately 30 Million carbon credits and approximately 140 million in run, the second highest transacted volumes in the world. As per the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change, the revenue from 200 projects is estimated at Rs. 97 billion till 2012.India has been able to register approximately 350 projects spread across various sectors with major dominance of renewable energy, energy efficiency and biomass energy projects.
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CHAPTER 4: GREEN INITIATIVES

The following diagram highlights the growing interests of companies in enforcing Green IT where factors that are being tested today would be implemented as a part of the companys process in the near future:
Figure 8: Corporate Sustainability Is Ultimately Motivated To Deliver Shareholder Value
4.1 Existing Initiatives Green IT is implemented through the following methods: Energy efficiency: Reduce energy expenses resulting from sprawling server and storage farms, intensive data center cooling, and distributed IT assets. Use of energy efficient PCs, power supplies & cooling systems. Certain standards like Energy Star and the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) need to be looked at while purchasing equipment. Energy Management: Conserving energy by powering down IT assets when not in use or using free sources of energy, like outside air to cool the data center. Equipment Reduction: Reduce IT equipment footprint. Consolidating underutilized equipment and then virtualizing the rest. Resource Reduction: Managing consumables like paper, cartridge etc. Enforcing duplex printing and encouraging paperless processes Lifecycle & e-waste management: Ensure the use of equipment is optimum to increase the life cycle of IT assets. Litigation, fines, and negative public perception if done disposal of electronic waste done improperly. Green Enterprise Initiatives: Support for telecommuting and teleconferencing, paperless billing, building automation, and enterprise wide carbon and energy management.
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Governance and reporting: Proper governance and reporting to ensure that the green IT strategies are consistent, repeatable and measurable.
Though 85% of the CIOs surveyed agree that Green IT is extremely important only 25% of them were actually implementing a Green IT plan. 61% of the CIOs were still considering creating or have just started off on creating one. Primary focus of companies is to reduce energy consumption on data centers. However, certain companies are more ambitious charter by addressing the sustainability of enterprise operations outside of IT. 4.2 Payoffs for Companies Implementing Green IT initiatives: Green IT offers considering cost reduction. Examples: 1. By turning up data center temperature from 69:F to 74:F, KPMG realized 12.7% reduction in cooling energy usage, which is the largest energy consumer in a data center. 2. Sprint decommissioned and redeployed more than 2,200 servers and freed up 291,042 gigabytes of storage. Benefits: $20 million OPEX reduced. $28 million of deployable assets. 3. AT&T saves $12 million and 123,000 tons of carbon emissions per year using IEs power management software that turns off PCs at night. 4. Citigroup saved $12 million by enforcing duplex printing in its offices. 5. UPSs package flow software helps its 95,000 delivery trucks eliminate left hand turns from its routes. This saved 3 million gallons of gas ($8.4 million & 32000 tons CO2 emission). UPSs reduced paper waste (1338 tons of paper per year), reducing annual OPEX by $18.8 million and avoid $11.8 million CAPEX. 6. Organizations are turning to third-party IT asset disposal and recycling services to handle end-of-life IT equipment: A large US government agency using Dells Asset Recovery Services received $166,000 in equipment exchange credits and saved $1,143,000 in staffing costs by cutting e-waste removal times from six months to five days 7. Citizens Banks GreenSense program offers financial incentives to replace paperbased billing and payments in digital form. Customers receive $0.10 for each paperless purchase such as using a debit card or paying a bill online. 8. Nike uses Nike Considered Index to calculate the environmental costs of shoes. It measures how well the model passes tests for reducing toxic adhesives, using greener materials like recycled polyester, or reducing material and packaging waste. Information technology is constantly challenged to reduce cost and do more with less. In addition to reducing the capital and operating expenses of IT, green IT can also deliver financial value across the broader business. And while some green IT projects require an upfront capital investment that may cost more than non-green alternatives for example, purchasing more energy-efficient IT assets, or rolling out video conferencing other initiatives like PC power management and duplex printing can
come at no cost at all. Depending on the initiatives taken, applying green IT technologies and best practices can effectively reduce IT operating expenses (OPEX), capital expenses (CAPEX), or both22. From an OPEX perspective, green IT can reduce on-going expenses such as power costs, data center cooling costs, hardware license fees, and even staffing costs. In the realm of CAPEX, green IT can defer or eliminate new capital investments by increasing asset utilization, extending an assets useful life, and increasing data center space, power and cooling, and capacity. However, its important to realize that: While CAPEX and OPEX strategies can go hand-in-hand: Server virtualization is a prime example of a greening initiative that yields both CAPEX and OPEX benefits simultaneously. To reduce CAPEX, virtualization reduces the need for future investments in physical servers. In turn, the organization can benefit from: i) lower data center energy and cooling costs as fewer physical servers are in use; ii) reduced hardware license fees over time as physical servers are replaced with virtual substitutes; and iii) Even reduced or reallocated staffing costs by managing a less hardwareintensive environment. They are sometimes at odds: Extending the refresh cycles of assets can help reduce electronic waste (e-waste) while deferring CAPEX investments but it comes at the price of improved energy efficiency. While purchasing more energyefficient assets or migrating to a more energy-efficient architecture such as thin clients can effectively reduce energy related costs and CO2 emissions, a premium capital investment is necessary.
The green enterprise an organization that actively reduces its environmental impact across its value chain activities to mitigate risk, reduce costs, and increase revenues to ultimately deliver shareholder value. While the greening of IT is effective at reducing IT-associated costs, the positive environmental and financial benefits of using IT as an enabler of the green enterprise can be much more intense. International retail giant Tesco is a great example of this. ITs contribution to the companys total carbon footprint is only 4% but Tesco believes that IT has the enabling potential to reduce Tescos total carbon footprint by 20%, which in turn has significant financial benefits like a 20% reduction in electricity costs and a 17% reduction in fuel costs.
Forrester Research, The Economics Of Green IT What Are The Financial Benefits Of Green IT? by Doug Washburn With Simon Yates and Onica King, February 10, 2009
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4.3 Research by Gartner: Green IT Initiatives Are Moving Beyond Power and Cooling Efficiencies23 4.3.1 Summary The research is about the status of green IT initiatives in data centers at the end of 2009. 4.3.2 Key Findings: 1. Green IT initiatives are growing beyond just power and cooling efficiency. 2. Even in a tough economic climate, interest in green IT continues to increase. 3. Many green IT initiatives that appear easy to implement (such as greenprinting practices and the safe disposal of e-waste) are being conducted by 40% or fewer of the respondents. 4. Although the tracking and reporting of green IT initiatives is growing, most is more ad hoc than formal. 4.3.3 Recommendations: 1. Thinking beyond power and cooling efficiency initiatives, especially into some of the easier-to-implement areas, such as recycling, safe disposal of ewaste, green-printing practices and green workstation practices. 2. Tracking green initiatives is important because you can't manage what you don't measure. Implement the tracking of all green IT initiatives, with trend data over time, as well as regular analysis and reporting to data center management and outside IT. 3. Leverage the benefits of tracking IT initiatives to show your data center's commitment to the organization's corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies. 4.3.4 Analysis The research divided the set of respondents into 3 categories. The first category was a group of people practicing just Power/Cooling Initiatives, second consisted of Power/Cooling initiatives and others and the last category were practicing No green IT Initiative. The first group had been implemented by twothirds or more of the respondents, the second group has been implemented by slightly more than one-third and the third group involved those implemented by fewer than 20% of the respondents. As expected, power and cooling efficiency tops the list, with almost 80% of the respondents reporting power and cooling efficiency is one of their green IT initiatives this area offers the most potential cost savings. Some of the other useful initiatives: Recycling (68%) Recycling such things as paper, print cartridges, toner, equipment packaging, and IT equipment is the other initiative in the top grouping. Although this area is high, it's surprising that it's not even higher,
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Gartner Research report, Publication Date: 8 February 2010, ID Number: G00173836
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because it's relatively easy to set up these types of programs. With recycling a common, low-cost procedure worldwide in all areas of business and personal life, IT management should ensure that recycling becomes a common practice in their data centers. Something which is easy to implement and can be implemented immediately by Vodafone. What is required a small education campaign involving very less effort, resources and money. Safe disposal of e-waste (40%) This is one of the middle grouping (37% to 40% range) of three green IT initiatives that are becoming more common as data center management understands their value. Because e-waste contains many toxic chemicals (e.g., lead, cadmium, beryllium, mercury and chromium), it is critical to ensure that its disposal is safe. You should use certified disposal methods to ensure that it is not just dumped in a land fill or shipped to developing countries where people (children) are often paid to manually recover copper from wires and circuit boards by burning or "cooking off" the plastics and solder, with high costs to the environment and to human health. This should be one of your company's CSR goals. Again easy to implement, requires a little more investment and strict monitoring for a successful campaign. Green-building practices (39%) This involves following standards such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green-building standards in areas such as building materials, site location, habitat impact, energy efficiency and water conservation. This will become even more common when the U.S. Green Building Council publishes a LEED certification template specifically for data centers in 2010 or 2011. Long term practice cannot be implemented in the immediate future, but if we are looking at creating a new Data Center these measures can certainly help. Green-printing practices (37%) Examples of green-printing practices include removing banner pages, duplex printing, high levels of printer sharing (up to 15 to 1), moving to a low power state when idle, purchasing printers that can use recycled paper and toner/cartridges, and implementing policies that focus on reducing the printing of temporary and intermediate documents. This is another of the initiatives that is becoming more common as data center managers realize that these are logical procedures that can be done at a low cost. Easy to implement, low cost and less resources required can be clubbed with the above two implementations. Green-storage practices (18%) This is one of the initiatives in the last group (less than 20% implementation). It's surprising that the storage area is so overlooked, because the power demands of storage rival those of the servers.
With as much as 70% of data being duplicate, one growing practice is to implement a deduplication initiative. Other emerging technologies include storage virtualization and the use of storage levels based on usage (online, nearline and offline), in which the near-line and offline devices use less power. These areas deserve to be high priorities when looking at space and energy efficiency. Long term practice cannot be implemented in the immediate future. Can be part of data center optimization practice. The task requires storage policy review. But has a huge potential to save on cost similar to power management of servers at data centers. Green workstation practices (15%) Workstations tend to be used only about one-third of the time; however, many remain powered up 100% of the time. Green workstation practices include power management implementation (standby, hibernate, off); screen blanking, rather than screen savers; migration from CRT monitors and desktops to more-energy-efficient LCDs and laptops; and reducing the number of client devices. This was a surprisingly low number, because this should be a standard practice, especially with the availability of workstation power management tools (see "Power Management is becoming a Feature of PC Life Cycle Management"). Easy to implement, slightly costly (as involves purchasing of power management tools and less resources required can be clubbed with the above three implementations. Green-staffing practices (11%) Poor energy behaviors account for much of the electricity usage in the workplace and the data center. Fixing that requires engaging employees in the environmental program. Without exception, enterprises that have launched environmental programs have had a positive and engaged response from staffs. However, your staff needs education on why the program is important to the enterprise, as well as its goals and priorities. The company needs to emphasize personal responsibility, as well as laying out the behaviors and actions required. There must be a positive feedback loop so staff can see the benefits taking effect. Easy to implement and has to be clubbed with the above immediate implementations.
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Power and Cooling Efficiency

Recycling Implementations Safe Disposal of E-Waste Green Building Green Printing Practices Green Storage Practices Green Workstation Practices Green Staffing Practices None of the Above
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage of Respondents
Figure 9: Implementations
4.4 Sustainability and Green IT, 201024 According to the Gartner Report, sustainability and Green IT are the major issues in IT and ICT industry. Sustainability for an IT organization means improving ITs environmental performance, improved business efficiency and reduced business risk. The various initiatives and developments in the area of Green IT/ ICT that could be relevant for Vodafone: Data De-duplication: It is a compression that eliminates redundant data on a sub-file level. Hence, improves storage utilization. De-duplication significantly reduces required disk space. Gartner clients using deduplication for backups typically report seven times to 25 times the reductions (7:1 to 25:1) in the size of their data and sometimes higher than 100:1 for file system data or server virtualized images when data deduplication is used. Video Telepresence: Business Impact: Travel cost reductions and improved productivity will provide a business case to regular users, with a relatively short payback period, often less than 18 months. The usage rate needs to be more than 3-4 hours a day. Costs of Telepresence: $180,000 - $400,000 initial investment and an additional $8,000 - $18,000 per month for managed services and network connectivity.
24
Gartner Research report, Publication Date: 29 July 2010, ID Number: G00201624
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Massive Array of Idle Disks (MAID disks): Use MAID storage technology to reduce the power and cooling costs associated with secondary, disk-to-disk backup and archival applications where data is written and rarely changed, where the recovery time service-level requirement exceeds tape technology, but where some latency can be tolerated. Combined with data reduction techniques, such as data deduplication, MAID storage provides a compelling "green" storage solution. In-rack cooling system: At the 2009 Gartner Data Center Conference held in December 2009, the results of electronic polling in a session on data center power and cooling showed that 15% of the 140 respondents are using some in-rack cooling in their data centers. Consider in-rack cooling for extremely dense, high-energy (20kW to more than 50kW per rack) server racks and for data centers where computer room air conditioning and under-floor cooling is at its limit. Due to the efficiency of the in-rack cooling solution, it will help with the power usage and, therefore, the carbon footprint. Economizers: This is a term used to describe anything done to reduce the time that chiller units run by using the outside temperature of air or water to help cool the data center. When examining new locations for data centers, we need to consider the opportunity for free cooling as a significant selection factor. The use of free cooling is critical to any organization hoping to improve its data center's power usage effectiveness. Significant savings in power use and, therefore, carbon footprint can be achieved by adopting free cooling. Managed Printer Services: Organizations have told Gartner that, by managing their printer, copier and fax fleets, they have saved up to 30% of their printing costs. MPS is changing the way organizations purchase and manage their printers, copiers and fax machines. By opting for MPS, businesses can generally benefit from simplified budgeting of output costs by consolidating contracts for hardware, supplies and maintenance. Virtualization: IT virtualization is the abstraction of IT resources in a way that masks the physical nature and boundaries of those resources from resource users. An IT resource can be a server, a client, storage, networks, applications or operating systems. X86 server virtualization is being rapidly adopted and is expected to be used by half of all workloads by 2012. Storage virtualization is relatively mature within storage vendor offerings. Business Impact: Virtualization makes it easier for IT to deliver faster, to have a lower barrier to entry and to deliver exactly what is needed.
In-chassis cooling: In-chassis cooling refers to new technologies that are emerging that use liquids, rather than air, to transfer heat from the processor and other components to an external cooling system. Business Impact: In-chassis cooling will assist in the continued delivery of increased computing capability within a constant budget. Server power capping: Server power capping involves the use of software tools that limit the amount of electrical power allocated to a particular server. When that threshold is reached, the tool will restrict further workloads. Server power-capping tools are in the early stages of development. The appropriate use of these capping tools will enable data center managers to better manage the energy portions of their budgets and will help internal, energy-based chargeback. Ecolabeling and Footprinting: Ecolabels are labeling and certification systems for products or services that are produced and/or delivered in a way that is designed to reduce their environmental impact in one or more phases of their life cycle. There has been a progressive evolution of ecolabeling from initial relatively easily achievable energy use/efficiency labels like Energy Star, to embodied product carbon labels such as the Carbon Trust's carbon footprint. Carbon Markets: Carbon markets are a response to climate concerns. Markets can be either voluntary where businesses or individuals offset some, or all, of their associated CO2 emissions through the sponsorship of qualifying projects such as forestation and renewable energy developments. Despite the ongoing support and development of EUETS (the world's largest carbon market, accounting for some 68% of the 8.2 gigatons of the global total of traded carbon in 2009), other nations have been slow to engage in mandatory cap and trade solutions. Beyond the Kyoto Protocol, the lack of any international agreements on greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, and therefore the lack of any attempt to create an international carbon market all undermine the efficacy of the carbon markets. The price of carbon on the EUETS is hovering around 15/metric ton. 4.5 Methods to mitigate carbon footprint in telecom sector The following methods can be implemented to mitigate the carbon footprint Introduction of energy efficient technologies like installing next generation TRX hardware both in new BTS as well as replacing older ones Development of alternative projects, such as solar or wind energy
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Recycling of waste material including non-usable network materials and mobile phones. These elements contain small amount of hazardous materials which will harm the environment if mismanaged at the time of disposal. Creating an awareness among the service provider, manufacturer and tower companies Minimize the number of BTS sites through more site sharing Increased use of outdoor BTS which does not require air-conditioning Minimize the air-conditioning requirement to cool the sites Deploy software features that optimize the use of radio access for wireless communications. Remotely monitoring diesel generator runtime and fuel consumption Vendors to deploy energy efficient network Standardization of telecom equipment. For example the standardization of mobile charger will considerably reduce the number of chargers currently used in the country.
There is a need to monitor and report the actual carbon foot print across the telecom industry under various segments like service providers, tower companies and equipment manufacturers.
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CHAPTER 5: CONSORTIA IN TELECOM DOMAIN25

