Aspecls oJ SiniIavil and Bivevsil in lIe AvcIilecluve and Avl oJ Ancienl Snagogues and

CIuvcIes in lIe Land oJ IsvaeI

AulIov|s) BacIeI HacIIiIi
Souvce ZeilscIviJl des BeulscIen FaIslina-Veveins |1953-), Bd. 113 |1997), pp. 92-122
FuIIisIed I BeulscIev Vevein zuv EvJovscIung FaIslinas
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve
and Avl oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes in
lIe Land oJ IsvaeI
B
BacIeI HacIIiIi
One oJ lIe nove
inlevesling suIjecls
in ancienl avl and avcIilecluve oJ lIe
HoI
Land is lIe
pavaIIeI deveIopnenl
and
vecipvocaI
inJIuences oJ ancienl
snagogues
and
cIuvcIes.
Sevving
as
veIigious pIaces
oJ
vovsIip, snagogues
and cIuvcIes Iave an in
povlanl pIace
in lIe
Iislov
and
avcIaeoIog
oJ lIe
HoI
Land.
AIlIougI
lIe eavIiesl ve
Iigious
ediJices oJ Judaisn and
CIvislianil
veve
pvoIaII
Jivsl IuiIl in olIev
counlvies,
lIeiv
deveIopnenl
and nuluaI inJIuences in lIe
HoI
Land ave
inpovlanl
lo ouv Inov
Iedge
oJ IolI
veIigions1. BeveIopnenl
and
cIange
in Judaisn and lIe vise oJ CIvislia
nil
vesuIled in a nev
lpe
oJ
ediJice,
diJJevenl in ils avcIilecluve and
veIigious
ceveno
nies.
TIe
TenpIe
in JevusaIen Iad Ieen lIe cenlve oJ JevisI nalionaI
vovsIip,
vIicI
looI lIe Jovn oJ aninaI sacviJice
viluaI,
conducled and
pavlicipaled
in
I
a snaII
gvoup
oJ
pviesls.
AJlev lIe deslvuclion oJ lIe
TenpIe |70 C.E.),
lIe Jevs eslaIIisIed a nev in
slilulion Jov lIe
expvession
oJ lIeiv
JailI,
House oJ
AssenII |=
IelI Ia-InesselI
[HeIvev]
and
snagoge [OveeI]),
vIicI vas a
pIace
oJ
vovsIip
Jov a
Iavge, pavlicipal
ing connunil,
a cenlve oJ
puIIic
IiJe. TIe
veading
and
sluding
oJ lIe
TovaI,
as veII
as
pvaev
in IocaI
snagogues
vepIaced
lIe
TenpIe
sacviJice viluaIs as lIe neans oJ
sevving
Ood:
Iul
ongoing
lvadilion and
Iope
oJ
veIuiIding
lIe
TenpIe
in lIe Juluve ave
povlvaed
in lIe
iconogvapI
and
snIoIic
ovnanenlalion oJ lIe
snagogue2.
In lIe
snagogue,
lIe
connunil pavlicipaled acliveI
in
veading
lIe TovaI and
veciling
lIe
pvaevs.
TIe
cIuvcI,
JoIIoving
lIe
snagogue,
vas conceived as a
connunil assenII
IuiIding
used Jov
pvaev,
and
especiaII
Jov lIe
cevenon
oJ lIe
eucIavislia,
lIe
sn
IoIic Jeasl oJ Ivead and vine.
TIe diJJevenl Junclions oJ lIe
veIigious cevenon
oJ eacI
veIigion
vesuIled in veII
deJined, sepavale
considevalions in lIe avcIilecluve and ovnanenlalion oJ lIeiv ve
speclive
ediJices. TIe nev Jovn oJ
vovsIip
needed a
diJJevenl
lpe
oJ
IuiIding
-
a
Iavge
veII-Iil avea vas needed lo JaciIilale
veading
and
pvaev
and a
pvoninenl pIace
vas
necessav
Jov lIe nosl
inpovlanl pavl
oJ lIe viluaI. SucI
IuiIdings
soon
deveIoped
inlo
pvaing
Iouses,
Jivsl as
snagogues
Jov Jevs and Ialev as
cIuvcIes Jov
CIvislians,
and
*
TIe
JoIIoving
aIIvevialions veve used in lIis avlicIe ACB
=
TsaJviv,
.
|ed.),
Ancienl CIuvcIes
BeveaIed. JevusaIen
1993:
ASB
=
Levine L.I.
|ed ),
Ancienl
Snagogues
BeveaIed. JevusaIen
1981:
CAHL
=
Bollini,
O.C./L. Bi Segni/E. AIIiala
|eds ),
CIvislian
AvcIaeoIog
in lIe
HoI
Land Nev
Biscovevies. JevusaIen 1990.
1
avi-onaI
1957,
262-272.
2
HacIIiIi
1988,
135-140.
ZBFV
113|1997)
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 93
veve lIen aIso decovaled. Il vas in lIe
HoI
Land lIal lIese
IuiIdings
veve cvealed and
deveIoped, aIlIougI
so Jav lIe eavIiesl
snagogue
and cIuvcI venains Iave
onI
Ieen
Jound oulside lIis
counlv3.
TIe
snagogue
slvucluve
Iegan
lo
appeav
in lIe
HoI
Land al lIe end oJ lIe 2nd
cenluv C.E.:
eveclions oJ nev
snagogues
and venovalion oJ oId ones conlinued unliI
lIe 7lI/8lI cenluvies. TIe eavIiesl cIuvcIes in lIe
counlv
veve IuiIl in JevusaIen and
BelIIeIen in lIe 4lI
cenluv I
Conslanline and Iis nolIev.
Hovevev,
nosl oJ lIe
cIuvcIes Jound lo dale veve IuiIl
Ialev,
al lIe end oJ lIe 5lI and
duving
lIe 6lI cen
luv4.
TIe incvease in lIe nunIev and lIe size oJ
snagogues
and cIuvcIes vas a vesuIl oJ
lIe
inJIov, nigvalion
and sellIenenl oJ Jevs and CIvislians
lIvougIoul
lIe
peviod,
as
veII as lIe vesuIl oJ
piIgvinage
lo lIe
HoI
Land, noslI I
CIvislians and sonelines
I
Jevs. We Jind lIe venains oJ nove lIan 260
cIuvcIes, noslI
in lIe cenlve oJ lIe
counlv,
vIiIe lIe nunIev oJ
snagogue IuiIdings
is aIoul
100,
concenlvaled
noslI
in
lIe novlI in lIe
OaIiIee,
lIe O?I?n and avound lIe Sea oJ
OaIiIee,
vilI Jevev
snago
gues
in lIe cenlve and lIe soulI. Sone lovn and
viIIages,
Jov inslance
SuI?la,
Iad se
vevaI
cIuvcIes:
lIeve vas aIso a nunIev oJ
snagogues
in sucI aveas as BelI-SIean and
Mevon.
/. AvcIilecluve
1.1 TIe
snagogue
and cIuvcI
IuiIding
Mosl oJ lIe
ediJices,
IolI
snagogues
and
cIuvcIes,
ave oJ lIe IasiIicaI
lpe,
aI
lIougI
cIuvcI
lpes
incIude
vound,
oclogonaI
and
cvoss-sIaped
slvucluves5. TIe
IasiIica is a
Iavge
and
eIongaled veclanguIav
IaII divided
I
vovs oJ coIunns inlo a
nave and lvo ov nove aisIes. One lo lIvee enlvances veve
usuaII opened
in one oJ lIe
navvov vaIIs. Windovs veve
opened
in aII vaIIs ov cIeveslovies
|Fig. 1).
TIe
IuiIding
needed a Jocus Jov lIe nosl
inpovlanl
cevenonies oJ eacI Jovn oJ
vovsIip,
and lIis
vas lIe
Ieginning
oJ lIe
divevsil
Ielveen
snagogues
and cIuvcIes6.
In lIe
snagogue,
lIe JocaI
poinl
oJ lIe cenlvaI IaII vas lIe TovaI
sIvine,
a
veposi
lov
Jov lIe AvI oJ lIe
scvoIIs,
Iocaled in lIe JevusaIen-ovienled vaII7. TIe TovaI
sIvine Iad lIvee diJJevenl Jovns oJ slvucluve 1.
