Chemistry Form 4 Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations

Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Element Symbol RAM

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Exercise 1 Calculate the relative molecular masses of the following substances 1. Bromine gas, Br2 13. Ethanol, C2H5OH

2. Sulphur, S8

14. Ammonia, NH3

3. Methane, CH4

15. Sodium chloride, NaCl

4. Glucose, C6H12O6

16. Potassium oxide, K2O

5. Zinc oxide, ZnO

17. Copper chloride, CuCl2

6. Copper hydroxide, Cu(OH)2

18. Zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2

7. Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2

19. Aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3

8. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

20. Copper sulphate, CuSO4

9. Hydrogen gas, H2

21. Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH

10. Oxygen gas, O2

22. Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

11. Water, H2O

23. Hydrochloric acid, HCl

12. Propane, C3H8

24. Nitric acid, HNO3

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Number of moles & number of particles 1 mole of ANY substance = 6.02 x 1023 particles (atoms, molecules, ions)

Number of particles

Number of moles

Avogadro constant

Example 1 Find the number of atoms in (a) 0.4 moles of iron, Fe (b) 0.1 moles of oxygen gas, O2

Example 2 (a) Find the number of atoms in 0.5 moles of aluminium, Al (b) Find the number of molecules in 1.2 moles of hygrogen gas, H2 (c) Find the number of oxide ions in 0.6 moles of oxide ions, O2-

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Example 3 A gas jar contains 0.2 moles of carbon dioxide, CO2. Find (a) The number of CO2 molecules (b) The number of atoms in the gas jar (c) The number of carbon, C atoms (d) The number of oxygen, O atoms

Example 4 0.4 moles of copper chloride, CuCl2 is dissolved in a beaker of water. The copper chloride, CuCl2 dissolves into ions. Calculate a) the number of copper chloride, CuCl2 molecules present at first b) the number of ions present c) the number of copper, Cu2+ ions present d) the number of chloride, Cl- ions present

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Example 5 0.3 moles of zinc bromide, ZnBr2 is dissolved in a beaker of water. Calculate a) the number of ZnBr2 molecules present at first b) the number of ions present c) the number of zinc, Zn2+ ions present d) the number of bromide, Br- ions present

Example 6 Calculate the number of particles in (a) 0.75 moles of aluminium atoms, Al (b) 1.2 moles of chloride ions, Cl(c) 0.07 moles of carbon dioxide molecules, CO2

Example 7 Calculate the number of atoms in (a) 0.2 moles of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2 (b) 0.125 moles of methane gas, CH4

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Example 8 Calculate the number of moles of the following substances: (a) 6x1021 iron atoms, Fe (b) 7.5x1023- carbon monoxide molecules, CO

Example 9 How many moles of water contain 3.01x1023 water molecules?

Example 10 What is the number of moles of atoms represented by 3.01x1022 carbon atoms and 1.806x1023 lead atoms?

Example 11 Calculate the number of moles of the following substances: (a) 6x1022 sodium ions (b) 1.8x1024 H2S molecules

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Number of moles & mass of substances

Mass

Number of moles

RAM / RMM

Example 1 Calculate the mass of (a) 1.5mol of zinc, Zn (b) 0.25mol of lithium hydroxide, LiOH (c) 4mol of nitrogen monoxide, NO [Relative atomic mass: Zn, 65; Li, 7; O, 16; H, 1; N, 14] Example 2 Calculate the mass of 0.5mol of magnesium oxide, MgO. [Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O, 16]

Example 3 Find the mass of 0.5mol of copper. [Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64]

Example 4 What us the mass of 0.04mol hydrated copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O? [Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64; S, 32; O, 16; H, 1]

Example 5 Calculate the number of moles in (a) 3.2g of copper, Cu (b) 3.72g of phosphorus molecules P4 (c) 8.88g of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 [Relative atomic mass: Cu, 64; P, 31; Mg, 24; N, 14; O, 16] Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

Example 6 What is the number of moles of 4.97g of sodium sulphate, Na2SO4? [Relative atomic mass: Na, 23; S, 32; O, 16] Example 7 What is the number of moles of potassium chloride, KCl in 3.725g of potassium chloride crystals? [Relative atomic mass: K, 39; Cl, 35.5] Example 8 Calculate the number of moles of atoms in 1.2g of magnesium. [Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24] Example 9 Find the number of moles of molecules in 1.7g of ammonia gas, NH3. [Relative atomic mass: N, 14; H, 1] Example 10 How many moles of atoms are there in 20g of neon? [Relative atomic mass: Ne, 20]

Example 11 A gas jar contains 4g of bromine gas, Br2. Find the number of moles of atoms in 4g of bromine gas. Given that the relative atomic mass of Br is 80.

