Since the beginning of the 20 century English= varieties of British English Since the middle of the 80s new

w paradigm of studies and terminology: The Englishes paradigm: English is investigated in terms of: Geographical location (American English, African English etc.) Linguistic and ethnic association (Black English, Maori English) Activities such as commerce, education, culture and technology (Airspeak, CMC) Combinations of location and activity (British medical English, American legal English) Fusion of English with other languages (Spanglish, Indlish, Chinglish) The diaspora of English 3 main stages: 1. The expansion of English within the British Isles, namely Scotland, Wales and afterwards Ireland (5 to 13 century) The English colonisation did not result in the loss and death of Gaelic and Scots (minority languages, still spoken as a L2)

2.

Discovery of new territories and the establishment of the British colonies on the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa Contact between English and other languages resulted in the development of Pidgins and Creoles

3.

Second diaspora, diffusion of English as ESL in continents such as Africa and Asia, 19 and 20 century American imperialism, including globalisation. The 3 circles of English

The US linguist Braj Kachru has suggested that we think of the spread of English around the world as 3 concentric circles. In the inner circle we find people and countries that have English as a native language. In the outer or extended circle we have countries with different native languages that have adopted English as an official language. The expanding circle included countries where English is spoken as a foreign language. Despite its name, this model is not circular or concentric, but a set of three contiguous ovals . The smaller unlabelled ovals belong presumably to the past

A circle of World English (McArthur 1987)

ENL - English as Native Language language of people born &raised in countries, where English is (historically) the first language countries like: UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand -> as traditional, cultural & linguistic bases around 350 million ENL speakers around the world Not one single variety, differences in territories (e.g. UK and US)

ESL English as Second Language people living in territories like India, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Singapore Countries former colonised by British ->English gained importance in administration English serves official purpose within the country in law, education and government also worldwide around 350 million speakers

ENGLISH IN AFRICA

ENGLISH IN ASIA

Indian English (Indlish) Singaporean English (Singlish) Malaysian English PIDGINS AND CREOLES In many other countries, where English is not the most spoken language, it is an official language; these countries include Botswana, Cameroon, Dominica, Fiji, the Federated States of Micronesia, Ghana, Gambia, India, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines (Philippine English), Puerto Rico, Rwanda, the Solomon Islands, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. English is an important language in several former colonies and protectorates of the United Kingdom but falls short of official status, such as in Malaysia, Brunei, United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh and Bahrain. EFL English as Foreign Language For speakers of EFL English serves no purpose in own country Historically learned for communication with ENL speakers Nowadays used for communication with other non-native speakers Example for EFL: Germany

World Englishes World Englishes: Any language variety of English including those developed by communities in which English was not indigenous in modern history. ( The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, 2007, p. 234)

PIDGIN A simplified language derived from two or more languages is called a pidgin. It is a contact language developed and used by people who do not share a common language in a given geographical area. It is used in a limited way and the structure is very simplistic. Since they serve a single simplistic purpose, they usually die out. Causes: contact between two or more groups with no common language often as a result of slavery or other population displacements great motivation for speakers to communicate (and often of dramatic social inequality),

trade (originally, Lingua Franca and maritime jargon)