AnaedicuIa,
usuaII suvviving
as a
vaised slone
pIalJovn |Fig. 1)
in OaIiIean and O?I?n
snagogues |Jov
inslance,
Capevnaun,
CIovazin,
Ous
H?I?v, Mevon,
MevolI
|HivIel Mavus\
Nes?l,
Qasv?n).
Sone
snagogues possessed
lvo
JIanIing
aedicuIae added lo lIe JevusaIen-ovienled
vaII
|MevolI [HivIel Mavus],
CIovazin,
Capevnaun,
HivIel
en-NaIvalen\
eacI
appavenlI
vilI a diJJevenl Junclion
one sevved as a
veposilov
Jov lIe AvI oJ lIe
scvoIIs,
and lIe olIev
nigIl
Iave Ioused lIe nenovaI8 ov sevved Jov lIe
veading
oJ lIe
3
CvovJool
1941,1-8:
OvadiaI
1970:
HacIIiIi
1988,
134-137.
4
Fov a veviev avlicIe on
eavI
CIvislian avcIilecluve see FiNNEY
1988, 319-339,
aIso
IiIIiogvapI
lIeve.
5
CvovJool
1941, 57-58:
OvadiaI
1970, 189-191:
TsaJviv
1993,
4-6. Tvo
vecenlI puIIisIed
IooIs add lo ouv
InovIedge
aIoul cIuvcIes in lIe Land oJ IsvaeI CAHL and ACB.
6
Fov a
conpavison
in lIe sevvices oJ JevisI
snagogues
and lIe CIvislian
Sunda AssenII,
see
WiIIinson
1993,
17-22.
7
HacIIiIi
1988,
166-187.
8
HacIIiIi
1988,
173-177.
ZBFV
113|1997)
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94 BacIeI HacIIiIi
TovaI9. 2. A nicIe IuiIl inlo ov onlo lIe vaII
|Fig. 1) |see
EsIlenoa
[es-Sen?'a],
HivIel
S?s?a).
3. An
apse,
IuiIl as an
ovganic pavl
oJ lIe slvucluve
|Fig. 1) Iegins
lo
appeav
al lIe end oJ lIe 5lI
cenluv
in
snagogues
in lIe cenlve and lIe soulI oJ lIe
counlv |see
Jov
inslance,
Bel
AIJa,
JevicIo,
M?'?z
Hain).
EacI oJ lIese lIvee
diJJevenl slvucluves
pvoIaII
Ioused a
vooden AvI oJ lvie scvoIIs
|Fig. 2A).
TIe TovaI
sIvine vas lIe
najov pevnanenl
Jealuve oJ lIe
snagogue
slvucluve Jvon ils IislovicaI
Ieginning JoIIoving
lIe deslvuclion oJ lIe JevusaIen
TenpIe10.
TIe JocaI
poinl
in lIe cIuvcI
sevvice,
lIe
pavl
oJ lIe slvucluve vilI lIe
dislinguisI
ing
cIavaclevislic
Jealuves,
vas lIe
pvesIleviun
vIicI consisled oJ a
cIanIev ov an
apse
evecled
usuaII
on lIe easl vaII oJ lIe cIuvcI
opposile
lIe nain enlvances. In Jvonl
oJ lIe
apse
vas lIe Iena vilI an
anIo
|lIe scvipluve veading Iena),
aIlav and lIe
sn
lIvonon
|IencIes avvanged
in a seni-civcIe in lIe IacI oJ lIe
apse
IeIind lIe aIlav Jov
lIe
IisIop
and lIe
pviesls) |Fig. 2B)11.
TIe cIuvcI
pIan
Iad one cenlvaI
apse
and Jvon lIe 5lI
cenluv
on il vas JIanIed
I
lvo voons ov
apses
one vas lIe
diaIoniIon,
vIicI sevved as a
dvessing
voon Jov lIe
pviesls
and lIeiv assislanls and as a
slovage
voon Jov volives. TIe olIev vas lIe
pvolIa
sis,
vIeve lIe eucIavisl vas
pvepaved.
A cIanceI scveen
sepavaled
lIe
pvesIleviun
Jvon lIe vesl oJ lIe IaII. TIis
JunclionaI
sepavalion
vas needed Iecause lIe easlevn
pavl
oJ lIe
IaII,
lIe
pvesIleviun,
aIIoved access
onI
lo lIe
cIevg, pviesls
and lIeiv assi
slanls,
vIiIe lIe
congvegalion
assenIIed in lIe IaII. TIe cevenonies conducled in lIe
cIuvcI
pvesIleviun
veve
consideved as
conlinuing
and
vepIacing
lIose oJ lIe Jevusa
Ien
TenpIe12.
Ovienlalion oJ
snagogues
and cIuvcIes vas
diJJevenl. WILKINSON13
avgues vigIlI
lIal lIeve ave lvo
queslions
lo Ie
dislinguisIed,
one is lIe diveclion oJ
pvaev,
lIe olIev is lIe
aIignnenl
oJ
veIigious IuiIding.
TIe
aIignnenl
oJ IolI cIuvcIes
and
snagogues
ave vavious and nol
speciJicaII dislinguisIed.
Hovevev,
lIe diveclion
oJ
pvaev
is ovienlaled in
snagogues
lovavds JevusaIen vIicI is
pvoved I
lIe
avcIaeoIogicaI
dala and in accovdance vilI lIe vuIes ... TIose in lIe Land oJ IsvaeI
...
lovavds JevusaIen
...
lIose in JevusaIen
...
lovavds lIe
TenpIe
Mounl ...14 TIe
diveclion oJ
pvaev
in
cIuvcIes,
Jvon lIe 4lI
cenluv
on,
vas lovavds lIe
easl,
allesled
I avcIaeoIogicaI
Jinds and CIvislian docunenls15.
Sone siniIavilies in
design
and ovnanenlalion Ielveen
snagogue
and cIuvcIes
ave lo Ie Jound in lIe novlI oJ lIe
HoI
Land and in
Svia.
TIe OaIiIean and O?I?n
snagogues
ave
lpicaI
IasiIica
slvucluves,
sonelines vilI lIe added
pecuIiavil
oJ a
coIonnade
joining
lvo
eIongaled
side
coIonnades,
as in lIe OaIiIean
snagogues
oJ
CIovazin,
Capevnaun,
v
KaJv Bav'an,
AvIeI
|HivIel IvIid),
Mevon and HovIal
'Annudin and in lIe O?I?n
snagogue
oJ Unn
eI-Qan?liv.
Sone
snagogues
Iad a
snaII
povlico
in Jvonl oJ lIeiv IaII
|KaJv Bav'an, Mevon,
HivIel en-NaIval?n
III,
HivIel
ed-BiIIe and Unn
eI-Qan?liv, Qasv?vi).
TIe ovnanenlalion consisled oJ decovaled
IinleIs,
doovposls, avcIilvaves,
gaIIes,
Jviezes and
coIunns,
vilI siniIav eIenenls in
snagogues
and cIuvcIes. TIe nain cIa
9
neevs el aI.
1982, 35-54:
Yeivin
1985,
268.273-275.
10
HacIIiIi
1988,
84-88.
11
lsaJviv
1993,4-6.
12
WiIIinson
1993,19-21.
13
WiIIinson
1984,
16.
14
jl
|BevaIIol 4, 5,
8I.
c):
Iul see WiIIinson
1984,
19.
15
WiIIinson
1984,26.
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 95
vaclevislic Jealuve oJ OaIiIean and O?I?n
snagogues
vas lIeiv ovnale Jacade vilI one
ov
lvipIe, JvequenlI
vilI a navvov
Svian gaIIe suvnounling
lIe Jacade
|Fig. 3A)16.
SiniIav Jacades ave Jound on
Svian
cIuvcIes,
sone oJ vIicI Iave suvvived vilI
lIe vooJ inlacl. Mosl oJ lIen dale lo lIe 4lI/5lI cenluvies17. Mosl oJ lIese cIuvcIes Iad
a vaised
ceiIing
aIove lIe nave and lIe side vaIIs oJ lIe
uppev pavl
Iad
cIeveslov
vin
dovs
|Fig. 3B).