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry currently accounts for 2% of worldwide carbon emissions and that figure is expected to at least double over the next decade as more people seek to connect with each other and with more content in new, richer ways.
Figure 10: Estimated distribution of global CO2 emissions from ICTs
We need a proper guidance and approach to achieve the goals in order to attain a green world. For this consortia across the world will play an essential role. Following are some consortia which promote and work on Green ICT. 5.1 GreenTouch Todays networks are optimized for performance, not energy efficiency. A network optimized for performance and energy implies a very different design and architecture and this is what is needed to be sustainable in the future. GreenTouch Initiative is a consortium of leading industry players, research institutions and non-governmental organizations put together to define the challenge, identify and develop solutions with a goal to deliver the architecture, specifications, roadmap, and demonstrations of key components needed to reduce ICT energy consumption per bit by a factor of 1,000 from current levels within five years i.e. 2015. GreenTouch Initiative founding members include: Service Providers: AT&T, China Mobile, Portugal Telecom, Swisscom, Telefonica Academic Research Labs: The Massachusetts Institute of Technologys (MIT) Research Laboratory for Electronics (RLE), Stanford Universitys Wireless Systems Lab (WSL), the University of Melbournes Institute for a BroadbandEnabled Society (IBES) Government and Nonprofit Research Institutions: The CEA-LETI Applied Research Institute for Microelectronics (Grenoble, France), The Foundation for
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http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/isd/greenict.htm
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Mobile Communications (Portugal), imec (Headquarters: Leuven, Belgium), The French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control (INRIA) Industrial Labs: Bell Labs, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Freescale Semiconductor
The formation of GreenTouch is motivated by two factors. The first is that energy consumption in ICT networks is increasing in part due to exponential network growth, especially with the explosion of wireless data traffic. Network growth is outpacing equipment efficiency, which is slowing as limits to historical capacity and scaling laws loom. This trend could adversely affect the Internet and the broad energy efficiency benefits that ICT networks and associated smart technologies enable. The second motivation is the urgent need to meet the global challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Every industry must play its part and ICT, at the forefront of technology, can be a leader. This 1000-fold efficiency target is based on research from Bell Labs that determined that todays information and communication technology (ICT) networks have the potential to be 10,000 times more efficient than they are today. This conclusion comes from a Bell Labs analysis of the fundamental properties of ICT networks and technologies (optical, wireless, electronics, processing, routing, and architecture) and studying their physical limits by applying established formulas such as Shannons Law. A thousand-fold reduction is roughly equivalent to being able to power the worlds communications networks, including the Internet, for three years using the same amount of energy that it currently takes to run them for a single day. To support its objectives the GreenTouch Initiative will deliver within five years i.e. 2015 reference network architecture and demonstrations of the key components required to realize this improvement. This initiative also offers the potential to generate new technologies and new areas of industry. 5.2 NGMN Energy Efficiency and Green Footprint Activities The NGMN Alliance and its Partners place a strong emphasis on the development of the most energy efficient next generation technology and on the extension of the industry's green footprint. Therefore, the NGMN Green Telco Initiative brings together NGMN Partners who run projects and have started activities to protect the environment. NGMN intends to complement and support the work within standardisation bodies by providing a coherent view of what the operator community is going to require in the decade beyond 2010. The vision of the NGMN Alliance is to provide a platform for innovation by moving towards one integrated network for the seamless introduction of mobile broadband services. In addition, NGMN will coexist with other networks while it facilitates smooth migration from them. The initial objective of the NGMN Alliance is the26 commercial launch of a new experience in mobile broadband communications and
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Milestone Recommendations Document pushes forward LTE Networks for Beyond 2010-
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to ensure a long and successful cycle of investment, innovation and adoption of new and familiar services that would benefit all members of the mobile ecosystem. The target architecture defined by these recommendations will be an optimised Packet Switched (PS) network architecture, which will provide a smooth migration of existing 2G and 3G networks towards an IP network with improved cost competitiveness and broadband performance. Therefore NGMN can be accurately viewed as a further step in the evolution of current industry efforts in HSDPA, HSUPA, and EVDO arenas enabling a personalised broadband access experience and consolidating the diversity of networks operated by mobile network operators. Its members include : 1. Alcatel-Lucent is convinced that eco-sustainable solutions create very strong business value to telecom operators. It requires innovation capability, and endto-end offering, which are 2 key differentiators of Alcatel-Lucent, and very much in line with the NGMN approach. On the wireless networks side, Alcatel-Lucent heavily invests in 3 key directions:
o
Energy Efficiency: with systematic approach spanning access, transport and core network ; each time addressing hardware, software, and subsystem levels. Alternative energy: Alcatel-Lucent already deployed 300 solar-powered BTS sites in various emerging countries, and now accelerates its investment in this field, launching the Alternative Energy program aiming to provide the 1st truly industrial solution of alternative energy powered BTS, to address the 100,000+ green-powered sites that the industry says should be deployed before 2012 (source GSMA, ABI Research). Converged RAN: going from one technology to the next by software only to not only save capital and operational expenditure but also enables to avoid the energy/waste that would have been required to manufacture new hardware modules.
2. Cambridge Broadband Networks designs and manufacturers a Point to Multipoint Ethernet Microwave Backhaul solution called VectaStar that is suitable for current and next generation mobile broadband networks. The architecture of VectaStar is such that it requires approximately 50% fewer microwave radios than conventional microwave backhaul solutions. Furthermore, as an all-outdoor design, it requires little or no air conditioning. 3. China Mobile Communications Corp. are reducing our own environmental footprint by meeting goals on conserving energy, reducing emissions, and proactively managing our other environmental impacts. We are also using our programs and technology to encourage our industry and the public to participate in environmental protection.
Frankfurt, Germany - October 19, 2010
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4. NEC established its forward-looking "NEC Environmental Management Vision 2010" in March 2003 in considering its environmental management efforts. NEC announced its position on contributing to a sustainable society and specific target values for preventing global warming by cutting CO2 emissions to "0" by 2010 and promoting its activities based on the following 3 aspects towards these targets.
o o o
Reduce direct CO2 emissions in its manufacturing and other business related activities. Control CO2 emissions at the customer utilization stage through energy saving products. Reduce CO2 emissions of our customers and the society through providing IT solutions.
5. Nokia Siemens Networks' Environmentally Sustainable Business initiative seeks to minimize the company's environmental footprint with industry-leading environmentally friendly products and internal initiatives. Through the initiative, Nokia Siemens Networks introduces solutions that combine environmental and business benefits for sustainable and profitable business, and actively looks for solutions and technologies that maximize the positive impact telecommunications can have on other industries' footprint. 6. NTT DoCoMo, Inc., Tokyo, Japan views global environmental problems as important issues to be addressed by management and will work to reduce the environmental impacts of its business activities. By developing and providing services centered on the mobile phone, we will stimulate innovation in diverse aspects of lifestyle and business, and work with customers to support societys efforts to protect the environment. 7. The France Telcom / Orange group committed to reduce the group CO2 emissions by 20% in 2020 and the energy consumption by 15 % in 2020, based on the 2006 figures. Each country is committed to carrying local action plans to meet this target. For this purpose, we focus on 3 main areas: a. Limiting energy consumption by our networks and buildings b. Reducing CO2 emissions from our fleet of vehicles and from business travel c. Increasing the proportion of energy from renewable sources 8. T-Mobile International is a wholly owned subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom AG. As one of the largest mobile communications operators worldwide, T-Mobile makes its specific contribution towards the Corporate Responsibility (CR) strategy of Deutsche Telekom. One of the CR focus fields is the way to the 'Low Carbon Society', with the objective to enable the company itself and the customers as well to contribute to climate protection. T-Mobile promotes sustainable development by practicing environmental and resource conservation within its own company. For example, it is continuously optimizing its mobile
communications networks in terms of energy efficiency and technology-related emissions. Furthermore, it employs ecologically efficient cooling technology for the mobile communications networks. In most T-Mobile companies certified ecomanagement system according to ISO 14001 and/or the EC Eco Audit provides the basis for a continuous improvement process. 9. The need to reduce CO2 is based on scientific evidence supporting the cause/effect link between the emission of green house gases and climate change. The TLC sector can play an important role in putting forward technologies and encouraging beneficial behaviour to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Telecom Italia measures its own energy efficiency through the "Eco-Efficiency Indicator" that establishes a relationship between the service offered to the customer, simplified as the measurement of bits transmitted, and the company's impact on the environment in terms of energy consumed. Telecom Italia strives to improve its own energy efficiency year on year. The approach pursued by the group in fighting climate change is in 2 methods: a. Reducing direct and indirect emissions of greenhouse gases through actions such as: fleet modernisation (cars and trucks), in-house energy production from co-generation plants, increase in the acquisition of renewable energy and greater efficiency in the use of fossil fuels. b. Encouraging and supporting the dematerialising of goods and services, by promoting services that reduce the need for travels and transportation (e.g., video-conferencing, tele-working, tele-medicine and in general infomobility services) 10. Climate change is widely recognised as one of the greatest global sustainability challenges. Its implications are far-reaching for the environment, for people, and for the global economy - of which Vodafone is a part. As a multinational communications company, Vodafone can play an important role in helping to tackle climate change. Our climate change strategy has three elements: a. Energy Efficiency: with systematic approach spanning access, transport and core network ; each time addressing hardware, software, and subsystem levels. b. Alternative energy: Alcatel-Lucent already deployed 300 solar-powered BTS sites in various emerging countries, and now accelerates its investment in this field, launching the Alternative Energy program aiming 27to provide the 1st truly industrial solution of alternative energy powered BTS, to address the 100,000+ green-powered sites that the industry says should be deployed before 2012 (source GSMA, ABI Research). c. Converged RAN: going from one technology to the next by software only to not only save capital and operational expenditure but also enables to
27
http://www.ngmn.org/nc/downloads/techdownloads.html
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avoid the energy/waste that would have been required to manufacture new hardware modules. 11. Tellabs, Inc., Naperville, USA helps customers succeed by reducing power consumption in their networks. Many of our products combine what were previously separate network elements. For example, the Tellabs 7100 optical transport system reduced a customer's network energy consumption up to 65%, compared with the previous network architecture. One of Tellabs' priorities in 2009 is to improve energy-efficiency and materials use as our products evolve. We are initiating work to determine carbon footprint by product. By focusing research and development to innovate ways to save energy, Tellabs will help customers achieve their goals. Tellabs' commitment to energy-efficiency is part of our broader commitment to help protect the environment. Tellabs created an Office of Environmental Affairs in 2008 to coordinate a wide range of efforts. For example, we completed our first Carbon Disclosure Project survey and Tellabs Finland location achieved Green Office certification from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Tellabs is also actively communicating with suppliers to help ensure that they use environmentally responsible manufacturing processes. By making sustainable choices, Tellabs creates long-term value for customers, employees, investors, suppliers and communities. 5.3 Energy Efficient Ethernet or EEE (IEEE 802.3az) A new technology that can save as much as 80% on Ethernet networks is now being finalised by the industry. The new standard, called Energy Efficient Ethernet or EEE, brings in a feature called low power idle mode which allows network equipment to save energy when not carrying traffic. In effect, it allows devices to turn off their transmitters and send idle signaling periodically to save energy when there is no data traffic to send. This differs from most of the common Ethernet types that are always transmitting even when there is no data being sent. The periodic nature was chosen to ensure that the devices would be able to wake quickly and maintain reliable communications when leaving the low power idle mode. In so doing, EEE-enabled networks can save as much as 80% on energy consumption. The 802.3az standard covers 100BASE-TX, 1000BASET, 10GBASE-T, 1000BASE-KX, 10GBASE-KX4, 10GBASE-KR, and also supports XGMII extension using the XGXS for 10 Gb/s PHYs. In the lead up to the final ratification of the standard, UNH-IOL is offering interoperability testing services for EEE devices to speed up time to market for equipment vendors. The largest challenges to interoperability will be ensuring that no data is lost when devices return to normal operations after being in low power idle mode. The Ethernet Alliance has already sponsored an interoperability event that was hosted by the UNH-IOL this April to test devices that were built to the draft standard. Early interoperability testing like this will help to ensure that when the standard is finalized, devices will be able to interoperate. Another challenge is EEEs ability to turn links on and off does add some latency to those connections, something28 that may affect precise timing requirements of Ethernet networks. And while EEE
28White_Paper_6PUE
and DCiE Eff Metrics 30 December 2008
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equipment will be backwards compatible to existing Ethernet gear through the AutoNegotiation process, both sides of a connection will have to support EEE in order to benefit from the energy saving feature. 5.4 ATIS The topic of being and practicing Green has captured the attention of every corporation, government entity, and standards developers in the information, entertainment and communications industry. ATIS and its member companies are committed to advancing environmental sustainability both within its industry sector, as well as an industry at whole by utilizing its unique position to foster the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in other sectors through the use of ICT technologies, devices, services and applications. To advocate the objectives of ATIS and its member companies in this globally important topic, ATIS has adopted the following mission statement with regards to its approach and commitment to environmental sustainability. ATIS and its members are committed to providing global leadership for the development of environmentally sustainable solutions for the information, entertainment, and communications industry. The development of these innovative end-to-end solutions will: Promote Energy Efficiencies. Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Promote Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Promote eco-aware business sustainability. Support the potential for societal benefits 5.5 The Green Grid The Green Grid is a global consortium of IT companies and professionals seeking to improve energy efficiency in data centers and business computing ecosystems around the globe. The organization seeks to unite global industry efforts to standardize on a common set of metrics, processes, methods and new technologies to further its common goals. The Green Grid is a global consortium dedicated to developing and promoting energy efficiency for data centers and business computing ecosystems by:

Defining meaningful, user-centric models and metrics Promoting the adoption of energy efficient standards, processes, measurement methods and technologies Developing standards, measurement methods, processes and new technologies29 to improve performance against the defined metrics
The Green Grid is working closely with end-users, technology providers and governments around the world to create standards for more efficient use of energy in data centers. Through data collection and analysis, assessment of emerging technologies
29http://www.thegreengrid.org/~/media/WhitePapers/DCcE_White_Paper_Final.ashx?lang=en
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and devising best practices for data center operators, we are creating industry-leading metrics and measurements for executives and end-users anywhere in the world to determine the efficiency of their specific data centers. Regardless of the nature of your organization or your role in it, The Green Grid offers a place for you in the dialog. According to a recent study by Emerson Network Power, 72% of companies surveyed do not have a documented strategy for reducing energy use in the data center, although most agree that data center energy consumption is a real issue of concern. Our organization provides a forum where IT, Facilities and other C-level executives come together to discuss different options that exist for improving energy efficiency. Findings and recommendations from these forums are published on a regular basis, and metrics have been established which are now industry-standard. Its members include: AMD, Emerson, Microsoft, APC, HP, Oracle, Dell, IBM, Symantec, EMC2, Intel, Fujitsu, NTT Facilities, Sprint, AEG, AT&T, Google, Sunguard, Hitachi, Texas Instruments, Autodesk, BT and many more. The metrics defined by the green grid include PUE and DCiE. Power usage effectiveness (PUE) is a measure of how efficiently a computer data center uses its power; specifically, how much of the power is actually used by the computing equipment (in contrast to cooling and other overhead). The PUE is defi ned as follows: PUE = Total Facility Power/IT Equipment Power (1) and its reciprocal, the DCiE is defi ned as: DCiE = 1/PUE = IT Equipment Power/Total Facility Power x 100% (2) For equations 1 and 2, the Total Facility Power is defined as the power measured at the utility meter thepower dedicated solely to the datacenter (this is important in mixeduse buildings that house datacenters asone of a number of consumers of power). The IT Equipment Power is defi ned as the equipment that is used to manage, process, store, or route data within the data center. Other metrics include Server Compute efficiency (ScE) and Data Centre Compute Efficiency (DCCE 5.6 Global Green USA Founded in 1994 by activist and philanthropist Diane Meyer Simon, Global Green is the American Arm of Green Cross International (GCI), which was created by President Mikhail S. Gorbachev to foster a global value shift toward a sustainable and secure future by reconnecting humanity with the environment. Global Green USA is the only national environmental non-profit headquartered in Southern California with offices in New Orleans, Washington DC, and New York, and is one of over 31 national GCI 30affiliates throughout the world. Global Green is working to address some of the greatest challenges facing humanity. In the United States our work is primarily focused on fighting global climate change by creating green buildings and cities. Internationally, Global Green and its affiliates are working toward:
30
RoHS REGULATIONS Government Guidance Notes JULY 2007 URN 07/1234
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Eliminating weapons of mass destruction that threaten lives and the environment Providing clean, safe drinking water for the 2.4 billion people who lack access to clean water
The organization was founded in order to create a new approach to solving the world's most pressing environmental challenges. Global Green's unique approach merges innovative research, cutting-edge community based projects and targeted advocacy that: Educates hundreds of millions of people annually Leverages billions of dollars for environmental initiatives Implements ground-breaking environmental policy Improves the lives of tens of thousands in low-income communities 5.7 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) is the European Community directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) which, together with the RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC, became European Law in February 2003, setting collection, recycling and recovery targets for all types of electrical goods. The directive imposes the responsibility for the disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment on the manufacturers of such equipment. Those companies should establish an infrastructure for collecting WEEE, in such a way that "Users of electrical and electronic equipment from private households should have the possibility of returning WEEE at least free of charge". Also, the companies are compelled to use the collected waste in an ecologically-friendly manner, either by ecological disposal or by reuse/refurbishment of the collected WEEE. 5.8 Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive The Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment 2002/95/EC, commonly referred to as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (or RoHS), was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union. The RoHS directive took effect on 1 July 2006, and is required to be enforced and become law in each member state. This directive restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of electronic and electrical equipment. RoHS is often referred to as the lead-free directive, but it restricts the use of the following six substances: Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE).
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CHAPTER 6: PUBLIC POLICY

Most policies and programmes sponsored by governments focus on the direct effect of the mobile industry, rather than using mobile communications as an enabler of change. To assist the mobile industry to enable emissions reductions of 1,150 Mt CO2e in 2020 in other sectors, it is vital that policymakers consider the following: Including mobile and broader ICT in government policies and programmes with respect to smart grids, smart buildings and smart transportation Supporting broadband infrastructure deployment that has become as important today as roads, railways and ports were in the 20th century, by ensuring the mobile industry has access to newly available harmonised spectrum and by supporting the roll out of energy efficient networks through the streamlining of planning approval and the provision of investment incentives. Encouraging cross-sector collaboration between the mobile and other ICT sectors and the transport, buildings and power sectors, especially with respect to the development of open standards to ensure interoperability and drive scale efficiencies. Demonstrating leadership by greening operations in the public service, e.g., by procuring embedded mobile-enabled smart building technologies in schools and government departments, and promoting increased teleworking amongst public sector employees. Building awareness of mobile and other ICT technologies, through education of users, and helping to facilitate the behavioural changes that will create transformative reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Facilitating a common framework to measure the mobile industrys energy and environmental performance, and that of other sectors, for example by aligning national and regional methodologies with those being developed by ETSI and ITU in conjunction with the mobile industry and other private sector players. Supporting the development and piloting of new technologies by incentivising the increased deployment of embedded mobile solutions with respect to smart grids, buildings and transport.
6.1 Perspectives on current policies Over the past few years, a large number of policies and programmes on ICT and the environment have been sponsored by governments and business organisations. An analysis of these policies and programmes31 shows that: Most policies and programmes focus on the direct effect of the ICT sector; less on using ICT as an enabler of change. Few business associations have strategies to deploy ICTs to reduce emissions outside the ICT sector, although there are
31
OECD Working Paper, December 2008 OECD meeting in Helsingor
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notable exceptions such as the Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI) and the Digital Energy Solutions Campaign (DESC)32. Policies focus on addressing issues at the consumption stage of the ICT service life-cycle, rarely addressing the complete ICT emissions life-cycle. Many policies recognise, but do not account for the challenge that increased take-up of emission-reducing ICT products and services requires behavioural changes from end-users. However, voluntary initiatives such as the Energy Star standard for office equipment have started changing end-user behaviour by providing better information to consumers at the time of purchase. The ECsponsored Code of Conduct on Energy Efficiency is also driving further reduction of standby consumption in ICT equipment.
Smart transportation and logistics There is abundant policy work aimed at supporting the reduction of GHG emissions in the transportation and logistics sector. In many countries, policies include, for example, targeting vehicle CO2e emissions per kilometre, taxing transport fuels, imposing differentiated tax levels based on car emissions and subsidising eco-car purchases. Transport is currently excluded from the EU Emissions Trading System, but the aviation sector will be phased in to the scheme from 201233. In addition, the EU has investigated the potential for including shipping in the scheme. The planned New Zealand Emissions Trading System, due to start in 2010, will include transport emissions from 2011, including petrol and diesel fuel consumption34. However, few policy initiatives directly promote increased adoption of embedded mobile communications to reduce GHG emissions in the transportation and logistics sector. In Europe, one such initiative is the German motorway toll system that uses mobile communications to charge haulage vehicles on a per kilometre basis depending on their emission levels and number of axles35. Similarly, the Netherlands intends to introduce a price per kilometre charge, first for freight transport vehicles, and eventually for passenger cars. That system may also use mobile communications36. Smart grids and smart meters Smart grids are being promoted and funded by many governments as a way of addressing energy independence, GHG emissions and economic and emergency resilience issues. In Europe, the smart grids European Technology Platform for Electricity Networks of the Future began its work in 2005. Its aim is to formulate and promote a vision for the development of European electricity networks looking towards
DESC, Digital Energy Solutions Campaign, http://www.behindthegreen.org/about/desc/ EU Press release, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/1114 34 New Zealand Government, http://www.climatechange.govt.nz/emissions-tradingscheme/implementing/index.html 35 German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs, Q&A http://www.bmvbs.de/en/Transport/ 36 Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management http://www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/english/topics/mobility_and_accessibility/roadpricing/030_questio ns_and_answers/index.aspx#v2
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2020 and beyond37. In North America, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009 has allocated $4.5 billion to improve the grid and make it smarter, including the deployment of 40 million smart meters in US homes38. In Asia, the South Korean government recently announced that it will invest heavily in smart grids. As part of its current 5-year plan, China is building a Wide Area Monitoring System and plans to install sensors at all its largest generators and substations 39. Industry consortia for smart grids are also forming, such as the GridWise Alliance in the US, which signed a partnership agreement with South Korea in 2009 on sharing smart grid technology 40. The GridWise initiative, a public-private partnership between the Department of Energy and Pacific Northwest National Labs along with a range of companies, has developed pilot projects in demand management and real-time billing. The Electricity Networks Strategy Group in the UK has recently set up a Smart Grids Working Group. Although development of smart grid solutions is currently hindered by the lack of standards, this issue is being addressed: IEEE and NIST, via their Smart Grid Interoperability Panel, are working on developing standards and the Embedded Mobile initiative from the GSMA is developing guidelines for upcoming M2M and smart grid applications, and the integration of GSM modules into metering solutions. Smart buildings Governmental and inter-governmental policies promoting greener, smarter buildings have increased markedly in recent years. The EU has taken a policy lead on greener buildings with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive which mandates EU member states to establish a methodology for calculating the energy performance of all buildings, establish minimum performance standards, and label buildings according to their energy efficiency and carbon performance. Correspondingly, many countries have developed their own voluntary standards for green or energy efficient buildings. France developed the High Quality Environmental standard (HQE), based on the principles of sustainable development first set out at the 1992 Earth Summit. In Germany, voluntary standards are being set by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB). In the UK, the BRE Environmental Assessment Method standard (BREEAM) was developed as a voluntary measurement rating for green buildings. In the US, the voluntary Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating system
was developed by the US Green Building Council and provides a suite of standards for environmentally sustainable construction. In Asia, various voluntary standards are also in operation, such as Green Star in Australia, GBAS in China, and GRIHA, a variant of
Smartgrids.eu website US Government http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/ energy_and_environment/ http://www.oe.energy.gov/information_center/1225.htm 39 Qixun Yang, Beijing Sifang Automation and Bi Tianshu, North China Electric Power University WAMS Implementation in China and the Challenges for Bulk Power System Protection, Infrastructures in China, IEEE 2007 40 Smartgrids.eu website
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LEED, in India. Some regions are collaborating on buildings emissions reductions projects. For example, the Buildings and Appliances Task Force, an Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development & Climate, aims to promote best practice, demonstrate technologies and building design principles to increase energy efficiency in buildings, and support the integration of appropriate mechanisms to increase the uptake of energy-efficient buildings and appliances. Dematerialisation To encourage the dematerialisation of products and services, governments have deployed policies such as: Providing information to employers and employees about the environmental and other benefits of dematerialisation activities, such as teleworking Leading by example, e.g., by promoting teleworking in governmental institutions Encouraging dematerialisation, e.g., with company policies that enforce travel restrictions while providing alternatives such as telepresence, which lead to both significant cost savings and GHG reductions
In the UK, the Flexible Working Regulations came into force in 2003. They allow employees to request flexible working arrangements such as teleworking and flexible hours, and require employers either to permit such arrangements or explain why they are denied. Environmental Information Systems Weather-related EIS have historically been set-up and developed by national weather forecasting institutions. New EIS rolled out in developing countries are typically funded by national governments, often with the support of international aid programmes and NGOs, and private stakeholders such as mobile telecom operators or other private sector organisations. Such international participation led to the funding of a tsunami early warning system in Indonesia, in which Germany, Japan, China, France, the USA and the UNESCO41 are participating. 6.2 Role of Government to help the mobile sector reduce emissions The initiatives of the mobile industry to reduce its direct emissions rely on the development of an enabling regulatory framework and the creation of tax or other economic incentives to support the business case. Necessary policy support measures include: Facilitating the development of a common framework to measure the mobile industrys energy and environmental performance, and that of other sectors, for example by aligning national and regional methodologies with those being
German government http://www.jakarta.diplo.de/ Vertretung/jakarta/en/ _C3_9Cbergabe__Early __Warning__System.html

41
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developed by ETSI and ITU in conjunction with the mobile industry and other private sector players. With such measurement standards in place, encourage further innovation among suppliers of mobile communications network equipment towards energy efficiency. Fostering innovation in low GHG footprint handset manufacturing, e.g., by reducing tax or providing tax incentives on handsets with low GHG footprints or with a high share of recyclable materials. Supporting investment in GHG emission-reducing technologies and processes by mobile operators, including antennas with reduced manufacturing GHG footprint and more energy efficient radio equipment for base-stations. This can be achieved, for example, by enabling some form of carbon credit, tax incentive or low interest financing to help incentivise capital investment in energy efficient and low GHG equipment. Supporting the current efforts of the mobile industry to reduce its emissions by sharing infrastructure. Active sharing of site electronics, which will reduce the number of sites required by each company, is currently not possible in many countries given competition rules. Ensuring spectrum availability, especially making harmonised low-frequency spectrum available to reduce the need for densely-constructed mobile networks. For example, it takes three times as many base stations to build a 3G network using the 2100 MHz spectrum band as it does using 850 MHz. Supporting broadband infrastructure deployment by supporting the roll out of energy efficient networks through streamlining planning approval and providing investment incentives. Protecting the intellectual property rights of technology owners, in order to sustain and broaden investments in clean technology innovation and efficiency improvements. Supporting pilots of renewables-powered base stations in geographies where it makes sense by offering operators power utility status to allow for local small scale power generation in communities where such activity is beneficial, and consider using development funds to reach project viability as needed. Development of local skills in green technologies could provide significant local and national benefits in countries where such initiatives are launched.
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CHAPTER 7: GREEN INITIATIVE: VODAFONE PERSPECTIVE

Vodafone Group has launched a wide green technology program, i.e. Go Green Initiative, to deploy green energy sources in all of its affiliates worldwide to enable the expansion of mobile communication to areas not served by electrical grids, as well as to reduce both operating expenses and environmental impact. The reason for Go Green Initiative by Vodafone is the Carbon emissions (2006-07) which valued at 3.69 million tonnes and they are targeting to cut carbon emissions to 615,000 tonnes by 2020. A global energy management team has been created within Vodafone, responsible for implementing targets in energy use. The energy efficiency projects currently being pursued most enthusiastically by Vodafone are those that offer both environmental and financial payback. Some of them are: 1. Free cooling Of the 80 per cent of Vodafones emissions that are generated by network power consumption, one quarter derives from the cooling systems used to keep network equipment at operating temperatures. Free cooling uses fresh air to keep those temperatures at the right level, rather than energy intensive, powered air conditioning systems. By Vodafones estimations, average energy use in some existing base stations (depending on the climate conditions at the site) can be cut by more than ten per cent if the temperature is allowed to rise by 4C to 25C. For new equipment, temperatures of 35C can be tolerated and further savings can be made. Vodafones Portuguese operation installed technology to allow for operation at 35C during 2007/08 and free cooling at this temperature will be deployed group wide during 2008/09. 2. Micro generation of renewable energy This is the use of renewable energy to power cell sites. using solar panels, fuel cells or miniature wind turbines or a combination of the three deployed on a site by site basis. The problem is that these are initial capital intensive. 3. Vodafone is looking to develop its own technologies to make communication more energy efficient The number of video and teleconferencing facilities at Vodafones sites has more than trebled in the past three years and the firm estimates that this has saved 1,449 tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2007/08. 4. Green handsets The green rating of the handset as a physical product is likely to be more of a focus for consumers. Despite Vodafone being an operator, one of the firms biggest
challenges in environmental terms is handset based. As such the company is working with other organisations on the development of a solar powered handset charger for emerging markets and is also looking towards a bigger industry push towards universal chargers. 7.1 Vodafones Existing Projects Some of the existing projects include: 1. Vodafone & Alcatel-Lucent first green mobile base station in Qatar Vodafone Qatar and Alcatel-Lucent have deployed the first hybrid powered Base Station in Qatar on 20 Jan 2010, using a combination of solar and wind energy thereby increasing the availability and quality of mobile services to the end customer, while reducing the impact on the environment. This Vodafone trial site in Qatar is a significant milestone in the program to validate alternative energy solutions. The solution is provided by Alcatel-Lucents Alternative Energy Program. Announced in Feb 2009 to address the challenge that more than 100,000 mobile base stations shall be equipped with alternative energy solutions between 2010 and 2012, representing a yearly savings of about 7 million tons of CO2, the program aims at providing the first truly industrial solution of wireless Base Stations powered with alternative energies, ready for large deployments. The technology, provided by Alcatel-Lucent, enables Vodafone to take advantage of the fluctuating yet complementary local weather conditions, all while reducing the on-going costs and improving the quality of maintenance at remote or inaccessible sites. 2. Green base station innovation - Green compact base station: Vodafone and Huawei The EasyGSM BTS is the industry' s first all IP-based and 100% green compact base station, researched, designed and developed at the Huawei/Vodafone joint radio mobile innovation centre in Madrid. The system has been specially designed and developed to enable operators to reduce power consumption, use green energy, save backhaul, decrease capex and opex and extend wireless coverage to remote communities. This solution provides quick and easy site installation, easy maintenance, optimized transmission using economically efficient wifi and low power consumption, ideally suited to run 100% with green energy without any CO 2 emission. Its local management feature, which performs local call switching, allows it to work as an isolated site for local calls, without requiring any connection to the rest of the network while not using any backhaul resources in those scenarios. This is very useful for providing efficiency communications to remote areas.
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3. Go Green and Save Trees initiative Vodafone Essar (India) has succeeded in saving over 60,000 paper pages by promoting online bill access in a marathon drive and the aim is to bring it closer to a paperless organization. The initiative encourages Vodafone postpaid customers to reduce the usage of paper by opting for the online mobile bill. Vodafone Rajasthan launched the initiative in August 2008 with 589 customers and within 10 months more than 15,000 customers have joined Vodafone in its drive to save paper. 4. Vodafone Egypt The company converted 200 communications towers to solar power, tracks its electricity use and monitors how much fuel employees use in company cars, among other things. Vodafone also allows customers to exchange their old phone in return for air time or a small gift. The company gives the mobiles to recycling companies or fixes them so they can be re-used. Despite a less-than-stellar start, Vodafone has collected about 15,000 phones. 7.2 Green Initiatives that can be enforced in the immediate future by Vodafone 7.2.1 Computer Shutdown policy and power saving mode
Workers are unknowingly wasting their organizations' money through one simple act: leaving their PCs on when they're not being used, especially overnight and during the weekends. Collectively, US organizations waste $2.8 billion every year powering 108 million unused PCs42. In 2009, these unused PCs are expected to emit approximately 20 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions roughly equivalent to the impact of 4 million cars. As an example, for an organization with 1,000 PCs, this amounts to approximately $26,000 per year. Turning off or powering down an organization's PCs is a simple, but critical way to save energy. Yet, many companies aren't shutting down idle PCs. IT departments in organizations around the world are discovering how much they save when they make their fleets of PCs and laptops more energy efficient. Additionally, an increasing number of utility companies offer rebates for organizations using power management solutions. Every year, the information and telecommunications technology industry generates 2% of the world's carbon emissionsthat's the same as a year's worth of air traffic. PCs and monitors account for 39% of these emissions, which is equal to a full year of CO2 emissions from approximately 43.9 million cars43. Unless we make PCs substantially more energy efficient, this number surely will rise because more people are using PCs. According to Gartner Research, there are more than 1 billion PCs in use worldwide, but by 2014, this number is expected to exceed 2
42 43
2009 PC Energy Report, commissioned by 1E and the Alliance to Save Energy Gartner: Conceptualizing Green IT and data center power and cooling issues, September 2007
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billion. Gartner estimates that a company with 2,500 PCs and a power management system uses 91,203 kWh per year. But without a power management system to control their company's PC energy use, that figure jumps up to 988,026 kWh. This costs an extra $92,372 per year, at the US average power price of 10.3 cents an hour. Some Benefits of Shutdown policy:

Security - if a machine is switched off it cannot be infected with viruses or be hacked. Power saving - a power down machine will use very little power - saving energy, money and the environment. By taking the additional step of switching off the power at the socket, you can reduce power usage to zero. Updates - Regular updates are applied when you start your machine up. Regularly shutting down your machine means you will be ensuring that it is fully up to date. Counter to the myth "computers last longer if you leave them on" it has been found that this only applies to fans. All other hardware that tends to fail (like, hard drives) seem to last a lot longer on a computer that is only running half the day so effectively we save on hardware cost by turning off the PCs.
Cost Benefit Analysis A typical PC will use in the order of 90 watts when active (approximately 50 watts for the base unit, and 40 watts for a typical LCD screen); and three to four watts when asleep. Up to 10% of a modern offices electricity demand might be due to and PCs and monitors44.
Table 2: Cost benefit analysis when computer left switched on without any power management
Average Power Consumption per PC when left On (Watts) Avg No. of hours for which PC is left idle on a week day Total Consumption on a weekday (wh) Total Weeknights in an Year 52 Weeks X 5 days per week Total Weekday consumption in an Year (wh) Avg No. of hours per PC when left idle on a weekend Total Consumption Per PC Per Weekend (wh) Total Weekends per year Total Weekend consumption in a year Total Consumption in an Year (wh) Total in kwh Average cost of 1 unit of electricity in India Average Cost per PC per year in Rs.
84 14 1176 260 305760 48 4032 52 209664 515424 515.424 4 2061.696
Sleepless of Seattle; Why Windows Power Management Doesn't Always Work, Mark Blackburn, Strategy Analyst, 1E, January 2009
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Table 3: Cost benefit analysis when computer left to sleep mode
Average Power Consumption per PC when left On (Watts) Avg No. of hours for which PC is left idle on a week day Total Consumption on a weekday (wh) Total Weeknights in an Year 52 Weeks X 5 days per week Total Weekday consumption in an Year (wh) Avg No. of hours per PC when left idle on a weekend Total Consumption Per PC Per Weekend (wh) Total Weekends per year Total Weekend consumption in a year Total Consumption in an Year (wh) Total in kwh Average cost of 1 unit of electricity in India Average Cost per PC in Rs.
4 14 56 260 14560 48 192 52 9984 24544 24.544 4 98.176
Table 4: Cost benefit analysis when computer is in powered off mode
Average Power Consumption per PC when left On (Watts) Avg No. of hours for which PC is left idle on a week day Total Consumption on a weekday (wh) Total Weeknights in an Year 52 Weeks X 5 days per week Total Weekday consumption in an Year (wh) Avg No. of hours per PC when left idle on a weekend Total Consumption Per PC Per Weekend (wh) Total Weekends per year Total Weekend consumption in a year Total Consumption in an Year (wh) Total in kwh Average cost of 1 unit of electricity in India Average Cost per PC in Rs.
0 14 0 260 0 48 0 52 0 0 0 4 0
7.2.2
Eco Fonts
Ecofont is a TrueType font that is developed by SPRANQ creative communications, located in the Netherlands. The font uses tiny circles placed in the characters to cut down on ink costs. It claims to cut down the amount of ink usage by approximately 15 percent. The free Ecofont is based on the Vera Sans font and is available on Windows, Mac OSX, and Linux; while the original Ecofont Vera Sans typeface is still free downloadable, the website also announces Ecofont Software, a printing solution for business environments that provides printing ecofriendly in any typeface. SPRANQ "hopes to increase environmental awareness" through the Ecofont.
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Advantages:
Saving in printing ink or toner: Ecofont you save (usually up to 25%) on ink or toner. In the knowledge that printing ink is a highly polluting substance that is also one of the most expensive in the world, this represents a substantial saving. Internal awareness: The clear, pleasurable manner of saving with Ecofont will encourage environmentally and cost-conscious behaviour among your employees. Corporate Social Responsibility: Being green is no longer a luxury but essential. By using Ecofont you openly demonstrate that your organisation integrates the interests of the three Ps (People, Planet, Profit) into its operations.
How it works?
You select the Eco variant(s) or your desired font(s) and the number of computers on which it has been installed. You can choose not only familiar fonts, such as Arial, Verdana, Calibri, etc., but also an Eco variant of your own house-style font (Enterprise Edition). You are not tied to a single font. You install Ecofont with a couple of mouse clicks, after which an additional button appears in the Microsoft Word menu bar with the Ecofont logo leaf. You type in the easily legible screen font and, as soon as you click on the Ecofont print button, you print out in this font, but with little holes. The saving is a fact with no detrimental effect on legibility or layout. In order to optimise the legibility of the printed text, we have set an Ecoprint range. Only text up to a particular point size generally 11 points - is printed in the Ecofont font. Larger text is printed in the normal font.
Cost Benefit Analysis: Prices > Home Edition

You pay a one-off sum of 15 including VAT and the Eco variant of the font of your choice. You can then use the Ecoprint software for 3 years. You can purchase additional Ecofont fonts for a small charge from the webshop.
Prices > Small Business Edition
We operate a sliding scale of charges: the more licences you acquire, the lower the price per licence. The starting price per licence is 15 including VAT and the Eco variant of the font of your choice. You can then use the Ecoprint software for 3 years.
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You can purchase additional Ecofont fonts for a small charge from the webshop.
Prices > Enterprise Edition

Organisations with more than 100 work stations receive an offer on request. We have sent a request mail for the above and are awaiting the response of the same
Disadvantages:
Separate button on top of a word document or outlook mail to print in the Ecofont means that employees need to be trained in order to shift from the normal printing button to the green leaf Ecofont print button. Printing must be restricted to 11 or below font size for Ecofont to work effectively which means only standard text word documents and mail will print in Ecofont all others will print in normal fonts. The only supported document types for printing are word and outlook mail all other docs will be printed in the normal fonts. Eg: Pdfs will be printed normally hence will not be saving any printer ink and printing costs.
Due to the above mentioned disadvantages we have to weigh our investment in order to overcome the above problems:
We must initiate an organization wide drive to educate people about the benefits of the Ecofont and educate them on how to use the same during printing a word doc or an outlook mail. But even after these measures we dont have a guarantee as to how many people will actually use the Ecofont button. The company is also willing to help in communicating internally with your employees on the use of Ecofont There is no solution to the problem of restricting the use of font size to 11. Only educating employees to use the font size is the only solution To actually calculate the cost benefit analysis of using Ecofont we must know the percentage of Doc files and Outlook mails printed to the total print outs taken.
Assuming that after educating employees to use Ecofont, all employees will follow the instructions, the following is the saving after installing Ecofont:
Table 5: Eco Fonts savings per PC
Cost Heads Assumptions Percentage of Word docs and Outlook Docs Printed out of total print 50% outs taken Percentage savings over normal printed docs 25% Percentage savings 13% Cost of Printer Cartridge 1000 Green Strategies for ICT Page 49
Total savings on Printer Cartridge Printouts per cartridge Total Savings per printout Total print outs by a single PC in any Year (Assuming 2 print out per day and weekends off) Total print outs by a single PC in 3 years Total Savings per PC for 3 Years Cost of license per PC for 3 years (in Euros) Cost of license per PC for 3 years (in Rs. Assuming a conversion rate of 62) Total Savings per PC
125 1000 0.125 480 1440 180 15 945 -765
If all the assumptions hold true for the above scenario, then there are no cost savings by implementing Ecofont system. Thus we do not recommend the use of Ecofont. 7.2.3 Recycling of Paper for Office Use
The Big Picture With paper comprising up to 40% of the municipal solid waste stream, paper recycling is an obvious and easy way to reduce waste in the workplace. By recycling paper and using recycled paper, trees are spared -- every ton of paper made from recycled fiber saves approximately 17 trees45. Cutting down carbonabsorbing trees contributes to global warming, soil erosion, habitat destruction, and other environmental problems. Paper recycling also makes good business sense -- company disposal costs can dramatically decrease with the advent of a paper recycling program. Reprocessing can turn recycled paper into other paper products numerous times before the paper fibers are too weak to use. White office paper retains much of its value and goes into products such as tissue, paperboard, stationery, magazines, new office paper, and various other paper products. Mixed paper, which includes glossy and colored paper, envelopes, and sticky notes, is less valuable than white paper but also can be recycled into various products. Newsprint and corrugated cardboard can find new lives as the same or similar products. White ledger paper, computer paper, corrugated cardboard, newspaper, paper packaging, envelopes, and other mixed papers can be recycled in most areas. In order to help create robust markets for recycled paper products, businesses and consumers also need to purchase products made from recycled paper. A paper recycling program should operate in tandem with efforts to purchase office products made from recycled content. In our look at what it would take to make a zero waste office, we provide a number of resources for greening paper
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use and purchases as well as other aspects of the office. Even though 100 percent recycled paper is out there, virgin fiber makes up a large portion of the paper that is manufactured, Tensie Whelan of the Rainforest Alliance explains. When you can't buy recycled, be sure to look for products that come from certified sustainable sources. Key Players
Recycling vendors collect and recycle paper. Their ability to sell paper depends on the current state of the commodities market, which responds to demand for recycled fibers. Recycling coordinators must have the time and motivation to start and maintain a recycling program.
Getting Down to Business Companies easily integrate paper recycling into normal business operations. In addition to office paper recycling, businesses that use and receive large quantities of packaging or generate large quantities of paper waste in a manufacturing process can recycle that waste. Recycling bins placed next to employees' desks, or in common areas encourage separation and disposal of recyclable paper. Most successful programs educate employees and have an office recycling coordinator to facilitate the program. Some examples:
Bank of America's recycling programs grew from an initial diversion of 1,400 tons per year of computer and white paper in 1970 to divert 14,591 tons of paper in 1997. The company saved an estimated $483,000 in trash hauling fees by recycling paper. (Figures stated are pre-merger with NationsBank.) The bank has also undertaken major source reduction such as changing report procedures, reducing forms, using two-sided copying, routing slips, and e-mail46. Hewlett Packard diverted from landfill 78% in 1997, or approximately 91 million pounds, of solid waste. Most of this material was recycled, including 43 million pounds of paper -- an amount equivalent to more than 367,000 trees. HP also offers its own brand of recycled content office paper, containing 20% post-consumer recycled content. The company, along with other printer makers, has been adding features to products to help users reduce paper use, such as with duplex printing47. NYNEX, a division of Bell Atlantic, recycles old phone books into payment remittance envelopes. The envelopes contain at least 75% recycled content. "By using recycled envelopes, we are creating a new, additional market for old directories," said Ken Teal, director of Environmental Issues for NYNEX Informational Resources Co., publisher of NYNEX's White Pages and Yellow
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Pages. "We've now created the opportunity for every phone book to be recycled and, in fact, are beginning to realize that the demand for old phone books happily is exceeding the supply."48 Scholastic announced in early 2008 its plan to recycled paper make up onefourth of its total paper use, with 75 percent of that paper containing postconsumer waste. In 2007, only 11 percent of its recycled paper contained post-consumer content.49
The Upside

Financial savings from decreased garbage disposal costs. Environmental benefits from cutting fewer trees and energy savings from less virgin paper production.
Reality Check
Setting up an office paper recycling system typically requires a commitment from an employee or group of employees and also requires time to educate employees. It may require a capital investment in recycling bins. If your current waste hauler does not collect recyclables, working with an alternative vendor could increase administrative tasks and costs. If the recycling vendor does not pick up recyclables, your company may have to transport materials to a recycling site, requiring staff time and transportation costs. An industrial paper recycler may have difficulty finding a vendor to accept its materials, or to find space to store large quantities of recyclables such as corrugated cardboard. Recycling markets can be volatile -- the price paid for recycled paper may fluctuate, making the economics of recycling occasionally unprofitable.
Action Plan A successful paper recycling program requires employee participation and source separation of materials. Recycling bins must stay clean and free from non-paper contaminants. Some general steps to setting up an office paper recycling system are:

Keep it simple. The fewer changes people must make in their daily routines to recycle, the greater the chances for success. Get top management support. It's critical that everyone know who's backing recycling efforts. Get the CEO, COO, or CFO involved in announcing the program and rallying support.
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Provide sufficient instructions. Label bins or collection boxes with clear information about what to put in -- and what to keep out. Refer to specific company forms and documents by name and number, if necessary (e.g., "Put Req. Form 3503 here."). Monitor and follow up. Use surveys, interviews, and inspections to see how the system is working. Spot-check recycling bins and trash cans to see if people are following directions about what to put where. Seek feedback. Have someone available to answer employee questions. Ask employees their ideas on how to make the system easier to use. Measure. Keep track of where paper is going: how much of what kinds of paper are being purchased, discarded, and recycled. That will help you establish recycling goals and track their progress. Keep building awareness. Market recycling programs through newsletters, posters, e-mail, and company meetings. Let everyone know how the program is going, including how much trash is being saved -- or could be saved -- from landfills. Reward and recognize. Give prizes -- or at least recognition -- to individuals and departments doing a good job. Consider offering incentives and motivators, such as prizes or special events, for exemplary recycling efforts. Involve your waste hauler. Many firms have in-house expertise they can lend to help set up, maintain, or improve a program. Make such services-including monitoring, measuring, and reporting-part of the negotiations for your waste-hauling contract. Don't rest on your laurels. Keep in mind that even the most successful recycling programs need continuous improvement, fresh thinking, and periodic overhauling.
Bottom Line Paper recycling is straightforward and relatively easy to implement and can provide result both in cost reduction and in demonstrating to employees your company's commitment to environmental responsible practices. These days, with many large and small companies recycling at least some office and workplace papers, paper recycling represents a minimum, baseline environmental commitment for a company.
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CHAPTER 8: INDUSTRYS VIEW ON GREEN TELECOM