Example 12 Calculate the number of moles of atoms in 0.22g of carbon dioxide, CO2. [Relative atomic mass: CO2, 44] Example 13 A gas jar contains 2.8g of nitrogen gas/ (a) Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen gas. (b) Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen atoms. [Relative atomic mass: N, 14] Example 14 Liquefied petroleum gas tank contains 9.68g of propane gas, C3H8. (a) Find the number of moles of propane gas (b) Find the number of moles of carbon atoms [Relative atomic mass: C, 12; H, 1] Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Number of moles & volume of substances

Mass

Number of moles

RAM / RMM

Example 1 Calculate the volume, in dm3, of each of the following gases at STP. Given that the molar volume is 22.4dm3mol-1 at STP. (a) 7 mol of hydrogen gas (b) 3.5mol of sulphur dioxide gas (c) 0.25mol of chlorine gas

Example 2 Calculate the volume, in cm3, of each of the following gases at room conditions. Given that the molar volume is 24dm3mol-1 at room conditions. (a) 3mol of nitrogen gas (b) 0.5mol of ammonia gas (c) 0.025mol of ethane gas

Example 3 Find the volume, in dm3, of 0.4mol carbon dioxide gas at room temperature and pressure. [1mol of gas occupies 24dm3 at room temperature and pressure]

Example 4 Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 0.16mol of helium gas at room conditions. [1 mol of gas occupies 24dm3 at room conditions]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

10

Example 5 What is the volume, in cm3, of 0.24mol of carbon monoxide gas at STP? Given that 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4dm3 at STP.

Example 6 A balloon is filled with 0.5mol of nitrogen dioxide gas. Calculate the volume of nitrogen gas, in dm3, present in the balloon at STP. [1 mol of gas occupies 22.4dm3 at STP]

Example 7 Calculate the number of moles of the following gases at STP. Given that 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4dm3 at STP. (a) 582.4cm3 of neon gas (b) 224cm3 of carbon dioxide gas Example 8 Calculate the number of moles of the following gases at room conditions. [1 mol of gas occupies 24000cm3 at room conditions] (a) 16.8dm3 of methane gas (b) 0.4464dm3 of ozone Example 9 An aquarium air pump can produce 2.4dm3 of gas per minute at room temperature. What is the number of moles of the gas produced in 1 minute? [1 mol of gas occupies 24000cm3 at room conditions] Example 10 What is the number of moles of 1320cm3 of ammonia gas at room conditions? [1 mol of gas occupies 24000cm3 at room conditions]

Example 11 Find the number of moles of 89.6dm3 of oxygen gas present in a gas container at STP. [1 mol of gas occupies the volume of 22.4dm3 at STP] Example 12 Given that there is 336cm3 of sulphur trioxide gas in a container at STP. What is the number of moles of sulphur trioxide gas? [1 mol of gas occupies the volume of 22.4dm3 at STP]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Chemical Formulae Empirical formula

11

A chemical formula is used to represent a chemical substance using symbols of the elements and the number of elements present in the substance.

H2O

CO2

NH4

There are two types of chemical formulae: (a) Empirical formula Gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in the compound. (b) Molecular formula Gives the actual number of atoms present in one molecule of the compound.

Example 1 2.24g of iron combines chemically with 0.96g of oxygen to form an oxide. What is the empirical formula of the oxide? [RAM: O, 16; Fe, 56]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

12

Example 2 A sample of lead oxide contains 4.14g of lead and 0.32g of oxygen. What is the empirical formula of the sample? [RAM: O, 16; Pb, 207]

Example 3 2.36g of cobalt combines chemically with 1.92g of sulphur to form cobalt sulphide. What is the empirical formula of cobalt sulphide? [ RAM: Co, 59; S, 32]

Example 4 A potassium compound has a percentage composition as the following: K, 31.84%; Cl, 28.98%; O, 39.18% What is the empirical formula of the potassium compound? [RAM: O, 16; Cl, 35.5; K, 39]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

13

Example 5 An oxide of copper contains 88.98% copper by mass. Find the empirical formula of the oxide of copper. [RAM: Cu, 64; O, 16]

Example 6 A compound has the percentage composition as follows. Na, 33.33% N, 20.29% O, 46.38%

What is the empirical formula of the compound? [RAM: Na, 23; N, 14; O, 16]

Example 7 3.5g of a hydrocarbon contains 3g of carbon. What is the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon? [RAM: H, 1; C, 12]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Chemical Formulae Empirical formula
An ionic compound consists of a ____________ and an _____________. Because of the combination of _______________ and ______________ charges, an ionic compound is _______________. Cation (positive ion) Cation Lithium ion Sodium ion Potassium ion Hydrogen ion Silver ion Ammonium ion Copper (II) ion Iron (II) ion Lead (II) ion Manganese (II) ion Tin (II) ion Calcium ion Magnesium ion Zinc ion Aluminium ion Iron (III) ion Chromium (III) ion Formula Charge