TIe inleviov
design
oJ lIese cIuvcIes vas diJJevenl Jvon lIe novlIevn
snagogues.
TIe
Iad lIe usuaI IasiIica Jovn oJ lvo vovs oJ
piIaslevs
ov coIunns
sepavaling
lIe
IaII inlo nave and side
aisIes,
Iul lIe coIunns ov
piIaslevs
veve
suppovling
avcades,
suvnounled
I
vaIIs vilI
cIeveslov
vindovs18.
Mosl oJ lIese cIuvcIes Iad a cenlvaI
apse
and side
voons:
lIe diaIoniIon and
pvolIesis
veve
sepavaled I
a cIanceI scveen Jvon lIe nain
IaII,
Iul
nan
oJ lIen Iad
an added Iena in lIe cenlve oJ lIe
IaII,
exaclI opposile
and on lIe axis oJ lIe
apse19.
TIe
snagogues
in lIe novlI oJ lIe
HoI
Land and lIe cIuvcIes in
Svia
veve
siniIav,
in lIeiv ovnale
Jacades,
lo lIe
pagan lenpIes
in lIeiv
neigIIouvIoods20.
TIese
siniIavilies veve
pevIaps
lIe vesuIl oJ lIe nuluaI inJIuence in
genevaI design
and delaiI
ed
ovnanenl:
ov lIese
IuiIdings na
even Iave Ieen evecled and ovnanenled
I
lIe
sane cvaJlsnen ov
I
avlisls
IeIonging
lo lIe sane scIooI21.
1.2 TIe CIanceI Scveen
TIe cIanceI scveen in cIuvcIes vas needed Jov
sepavaling
lIe
pvesIleviun
Jvon
lIe vesl oJ lIe IaII. TIe
pvesIleviun
vas
JvequenlI
vaised and exlended Jovvavd
I
a
Iena,
sepavaled I
cIanceI vaiI Jvon lIe IaII
|Fig. 2B)22.
TIe cIanceI scveen consisled
oJ sIaI slones insevled inlo
gvooves
in
posls.
Il vas
decovaled,
JvequenlI
on IolI
sides,
and conlained
inscviplions |Fig. 4).
In
snagogues,
lIe cIanceI scveen vas used lo
sepa
vale lIe TovaI sIvine Jvon lIe
pvaev
IaII. Avi- A assevls23 lIal lIe
snagogue
adopled
lIe use oJ lIe cIanceI scveen Jvon lIe cIuvcI. In IolI cIuvcI and
snagogue
lIe cIanceI scveen vas associaled vilI lIe
apse
and in lIe
snagogue
aIso vilI lIe
nicIe.
Mosl oJ lIe scveens Jound dale lo lIe 5lI/6lI cenluvies. TIe
snagogue
scveens ave
usuaII
daled lo lIe 6lI
cenluv.
No scveens Iave Ieen Jound lo dale in OaIiIee and
O?I?n
snagogues,
vIicI aIso IacI
apses24.
TIe ovnanenlalion oJ cIuvcI and
snagogue
scveens ave oJ eilIev cavved ov vovIed
in dviII and
open-vovI, lecInique. TIe
sIov
siniIavil
in
design, slIe
oJ decovalion
and
execulion,
aIlIougI
lIe
snIoIic
noliJs ave cIavaclevislic lo eacI oJ lIe
veIigions.
TIe nenovaI
JvequenlI
decovaled scveens in
snagogues |Fig. 4A)25,
vIeveas lIe cvoss
decovaled scveens in cIuvcIes
|Fig. 4B).
Sone oJ lIe scveens Jound ave siniIav in
16
Benlzev-Fed
1986,299-309:
HacIIiIi
1988,
161-163.200-221.
17
BulIev
1929,
175
JJ:
BaccIe/TcIaIenIo
1979,
Figs.
14.100.201.255.338.402.
18
Fov
inslance,
cIuvcIes in NovlI
Svia QaI
al
KaI?la,
QaIII?ze,
BaccIe/TcIaIenIo
1979,
Figs.
222.422.487.
19
BaccIe/TcIaIenIo
1979,
Figs.
99.101.200.201.222.422.487.
20
Fov
exanpIe,
lIe
lenpIes
oJ
'Al?I,
HiIv?n and
Bv?qa:
IulIev
1903,
Figs.
121.123:
BulIev
1919, II,
Seclion
A,
Favl
7,409112:
111.
352,
FI.
29:
HacIIiIi
1988,
156.
21
HacIIiIi
1988,383-391.
22
BulIev
1929,213.215:
OvadiaI
1970, 196:
BvanIan
1992,
375-394.
23
Avi-onaI
1957,
270.
24
IacIIiIi
1988,
187.
25
HacIIiIi
1988, 189-191, Figs.
VIII 32. I7
18,
Fis. 36 J.
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96 BacIeI HacIIiIi
design
and
cavving
and
nigIl
Iave cone Jvon lIe sane
vovIsIop,
Jov
exanpIe,
lIe
scveen ovnanenled vilI lIe
popuIav pallevn
oJ a
slIized
vvealI
encIosing
eilIev a ne
novaI ov a cvoss26.
2. Avl
2.1 AvcIilecluvaI decovalion
TIe nosl connon avcIilecluvaI decovalion vas on lIe ovnale Jacade and olIev av
cIilecluvaI
pavls
oJ lIe OaIiIean and O?I?n
snagogues
and lIe
Svian
cIuvcIes. TIe
decovalion consisled oJ ovnanenled
IinleIs,
doovposls,
avcIilvaves,
Jviezes and
capilaIs.
TIe
siniIavil Ia
in lIe
design,
Jovn, noliJs,
and
cvaJlnansIip.
TIe noliJs used Jov avcIilecluvaI decovalion veve
JvequenlI
siniIav on
snagogue
and cIuvcI
ediJices,
as vas lIeiv
conposilion
IevaIdic and
snnelvicaI
on
IinleIs,
and
as endIess
pallevns
on avcIilvaves and Jviezes. Use vas nade oJ
geonelvic
and JIovaI
designs
sucI as
n?andves,
voselles and vine IvancIes vilI
slIized gvapes
and Ieaves.
TIe sane noliJs
appeav
in
pagan IuiIdings
in lIe avea27. Becovaled IinleIs sucI as lvi
pavlile designs appeav
on IolI
snagogue
and cIuvcI
povlaIs28.
EacI
veIigion
used ils
unique snIoIs
in
decovaling IinleIs,
Jviezes and
capilaIs
lIe nenovaI and lIe avI
I
Jevs and
JvequenlI
lIe cvoss
I
CIvislians29. On
capilaIs
in lIe
snagogue
Jvon
Caesavea
lIe
ave decovaled vilI lIe nenovaI30 and
capilaIs
vilI a cvoss Jvon lIe
Bzanline
cIuvcI31.
2.2 Mosaic
pavenenls, noliJs
and lIenes
Snagogues
and cIuvcIes in lIe
HoI
Land veve decovaled vilI nosaic
pavenenls
oJ vIicI Iundveds Iave Ieen
discoveved,
lIe
najovil
on cIuvcI JIoovs32. CenlvaI
JIoovs veve
conpIeleI paved:
lIe
nave,
lIe
aisIes,
usuaII
lIe inlevcoIunnav avea and
JvequenlI
lIe enlvance avea and lIe
couvlavd
veve aIso
paved.
EacI oJ lIese aveas vas
paved
as
singIe cavpels.
TIese nosaic
pavenenls
oJ
snagogues
and cIuvcIes do Iave
sone siniIavilies Iul ave nove
JvequenlI
diJJevenl in
design
and execulion. Sone suI
jecl
nallev on
snagogue
and cIuvcI
pavenenls,
IolI siniIav and
diJJevenl,
is discussed
IeIov33.
FIanl and
geonelvic
ovnanenls.