The Telecom Industry has always taken a very proactive approach to reduce the Carbon Foot Print over the years. Since the late 1990s the Industry realized that power availability was a main issue in providing good quality telecom service as even urban areas were starved of 24 hrs power availability. Hence all cell sites needed DG back up. Thus led to use of large voltage stabilizers which added to power losses and hence carbon foot print. Thus leading operators in the Industry have been putting a lot of efforts in the past decade in studying the various techniques which could lead not only to lower carbon foot print but also lower cost. During the past decade Indian Telecom entered into rural site, the cost of energy went higher due to more dependence on expensive diesel generator sets and low-efficiency energy conditioning devices. Attempts have been made to reduce the running of diesel generators by storing energy in batteries and increasing efficiencies of the air conditioning systems and power conditioning equipment in the past. However, with reducing ARPUs, increasing infrastructure cost, competition and energy costs with rural penetration, these steps have proved to be insufficient to keep the operations profitable for telecom operators. From ICT Industry perspective the major contribution for Diesel use comes from Mobile communication. In India we have over 300,000 telecom towers with an average power consumption of 5-6 KW and average 6.5 hrs of Diesel generator running to provide back-up power during power outages. The no. of hours of diesel usage are much higher in Rural areas; approx. 10-14Hrs a day. On the average the diesel consumption per site, per hour is approx. 2.1 Lit which contributes to around 6 M Lit for diesel consumption and 27 M Units of electricity consumption per day. This emits around 17,000 Tons of CO2 due to Diesel and 24,000 Tons of CO2 due to grid power. Based on the emphasis given to ICT industry, this consumption of Diesel and Grid power is going to get doubled in 3-5 years of time if we continue using the same technologies. With the projected growth in telecom the towers are spreading in remote rural areas and are going to double in 3-5 years time frame. If no action is taken right now the Carbon foot print is going to increase by the same ratio. This process of energy efficient and their carbon savings has been accelerated and has now gathered a lot of momentum. The following initiatives have been taken over the years:
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Table 6: Evolution of Energy Saving Initiatives
S. No. 1
Year 1998-2003
2 3 4 5
2003-2006 2006-2009 2009-2011 2010-2011
Key Initiative Replace Servo Voltage Stabilizer/Isolation Transformer with highly efficient Solid state based PIU which save @ 0.5KW/Hr Use of PCM is sites with poor EB availability. Helped reduce DG usage while running sites on Battery and Cooled PCM. It saved@ 4L/day diesel consumption Introduction of TRX Switch off at Night. Introduction of Low power consumption TRX New Generation BTS Low Power Consumption Switch to Outdoor BTS, hence now need of Air-conditioning Use of Alternate Sources of Energy like Solar power, etc.
Following are the view points from the industry: 8.1 Association of Unified Telecom Service Providers of India (AUSPI)50 Increasing carbon footprint- Contribution of telecom industry The use of alternate sources of energy is very important as existing wireless networks are rapidly expanding and new networks for 3G and BWA services would soon be rolled out. With expanding broadband, huge data centres are also being created for hoisting web content. With growing telecom networks, the carbon footprint from the telecom sector is also increasing. This growth should not be at the cost of environment and there is a need to reduce its carbon footprint. Indian mobile operators and equipment vendors are working on a number of initiatives to develop energy efficient networks by designing and deploying low energy BTSs that is powered by renewable energy. Cell sites account for most of the energy consumed by mobile networks as these are dependent on diesel generators power for sustained operations. It is estimated that India as a country consumes more than 2 billion litres of diesel per year for cell sites. Most sites in rural and urban areas require power back up through diesel generators as power supply is erratic. If these BTSs can be run on renewable energy resources than annual carbon emissions is expected to reduce by more than 6.3 million tons. Methods / options to reduce the carbon foot print by Telecom industry in India The lack of grid power leads to extremely high usage of number of Diesel Generator Sets which are causing very high carbon emission and high usage of Diesel in addition to exorbitant cost of operation of the sites. With more and more sites getting added to the network it is imperative to provide grid power as well as start using non-conventional energy/ alternate energy sources for Telecom sites. The use of non-conventional energy sources in India for spread of telecom services would be beneficial to reduce the carbon
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footprint by telecom industry in India. In order to manage carbon footprint following steps have been recommended to manage the energy consumption. There is a need to map and report the Carbon Footprint across the Telecom industry under various segments like o Operators o Infrastructure Providers/ Tower Companies o Manufacturers of Telecom equipment This is essential to undertake a regular monitoring of the actual carbon footprint under these specific areas in the telecom industry and thereby help in identification of steps to be focused in addressing the requirement of enhancing the Green measures in the industry. There is a need for companies to map their carbon footprint and take appropriate action to reduce CO2 emissions. Use of Non-Conventional sources of energy wherever feasible for meeting the energy requirements. Increase energy efficiency of new network equipment and optimize network technology to increase energy efficiency. Influencing suppliers tightening the environmental criteria in procurement principles. These should cover energy consumption and environmental impacts of products and services, from manufacturing to usage and disposal
For example, Broadband Moving from DSL-based broadband to passive optical network saves power usage costs. In Radio Networks power saving techniques includes network sharing, cell optimization, site optimization, integrated power saving features in the BTS, more efficient amplifiers, tower top-mounted radios etc. Need for carbon credit policy for telecom sector The electricity requirement is mounting with the data traffic growth and increased overall network penetration of telecom networks. Electricity is one of the major cost components in every major telecom company P&L account. In view of increasing energy requirement, there should be increased focus on implementation of Green technologies to reduce the carbon footprint. The initiatives of the Indian mobile industry to reduce its direct emissions can only sustain through subsidy framework and the creation of tax incentives. The carbon credit policy for telecom sector would be an incentive for operators choosing to use renewable sources of energy but the its success programme. However, large scale deployment of renewable sources of energy based on carbon credits would depend on premium it commands.
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Cost implication for adopting alternate energy source While technical feasibility for running telecom networks on non-renewable sources is there but the present cost of using such technologies based on Solar, Wind and fuel cell etc is prohibitively expensive and the payback period for such investment is very high. Standardization of Green Telecom equipment and incentive for their adoption & Incentive schemes for promoting Alternate source of energy in telecom sector Standards if defined can help green telecom efforts. International standards stimulate large production of standard equipment and help vendors to exploit economies of scale. Standards if adopted internationally can help larger adoption of green technologies. However, there are conflicts between defining standards and technology neutrality and therefore while defining any standards, it should always be borne in mind that no technology is preferred over the other. To begin with we could consider use of universal chargers for mobile phones in order to reduce number of chargers and amount of wire used, and Common base stations for dual technology. The use of non-conventional energy sources is presently not popular in telecom sector because of its prohibitive costs and large space requirements. The stakeholders are inclined to use these sources but at the same time wanted support from government in various forms like capital expenditure subsidy, concessional rates for various Government levies/taxes etc. The Capital expenditure involved in setting up of non-conventional energy infrastructure should be fully subsidized by the appropriate authorities. Even after that the operations and maintenance expenses will be borne by the service providers. The Department of Non-conventional Energy Resources has devised a scheme for operators to promote the use of solar power and alternative fuel sources specifically for use by the Telecom sector but that is not enough to meet the operational loses. 8.2 Infrastructure and Logistics Federation of India (ILFI)51 A multi-pronged approach needs to be adopted to counter the impact of energy consumption and the subsequent carbon footprint generated by telecom towers. The issue needs to tackle at the following levels: Technology: Technology can be leveraged to a great extent in addressing the carbon footprint generated by telecom towers. 1) Reduce power consumption at sites Telecom equipment and cooling equipment used in the passive tower infrastructure consume the highest energy. This can be addressed at two levels. Power efficient outdoor telecom equipment Use of low power consuming telecom equipment which is optimized for use in outdoor and open air environment Cooling Solutions
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o Introduction of green shelters that reduce the need for cooling o Use of Non-Adiabatic Air Conditioners (or Compressor less Air Conditioners) & Free Cooling Units. These technologies reduce the need for power by 30-40% because they rely on outside air and evaporative cooling to cool equipment o Use of thermal batteries to maintain constant temperatures for a long time Use of efficient energy management solutions that deliver optimal mix from a varied variety of energy sources depending the availability and requirement 2) Alternative Energy for Reduction in Diesel Dependence There are various technology options for reducing dependence from diesel generators as an alternative source of energy and thereby reducing the carbon footprint. They include: Solar Energy - Solar energy can be used to convert into electricity to power telecom towers. Solar energy solutions would be the optimal choice for alternative energy in remote sites that are not connected to the power grid directly, thereby reducing the need for prolonged use of diesel generators. Solar energy is clean and carbon free Fuel Cells One of the widely emerging alternate energy solutions is the use of fuel cells for powering telecom towers. These cells rely on Hydrogen and other Hydrocarbons and have literally zero emissions. DC Based Generators DC generators save a significant amount of energy by reducing conversion losses. These generators come with a variable speed engine that delivers major fuel and carbon saving options at lower loads Wind Energy There are solutions which convert wind energy into electrical energy which could power telecom towers Regulation: There needs to be a policy that drives the implementation of green telecom technologies for curbing the environmental impact telecom towers create. The government needs to come up with green compliance standards by defining carbon emission thresholds by the telecom towers. Further the government can also look at implementing a carbon credit policy for telecom and tower operators so as to motivate them to look for green telecom tower solutions Incentivizing: While most of the above mentioned technologies are available in India, the cost implications for implementation of these technologies are quite high. Additionally, most of the telecom operators do not find financial viability in opting for high cost green tower equipment and concepts primarily because of the low revenues/ ARPUs they expect especially from rural and low subscriber density regions. The government needs to consider this aspect and provide incentives to the operators and the technology providers that motivate them to adopt such technologies. There is a lot of private
investment going into R&D of these green technologies. The government should look for ways and means to hasten up this process through proactive support and subsidization of the technology development process so that it becomes more affordable in the longer term. A robust carbon credit policy for the ICT sector could be a great way forward so that companies could offset the costs through trading of carbon credits for the energy saved while operating towers. Aside of that, extending existing incentives such as allowing 80% depreciation benefit for use of solar and wind based power to run telecom towers, to other alternative power/ energy saving technologies could trigger faster adoption of green tower technologies. 8.3 Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI)52 Methods / options to reduce the carbon foot print by ICT industry in India The mitigation of carbon footprints through the development of alternative projects, such as solar or wind energy or reforestation, represents one way of reducing a carbon footprint. Methods to reduce the carbon foot print by ICT industry in India calls for a
combination of incentives and subsidies, including market and fiscal mechanisms to help environment management by industry and people in their day to day working. Environment education and awareness is also critically important in this context. Other options are:
Energy consumption is a significant ingredient in running and maintaining telecom networks. Reducing the carbon footprint should be a adopted as a good practice for the telecom sector, inclusive of service providers and the associated industries of the sector, particularly, the telecom equipment manufacturers. Government should provide Incentives for the development and use of Alternative energy such as solar or wind energy The guidelines need to be in place for recycling of waste materials. The procedure for installation of new infrastructure should be aligned with the environmental policies. Adequate thrust should be on Environment education and awareness creation. Investment in new technology which contains less hazardous material and is, thus, easy to recycle. Introduction of energy efficient technologies.
Standardization of Green Telecom equipment and incentive for their adoption. Standardisation benefits economies of scale, therefore lower unit costs, therefore accelerator of growth. However it is important to consider that it is a market which is still in its infancy. The market is still innovating rapidly, therefore forcing standardisation may reduce innovation/advances. Base stations, and their locations/markets are very different to each other and therefore very difficult to select
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one size fits all solutions. By selecting/promoting specific designs/products the procurement decisions shift aware from the people that know best i.e. the MNOs /tower companies. However as a progressive industry, we do believe it is possible to make recommendations that operators/tower companies move towards standardised designs. Framework for monitoring carbon emission and corrective action for telecom sector The model guidelines / methodologies being practiced internationally should be carefully examined and further discussions should be held to arrive at a monitoring mechanism which is best suited for the India environment. We are also aware that the bodies such as GSMA are working towards investigating the possibility of a standardised, global methodology for measuring energy consumption and carbon emissions. Hence it would be imperative to take into consideration the same while adopting or framing guidelines to monitor carbon emissions. Options for environment friendly alternate energy sources In India, More than 80,000 villages do not even have a grid electricity pole anywhere near. Supplying power to these areas still remains a challenge for telecom companies. Adapting Alternative Sources of Energy for Powering BTS Sites is essential. It is estimated that 118,000 renewable energy base stations could save up to 2.5 billion litres of diesel a year and cut annual carbon emissions by up to 6.3 million tons. (Industry Estimates) Various sources of Energy that can power the BTS are: 1) Solar Energy Solar DG Hybrid Solar - Wind Hybrid 2) Wind DG Hybrid 3) Biomass Gasifier 4) Biofuels blending with diesel Cost implication for adopting alternate energy sources Both operators and infrastructure solutions companies have been making commitments to adopt renewable energy resources, be it as a part of corporate social responsibility or a measure to reduce opex. The industry has been talking of innovations like tapping renewable energy reservoirs to meet power needs. A prime reason is being the high cost of deployment of these energy sources and the long period to earn RoI. The costing details of some of the Renewable Energy Options are as given in table below:
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Table 7: Renewable Energy Options- Costing Details
Solution Solar / DG Hybrid Wind /DG Biomass gasifier Bio diesel
Capex Opex /Year Solar Rs 13 lakhs DG 15 kVA DG @ 10 hrs per day running is Rs 4.6 @ Rs 2.2 lacs lakhs pa Solar AMC Rs 0.25 lakh pa Wind Rs 9 lakhs DG 15 kVA @ Wind opex Rs 0.5 lakh pa Rs 2.2 lacs Biomass gasifier 10 kW is Rs Biomass @ 10 hrs per day running is 7 lakhs DG 15 kVA @ Rs 2.2 Rs 2.5 lakhs. lacs Biodiesel modified kit Approx Saving of Rs 2 per lit Rs 10,000
Incentive schemes for promoting Alternate source of energy in telecom sector Over the past few years, telecommunications has started to use renewable energy systems to power relay towers in remote areas. Some telecom service providers have started operating mobile repeater and relay stations, which harness solar and wind energy with the wind turbines foisted on the telecom towers. We are unaware of any existing incentive schemes. But commonly discussed options are for Tax incentives Pilot grants CAPEX subsidies Allocation of USO funds to renewable energy cell towers in rural/remote regions.
The investment on the site will depend on the kind of power supply a BTS is dependent on. Ideally, for a solar solution onetime investments will be about Rs 40-45 lakh per site. Since USO Fund is committed to take care of three-fourth of the investments, it may not end- up to be a huge burden. But, a matter of concern is the recurring maintenance cost that operators have to bear which comes to about Rs 4,000 per month, per site. The biggest concern is that operators may not be interested in sharing the maintenance cost and risks associated. The support of the Government towards Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for such initiatives by the service providers is necessary. The Government support is required to ensure that the USO-F devises a scheme to provide VGF to service providers who deploy alternate energy sources in their mobile networks. Further, the scheme titled Subsidy Support from USO Fund to Establish the Use of Renewable Energy in the Telecom Sector on Pilot Project basis in Rural and Remote Areas provides subsidy support from the government of up to 75% of the project cost. We also believe that to begin with the Capital subsidy should be at least 75% of the capital cost involved in setting up of any renewable energy solution.
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8.4 Alcatel Lucent53 Many of the opportunities for Telcos to enable reductions in CO2 emissions (emissions) are well understood. Indeed the industry is already active in a number of areas. Green Solutions However can be made more viable with greater collaboration between Telcos, government and governing authorities, these solutions/practices can be further developed to drive key behavioral changes that are likely to in turn reduce emissions for both businesses and private individuals. 90% of energy consumption in the mobile network comes from wireless access. Equipment with high energy consumption also increases accessory power consumption and equipment room air conditioners, resulting in more consumption by the entire system. So wireless access is the main area where we should start the green initiatives from. In Telecom the major reduction in Carbon Foot Print can come from the cell phone towers. The governing authorities (TRAI) Ministry (DOT, MNRE) can really fuel up this whole green contribution from the Telecom Sector. A few key challenges faced by Operators/Vendors/Tower Companies & their possible solution recommendations are numerated as under Policy Regularizations No clear Carbon Credit Policy is in place. Recommendation Solution: A clear Policy should be mandated with detailed modalities of how the carbon credit can be used /exchanged in the telecom market place. What benefit the telcos can enjoy if they reduce the carbon emission or alternatively what price they need to pay in case they fail to achieve the benchmarked figure of permissible CO2 emissions. Cost Implications Each solar panel costs about Rs 28 lakh. Recommendation Solution: The government currently is providing subsidy of 30 %, however to make these solutions feasible on ground the subsidies should be more in the initial years so that the CAPEX can be managed. The subsidies can be reduced in the later years after the beak even is achieved for the alternate solutions. Making it possible Availability of the Alternate Energy Solutions in India, mostly the equipment needs to be imported from outside the country. Recommendation Solution: Lesser import duties on the equipment and a strict mandate of transfer of technology for eg Within 3 years of importing equipment from outside the country, a policy of local manufacturing should be enforced.
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Ecosystem Definition Lack of clarity on the role of the different stake Holders in the Green Telecom ecosystem. Recommendation Solution: Clarity in the Roles & responsibilities of regulatory and non-regulatory bodies. 8.5 WTTIL-Quippo54 Methods / options to reduce the carbon foot print by ICT industry in India Carbon Footprint of ICT industry can be reduced in: 1) Energy Generation: Alternative Energy generation calls for investments in various forms. 2) Energy Usage: Offers highest internal abatement opportunities which have a direct impact in terms of cost savings along with reduced carbon footprints. 3) Energy Distribution: The energy losses at the point of interconnection, voltage and power quality regulation can be reduced. Standardization of Green Telecom equipment and incentive for their adoption BEE is working out star ratings for industrial equipment. TRAI could insist on star ratings or equivalent rating systems on products being used by telecom operators, given the variety of equipment used this might be a challenge. However for commonly employed devices such ratings would prove to be a valuable indicator of energy performance. Manufacturers of higher star rated products automatically charge a premium. Further, carbon credits and other benefits that get accrued can be shared between the user and supplier of the equipment. Framework for monitoring carbon emission and corrective action for telecom sector ISO 14064 compliant accounting could be considered by the operators to monitor carbon emissions. GHG protocol is a publicly available standard that can also be used. It would be important to use frameworks that are based on publicly available standards to ensure transparency of the monitoring process. Incentive schemes for promoting Alternate source of energy in telecom sector The following types of benefits are relevant: Tax holidays Depreciation benefits on all or part of infrastructure Subsidies on capital cost Discount on tariff rates Subsidy on running costs of alternative energy equipment
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Subsidy on costs of replacing equipment with higher carbon emission with more environmentally acceptable technologies.
Policies must be pushed to use of promote alternative energy used by telecom companies. This will promote investments into green energy over and above the captive consumption needed. For tower operators given that generation is highly distributed and thus has higher costs as compared to large scale power generation and even other off-grid/rooftop application additional incentives linked to percentage of sites covered/percentage of renewable energy in overall energy mix should be provided. Given the often higher costs of alternatives, the size of subsidies to incentivize alternative solutions could be large. Subsidies, from Universal Service Fund (USOF) or other sources could also be considered for tower companies to help fund a systematic replacement of carbon emitting fuels by cleaner ones over an agreed timeframe. Another way of subsidizing the costs of telecom players would be through waivers or reimbursement of fees or applicable taxes. 8.6 Indus Towers55 Methods/Options to reduce Carbon Footprint by ICT Industry in India Presently a lot of effort is being done worldwide to reduce the Carbon foot print for ICT industry. 1) Reduce power consumption of equipment We need to work with equipment vendors to make more efficient BTS and other hardware. Leading operators like Bharti-Airtel, Vodafone, and Idea have worked actively in the past 5 years with vendors like Nokia/Ericsson to bring about huge improvement in the energy consumption in BTSs While those Vendors were focused in Europe, building new 3G equipment, the Indian operators worked with them to build next generation 2G equipment to consume less power which reduced power consumption per tenant. This allowed reduction of Carbon foot print and lower operating cost. 2) Three Methods were employed By modifying Hardware and Software to enable turning off extra TRXs of BTS during off-peak periods or night hours of low traffic. By introducing newer generation TRX hardware both in new BTS as well as replacing older ones. Use of Outdoor BTS in place of Indoor BTS.
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The impact of each of these three strategies is as per tables below:

Table 8: Reduction in EB MW/year and Diesel L/year due to Night Shut down off TRX
Table 9: Reduction of EB in MW/Yr due to upgrade of Old TRX/BTS to new generation equipment
The third option which is most significant for ICT to reduce carbon footprint is by opting for Outdoor BTS in place of Indoor ones. Indoor BTS need an Air conditioner to run to keep BTS cooled as it was designed to operate at 25 degrees Celsius. Effect on the Air-conditioning consumed almost as much power (60 to 70%) of BTS power leading to huge wastages of power, a lot of being produced using DG sets. Hence many Indian operators have been planning equipment vendors to deliver large capacity (4/4/4) outdoor BTS, (these were earlier limited to microcell of TRX capacity). Efforts have been successful and now about 60% BTSs deployed are outdoor type and the trend will move up to 90-100% in next few years. With the introduction of 3G many old large BTS will also be upgraded over next 3 years as Outdoor BTS. The overall impact is as per the table below:
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Table 10: Conversion of Outdoor BTSs to Indoor BTS and EB MW and Diesel L saved.
Just above 3 methods provides us 217.2 Million Liters of diesel saving. Every one Liter of Diesel emits about 2.7Kg Carbon dioxide equivalent of 734gm Carbon, means we can save about 6Lac Ton of CO2 in next 5 years by adopting right technology only. Some other techniques were also used in early 2000 to reduce power Consumption and Carbon footprint by Telecom Industry.
Table 11: Brief Summary of per BTS Saving.
Other Methods to Reduce Carbon footprint: There are multiple options available in market to save energy for telecom sites and alternate energy sources to reduce Carbon emission: To reduce the number of sites: Use the spectrum and technology in such a way so as to increase the coverage and reduce number of sites. This leads to optimal use of power. Cooling Solutions Enhancement Use of more & more outdoor type of equipment to avoid any cooling requirement as covered already above in Active Equipment Energy Saving Technique.
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Use of Free Cooling Units (FCU) & compressor less cooling system for maintaining the shelter temperature. These technologies reduce the compressor running by using outside air and evaporative cooling. This reduces the cooling power consumed by telecom equipment by 30-40%. Use of Thermal Batteries which maintains its long expectancy even during higher temperature for a long time. Use of alternate energy solutions. Optimization of use of conventional fuels in current installations, introducing non-conventional green energy generation options and therefore optimizing hybrid solutions for power. Replacing/upgrading equipment at installations which have lower energy consumption and are technologically superior and more robust.
Cost impact of alternate sources of energy Presently all the above technologies are available in India, but they are quite expensive to make business case for the operators only from financial angle. Government has already taken some initiative to have upto 80% depreciation for use of Solar & Wind power and is working on some kind of subsidy for these technologies. These types of benefits should be extended to other available technologies to improve penetration of these technologies and get Carbon Credits for the country. Solar hybrid solutions which seem to be currently the only pragmatic solution, entails a capital expenditure of about Rs 2.5 lacs per KW. Incentive Scheme for promoting Alternate Sources of Energy The MNRE has currently proposed a very positive scheme for Central Financial Assistance for adoption of alternative energy for telecom. In order to encourage maximum conversions, these schemes should be valid for at least 5 years. It will take that time considering the fact that there are over 3 lacs tower installations in the country. Only long term players with large volume rollout plans should be encouraged to ensure that incentives are put to good use for long term benefits of the nation. Tower cos should also be provided incentives to upgrade equipment with lower power needs for increased workloads. The types of incentives are: Carbon Credit Subsidy Common DOT fund for New Town Infra based on Alternate Sources of energy and permit to operate on BOOL basis for IP-1 company
8.7 Conclusion Green Telecom Agreement has to be adopted by all level playing Operators and Tower Companies to strengthen global initiatives under taken by Government of India with equal impetus from Government grants and support required by ICT. Availability of technology and resources are not the constraints, however ways and means needs to be developed for its promotion through TRAI initiated DOT and MNRE coordinated efforts
to support Green Telecom within the ICT for next Gen and make Indias Global position stronger in years to come.
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CHAPTER 9: VIRTUALIZATION
Virtualization is becoming an important technology across all parts of the IT environment in India. Virtualization is being used as a tool for consolidation and as a means to reduce space and power requirements and thereby helping the organization in becoming green. Apart from this, virtualization also helps an organization bring business continuity to a large part of the IT infrastructure of the organization. Virtualization adoption is about extracting maximum benefits from a companys existing IT infrastructure and saving on investments for future projects. Soaring real estate prices and increasing labour cost are other factors driving the virtualization market in India. Virtualization is a general term that encompasses the abstraction of different computer resources. It consists of the following types: Server virtualization Network virtualization Desktop virtualization Application virtualization Storage virtualization
9.1 Server Sprawl Current approach: Hosting applications on dedicated servers. The IT managers install servers whose capacities are sufficiently large so that the QoS guarantees are met during peak load hours. As a result, organizations have multiple servers that remain under-utilized most of the time. According to a Gartner research paper by P. Dawson and T. J. Bittman, Virtualization Changes Virtually Everything, Gartner Research 2008, roughly 80% to 90% of the x86 computing capacity is unused at any one time. This disproportion in server usage is called server sprawl. Server sprawl is a situation in which multiple, under-utilized servers take up more space and consume more resources than can be justified by their workload.Preventing server sprawl: System virtualization/ Server virtualization- System virtualization reduces the number of machines required, reducing capex and the opex costs of cooling them. Application consolidation- Application consolidation helps in running multiple applications on the same OS. This increases the system load and systems with higher loads have higher efficiency at a given power supply level.
9.2 Server Virtualization: Virtualization softwares allow one to run multiple virtual machines on the same physical host. Other advantages of server virtualization:
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These virtual machines run in separate environments. Therefore, errors with the operating system or application will not bring down other virtual guests that are running parallel on the same physical host. Server virtualization can help heighten security, make restores quicker, improve fault tolerance and reduce server maintenance costs. Cost benefits of virtualization arise out of:o Virtualization results in consolidation of the redundant servers: Hardware savings. o Increase in operational efficiency: Lesser expenditure on cooling systems.
9.3 Server Consolidation It aims at reducing the number of servers leveraging server virtualization. The key benefits of server consolidation are: Reduction in hardware maintenance costs: HW maintenance costs are typically paid per server and, as a consequence, the fewer the servers; the smaller is the overall expense. Typical values are in the range of 300 - 900 Euros for Intel platform servers. Reduction in network connectivity costs: The reduction of the number of servers brings about a reduction of the number of ports and cables used for the LAN and SAN connections. Reduction in floor space costs: The relevance of such a benefit is obviously on the level of utilization of the datacenter. It is clearly an extremely important benefit when the datacenter is almost fully utilized but it can be considered almost irrelevant when the datacenter utilization level is low. Reduction in power consumption costs: Lower power consumption due to lesser number of servers and lower refrigeration costs. Enhancement of the Green IT image of the company.
9.4 Application Consolidation An application consolidation project aims at reducing the number of application instances. An example is provided by a project in which 10 application instances each running in its own OS instance are replaced by 10 application instances running in the same OS instance.Advantages of application consolidation: Reduction in application license costs: Cost benefits through reduction of SW licensing costs. Reduction of management costs: Cost benefits through reduction in application maintenance costs.
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9.5 Cost-benefit analysis of server virtualization through power savings:

Table 12: Pre-virtualization power consumption of data center site 1
SITE 1 Max cooling requirem ent (BTU/h) Qty 530 922 874 632 197 189 300 550 339 459 789 1806 3143 2984 2159 674 646 1550 1875 1155 1568 2723 7 2 2 4 2 1 3 1 1 5 1 29 Total occupancy (rack Unit) 14 8 14 20 0 6 18 5 2 25 4 116 Total Power consumpt ion (W) 3710 1844 1748 2528 394 189 900 550 339 2295 789 15286 Total cooling requirem ent (BTU/h) 12642 6286 5968 8636 1348 646 4650 1875 1155 7840 2723 53769
Vendor HP HP HP HP HP HP
Occupancy Server Model (rack Unit) PROLIANT DL380G3 PROLIANT DL580G3 PROLIANT ML530G2 PROLIANT ML370G3 PROLIANT BL20P
Max Power (W) 2 4 7 5 0 6 6 5 2 5 4
pClass Chassis POWEREDGE 2400 DELL POWEREDGE 2500 DELL POWEREDGE 2650 DELL POWEREDGE 2900 DELL PRIMERGY FJ-SIEMENSTX200 TOTAL
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Table 13: Pre-virtualization power consumption of data center site 2