14

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Anion (negative ion) Anion Flouride ion Chloride ion Bromine ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Manganate (VII) ion Nitrate ion Oxide ion Carbonate ion Sulphate ion Thiosulphate ion Chromate (VI) ion Dichromate (VI) ion Aluminium ion Formula Charge

15

Some common covalent compounds Name of gas Chemical formula Bromine gas Nitrogen gas Chlorine gas Hydrogen gas Oxygen gas Ammonia gas Carbon dioxide gas Nitrogen dioxide gas Sulphur dioxide gas Sulphur trioxide gas

Name of acid Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Ethanoic acid Phosphoric acid

Chemical formula

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Example Construct the formula of the following substances: (a) Sodium chloride (b) Aluminium oxide (c) Iron (II) hydroxide (d) Zinc chloride (e) Copper (II) sulphate (f) Calcium carbonate (g) Ammonium sulphate (h) Calcium phosphate (i) Sodium sulphate (j) Magnesium hydroxide (k) Magnesium chloride (l) Potassium sulphate (m) Aluminium hydroxide (n) Tin (II) oxide (o) Zinc nitrate (p) Lead (II) iodide (q) Iron (III) bromide (r) Ammonium chloride

16

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation shows us a chemical reaction in _____________ and _____________. We use __________________ and symbols to denote the chemicals and the actions.

17

All chemical equations must be ________________. This means that the amount of _____________ must equal the amount of ______________.

Symbol

Meaning produces / becomes / forms / decomposes reversible reaction solid liquid gas aqueous solution heat

Examples

Example 1 Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions (a) A solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride. A precipitate of silver chloride and a solution of sodium nitrate are produced

(b) When solid lead (II) carbonate is heated strongly, it decomposes into solid lead (II) oxide and carbon dioxide gas is released

(c) Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to produce ammonia gas

(d) Solid calcium oxide dissolves hydrochloric acid, producing calcium chloride solution and water

(e) Sulphur trioxide gas + water sulphuric acid

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Example 2 Balance the following chemical equations: (a) Na (s) + Br2 (g) NaBr (s)

18

(b) H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)

(c) Zn (s) + AgNo3 (aq) Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + Ag (s)

(d) Zn(NO3)2 (s) ZnO (s) + NO2 (g) + O2 (g) Example 3 The reaction between zinc powder and copper (II) sulphate solution produces zinc sulphate solution and copper deposit. Write a balanced chemical equation.

Example 4 Decomposition of green powder of copper (II) carbonate produces black residue of copper (II) oxide and carbon dioxide gas.

Example 5 Liquid oleum, H2S2O7, is formed when sulphur trioxide gas reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid. Write the chemical equation for this reaction.

Example 6 Hydrochloric acid reacts with marble chips to form calcium chloride solution, carbon dioxide gas and water.

Example 7 When sodium sulphate is added to excess lead (II) nitrate solution, a white precipitate of lead (II) sulphate and sodium nitrate are formed. Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

19

Example 8 Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia solution and sulphuric acid. Given that the product formed is ammonium sulphate, write the chemical equation for the reaction.

Example 9 Dissolving sodium oxide in water produces alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide. Form a balanced chemical equation.

Example 10 Sulphuric acid neutralizes potassium hydroxide solution to form potassium sulphate salt and water. Form a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

Example 11 Combustion of magnesium powder in excess oxygen produces white powder of magnesium oxide. What is the balanced chemical equation for this reaction?

Example 12 Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution produces water and oxygen gas. Write out the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

Example 13 Complete combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH produces carbon dioxide gas and water. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

Example 14 Combustion of propane, C3H8 produces carbon dioxide gas and water.

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4
Chemical Equations Stoichiometry

20

Stoichiometry is the calculation of the quantities of ________________ and _______________ involved in a chemical reaction.

Example 1 Potassium reacts with chlorine to form potassium chloride. 2K (s) + Cl2 (g) 2KCl (s) What is the mass of potassium chloride formed when 7.8g of potassium reacts with excess chlorine gas? [Relative atomic mass: K, 39; Cl, 35.5]

Example 2 3.9g of element X reacts completely with oxygen. 4X (s) + O2 (g) 2X2O (s) (a) Calculate the number of moles of element X. (b) Calculate ht maximum mass of X2O formed. [Relative atomic mass: X, 39; O, 16]

Example 3 Complete combustion of methane gas, CH4 produces carbon dioxide and water. What is the mass of water produced when 3.2g of methane is burnt completely? [Molar mass of methane, 16gmol-1; molar mass of water, 18gmol-1]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

21

Example 4 Excess copper is added to 1.7g of silver nitrate solution to produce copper (II) nitrate solution and silver. (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (b) Find the mass of silver that is displaced from silver nitrate solution. [Relative atomic mass: Ag, 108; N, 14; O, 16]