Man
oJ lIe nosaic
pavenenls
oJ
snagogues
and
cIuvcIes exIiIil
pIanl, geonelvic
and
ovganic cavpels. ExanpIes
oJ sucI
pavenenls
vilI ovevaII
geonelvic
ov
pIanl pallevns
ave, Jov
exanpIe,
lIe
cavpels
oJ lIe nave and
aisIes oJ lIe 5lI
cenluv
Save
Si?n
cIuvcI34,
lIe
cvpl
nosaic al HivIel
Buv?IuJi5:
lIe
26
See lIe scveen oJ Hannal-O?d?v
snagogue
and BelI-SIean
nonaslev |Fig. 4),
JilzgevaId
1939,
FI.
III,
Fig.
5.8:
HacIIiIi
1988,
389. Fov a
delaiIed discussion oJ lIe scveen and sacved
space,
see
BvanIan 1992.
27
Benlzev-Fed
1986, 299-309:
HacIIiIi
1988,
317-346.
28
Avi-YonaI
1981a, 101-103:
Benlzev-Fed
1986,
Figs.
77 cd. 77III
a.I:
HacIIiIi
1988,
Fig.
VIII49-51.
29Avi-YonaI
1981a,
Fis.
12,3.15,9.16,1.17,9:
HacIIiIi
1988,206-216.229-231.
30
avi-onaI
1960a, 456,
Fis. 7 1. 7I 1.
31
HoIun/HoIIJeIdev
1988, Fig.
130.
32
ovadiaI
1987,
155-165.
33
See aIso lIe
conpveIensive
vovI
I
Boussin 1985.
34
avi-onaI
1967,
Fig.
7,
Fis. III. VIII.
.
77I7.
35
TsaJviv/HivscIJeId
1979, 292-326,
FI. 38.
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 97
cIuvcI oJ eI-KuvsL A
conposilion
oJ
squaves
and
veclanguIav paneIs
JiIIed vilI a
geonelvic
pallevn appeavs
on lIe TeII es-S?vin
|BeIov) snagogue
JIoov36 and
a siniIav
geonelvic cavpel
occuvs al HivIel Bel
Le. Besigns consisling
oJ a
conposilion
oJ
Iexagons, Iozenges,
civcIes, oclagons
and
lviangIes appeav
on lIe cenlvaI
nave
pavenenl
al HivIel Buv?I?l37. A siniIav
design
occuvs on lIe lIivd
paneI
oJ lIe nave in lIe
Na'avan
snagogue38.
InIaIiled scvoIIs
pavenenls. SiniIavil
in nosaic
pavenenls
oJ
snagogues
and
cIuvcIes is
pvesenl
in sone JIoov
conposilions
and in
nan
noliJs. A
vev popuIav
design
vas lIe inIaIiled scvoII
conposilion
Jound in sevevaI JIoovs daled lo lIe 6lI
cenluv39,
in
snagogues
sucI
as M?'?n
JFI.
13A),
Oaza and
BelI-SIean,
and on
cIuvcI
pavenenls
sucI as HivIel
'Asida,
SeIIai
|FI. 13B),
B?l
OiIv?n,
H?s?v
'Asd?d,
'Evez,
Sdd?
N?I?n,
Bivsana
|HivIel eI-F?v)40,
Ma'?I?
'Adunnin41,
lIe easlevn
cIuvcIes al Hevodiun42 and HivIel B?l
L?43,
as veII as in a nunIev oJ cIuvcIes in
Jovdan and LeIanon44. TIe
conposilion
consisls oJ vine IvancIes
Jovning
nedaIIions,
usuaII issuing
Jvon a cenlvaI
anpIova
JIanIed
I peacocIs |Ma
'?n, SeII?i,
and HivIel
B?l
L?,
FI.
13), I
Iovned aninaIs
|BelI-SIean snagogue
and lIe cIuvcIes oJ B?l
OiIv?n,
H?s?v 'Asd?d and Ma'aIe
'Adunnin)
ov Iions
|al
Bivsana
[HivIel eI-F?v]),
al
lIe Iase oJ lIe
pavenenl.
In sone cIuvcI
pavenenls
lIe vine IvancIes issue Jvon a
cenlvaI acanlIus IeaJ
|eI-Hann?n [B?s?nJ),
an
anpIova |QaIv
Hivan, OenaI,
ZaIv?ni, Oevasa)
ov oul oJ acanlIus Ieaves al lIe Jouv covnevs oJ lIe
pavenenl |HivIel
eI-MuIail
CIuvcI oJ Sl. Lol and
FvocopIius,
Oevasa, M?d?Ia)45.
AnolIev vavialion
oJ lIis Iind oJ
cavpel
is Jound on cIuvcI
pavenenls
in Jovdan
|HivIel eI-MuIail
al Sl.
Oeovge
CIuvcI,
and al Oevasa in lIe
EIias,
Mavia and
Soveg CIapeI)46.
TIe nedaIIions conlain
oIjecls,
Iivds and
Ieasls:
in sone cIuvcI
pavenenls,
scenes oJ
vinlage, Iunling
and
evevda-IiJe
JiII sone oJ lIe nedaIIions
|see
BelI
SIean
nonaslev,
voon
L,
eI-Hann?n
|B?s?n)
and Sdd?
N?I?n47:
Bivsana
|HivIel
eI
F?v)4*
and
Jovdan,
al
M?deIa,
Oevasa and HivIel
eI-MuIail49). AIlIougI genevaII
lIis
conposilion,
in IolI
snagogues
and
cIuvcIes,
IooIs
siniIav,
lIeve ave sone
nolaIIe diJJevences
-
On
snagogue pavenenls
a JevisI noliJ is added al M?'?n a seven-IvancIed
nenovaI is JIanIed
I
lvo Iions and viluaI
oIjecls |FI. 13A):
in BelI-SIean
snagogue
a nenovaI is JIanIed
I
an
elIvog
and a
Ianging
IanI and lIe
inscviplion
SIaIon in HeIvev is added.
-
Vinlage, Iunling
and
evevda
scenes ave Jound
onI
on cIuvcI
pavenenls.
36
Villo
1981,92.
37
TSAFBiB/HiBSCHFELB
1979, Fig. F,
Fis. 16-17 and nole
37, Jov a Iisl oJ
conpavaIIe
cIuvcI JIoovs.
38
Vincenl
1961, 163-177,
Fis.
7II-7I7:
TsaJviv/HivsIJeId 1979,
307.
39
HacIIiIi
1987,46-58:
HacIIiIi
1988,
310-316.
40
Oazil/Landev
1993,273-276.
41
Magen
1990, 275-286:
Magen
1993,
179.
42
Nelzev
1990, 165-176:
Nelzev el aI.
1993,226.
43
FalvicI/TsaJviv
1993,
268.
44
IieIeI
1938, 297-323,
Nole
27, 303:
HacIIiIi 1987.
45
SaIIev/Bagalli
1949, Fig.
8:
CIeIaI
1959,
FI.
39:
FicciviIIo
1986,
FI.
III:
FicciviIIo
1989,
97.283-286.
46
FicciviIIo
1986,
Figs.
74.100:
FicciviIIo
1989,
177.179.193-196.
47
HacIIiIi
1987, Figs.
12.14-15.
48
Oazil/Landev
1993, 273-276,
on IacI covev.
49
piccivoIIo
1986,
Figs.
56-57,
FI. III.
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98 BacIeI HacIIiIi
-
TIe vine IvancIes
issuing
Jvon acanlIus Ieaves
|Jound
lo
dale)
occuv
onI
on
cIuvcI
pavenenls.
NiIolic scenes. TIese
appeav
on a Jev
pavenenls
in lIe Iovev
paneI |FI. 14B)
oJ
lIe Leonlis
snagogue-Iouse conpIex
al BelI-SIean50 and lIe cIuvcIes
el-T?Iga51
and
eI-Had?la |FI. 14B)52
as veII as on a JIoov oJ a
IuiIding
in
SeppIovis53.
TIeve is no
cIeav indicalion vIelIev lIe
SeppIovis'
slvucluve vas JevisI ov CIvislian.
TIe
iconogvapI
oJ lIe NiIolic scene
conposilions usuaII
consisls oJ a
NiIonelev,
a
vaIIed
IuiIding
vilI ov vilIoul an inscviIed
nane,
vavious Iivds and
JisIes,
aninaI
conIal sucI as cvocodiIe vevsus
IuJJaIo,
and
pIanls54.