SITE 2 Total occupancy Total Power (rack consumption Unit) (W) 2 2 2 4 3 13 4 10 12 20 21 67 1060 900 600 2200 1920 6680 Total cooling requirem ent (BTU/h) 3612 3072 3100 7500 6555 23839
Vendor HP DELL DELL DELL DELL
Occupancy Server Model (rack Unit) PROLIANT DL380G3 POWEREDGE 1800 POWEREDGE 2400 POWEREDGE 2500 POWEREDGE 6400 TOTAL
Max Power (W) 2 5 6 5 7 530 450 300 550 640
Max cooling requirement (BTU/h) 1806 1536 1550 1875 2185
Qty
Overall Total
42
183
21966
77608
Table 14: Post-virtualization power consumption of data center site 1
SITE 1 Max cooling requirem ent (BTU/h) Qty Total occupancy (rack Unit) Total Power consumpt ion (W) Total cooling requirem ent (BTU/h)
Vendor
Occupancy Server Model (rack Unit) BladeCenterH Chassis Blade HS21XM System x3650 NS3600 TOTAL
Max Power (W)
IBM IBM IBM IBM
651 370 662 855
2224 1263 2262 1928
1 3 1 1 6
9 0 2 4 15
651 1110 662 855 3278
2224 3789 2262 1928 10203
2 4
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Table 15: Post-virtualization power consumption of data center site 2
SITE 2 Max cooling requireme nt (BTU/h) Qty Total occupancy Total Power (rack consumption Unit) (W) Total cooling requirem ent (BTU/h)
Vendor
Occupancy Server Model (rack Unit) BladeCenterH Chassis Blade HS21XM NS3600 TOTAL
Max Power (W)
IBM IBM IBM
651 370 855
2224 1263 1928
1 2 1 4
9 0 4 13
651 740 855 2246
2224 2526 1928 6678
Overall Total
10
28
5524
16881
Figure 11: Comparative summary of the power consumption of the data centers pre-virtualization and post-virtualization
Summary System power required Cooling power required Overall required power (W) Annual energy consumption (kWh)
21966 22744.65417 44710.65417 391665.3305 Rs 9 industrial 3524987.975 costs 230 approx
Annual energy cost () in Rs. Equivalent carbon dioxide emissions (tons)
Summary System power required Cooling power required Overall required power (W) Annual energy consumption (kWh)
5524 4947.332 10471.33 91728.86 Rs 9 industrial 825559.8 costs 55.59 approx
Annual energy cost () in Rs Equivalent carbon dioxide emissions (tons)
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9.6 Case studies on cost benefits of virtualization 9.6.1 Virtualized Data Center- Big Savings for Crest Animation Studio56
Background of the Organization: Crest 3 is an animation studio in Mumbai. Animation movies like Shrek and Ice Age have been made thanks to the evolution of 3D animation and graphics. Some of those fascinating characters were brought to life on workstations at the Crest 3 animation studio. Problem Statement: Although Crest started life by providing special effects to Indian movies, it gradually moved into 3D animation to TV series, high-end DVD series and feature films. In 2005, Crest bagged a coveted project to produce the first, indigenously-produced, Indian animated feature film. From there, Crest steadily took on prestigious projects one after another expanding its horizon and garnering awards and recognition. In the meanwhile, however, the companys 150-server datacenter was beginning to feel the heat. Thats because the process of rendering integral to creating computer generated imagery or CGI needs a lot of computing power to convert wire-mesh technology into a viewable format. Consequently, its computing needs required about 900 servers. They needed to make do with 450. But we neither had the resources nor the buy-in for that kind of an investment. It wasnt only server requirements that bogged Crest down, storage and network needs also increased rapidly. It became difficult to analyze peak and non-peak times and schedule resources. This was crucial because we used to depend on third-party applications for our rendering needs and this made flexibility and optimum resource utilization a challenge. How did it achieve it:Crest designed a virtualized datacenter that provided the canvas for all of its dream projects to take shape. Crests plan included a 1,500 sq ft datacenter, which housed 450 servers. The new facility, with the additional servers and the cost of manpower, worked out to about Rs 8.2 crore. Challenges: The cost of the project could have been much higher if Crest had not wrung out every last bit of cost from each process. It was achieved through the following: The servers used were configured on Open source relieving Crest of license hassles. The OS and applications were stripped and fine-tuned to achieve maximum performance. The grid and applications were developed and integrated completely in-house. Further integration of about 400 workstations in Crests Mumbai office was done so that during non-working hours they doubled up and added to server capacity.
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Cost Benefits:Crests 200 TB of storage is the worlds second-largest polyserve-based cluster storage. To support high data travel, Crest designed a redundant, load sharing, nonblocking network architecture with 10G/1G interconnects. Where they placed racks, cables and the air-flow mechanisms was designed to reduce any kind of space and resource waste. The entire datacenter is designed with zero over-provisioning and still achieves its goals. Crest got 450 servers to do the work of about 900, saving Crest Rs 28.4 crore. The datacenter also uses 35 percent less electricity, which has helped reduce Opex by 30 percent.
Learnings from the case study: Getting more out of your resources through virtualization. How to get 450 servers to do the job of 900 How to leverage non-working hours to double server capacity 9.6.2 Server Virtualization drives Power Savings at TCS57
Problem Statement: As business at TCS was growing, so was their carbon footprint. With organizations increasingly turning green, for environmental reasons and cost benefits, it turned to virtualization - a single solution to multiple problems. TCS gunned for a place in the top 10. It meant that the company would have to grow fast and add global facilities involving networks, datacenters, etc. It also needed to strengthen its existing IT infrastructure to service a large number of locations globally. However, TCS didn't want to ignore its carbon footprint. So it set up a green IT program to improve productivity and simultaneously reduce cost and carbon footprint. Some of these initiatives are focused toward greening the datacenter, office environments, and optimizing systems to help reduce carbon emission. How did it achieve it: A high density rack solution, server consolidation and virtualization helped TCS reduce power consumption at its datacenters, enabling rack power management and optimizing cooling load using thermal modeling. Implementing an IT-enabled way to reduce the use of paper. This was achieved by enabling distributed file sharing. Power consumption was reduced by using power efficient TFT monitors. Desktop virtualization. It also reduced travel costs with VoIP, video-conferencing, and other collaboration tools.
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Challenges: TCS operates from a large number of geographically spread out locations, so implementing these initiatives was a major challenge. This was addressed with green IT program management governance with a local sponsor at every location. Case Study Highlights A high density rack solution, server consolidation and virtualization helped TCS reduce power consumption at its datacenters The green IT initiative has helped TCS service more users with fewer resources and decrease carbon emissions while trimming cost.
Learning from the case study How virtualization can help make data centres green and reduce opex. Server consolidation and virtualization of data centers resulted in 79 % savings in power consumed by servers for TCS. 9.6.3 How Virtualization Helped Financial Technologies save Rs. 2 Crore58
Organization: When he started a virtualization project in 2009, Keshav Samant, VP and head-IT of Mumbai-based Financial Technologies was operating in the 10th most-expensive real estate market in the world. So it makes sense that his project saved his company about Rs 2.5 lakh in space. Thats enough dough to fund a couple of new servers. Case Study Highlights The virtualization project not only cleared up 26 sq ft of prime real estate, it also brought down the number of physical servers from 78 to two. By adding thin provisioning and data de-duplication into the virtualization mix, Financial Technologies salvaged almost 2TB worth of storage. Thing was, Samant wasnt in the market for new servers. He did however want to help the $1.27 billion (about Rs 5,700 crore) technology provider expands its business. Financial Technologies (FTIL) work forms the backbone for a number of international exchanges including Dubais Gold and Commodities Exchange and Singapores Mercantile Exchange. In India, it runs the Multi Commodity Exchange (which trades oil seeds, cereal, pulses, etc) and online trader Sharekhan, among a number of others. Business case: But Financial Technologies wanted to do more. Much more, if it wanted to maintain its position as the fastest-growing company in its space. And it could do that by helping exchanges expand by adding new asset classes (like interest rate derivatives) or by creating networks of exchanges. But to do so, it needed to boost
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its own capacities and it had exhausted all the available space in its datacenter. How did it achieve it: Virtualization boosted the functional capabilities of the datacenter without a significant impact on operational and infrastructure expenditure. The virtualization of the data center not only cleared up 26 sq ft of prime real estate, it also brought down the number of physical servers from 78 to two. Now Financial Technologies runs 40 virtual machines on two physical servers each. Importantly, the rack space and some of the servers saved were used to roll out new mission-critical initiatives and services which could not run on virtual machines. Some of the physical servers that were freed up were scrapped, while the rest are being used for real-time testing. By avoiding buying new servers, FTIL saved over Rs 1 crore in one year. Benefits: Ability to provision new virtual servers in 15 minutes. Reducing recovery time by 90 percent. Reduction in operational expenditure by cutting down electricity consumption, lowering server AMC costs, trimming manpower needs, FTIL estimates it will save above Rs 1 crore over the next three years. And by adding thin provisioning and data de-duplication into the mix, almost 2TB worth of storage was salvaged.
Initial investment in virtualization It amounted to under Rs 1 crore including two servers and VMware licenses. Learnings from case study: How virtualization can help bring down real estate expenses. When Financial Technologies brought down the number of servers from 78 to just two, it cleared up 26 sq ft of prime real estate which alone saved Rs 2.5 Lakh in space - enough to buy two servers. How thin provisioning and de duplication can further aid virtualization projects 9.6.4 Storage Virtualization- WNS Storage Virtualization Wins59
Executive Summary Faced with the spiraling cost of running separate storage for each of its 200-plus clients, WNS Global decided to turn to virtualization. But convincing its clients that virtualized storage was secure was a difficult task. Case Study Highlights Change Management proved to be the biggest challenge in migrating to a virtualized platform To ensure client security WNS created a dedicated storage area and connected them with extended VLANs, so for every client they ran a dedicated VLAN The biggest advantage of storage virtualization has increased ease in manageability and scalability
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Too Many to Handle Each client of WNS's diverse 200-odd client base insisted on separate file servers, resulting in plenty of under-utilized servers for WNS. This resulted in huge operational costs and managing scalability became a real storage challenge. The solution lay in centralized storage architecture. WNS's IT team was ready to virtualize customer data, convincing their clients was quite a task. Change management would prove to be the biggest challenge in front of them, says Sanjay Jain, CIO, WNS Global Services. They had to strike a balance between maintaining security standards and ensuring zero visibility between customer environments. Jain hand-picked a team for storage virtualization and the project kick started in January 2008. Inside Outside The internal corporate systems were moved to a SAN and the file servers were moved to a NAS. The SAN affords not only a cost advantage, but also scalability. The process started with individual file servers of each customer being moved to centralized boxes using a combination of SAN and NAS. It would then appear as a distinct network in specific VLANs within their respective business environments. This solution ensures more manageability and improved efficiency. To meet each client's group security policy each location's directory was configured for replication with other locations. This ensures business continuity even in the event of a disaster. Anti-virus, patch management and other ancillary services were moved to a centralized environment. Each solution was moved to an isolated VAN, and kept in virtual folders which can be accessed only by specified users, whose identities are authenticated by the active directory. Winning Stakeholders Over Arwind Sood, CTO, WNS realized that most of the data they had was specific to WNS' processes and this resided on customer-managed servers. "Timing was everything. A lot of these processes we migrated over weekends or in very narrow windows of time," he explains. There was the need to create an adequate level of comfort among users. "We've virtualized storage across various customer networks without sacrificing security. Each customer's data is still segmented and secure." Internal change management centered round ensuring that the customer's security team understood the implementation. To someone on the outside, there was hardly any internal change. "The move occurred at night and when users came in the next morning, they did not even notice the change." Combined Benefits Mumbai-based WNS Global Services posted healthy revenues in Q4 2008 and financial year despite the global meltdown that has crippled the BPO industry. Part of the reason for this spectacular performance is the company's Rs 2,700-crore virtualization initiative.The biggest advantage of the project was: Increased ease in manageability and the number of storage boxes that it released.
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Operational expenses were lower than the years before, because of virtualization Instead of buying new servers every time it can buy when there's a need. Future growth can be more effectively planned for since it's cheaper to add to this platform than to the earlier ones.
WNS has harnessed the power of virtualized storage to retain its 19th position in the Global Outsourcing 100, which will help attract more business - like the 50 customers it added last year. Examples of system virtual machines: VMware ESX Server Citrix XenSource Microsoft Hyper-V
The early adopters of application virtualization have been mainly IT oriented organizations which understand the need for early adoption of this technology to enhance their productivity in the long run. Adoption rate of virtualization in India is expected to see a growth of 85% by 2011 from the current 19%. Some of the other organizations in India to have adopted virtualization are Maruti Udyog, Jet Airways and Perfetti Van Melle, India, who have invested in application virtualization and have seen great savings in investments
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CHAPTER 10: CASE STUDIES RELATED TO GREEN TELECOM