Example 5 The following equation shows the reaction between iron and chlorine. 2Fe + 3Cl 2FeCl3 4.48g of iron burns completely in chlorine. What is the mass of the product? [Relative atomic mass: Cl, 35.5; Fe, 56]

Example 6 A chemical reaction is represented by the following equation. 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s) If 6g of magnesium oxide is produced in the reaction, calculate the mass of oxygen required in the reaction. [Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O, 16]

Example 7 The following equation shows the thermal decomposition of zinc nitrate at STP. 2Zn(NO3)2 (s) 2ZnO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) What is the number of moles of nitrogen gas formed when 3.78g of zinc nitrate is heated strongly? [Molar mass of Zn(NO3)2, 189gmol-1]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

22

Example 8 Magnesium reacts with sulphuric acid to form magnesium sulphate and hydrogen gas. If 4.8g of magnesium sulphate is produced, calculate the mass of magnesium needed in the reaction. [Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; S, 32; O, 16]

Example 9 Silver nitrate reacts with potassium chloride to form a white precipitate of silver chloride and potassium nitrate. Find the mass of silver nitrate needed if 2.87g of silver chloride precipitate is formed. [Relative atomic mass: Ag, 108; Cl, 35.5; N, 14; O, 16]

Example 10 The chemical equation below is about the neutralization reaction between x g of hydrochloric acid, HCl and 14g of potassium hydroxide solution, KOH. HCl (aq) + KOH (aq) KCl (aq) + H2O (l) What is the mass of hydrochloric acid? [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; Cl, 35.5; K, 39; O, 16]

Example 11 0.5mol of copper (II) oxide reacts completely with sulphuric acid to form copper (II) sulphate and water. (a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction. (b) Calculate the mass of sulphuric acid needed to completely react with 0.5mol of copper (II) oxide. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; S, 32; O, 16]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

23

Example 12 When excess zinc is added to 18.9g of nitric acid, hydrogen gas is produced. Calculate the volume, in dm3, of hydrogen gas produced at room conditions. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; N, 14; O, 16; molar volume, 24dm3 at room conditions]

Example 13 Burning of 0.72g of carbon produces carbon dioxide gas. Calculate the volume, in cm 3, of carbon dioxide gas formed in the reaction at room conditions. [Relative atomic mass: C, 12; molar volume, 24dm3 mol-1]

Example 14 The following equation shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution to form oxygen gas and water: 2H2O2 (l) 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) Find the mass of hydrogen peroxide that is required to produce 840cm3 of oxygen gas at room conditions. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16; 1 mol of gas occupies 24dm3 at room conditions]

Example 15 When heated under STP, sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3 decomposes to form sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and water. If 0.28dm3 of carbon dioxide gas is released, what is the mass of sodium bicarbonate? [1 mol of gas occupies 22.4dm3 at STP]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

24

Example 16 Write the chemical equation for the reaction between copper (II) oxide and hydrogen gas to produce water and copper. Then, calculate the volume, in cm3, of hydrogen gas that is required to form 2.5mol of water at STP. [Molar volume, 22.4dm3mol-1]

Example 17 Reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is represented by the following equation: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) Based on the equation, find the volume, in cm3, of hydrogen gas that produces 3.01x1022 molecules of ammonia at room conditions. [NA, 6.02x1023; 1 mol of gas occupies 24dm3 at room conditions]

Example 18 When calcium carbonate, CaCO3 reacts with nitric acide, HNO3, carbon dioxide gas, CO2, calcium nitrate solution, Ca(NO3)2 and water H2O are produced. In the reaction, 2g of calcium carbonate reacts with 1.89g of nitric acid to form carbon dioxide gas. Find the volume, in dm3, of carbon dioxide gas produced at room conditions. [Relative atomic mass: Ca, 40; C, 12; O, 16; H, 1; N, 14; molar volume, 24dm 3 mol-1 at room conditions]

Example 19 Magnesium reacts with lead (II) oxide to form magnesium oxide and lead. If 3.12g of magnesium reacts with 44.6g of lead (II) oxide, calculate the mass of lead produced. [Relative atomic mass: Pb, 207; O, 16; Mg, 24]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi

Chemistry Form 4

25

Example 20 Urea, CO(NH2)2 and water are produced when carbon dioxide reacts with ammonia. Find the mass of urea produced if 26.4g of carbon dioxide reacts with 25.5g of ammonia. [Relative atomic mass: C, 12; O, 16; N, 14; H, 1]

Example 21 The reaction between 30g of zinc oxide and 0.2mol of sulphuric acid is represented by the following equation: ZnO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) Find the mass of zinc oxide left unreacted. [Relative atomic mass: Zn, 65; O, 16]

Pusat Tuisyen Minda Inspirasi