AII can Ie seen as
geogvapIicaI
vendilions55. TIe NiIonelev in lIe Iovev
paneI
oJ lIe Iouse oJ Leonlis is
depicled
as a
vound lovev-IiIe slvucluve in a nannev siniIav lo lIe vendilion on lIe
lvansepl
oJ lIe
el-T?Iga
nosaic
paneI
and on lIe
uppev pavl
oJ lIe
SeppIovis
nosaic IolI ave
vepvesenled I
a navvov lovev divided
I
neasuves. TIe loveved
IuiIding
vilI ils
nane AIexandvia inscviIed al lIe Iouse oJ Leonlis
|FI. 14A)
is a nucI nove scIenalic
and
slIized vepvesenlalion
lIan a siniIav
depiclion
oJ lIe
cil
oJ AIexandvia in lIe
cIuvcIes oJ Sl. JoIn lIe
Baplisl
and Sl. Felev and FauI in Oevasa56. A vaIIed
cil
is
depicled
al
SeppIovis
on lIe IeJl side oJ lIe Iovev
pavl
oJ lIe nosaic and on lIe el
T?Iga
JIoov as veII as a
cil
on lIe
eI-Had?la
pavenenl,
vIicI incIuded lIe OveeI
inscviplion Egpl |FI. 14B)57.
Al IolI
eI-Had?la
and
BelI-SIean,
lIe NiIolic
conposilion
sIovs aninaI conIal a cov vevsus a cvocodiIe al
BelI-SIean,
and a cov
vevsus a
nan,
as veII as a
saiIing
Ioal vilI vine
javs,
al
eI-Had?la.
voussin58
suggesls
a JevisI
neaning
Jov lIe cvocodiIe-cov scene al lIe BelI-SIean House oJ
Leonlis,
inlevpveling
lIen as BeIonolI and
Levial?n,
vilI
escIaloIogicaI
connolalions.
Hovevev,
as lIis conIal
appeavs
aIso in olIev
nosaics,
il sIouId valIev Ie consideved
as one oJ lIe
iconogvapIicaI
eIenenls oJ lIe NiIolic scene. TIe
pIanls JiIIing
lIe
space
ave aIso siniIav
|FI. 14A.B). Hovevev,
lIe
pevsoniJicalion
oJ lIe NiIe as a Ieavded IaIJ
naIed naIe sealed
on a cvocodiIe is
vepvesenled onI
on lIe Iovev
paneI
oJ lIe BelI
SIean House oJ Leonlis
|FI. 14A).
TIe lvadilion oJ NiIolic scenes
goes
IacI lo lIe HeIIenislic
peviod.
TIe
neaning
oJ
lIe NiIolic scenes is in
conlvovevs.
Mosl scIoIavs59 nainlain a secuIav
viev,
lIe NiIo
lic scenes
vepvesenl
a
pIenonenon
oJ
using
noliJs oJ exolic cIavaclev Jov decovalive
puvposes, noslI
vilI
inaginalive
valIev lIan veaIislic
conlenl,
suggesling
aJJIuence
and
veII-Ieing.
Avi-YonaI
suggesls
lIeiv
depiclion
on cIuvcI
JIoovs,
JiIIed lIe voIe oJ
an
exolic,
diJJevenl
counlv
and
vepvesenled
lIe eavlI-Iound vovId. voussin nain
lains lIal il is
possiIIe
lIal sone oJ lIe NiIolic
Iandscapes
vilI
speciJic Egplian lopo
gvapIicaI suIjecls
is veIaled lo lIe NiIe
Iiluvg.
AIJ?Idi-BosenIaun60
posils
lIal Ni
Iolic noliJs veve incIuded in
pallevn
IooIs oJ nosaicisls.
50
zovi
1966,
131-132.
51
avi-onaI
1981,
FI. 52.
52
Avi-onaI
1972I, 118-122:
voussin
1985, 299-315:
ovadiaI
1987,
173-175.
53
nelzev/veiss
1992,
38-12.
54
HacIIiIi,
1997.
55
AIJ?Idi-BosenIaun/Wavd-FevIins
1980,45-50.
56
KvaeIing
1938, 241-244.324-329:
FicciviIIo
1986,
213.220.
57
avi-onaI
1972, 119,
Fis. 21-23.
58
Boussin
1981,6-9.
59
Avi-YonaI
1972, 121-122:
WIileIouse
1979, 77-81:
Boussin
1985, 312-315:
MeIoon
1995,
84.
60
AIJ?Idi-BosenIaun
1975,150-151.
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 99
MlIoIogicaI
scenes
appeav vaveI
on nosaic
pavenenls
oJ
snagogues
and
cIuvcIes
1.
OvpIeus,
lIe OveeI
nlIicaI singev,
vIo cIavned viId aninaIs vilI Iis
Ive
pIaing
is
vepvesenled
in JevisI avl al lIe
snagogue
oJ
Oaza,
Bavid in an
adoplion
oJ
lIe
nlIoIogicaI-pagan Jiguve
oJ
OvpIeus
is
depicled
dvessed and cvovned as a
Bzan
line
enpevov,
sealed on a
lIvone,
pIaing
lIe
Ive,
Jaced
I aninaIs,
oJ vIicI
onI
a
Iion,
a
sevpenl
and a
givaJJe
Iave suvvived
|FI. 15A)61.
In lIe Buva
Euvopos snagogue
vaII
painlings
oJ lIe nid-3vd
cenluv
CE. a siniIav
depiclion
oJ
OvpIeus appeavs62
a
sealed
Jiguve
vilI a
FIvgian cap,
allived in Fevsian
dvess,
pIaing
a
Ive,
vilI a Iion
and
eagIe
nexl lo Iin.
Heve, loo,
lIe
vepvesenlalion
is oJ
King
Bavid,
lIe
psaInisl-poel
and cIavnev vilI nusic. TIis couId aIso Ie consideved as a
IiIIicaI scene63.
OvpIeus
vas a
JaivI popuIav inage
in CIvislian
avl64,
usuaII
idenliJied vilI
CIvisl, aIlIougI
in CIvislian avl lIe
lendenc
is lo
vepvesenl OvpIeus
as lIe Oood
SIepIevd,
valIev lIan
OvpIeus cIavning
lIe aninaIs as in
pagan
avl. In a 5lI
cenluv
CIvislian
cIapeI
in JevusaIen
|FI. 15B)
lIe
depiclion
consisls oJ a sealed
OvpIeus
vilI
a
FIvgian cap, IoIding
a
Ive
and suvvounded
I Fan,
a
cenlauv,
a JaIcon
|ov eagIe),
a
pavlvidge,
a
val,
a
Ieav,
a
sIeep,
a
sevpenl,
and a
saIanandev
|cvocodiIe)65.
TIis
OvpIeus
is consideved
I
nosl scIoIavs lo Ie CIvislian66.
BecenlI
a nev nosaic vilI lIe scene
oJ
OvpIeus
vas
discoveved in a
Iavge
Iouse al
SeppIovis, possiII
daled lo lIe 3vd-4lI
cenluv67.
Il is Jound undev lIe cIuvcI.
2. In lIe Leonlis
Iouse-snagogue conpIex
al
BelI-SIean,
nlIoIogicaI
scenes
Jvon Honevic
poens
oJ lIe
Odsse appeav
on lIe
uppev paneI |FI. 13A)68,
vIicI
depicls
lIe scene oJ
Odsseus
and lIe sivens
Odsseus
lied lo lIe nasl oJ Iis
sIip,
vIiIe IeIov and lo lIe IeJl a naIed Neveid is
viding
an
icIlIocenlauv.
TIe Iovev scene
on lIe sane
paneI
sIovs
Odsseus JigIling
lIe nonslev
ScIIa,
Ieside a siven
pIaing
a
JIule. Il is lIe
onI
scene Jvon lIe Honevic
poens
on a
nosaic
pavenenl
Jound in Is
vaeI,
and
inleveslingI appeavs
on lIe JIoov oJ a JevisI Iouse. Avi-YonaI69
suggesls
lIal Honevic
poens
veve
appvecialed I Bzanline
Jevs.