10.1 Green power for mobile, GSMA and operators, global In September 2008, the GSMA Development Fund launched its Green Power for Mobile programme. The programme aims to advance the use of renewable energy sources by the mobile industry to power 118,000 new and existing off-grid base stations in developing countries by 2012. When this target is achieved, up to 2.5 billion litres of diesel fuel per year will be saved, annual carbon emissions of up to 6.8 Mt CO2e will be avoided and 118 million people in developing countries will be connected to mobile networks using green power. The GSMA Green Power for Mobile programme has been recognised by the Clinton Global Initiative for its exemplary approach to accelerating solutions to address climate change, and has been profiled in the CGIs 2004-2008 commemorative publication, "Action Speaks Louder than Words". The programme consists of three work streams: Market clarification, capital expenditure financing and ongoing innovation: Market clarification: The objective is to give mobile operators a full understanding of the opportunities for green power in their specific markets and demonstrate how using renewable energy poses less risk than may be perceived. This work stream is based around a web portal, a working group of 25 mobile operators, and a tool-kit to guide decision-making. Capital expenditure financing: Green Power for Mobile acts on behalf of its members to secure funding through development banks. As a nascent market, capital costs to implement green technology as a source of power for base stations can appear too risky an investment for many mobile providers. The aim of securing capital expenditure financing from development banks, rather than commercial lenders, is to provide mobile operators with lower cost loans in order to encourage investment in green technology. Green Power for Mobile is financially supported by a major development bank. Ongoing innovation: The programme promotes continued innovation and technology transfer in the field of renewable power by supporting trials and testing the potential of renewables in a specific countries or regions. The programme is on target to complete projects for 15 different operators using 1,000 solar, wind and biofuel base stations by 2010.
10.2 Universal charging solution, handset vendors and operators, global The GSMA and 23 leading mobile operators and manufacturers have committed to implementing a cross-industry standard for a Universal Charging Solution for new mobile phones. This will enable the mobile industry to adopt a common format for mobile phone charger connections and energy-efficient chargers, resulting in an estimated 50% reduction in standby energy consumption, the potential elimination of
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up to 51,000 tonnes of duplicate chargers60 every year, and the enhancement and simplification of the end-user experience. The initiative was launched by the GSMA at the Mobile World Congress 2009 in Barcelona, supported by 3 Group, AT&T, HTC, KT, LG, Mobilkom, Motorola, Nokia, NTT DOCOMO, Orange, Orascom, Qualcomm, Rogers Wireless, Samsung, Softbank Mobile, SonyEricsson, TIM, Telefonica O2, Telenor, Telstra, T-Mobile, Vodafone, Wind.
Figure 12: Universal charging solution
The working group has set a target that by January 2012 the majority of all new mobile phone models available will support a universal charging connector and the majority of chargers shipped will meet the high efficiency targets set out by the OMTP (Open Mobile Terminal Platform). These include the re-use of chargers across multiple phones, reduced wastage by enabling mobile phones to be sold with no charger in the box and removal of the requirement for every new phone to be sold with a dedicated charger. A universal charger will also make life much simpler for the consumer, who will be able to use the same charger for future handsets, as well as being able to charge their mobile phone anywhere from any available charger. UCS chargers will also include a 4-star61 or higher efficiency rating, which is up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger62. To ensure the uptake of the UCS, the operators and manufacturers who have partnered with the GSMA to launch this initiative are working alongside the OMTP and trade associations, such as the CTIA, to meet the targets set for 2012. The initiative will also work with the wider operator and manufacturing communities to
GSMA analysis from UNEP, Gartner, European Commission Integrated Product Policy Pilot on Mobile Phones, University of Southern Queensland data 61 The Star Scheme is an initiative by some manufacturers based on EU and US requirements. It is more stringent than the requirements of the European Commission Code of Conduct on Energy Efficiency of External Power Supplies (Version 3) or the US Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR V 62 IPP Project on the Efficiency of a Mobile Device Charger developed a star rating system with unrated chargers having a no load power consumption of >0.5W and a 4-star charger having a no-load consumption of between 0.03 and 0.15W
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secure global participation and commitment as well as educating the industry and promoting the benefits of a universal charger via a targeted marketing campaign. 10.3 Green handsets, handset vendors, global Handset vendors are also working on a variety of green handsets, with features ranging from simple reminders to unplug the phone when it is fully charged to using solar energy for charging. Some new models are made from recycled materials or from biodegradable plastics. Solar mobile handsets have been launched this year by a range of manufacturers, including LG, Samsung, Sharp and ZTE. The solar panels are located on the back of the handsets and the phone charges simply by pointing the solar panel at natural light. Charging handsets is typically done using electricity from a grid, which in most countries is a cause of GHG emissions. Solar charging not only eliminates these emissions, it also helps customers in emerging countries who are off-grid or where the grid power is only intermittent. Other handsets, such as SonyEricssons new GreenHeart portfolio of phones, build on a green core, which aims to eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals. Additional green features include an e-manual that reduces paper usage by more than 90%, smaller packaging that decreases transport-related CO2e emissions by more than 80%, recycled plastics and a low-power charger. Motorola has launched a carbon neutral phone with a housing made of plastics that contain recycled water bottles. The phones carbon-neutral designation comes from the reductions and offsets acquired through a partnership with Carbonfund.org. 10.4 Recycling, operators and handset vendors, global When it comes to mobile phone take-back, refurbishment and reuse, which extend the life of the product, are clearly preferential to recycling. On average, more than 70% of collected handsets from developed countries could be refurbished. However, take-back rates are low as research shows that old mobile phones are typically kept by customers, while relatively few are dumped in landfills sites. A 2008 survey 63 of 6,500 people in 13 countries reported that 44% kept their old phone, 25% gave it to friends or family, 16% sold their used phone (especially in emerging markets), 3% are recycled and 4% are thrown into landfill. About 16% (by weight) of a typical mobile phone is considered high value materials. For example, 1 tonne of electronic circuit boards yields about the same amount of gold as 110 tonnes of gold ore. Industry-led take-back schemes have existed in Asia-Pacific, Europe and the USA since the late 1990s and predate legislative requirements64. There are now provisions for the collection of used phones in more than 80 countries around the world. In countries without a strong tradition of recycling, the number of intact phones returned is likely to be small unless there is substantial investment in awareness raising and infrastructure. In developing countries, the informal repair sector tries to reuse phone parts as spares and only components that cant be recycled in this way will become available for collection. A pilot recycling
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http://www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1234291 GSMA, Mobile Phone Lifecycles, 2006
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project65 was run by Vodafone in Kenya in 2007/08 and collected, on average, half a kilogram of waste per week from each repairer. Nearly a quarter of the waste collected was phone casings, 22% batteries and 20% chargers. Recycling of network equipment is also important. While regulated in the EU according to the WEEE Directive66, some telecom equipment suppliers, such as Ericsson, have chosen to offer product take back of network equipment globally, and have set targets which exceed the WEEE requirements. A number of mobile telephony companies have launched initiatives to encourage consumers to increase handset recycling: Telenor has teamed up with the Red Cross to recycle mobile phones. For each user returning a mobile phone, the user will receive 50 free SMSs and the Red Cross will plant 25 trees in Asia. Of the phones collected, those damaged will be recycled and those that can be repaired will be sold in Asia with the proceeds going to the Red Cross. AT&T is working with a charity that recycles used mobile phones and purchases prepaid phone cards for troops overseas with the proceeds. AT&Ts 2,200 stores collect handsets on behalf of the charity, making it simpler for consumers to recycle their old phones. Sprints Wireless Recovery Program takes back all phones and accessories, regardless of make, and then refurbishes, resells or recycles the phones with the net proceeds going to charity. Vodafone has phone and accessory collection schemes in place across virtually all of its markets, collecting 1.8 million devices in 2008/09. Many of these schemes are linked to charitable donations, including a scheme in Italy where the proceeds from selling refurbishable phones funds installation of solar panels for schools. Nokia has launched a recycling initiative in Malaysia by placing kiosks in busy shopping malls. The kiosks both collect old phones to be recycled and act as a convenient, automated facility for customers to drop-in phones for service. Nokia plants a tree for every phone dropped and provides the consumer with a unique URL and instructions with which to view their tree through Google Earth. The Australian telecoms industry set up MobileMuster in 1999 to collect and recycle mobile phone handsets, batteries and accessories. Today it uses a network of over 3,500 mobile phone retailers, local councils, government agencies and business drop off points across Australia67. The Korean Association of Information and Telecommunication (KAIT) stages periodical handset collection campaigns to recycle or refurbish used devices. KT and SK Telecom also operate a handset recycling program, collecting used
http://www.vodafone.com/ start/responsibility/environment/ reuse_recycling/ reusing_and_recycling/recycling_mobile_phones.html 66 The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive is the European Community directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment which, together with the RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC, became European Law in February 2003, setting collection, recycling and recovery targets for all types of electrical goods. 67 http://www.mobilemuster.com.au/quick_facts
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handsets and loaning them to customers who have misplaced or lost phones or are getting their phones repaired. China Mobile co-sponsors with handset manufacturers a programme called Green Boxes Environmental Protection Campaign aimed at recycling mobi le phones and accessories. By the end of 2007, 2.6 million phones and accessories had been recycled, and the goal of the initiative is to have Green Boxes in 80% of all retail sites by 2008, and full coverage by 2009. Telefonica O2 in Germany has a recycling programme that allows customers to send their old handsets and accessories, regardless of manufacturer, network or how well they work, to Greener Solutions, a company that specialises in recycling mobile phones. Pre-paid envelopes with instructions are available in all O2 Shops. Part of the proceeds from returned mobile phones are donated to the World Wide Fund for Nature, to support the large-scale nature conservation project Central Elbe, aimed at water conservation, development of hardwood and softwood riverside forests and support for endangered animal and plant species in Germany. Around 46,000 mobile devices have been collected since 2006.
10.5 Fleet management logistics with Trimble, Telstra, Australia Trimble and Telstra have developed a solution that integrates in-vehicle hardware, GPS, Internet and wireless network technologies to provide fleet tracking and real-time connectivity between mobile assets and an application server that can be accessed by the customer via any web-connected computer.
Figure 13: Fleet management logistics with Trimble
The system can automatically capture data from the field to improve operational efficiency: By nominating the closest field worker for each assignment, managing unauthorised vehicle use and indirect travel routes By increasing the effectiveness and accountability of the workforce and by quickly identifying exact locations of fleet vehicles from the customer service desk, which can dispatch vehicles efficiently and improve customer satisfaction and loyalty.
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Telstra estimates that an organisation with a field workforce of 500 employees could avoid approximately 600 tonnes of CO2e per annum by adopting Trimble mobile field force management application on a wireless device. The initial investment could be paid off through reduced energy expenditure in around six months, providing annual savings of about 10%68. Telstra says it has deployed the solution across it own operational fleet and has achieved productivity savings of about 20% and reduced fuel costs by more than 6%. 10.6 Smart logistics and fleet management, Isotrak, UK Isotraks fleet management system is designed to help UK businesses cut fuel costs and CO2e emissions, reduce fleet size and save staff time. Isotraks fleet management system combines satellite tracking and onboard telematics data sent over the Vodafone mobile network using standard SIM cards. This enables businesses to monitor their fleets remotely and plan more efficient logistics based on where vehicles travel, what they carry and how they are driven. Isotrak estimates that by changing driving styles, for example, fuel efficiency can be improved by up to 15%. UK supermarket chai n Asdas fleet saved 29 million road kilometres, or 28 Kt CO2e, and cut fuel costs by 23% over three years. Asda drivers have changed their behaviour to improve fuel efficiency by 6.6% and the system is also enabling Asda to backhaul more waste and recyclable materials between stores and distribution centres, minimising the number of trucks running without full loads. 10.7 Smart metering for CSG, Huawei and China Mobile, China One of the biggest business problems faced by China Southern Power Grid (CSG), which provides southern China with electricity, is how to collect electricity usage information from all the meters across its vast infrastructure. Relying on employees to manually read meters proved time-consuming, often inaccurate and expensive. To improve its efficiency, CSG has installed an automated solution from Huawei, Hongdian and China Mobile, which uses an automated meter reading system and embedded mobile modules to remotely collect data from across its meter and power grid. With the system, which uses one million remote monitoring devices, CSG can now track end-users electricity usage in real-time, which allows it to both prepare accurate bills and estimate ongoing demand. In locations such as apartment blocks, multiple sites can be connected to a single data collection and communications terminal which aggregates the output of all meters and relays the aggregated data. The SIM information is embedded directly into the communication modules software to prevent end-users from removing the SIM card and taking the meter out of service. CSG can detect faults on the meter and control it remotely. The solution also provides over-the air updates for the communications module so that its software is kept up-to-date. CSG is also using M2M technology to monitor other key parts of its electricity network, such as substations, power lines and primary nodes. By connecting the communications module to additional equipment, such as cameras or monitoring equipment, CSG can obtain real-time information to help
Telstras Sustainability White http://www.telstraenterprise.com/researchinsights/Pages/Sustainability.aspx
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Paper:
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it with remote troubleshooting and maintenance. The automated meter reading and monitoring solution has provided CSG with a number of benefits, including: Lower costs: labour costs, maintenance and troubleshooting costs kept to a minimum. Communications costs are kept low by using the public wireless network. More accurate information: Automating data collection eliminates the inevitable human error that occurs with manual collection. Simple deployment: M2M modules can be easily integrated into meters through a standard serial interface and configured over the air More reliable power network: any breakdown in the network is quickly detected and remedied. Carbon reduction: CSG has greatly reduced the carbon footprint of its meter readers and engineers who no longer need to travel to every incident or reading
10.8 Dematerialisation services from mobile broadband network, Telstra, Australia With a peak speed of 21Mbps, Telstras Next G mobile broadband network reaches more than 99% of the Australian population, building upon more than 6,700 base stations deployed across more than two million square kilometres in Australia. It has numerous applications in the dematerialisation space. For example: E-health: A high quality x-ray image can be downloaded by a doctor in as little as 15 seconds, potentially leading to major cost and time savings across the health care industry Online media: a consumer can access and download an mp3 song, or even a YouTube video, in seconds, rather than minutes. Teleworking: Telstra says some of its business customers are seeing productivity improvements of up to 30% in parts of their workforce as the Next G network enables them to cut travel costs and save time. A lifecycle analysis by Telstra demonstrated how an organisation with 1,800 employees could reduce GHG emissions by approximately 500 tonnes of CO2e per annum by encouraging 200 staff to work remotely from home three days a week. The study, which followed the international standard for life cycle analysis, estimated savings of 1.6 tonnes of CO2 per year for each of these home-office based workers.
Passenger transport, real estate, construction, finance, trade, education and health, in particular, benefit from high-speed mobile broadband, according to a recent report by Concept Economics69. For example, across the Vodafone group of companies, the implementation of over 650 videoconferencing facilities has helped the business reduce flights by approximately 30%.
69
Concept Economics, Next G Productivity Impacts Study, June 2009
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10.9 Diesel particulate filter remote monitoring, KT, South Korea KT provides a Diesel Particulate Filter remote monitoring service in conjunction with Seoul City Authority to use the mobile network to effectively monitor and control the pollutants released by the buses and trucks network. In this service, sensors installed on buses and trucks measure and report particulate levels to the government control centre on an hourly basis. The sensors have embedded WCDMA modules transmitting information via KTs mobile network. If the measurements exceed a certain level, the control centre issues a repair order to the relevant vehicle. In 2008, about 2,000 vehicles were equipped with these sensors and there are plans in place to expand the system to 100,000 vehicles by 2012.
Figure 14: Diesel particulate filter remote monitoring
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Chapter 11: Conclusion

The rapid growth of telecom industry during the last 10 years has resulted in increased energy costs and corresponding increase in CO2 emissions which is adversely affecting the environment. For this the telecom sector must join other industries in going green and implement innovative solutions to reduce carbon emissions. Going green also makes good business sense in terms of lower operational costs, which is the need of the hour when the industry margins are under pressure. For telecom operators, environmental responsibility, lower costs and reaching into remote areas are the three energy efficiency drivers. By reducing the energy consumption in the network and deploying alternative energy solutions, the telecom industry will greatly reduce its impact on the environment and achieve the goal of becoming carbon neutral. Green Telecom Agreement has to be adopted by all level playing Operators and Tower Companies to strengthen global initiatives under taken by Government of India with equal impetus from Government grants and support required by ICT. Availability of technology and resources are not the constraints, however ways and means needs to be developed for its promotion through TRAI initiated DOT and MNRE coordinated efforts to support Green Telecom within the ICT for next Gen and make Indias Global position stronger in years to come.
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Appendix 1: List of Figures

Figure 1: Direct emissions of the mobile industry 2009, %, Total = 245 Mt CO2 ............................ 8 Figure 2: GHG Emissions from mobile sector ..................................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Annual CO2e emissions per subscriber ............................................................................... 9 Figure 4: Voluntary telecom sector commitments to targets and deadlines for GHG emissions and energy efficiency/consumption .................................................................................................. 10 Figure 5: Direct emissions by sector Gt CO2e, 2020, Global, Total = 51.9 ...................................... 10 Figure 6: Enabling impact from Mobile Telecom Industry, Gt CO2e, 2020, Global, Total = 1.2 .... 12 Figure 7: Global Carbon Market ......................................................................................................... 17 Figure 8: Corporate Sustainability Is Ultimately Motivated To Deliver Shareholder Value ......... 19 Figure 9: Implementations ................................................................................................................. 25 Figure 10: Estimated distribution of global CO2 emissions from ICTs ........................................... 29 Figure 11: Comparative summary of the power consumption of the data centers previrtualization and post-virtualization................................................................................................ 73 Figure 12: Universal charging solution ............................................................................................. 81 Figure 13: Fleet management logistics with Trimble ....................................................................... 84 Figure 14: Diesel particulate filter remote monitoring .................................................................... 87
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Appendix 2: List of Tables

Table 1: Businesses Turn To Infrastructure Optimization To Drive Green IT Benefits .................. 3 Table 2: Cost benefit analysis when computer left switched on without any power management .............................................................................................................................................................. 46 Table 3: Cost benefit analysis when computer left to sleep mode .................................................. 47 Table 4: Cost benefit analysis when computer is in powered off mode ......................................... 47 Table 5: Eco Fonts savings per PC ...................................................................................................... 49 Table 6: Evolution of Energy Saving Initiatives ................................................................................ 55 Table 7: Renewable Energy Options- Costing Details ...................................................................... 61 Table 8: Reduction in EB MW/year and Diesel L/year due to Night Shut down off TRX .............. 65 Table 9: Reduction of EB in MW/Yr due to upgrade of Old TRX/BTS to new generation equipment ............................................................................................................................................ 65 Table 10: Conversion of Outdoor BTSs to Indoor BTS and EB MW and Diesel L saved. ............... 66 Table 11: Brief Summary of per BTS Saving...................................................................................... 66 Table 12: Pre-virtualization power consumption of data center site 1 ......................................... 71 Table 13: Pre-virtualization power consumption of data center site 2 ......................................... 72 Table 14: Post-virtualization power consumption of data center site 1 ........................................ 72 Table 15: Post-virtualization power consumption of data center site 2 ........................................ 73
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A PROJECT REPORT ON

GREEN STRATEGIES FOR ICT

CHAPTER 2: MOBILE INDUSTRY AND ITS FOOTPRINTS ............................................. 7

CHAPTER 3: CARBON CREDIT SYSTEM ...................................................................... 13

CHAPTER 4: GREEN INITIATIVES ............................................................................... 19

CHAPTER 5: CONSORTIA IN TELECOM DOMAIN ....................................................... 29

CHAPTER 6: PUBLIC POLICY ....................................................................................... 38

CHAPTER 7: GREEN INITIATIVE: VODAFONE PERSPECTIVE .................................... 43

CHAPTER 8: INDUSTRYS VIEW ON GREEN TELECOM .............................................. 54

CHAPTER 9: VIRTUALIZATION ................................................................................... 69

CHAPTER 10: CASE STUDIES RELATED TO GREEN TELECOM .................................. 80

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Table 1: Businesses Turn To Infrastructure Optimization To Drive Green IT Benefits

Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

CHAPTER 2: MOBILE INDUSTRY AND ITS FOOTPRINTS

Green Strategies for ICT

Device Device Embedded Consumption 12% 4% Network Embedded 13%

Network Consumption 71%

Figure 2: GHG Emissions from mobile sector

Figure 3: Annual CO2e emissions per subscriber8

Green Strategies for ICT

Transportation Power Buildings

Industry Agriculture Forestry

Figure 5: Direct emissions by sector Gt CO2e, 2020, Global, Total = 51.9

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

CHAPTER 3: CARBON CREDIT SYSTEM

http://unfccc.int/2860.php http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php 15 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credit

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Figure 7: Global Carbon Market

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

CHAPTER 4: GREEN INITIATIVES

Figure 8: Corporate Sustainability Is Ultimately Motivated To Deliver Shareholder Value

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Gartner Research report, Publication Date: 8 February 2010, ID Number: G00173836

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Power and Cooling Efficiency

Gartner Research report, Publication Date: 29 July 2010, ID Number: G00201624

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

CHAPTER 5: CONSORTIA IN TELECOM DOMAIN25

Figure 10: Estimated distribution of global CO2 emissions from ICTs

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

and DCiE Eff Metrics 30 December 2008

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

RoHS REGULATIONS Government Guidance Notes JULY 2007 URN 07/1234

Green Strategies for ICT

Green Strategies for ICT

German government http://www.jakarta.diplo.de/ Vertretung/jakarta/en/ _C3_9CbergabeEarly Warning__System.html