Notes for History-April 23rd Nationalism and Western Education: Most anti-colonial figures had received a Western education.

hrough here! they had discovered that there "as a gross dou#le-standard in regards to nationalism. $onsider! too! ho" %apan&s aftermath of World War '' impacted these decoloni(ation movements. %apan had! during the "ar! claimed land "hich "as once coloni(ed #y European po"ers. his "as demonstrative of ho" it "as possi#le to overthro" an imperial po"er! regardless of one&s )race.) Another factor of the decoloni(ation process "as the economic crisis in Europe. he "ar had left the continent drained of all *inds of resources. he civilians of these respective states asserted that domestic needs had to ta*e precedence over po"er a#road. hough some had the interest in retaining empire! such as $hurchill! democratically elected leaders asserted other"ise. +ritain! 'ndia! and ,a*istan: here had #een a firmly esta#lished national presence in 'ndia "ith -andhi. .et! there "as still contention! given the Hindu-Muslim conflict! given the fact that neither "anted to #e a minority. his division "as seen as detrimental to the fight for sovereignty. his led to ,artition of /012. 'ndia "as the second most populous nation in the "orld! and Hindus had come to 'ndia from ,a*istan! and Muslims had traveled to ,a*istan! etc. All of the religious violence "hich "as a#ound on #oth sides. 3emem#er 4ashmir! and ho" #oth countries #elieve they are entitled to this land. -andhi is nota#le for employing the method of passive resistance. He thoroughly developed his theories of 5atyagraha! you *no" the story. 6rance and 'ndochina: Ho $hi Minh and the 7ietminh had fought "ith guerilla tactics against the 6rench. hey even declared independence through a process "hich is modeled after that of the 8nited 5tates. he decisive #attle of 9ien +ien ,hu "as "hen the 6rench "erecast out completely. his led to the ,artition of /0:;. 6rance and Algeria: While 6rance had #een comparatively lenient "ith 'ndochina! they had! a#ove all! "anted to retain po"er in Algeria. his can #e attri#uted to the high population. he 6rench had regarded the nation as a part of the country! not unli*e ho"! geopolitically! the 8nited 5tates sees Ha"aii as a legitimate state. After all! nearly 2 million 6rench nationals had come to reside in Algeria. 5till! they had an entirely different status from the native Algerians. Here is "here the National <i#eration 6ront =6<N> rises to prominence. What to do "ith Algeria thrust the 6ourth 3epu#lic into a political crisis.

6rant( 6anon "as a man "ho had contri#uted to the decoloni(ation movement. A psychiatrist #y practice! he had conducted a thorough analysis on #oth the coloni(ers as "ell as the perceived su#servient population. 6anon too* a directly oppositional vie" to"ards -andhi&s 5atyagraha! asserting that violence is the only tactic that elicits a response from imperialism. he #orders that "ere esta#lished all throughout the latter half of the 2?th century had ramifications "hich are every #it as tangi#le today as they "ere #ac* then. 9uring the $old War! #oth the 85 and the 8553 had a *een interest in the ) hird World.) As these ne" states gained independence! they #oth "anted to e@ert their ideological influence on young and impressiona#le nations. $ommunism! for e@ample! enticed independent states "ith its allure of rapid industriali(ation. .et! not all "ere enamored. 4"ame N*rumah =the leader of -hana> said that the "orld need not #e polari(ed. 'n his vie"! pledging allegiance to either nation "ould #e a perpetuation of colonialism. his perpetuation "as deemed as )neocolonialism.) o counter this! the African continent formed the ,an-African 6ederation. Nationalism and fundamentalism #oth amplified these firm feelings of solidarity. 'n their vie"! they aided to esta#lish their o"n autonomy. o call this ideology )fundamental) "as a direct distinction from the Ather. ,aris! /0;B: here "as an uprising on the Nanterre campus! "hich "as hardly one laden "ith prestige. he uprising "as spar*ed #y young radical 9aniel $ohn-+endit. He "as so radical and outspo*en that he "as e@pelled. his "as the ultimate rallying cry for revolution. 'ndeed! students even adopted revolutionary sym#olism #y constructing #arricades! raising red flags! etc. he police had come to suppress the uprisings! and yet! this only agitated the situation further. 't #egan to suffuse throughout the country! "ith "or*ers Coining the cause #y declaring a general stri*e. his "as a startling thought! given the fact that affluent! #ourgeoisie students had found comrades in #lue-collar proletariats. 9e -aulle mediated the situation! ho"ever! #y simply offering the "or*ers higher "ages. his immediately assuaged the (eal of the "or*ers! leaving the students to fend for themselves. he students "ere upset primarily due to the economic decadence and prosperity of the post-"ar years. his led to a heightened emphasis on #ureaucracy! "hich left them "orried that this "ould cho*e the population of #oth Co#s and idealism. Additionally! 6rance had already seen its o"n #a#y #oom! "ith a population surge "ithin the universities. hus! students lac*ed sufficient resources and organi(ational necessities! such as access to their professors! places in their classes! etc. Additionally! they demanded a reform of the curriculum. hey called for a ne" emphasis on the social sciences! so that they may adeDuately develop the capacity to com#at these sociological issues. his led to their conception of )autgestion!) in "hich they learned to ta*e the initiative to address their discontents.

3evolution and Eastern Europe: 5talin! "ho had ruled "ith an autocratic fist! died in /0:3. his left the 5oviet 8nion "ithout the individual cult of personality "hich they had #een accustomed to. hus! Ni*ita 4hrushchev rose to po"er. He led drastic reformations! trying to ma*e the state a more transparent entity. a*ing a page from -ermany&s play#oo*! they adopted the policy of )de-5talini(ation.) /0:;: 3oad to /0;B ito "as the leader of .ugoslavia. his "as a peculiar anomaly! given the fact that it "as a communist country that had not #een a part of the Warsa" ,act. hey "ere the only country that had independently li#erated themselves in the WW''. While 5talin had alienated them from trade prospects! 4hrushchev revived an economic relationship "ith the Eastern European country. ,oland! too! had adopted their o"n reformation process! as "ell as Hungary. hey had made the dangerous decision to anne@ themselves from the Warsa" ,act! "hich prompted a 5oviet invasion. he 3ed Army had sDuashed this re#ellion. $(echoslova*ia /0;B: Ale@ander 9u#ec*! an intellectual #y appearance! had risen to po"er "ith the promise of li#erali(ation. his "as *no"n as the ),rague 5pring.) his movement entailed freedom of e@pression! among other civil li#erties. <eonid +re(hnev! another 5oviet leader! attempted to reinstate a 5oviet model of governance through invasion of August 2/st! /0;B.