TIe lIenes on lIese
pavenenls nigIl
Iave Ieen lIe cIoice oJ lIe
donov, Leonlis,
vIo
na
Iave
oviginaled
in
AIexandvia,
depicling
Iis
voage
lIence lo
BelI-SIean,
as
suggesled I
BolI-Oevson70:
ov lIese scenes
sinpI nigIl
Iave Ieen Jound lIe nosl
allvaclive
anong
lIe
designs
in lIe
pvevaIenl
sIelcI IooIs71.
CaIendav
SuIjecls.
An
inpovlanl
and cenlvaI lIene vas lIe
depiclion
oJ lIe zodiac
paneI72, occuvving
on seven
snagogues
lo dale
Hannal-Tavev?,
HuseiJa
| 'UsuJIa),
61
Avi- A
1966,221-223:
OvadiaI
1969, 193-198:
Finne
1978, 6-15:
BavasI
1980,
12.
62
IvaeI1ng
1979,
223-225.
63
HacIIiIi
1988,297-298.
64
BavasI
1980,
11-13.
65
Avi-YonaI
1981I, 319-320:
No.
133:
ovadiaI/nuczniI
1981,
152-166.
66
Bul see
OvadiaI/MuczniI
1981,
vIo
suggesl
lIe
IuiIding
vas
oviginaII pagan
and
onI
Ialev con
vevled lo a CIvislian
cIapeI.
67
Weiss/Nelzev
1996I,
37.
68
zovi
1966,
128-129.
69
Avi-YonaI
1975,
54.
70
volI-gevson
1987,
34.38.
7?
HacIIiIi
1988,301.393.
72
HacIIiIi
1977, 61-77:
Foevslev
1985,
380-391. Boussin
1985, 92-141:
HacIIiIi
1988,
301-309.
ZBFV
113|1997)
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100 BacIeI HacIIiIi
Bel
AIJa,
NaavaI
| B?q), SeppIovis73,
HivIel
S?s?a |onI
lIe venains oJ a zodiac
scIene),
and Oid?
|a
zodiac inscviIed
Iisl).
TIese
vange
Jvon lIe 4lI lo lIe 7lI
cenluv.
Five
pavenenls
suvvived vIose
design,
Jovn and
conposilion
ave idenlicaI
|Fig. 5-6).
AII Jouv zodiac
ccIes
consisl oJ a
squave
Jvane
conlaining
lvo concenlvic
civcIes. WilIin lIe
squave
Jvane
covnevs,
a
snIoIic vepvesenlalion
oJ Iusls oJ lIe Jouv
seasons is
povlvaed.
TIe oulev civcIe divided inlo unils
depicls
lIe lveIve
signs
oJ lIe
zodiac,
eacI vilI lIe addilion oJ ils HeIvev nane. TIe innev civcIe sIovs lIe sun
god
in a Jouv-Iovse cIaviol.
Il seens lIal lIese idenlicaI
vepvesenlalions
oJ lIe zodiac in lIe
snagogues
Junclioned as an annuaI caIendav. TIis is JuvlIev allesled
I
lIe nev zodiac nosaic
Jvon
SeppIovis,
vIicI Ias lIe
HeIvev
nanes oJ lIe nonlIs
JoIIoving
lIe nanes oJ lIe
signs:
and lIe
inscviplion
on lIe Oid?
snagogue pavenenl,
vIicI Ias lIe HeIvev
nanes oJ lIe zodiac
signs
JoIIoved
I
a
pvecise
Iisl oJ lIe lveIve JevisI
nonlIs,
i.e.
lIe zodiac
ccIe
sevved lIe JevisI connunilies as a
snIoIic
caIendav,
Ieing
lIe
JvanevovI Jov lIe annuaI viluaI in lIe
snagogue.
TIe
agvicuIluvaI
caIendav
depicled
on CIvislian
pavenenls
al BelI-SIean Iad a
siniIav Junclion Iul is oJ diJJevenl
design
lIis is Jound al lIe 6lI
cenluv Lad Mav
nonaslev
and al lIe
Junevav cIapeI
al eI-Hann?n
|Besan) |Fig. 7A.B)74.
TIese
JIoovs sIov lIe
pevsoniJicalion
oJ lIe IaIouvs oJ lIe nonlIs. In BelI-SIean
|Fig. 7A)
lIe
design
consisls oJ lvo concenlvic
civcIes,
lIe oulev civcIe divided inlo lveIve unils.
WilIin eacI a
singIe Jiguve
in JuII
aclivil
is
povlvaed
vilI lIe addilion oJ lIe Lalin
nanes oJ lIe nonlIs vvillen in OveeI Iellevs. In lIe innev
civcIe,
lIe
pevsoniJicalion
oJ
lIe sun and noon is
depicled.
Al eI-Hann?n
|Besan)
lIe
design
consisls oJ
singIe
aclive
Jiguves pevsoniJing
lIe IaIouvs oJ lIe nonlIs
depicled
in lvo
vovs:
onI
nine
nonlIs ave
pvesevved |Fig.
7B).
BolI lIese CIvislian
pavenenls vepvesenl
civiI and
agvicuIluvaI
caIendavs75.
AIlIougI
lIe diJJevence Ielveen lIese JevisI and CIvislian
vepvesenlalions
is
quile slviIing
in
design
and
concepl,
lIe JevisI caIendavs aII ave oJ an idenlicaI scIene
|Fig. 5-6)
as veII as
neaning,
i.e.,
an annuaI
IiluvgicaI
caIendav. TIeiv
IasicaII
siniIav
Jovn
suggesls
lIe exislence oJ a
pvololpe
in a
pallevn
IooI76.
TIe lvo CIvislian
exanpIes
ave diJJevenl in lIeiv Iasic Jovn Iul ave siniIav in lIe
genevaI depiclion
oJ lIe
pevsoniJied
IaIouvs oJ lIe nonlIs.
Hovevev,
lIe
snIoIs
Jov
eacI nonlI ave
conpIeleI
diJJevenl.
TIe
JoIIov eavIiev Bonan caIendav
designs77.
TIe JevisI caIendavs consisl oJ lIvee seclions lIe nonlIs ave
vepvesenled I
lIe
zodiac
signs,
lIe Jouv seasons
vepvesenl
lIe
eav,
and lIe sun
god
vilI ils
IacIgvound
oJ IaIJ noon and slavs
vepvesenls da
and
nigIl.
Il seens lIal lIe Jevs
pveJevved
aI
slvacl
snIoIisn
in
using
lIe zodiac
signs
inslead oJ Iunan
aclivil
oJ lIe IaIouvs oJ
lIe nonlIs as used
I pagan,
Bonan and CIvislian caIendavs.
BiIIicaI Scenes occuv in JevisI and CIvislian avl. In
snagogue
avl lIe eavIiesl
vepvesenlalives,
in lIe 3vd
cenluv,
ave lIe vaII
painlings
oJ
Buva-Euvopos
in a
gveal
vaviel
oJ IiIIicaI scenes execuled in delaiIed
vepvesenlalion. TIe
ave aIso Jound on
snagogue
nosaic
pavenenls
in lIe Land oJ IsvaeI Jvon lIe 5lI
cenluv
on NoaI's AvI
73
A nev excavaled
snagogue
nosaic
pavenenl,
lIal
anong
olIev ovnanenlalions Ias a IeauliJuI and
vicI zodiac
paneI:
Weiss/Nelzev
1996a,
26-29.
74
FilzgevaId
1939, 6,
Fis.
VI-VIII:
Avi-YonaI
1936, 22,
FI. 7V.
75
HacIIiIi
1977,
74.
76
HacIIiIi
1988,
394-395.
77
WeIslev
1938: AIevslvon-Hougen
1974,
85-86.
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113|1997)
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 101
in
Oevasa:
lIe SacviJice oJ Isaac al Bel
AIJa
and
SeppIovis,
BanieI in lIe Lion's Ben al
NaavaI
| B?q)
and HivIel
S?s?a, King
Bavid
|as OvpIeus)
al
Oaza,
and Bavid
vilI lIe
veapons capluved
Jvon OoIialI al MevolI
|HivIel M?v?s)1*.
AII lIese scenes veve
vepvesenled
in a
sinpIe
concise navvalive.
