6-1. Name the losses in a dc motor. 6-2. What causes iron losses and how can they be reduced?

6-3. Explain why the temperature of a machine increases as the load increases. 6-4. What determines the power rating of a machine? 6-5. If we cover up the vents in a motor, its output power must be reduced. Explain. 6-6. If a motor operates in a cold environment. May we load it above its rated power? 6-7. 6-8. Name some of the factors that contribute to the deterioration of organic insulators. A motor is build with class H insulation. What maximum hot-spot temperature can it withstand ?

6-9. A dc motor connected to a 240 V line prodused a mechanical output of 160 hp. Knowing that the losses are 12kW. Calculate the input power and the line current.

6-10. A 115 V d generator delivers 120 A to a load. If the generator has an efficiency of 81 persent, calculate the mechanical power needed to drive it [hp].

6-11.

Calculate the full-load current of a 250 hp. 230 V de motor having an efficiency of 92 percent.

6-12. A machine having class B insulation attains a temperature of 208 C (by resistance ) in a torrid ambient temperature of 180 C a. What is the tempetature rise? b. Is the machine running too hot and. If so, by how much?

6-13. The efficiency of a motor is always low when it operates at 10 percent of its nominal power rating. Explain.

6-14.

Calculate the efficiency of the motor in Example 6-2 when it delivers an output of 1 hp.

6-15. An electric motor driving a skip hoist with-draws 1.5 metric tons of minerals from a trench 20 m deep every 30 seconds. If the hoist has an overall efficiency of 94 percent, calculate the power output of the motor in horsepower and in kilowatts.

6-16. Thermocouples are used to measure the internal hot-spot winding temperature of a 1200 kW ac motor, insulated class F. If the motor runs at full-load, what is the maximum temperature these detectors should indicated in an ambient temperature of 40 C? 30 C? 14 C?

6-17. A 60 hp ac motor with class F insulation has a cold winding resistance of 12 Ohm at 23 C. When it rans at rated load in an ambient temperature of 31 C. The hot winding resistance is found to be 17.4 Ohm. a. Calculate the hot winding temperature. b. Calculate the temperature rise of the motor. c. Could the manufacturer increase the nameplate rating of the motor? Explain.

6-18. An electric motor has a normal life of eight years when the ambient temperature is 60 C, what is the new probable service life of the motor?

6-19. A No. 10 round copper wire 210m long carries a current of 12 A. Knowing that the temperature of the conductor is 105 C, calculate the following: a. The current density |A/mm^2| b. The specific copper losses |W/kg|

6-20.

An aluminum conductor operates at a current density of 2 A/mm^2

a. If the conductor temperature is 120 C. calculate the specific losses [W/kg]. b. Express the current density in circular mils per ampere.

6-21. The temperature rise of a motor is roughly proportional to its losses. On the other hand , its efficiency is reasonably constant in the range between 50 percent and 150 percent of its nominal rating. Based on these facts, if a 20 kW motor has a full-load temperature rise of 80 C, what power can it deliver at a temperature rise of 105 C?

6-22. An electromagnet (insulated class A) situated in a particularly hot location has a service life of two years. What is its expected life span if is rewound using class F insulation?

6-23. An 11kW ac motor having class B insulation would normally have a service life of 20 000H. provided the winding temperature by resistance does not exceed C. By how many hours is the service life reduced if the motor runs for 3 h at a temperature (by resistance) of 200 C?

6-24 A reel of No. 2/0 single copper conductor has a resistance of 0.135 ohms at a temperature of 25C. Calculate the approximate weight of the conductor in pounds.

6-25 The Table in Appendix AX3 lists the properties of commercially available copper conductors. In an electrical installation, it is proposed to use a No.4 AWG conductor in an area where the operating temperature of the conductor may be as high as 70C. Using Eq.6.2, calculate the resistance under these conditions of a 2-conductor cable No. 4 AWG that is 27 meters long.

6-26 The shunt field of a 4-pole de motor has a total resistance of 56 ohms at 25C. By scraping off the insulation, it is found that the bare copper wire has a diameter of 0.04 inches. Determine the AWG wire size, and calculate the weight of the wire per pole, in kilograms.

6-27 The National Electrical Code allows a maximum current of 65 A in a No. 6 gauge copper conductor, type RW 75. A 420 ft cable is being used on a 240 V de circuit to carry a current of 48A. Assuming a maximum operating temperature of 70C, calculate the following: a.The power loss, in watts, in the 2-conductor cable. b. The approximate voltage at the load end if the voltage at the service is 243V.

6-28 In Problem 6-27, if the voltage drop in the cable must not exceed 10 V when it is carrying a current of 60A.what minimum conductor size would you recommend? Assume a maximum operating temperature of 70C.

6-29 A de busbar 4 inches wide. inch thick. And 30 feet long carries a current of 2500 A. Calculate the voltage drop if the temperature of the busbar is 105C. What is the power loss per meter?

6-30 Equation 6.3 gives the resistance/temperature relationship of copper conductors, namely t2 = R2/R1(234+t1)-234. Using the information given in Appendix AX2, deduce a similar equation for aluminum conductors.

6-31 The commutator of a 1.5 hp, 2-pole, 3000 r/min dc motor has a diameter of 63 mm. Calculate the peripheral speed in feet per minute and in miles per hour.

6-32 The following information is given on the brushes used in the motor of Problem 6-31: number of brushes: 2; current per brush: 15 A; brush dimensions: 5/8 in wide, 5/16 in thick, in long. (the 5/16 in * 5/8 in area is in contact with the commutator) resistivity of brush: 0.0016Ohm. in brush pressure: 1.5 lbf; brush contact drop: 1.2V; coefficient of friction: 0.2.Calculate the following: a. The resistance of the brush body in ohms. b. The voltage drop in the brush body. c. The total voltage drop in one brush, including the contact voltage drop. d. The total electrical power loss(in watts) due to the two brushes. e. The frictional force of one brush rubbing against the commutator surface( in lbf and in newtons). f. The frictional energy expended by the two brushes when the commutator makes one revolution(in joules). g. The power loss due to friction, given the speed of 3000r/min. h. the total brush loss as a percent of the 1.5 hp motor rating