The superstrate language (the dominant variety, e.g. English), spoken by those with more power, is the source of most of a creole's vocabulary, while its substrate languages (the subordinate ones), spoken by the source populations, generate the syntax and phonology of the pidgin/creole. Creoles are complete languages, Pidgins are not. This is because Pidgins are new, while Creoles have had time to develop. CREOLE If the pidgin is used long enough, it begins to evolve into a more rich language with a more complex structure and richer vocabulary. Once the pidgin has evolved and has acquired native speakers ( the children learn the pidgin as their first language), it is then called a Creole. An example of this is the Creole above from Papua New Guinea, TOK PISIN, which has become a National language. Why Tok Pisin according to you? Tok Pisin (tok means "word" or "speech" as in "talk", pisin means "pidgin") is the Creole spoken in northern mainland Papua New Guinea Like many pidgins and creoles, has a far simpler phonology than the superstrate language. It has 16 consonants and 5 vowels. Nasal plus plosive offsets lose the plosive element e.g. English hand becomes Tok Pisin han Voiced plosives become voiceless at the ends of words, so that English pig is rendered as pik in Tok Pisin Grammar The noun does not indicate number, though pronouns do. Adjectives usually take the suffix -pela (from "fellow") when modifying nouns; an exception is liklik "little". Liklik can also be used as an adverb meaning "slightly", as in dispela bikpela liklik ston, "this slightly big stone". Pronouns show person, number, and inclusiveness. Repetition is very common in Tok Pisin. Sometimes it is used as a method of derivation; sometimes words just have it. Some words are distinguished only by reduplication: sip "ship", sipsip "sheep". There are only two proper prepositions: bilong (from "belong"), which means "of" or "for", and long, which means everything else.

Some phrases are used as prepositions, such as long namel (bilong), "in the middle of". Language Use: Standard vs Creole Jamaican Standard and Jamaican Creole exist side by side in the island in a typical diglossic pattern.

Creole is used by most people for everyday, informal situations - it's the language most Jamaicans use at home and are most familiar with (and is closest to their hearts); it's also the language of most local popular music and Dub poetry. Standard, on the other hand, is the language of education, high culture, government, the media and official/formal communications. It's also the native language of a small minority of Jamaicans (typically upper class and upper/traditional middle class). World's creoles: Portuguese-based creoles (example Angolar Creole Portuguese) Spanish-based creoles (Papiamentu Creole Spanish) Dutch-based creoles (Negerhollands Creole Dutch) French-based creoles (Haitian Creole French) English-based Atlantic creoles (Jamaican Creole English) English-based Pacific pidgins and creoles (Tok Pisin) Pidgins and creoles based on other languages (Nubi Creole Arabic) TO SUM UP... A Pidgin is a contact language or lingua franca that arose naturally (not like e.g. Esperanto) does not have native speakers is reduced in linguistic form and grammar is restricted in contexts of use is typically unstable and highly mixed may sometimes be a stable variety with norms of acceptability, but is NOT a fully adequate natural language. A Creole does have native speakers has developed, through expansion in linguistic form and grammar, and through extension in use (communicative & expressive functions), into a complete and adequate natural language which is typically stable and autonomous in its norms

EIL-English as an International Language Used as first language, second language and foreign language it is inevitable that a language will be used by more people than any other language.

A language does not become a global language because of its structural properties. A language becomes a global language for one main reason: the political, economical and military power of its people. A lingua franca is a medium of communication for people who speak different first languages. A pidgin is a language with a reduced range of structures and use, with no native speakers. (e.g. West Africa Pidgin English is used between several ethnic groups along the West African Coast) The need for a global language Political bodies (from the 1950s in particular) International accademic world Business community

The dangers of a global language Linguistic power. People who speak it as a mother tongue could be in a privileged position.

Linguistic complacency It could eliminate the motivation for adults to learn other languages.

Linguistic death It could contribute to the disappearance of minority languages ancd cultures

On the other hand Linguistic power Language learning from early stages is encouraged.

Linguistic complacency Growing awareness of the importance to learn more languages, particularly in the English speaking community.

Linguistic death The processes of language loss are independent from the emergence of a global language Intelligibility and identity can co-exist.

Local languages continue to represent local identities, as English is seen as the primary means of achieving a global presence.

English plays a central role in empowering the subjected and marginalized communities English as a language of power The power of English is mainly related to its funcionality in contexts such as the global economy, communication technologies, business and education. The knowledge of English allows and favours social mobility and work opportunities and it signals the integration of a speech community within the so-called global market. English has become a sort of cultural capital or commodity through which it is possble to access material and immaterial goods.