TIe
Iad a con
non lIene oJ desive Jov
Iope
and saIvalion vilI veJevence lo lvadilionaI IislovicaI
evenls:
lIe nigIl
Iave Iad sone
snIoIic neaning
associaled vilI
pvaevs,
especiaII
in lines oJ
dvougIl.
Hovevev,
lIe avlislic
depiclion, slIe
and
conposilion
oJ
eacI scene on lIese
snagogue pavenenls
is diJJevenl.
TIe SacviJice oJ Isaac
appeavs
on lIe nosaic
pavenenl
oJ Bel
AIJa depicled
as a
concise navvalive scene oJ lIvee
pavls
lIe
donIe
and lIe
Iads:
lIe
van,
lIe lIicIel and
lIe Hand oJ
Ood: AIvaIan,
Isaac and lIe AIlav. On lIe
vecenlI
exacavaled
snagogue
nosaic al
SeppIovis79,
lIe
Binding
oJ Isaac is
depicled
in lvo
paneIs,
on lIe IeJl
paneI,
lvo sevvanls vilI lIe
ass,
venained. OJ lIe
vigIl paneI onI
a
vev
snaII
pavl
is
pvesevved,
lIe Iead oJ lIe van lelIeved lo lIe
lvee,
IeIov il ave lvo
upluvned paivs
oJ
sIoes:
in lIe
cenlev,
onI
lvaces oJ a voIe and a IIade oJ a IniJe Iave Ieen
pvesevved.
In JevisI avl il vas
pvoIaII
neanl as lIe IeIieJ in Ood's
gvace
and as a
snIoI
oJ
IiJe,
vIiIe in CIvislian avl il
vepvesenled
lIe
pv?Jiguvalion
oJ lIe IiJe and sacviJice oJ Je
sus.
FuvlIevnove,
vIeveas lIe Jevs
depicled
lIis lIene on a
snagogue pavenenl |and
lIe vaII
painling
al
Buva-Euvopos),
lIe
eavI
CIvislians
pveJevved
lo sIov il in lIeiv
Junevav
avl on Bonan calaconI vaIIs and
savcopIagi80.
NoaI's avI
depicled
on lIe Oevasa
snagogue
JIoov
povlvas
lIe aninaIs
Ieaving
NoaI's
avI,
vilI NoaI and Iis
JaniI ceIeIvaling
lIe evenl. TIis vendilion
suggesls
lIal lIe
snIoIic neaning
oJ lIe scene is Ood's
pvonise
nol lo
deslvo
lIe vovId
again. B conpavison,
in
EavI
CIvislian avl lIe scene
depicled
on
calaconIs and
savcopIagi
is
usuaII
a
snIoIic
vendilion oJ lIe avI as a
Iox,
vilIin il
NoaI,
sending
oJJ lIe
dove:
lIe
slov
Ieve
snIoIizes
dealI and vesuvveclion and saIvalion Jov lIe
IeIievev81.
BanieI in lIe Lion's Ben
appeavs
in lIe NaavaI
| B?q)
nosaic
JIoov,
sIoving
BanieI in an ovans
posluve
JIanIed
I
lvo Iions a siniIav scene vas
pvoIaII depicled
on lIe HivIel
S?s?a snagogue pavenenl,
Iul vas
aInosl
enliveI deslvoed.
TIis
lIene vas aIso
popuIav
in
EavI
CIvislian avl
appeaving
on calaconIs and
savcopIagi:
il is veIaled lo a dealI
cuIl,
snIoIizing
a
pevson
saved Iecause oJ Iis IeIieJ82.
In CIvislian
avl,
IiIIicaI scenes ave seIdon
depicled
on cIuvcI nosaic JIoovs. One
sucI scene is Jound on lIe cIuvcI nosaic JIoov oJ Bel
OiIv?n,
depicling
lIe IiIIicaI
lIene oJ
JonaI,
vIeve il is vendeved on lvo diJJevenl
oclagons,
one on lIe novlI aisIe
and lIe olIev on lIe soulI. TIe Jivsl
oclagon
sIovs JonaI in lIe
javs
oJ lIe
JisI:
lIe
second
povlvas
JonaI
Iing
undev lIe
gouvd.
TIe lvo
cavpels JiIIing
lIe soulI and
novlI aisIes consisl oJ
squaves, Iexagons
and lIvee cenlvaI
oclagons.
In IolI aisIes lIe
JonaI
depiclions covvespondingI
JiII lIe lIivd
oclagon
oJ eacI aisIe
cavpel.
TIe olIev
oclagons
and
squaves
ave JiIIed vilI
aninaIs, vases,
peacocIs, IoIslevs,
elc.
AIlIougI
78
voussin
1985, 189-202:
IacIIiIi
1988, 287-300:
IIan
1989, 24-25,
FI.
7I7, Fig.
6.
79
Weiss/Nelzev
1996a,
30-31.
80
IacIIiIi
1988,
288-292.
81
IacIIiIi
1988,
292-294.
s2
IacIIiIi
1988,
294-295.
83
OvadiaI
1987,
19-20.
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102 BacIeI HacIIiIi
lIe JonaI scenes Iave a
pavlI
cenlvaI
posilion,
il is nol as
pvoninenl
as lIe
space
lIe
IiIIicaI scenes
occup
on
snagogue pavenenls84.
Il sIouId Ie nenlioned lIal a Nev Teslanenl
scene,
lIe
MuIlipIicalion
oJ lIe
Loaves and
FisIes,
occuvs on lIe
pavenenl
oJ lIe cIuvcI al
el-T?Iga,
vIeve lIe
nivacIe vas
supposed
lo Iave laIen
pIace.
TIis
pavenenl,
Jound IeIind lIe
aIlav,
pvoIaII
is
vepaiv
vovI oJ lIe 6lI
cenluv85.
In
sunnav, aIlIougI
IiIIicaI lIenes occuv in IolI JevisI and
EavI
CIvislian
avl,
lIe
ave
quile
diJJevenl vIenevev
lIe depicl
lIe sane lIenes
-
TIe scenes ave
depicled
on
snagogue pavenenl,
as
pavl
oJ
snagogaI
avl and
pavenenls pvogvanne,
vIiIe in
EavI
CIvislian avl
|vilI
lIe
exceplions
slaled
aIove) lIe
ave
usuaII
vendeved on calaconI vaIIs and
savcopIagi
in
Bone,
lIus consideved
suIjecls Jilling Junevav
avl.
-
In JevisI
povlvaaI
lIe associalion is vilI lIe IeIieJ in Ood's saIvalion Jov His
cIosen
peopIe:
in CIvislian avl lIe associalion is vilI a
pevson's
ovn
saIvalion,
dealI and aJlev-IiJe86.
-
TIe IiIIicaI scenes in JevisI
snagogues
veve a
venindev oJ lIe lvadilion oJ
IiIIicaI
slovies,
vIiIe in CIvislian avl lIe
snIoIic neaning
oJ lIese scenes vas
oJ
pvinav
inlevesl.
-
TIe IiIIicaI scenes in lIe
snagogue
ave in lIe Jovn oJ a
navvalive-descviplive
depiclion, incIuding
delaiIs and
inscviplions
vilI nanes and BiIIe
vevses,
vIeveas in CIvislian avl lIe Jovn oJ lIe scenes is concise and
sunnavized,
oJlen
aIIegovicaI
and
snIoIic.
TIe
ovigin
Jov lIese lIenes in IolI
veIigions
is
pvoIaII
nol a connon
Jiguvalive
avl Iul lIeiv
Iilevav
one, i.e.,
lIe
Scvipluves87.
SnIoIs.
Mosl oJ lIe
snagogue pavenenls
Iave
depiclion
oJ sone JevisI
sn
IoIic
eIenenls,
usuaII
lIe
nenovaI,
in a
pvoninanl pIace.
TIe TovaI sIvine ov lIe AvI
oJ lIe ScvoIIs JIanIed
I
a
paiv
oJ nenovolI and viluaI
oIjecls,
is a
Jvequenl
ovnanenla
lion oJ lIe
snagogue
nosaic
paneI, usuaII
in Jvonl oJ lIe TovaI
sIvine,
al lIe
snago
gues
oJ Bel
AIJa,
BelI-SIean,
Hannal-Tdvev?,
NaavaI
| B?q),
HivIel
Sus?a
88,
and al
SeppIovis89.
TIese
vepvesenlalion
on nosaic
pavenenls
oJ
snagogues
is
pvoIaII
a vendilion oJ lIe acluaI
posilion
oJ lIe TovaI sIvine in
snagogue
avcIilecluve,
i.e.
pIaced
in lIe
aedicuIa,
nicIe ov
apse.
In conlvasl
snIoIic
noliJs and
veIigious
eIenenls ave
vaveI depicled
on cIuvcI
JIoovs90,
in viev oJ lIe
dangev
oJ lIeiv
Ieing
lvodden
upon.
84
A JonaI scene is Jound aIso on lIe nosaic
pavenenl
oJ lIe NovlI AJvican cIuvcI oJ
AquiIeia:
OvaIav
1967,
FI.
19:
Engevnan
1986,
85-87.
85
Kilzingev
1965, 11:
Avi-YonaI
1975,44-46.
86
HacIIiIi
1988,
373.
87
HacIIiIi
1988,
373-374.
88
HacIIiIi 1988
,255.275.278.347-354.
89
Weiss/Nelzev
1996a,
18-19.
90
Tvo
exanpIes
oJ sone Iind oJ sIvine ave
depicled
on CIvislian nosaic JIoovs in Jovdan. TIe
cIapeI
oJ
Fviesl JoIn al HivIel
eI-MuIail,
picciviIIo
1986, 85-86:
picciviIIo
1993, 44,
sIovs a Jouv
coIunned sIvine decovaled vilI a concI in ils
lnpanun,
inside lIe coIunns ave an
inscviplion
in lIe
cenlve JIanIed
I
lvo candeIslicIs. Tvo vooslevs ave
pevcIed
on lIe
lnpanun
covnevs and lvo
pea
cocIs ave
JIanIing
lIe
sIvine:
see aIso Foevslev
1990, 546-547,
vIo
conpaves
lIis
sancluv
vilI lIe
TovaI sIvine on lIe
paneI
al HivIel
S?s?a,
and
avgues
lIal lIese
depiclions vepvesenl
a
lenpIe
Jacade.
Hovevev,
lIe Jacade al HivIel
S?s?a
nouses an AvI oJ lIe
ScvoIIs,
Ience il is a TovaI sIvine. TIe
nosaic oJ lIe
cIapeI
oJ TIeoloIos al Mounl
NeIo,
FicciviIIo
1986, 80-81,
sIovs a
slIized sIvine,
vilI an aIlav and
Jive,
JIanIed
I
lvo IuIIs and lvo
gazeIIes.
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 103
Mosaic FIoovs
Conposilion.
Mosaic
pavenenls
veve
pIanned
as a Jvaned
unil
divided inlo JieIds oJ
geonelvic
ov
iconogvapIie paneIs,
nedaIIions,
ovganic
ov
geone
lvic
pallevns
and olIev
designs.
TIe nosaic JieIds ave divided inlo snaIIev aveas sucI as
nave, aisIes,
inlevcoIuninalions and
navlex,
sonelines eacI
consisling
oJ
singIe
cav
pels91.
TIe nosl eIaIovale
designs usuaII appeav
on lIe nave
cavpels, JvequenlI sepav
aled
I vicII
ovnanenled Iovdevs Jvon lIe aisIes. A siniIav scIene oJ nave
cavpel
Jound on IolI
snagogue
and cIuvcI
pavenenls
is lIe inIaIiled scvoII
design,
in
vogue
duving
lIe 6lI
cenluv |FI. 13), pvoIaII copied
Jvon a
pallevn
IooI92.
Man snago
gues
and cIuvcIes decovaled lIeiv JIoovs vilI
geonelvic cavpels conlaining sinpIe
ov
eIaIovale
designs.
SucI a
geonelvic design appeavs
on lIe M?'?z
Hain snagogue's
easlevn aisIe93 and lIe
pavenenl
oJ lIe cIuvcI oJ Save
Si?n94.
TIe
design
consisls oJ
oclagons
vilI a snaII
squave
ov
Iozenge
in ils cenlve and a snaII neandev
squave
al
eacI inlevseclion.
A diJJevenl
design
oJ
oclagons
can Ie
Jound,
Jov
inslance,
IolI on lIe nain
paneI
oJ lIe JevicIo
snagogue cavpel
and lIe novlI aisIe oJ lIe Save
Si?n
cIuvcI 95. A de
sign
oJ
inlevIocIing Iexagons cvealing
vavious
geonelvic sIapes
sucI as
civcIes,
lvi
angIes, Iozenges
and
oclagons
JiIIed vilI
geonelvic pallevns,
avleJacls and aninaIs is
povlvaed
ovi
sevevaI
pavenenls
oJ cIuvcIes and
snagogues,
sucI as cIuvcI oJ HivIel
Buv?I?l96,
Save
Si?n97
and lIe lIivd
paneI
oJ lIe
snagogue
al NaavaI
|
'?n
B?q)9*.
A
pallevn
oJ
squaves
nade oJ JIovevs
conlaining
vavious
oIjecls
ov Jvuils and Ieavl
sIaped
Ieaves is
depicled
on lIe
pavenenl
oJ lIe JevicIo
snagogue99
as veII as on lIe
easl JIoov oJ lIe BelI-MidvasI al MevolI
|HivIel M?v?s)
10?.
AnolIev scIene oJ a
geonelvic cavpel design
vilI an enIIen as lIe cenlvaI Jocus
in lIe
conposilion
occuvs on
snagogue
and cIuvcI nosaic
pavenenls.
TIe enIIen on
lIe
snagogue pavenenls
al JevicIo consisl oJ JevisI
snIoIs
and al Oid? oJ a
geonelvic design
vilI Iivds101. On lIe JIoovs oJ lIe Save
Si?n
cIuvcI novlI and soulI
aisIes,
lIe enIIen consisls oJ a cvoss and
ponegvanales
vilIin a civcIe102.
Hovevev,
one
conposilion
scene is Jound
onI
on
snagogue pavenenls
sevevaI
nave
snagogue pavenenls
B?l
AIJa,
BelI-SIean,
Hannal-Tdvev?, Hannal-O?d?v,
NaavaI
| B?q),
HivIel
S?s?a103 povlva
a
design
divided inlo lIvee
paneIs.
TIese
paneIs
consisls oJ 1. a
paneI, usuaII
in Jvonl oJ lIe TovaI
sIvine,
depicling
JevisI
snIoIs,
TovaI sIvine ov avI JIanIed
I
lvo nenovol and viluaI
oIjecls104
and 2. lIe
zodiac scene is
JvequenlI depicled
in lIe niddIe
paneI |Fig. 5-6).
TIe lIivd
paneI
al
B?l
AIJa
consisls oJ lIe IiIIicaI scene oJ lIe
Iinding
oJ Isaac.
Hannal-Tdvev?
9?
HacIIiIi
1988,
347-364.
92
HacIIiIi
1988,
310-316.354-355.
93
TsaJevis
1982, 224, Figs.
31I. 32c.
94
avi-onaI
1967, 50,
FI. III.
95
HacIIiIi
1988, 360,
Fig.
7I
13:
Avi-YonaI
1967,
FI. 77VIII.
96
lsaJviv/IivcIJeId
1979, 307-309,
FI. 17.
97
avi-onaI
1967, 58-59,
Fis. 777II-777III.
98
HacIIiIi
1988,358,
Fig.
7I 11.
99
HacIIiIi
1988,360, Fig.
7I 13.
1 Ian
1989,34-35,
Fig.
19.
101
HacIIiIi
1988,
Fis. 50.96a.
102
A vi-Yon aI
1967, 49.53,
Fis. 77VIII-77I7. 7II.
103
HacIIiIi
1988,347-354.
i?4
HacIIiIi
1988, 248,
Fig.
I7 8.
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104 BacIeI HacIIiIi
conlains a
paneI
vilI an
inscviplion
JIanIed
I
lvo
Iions:
NaavaI
| B?q)
and HivIel
S?s?a
Iave a
geonelvic cavpel
as lIeiv lIivd
paneI.
HusiJaI
| VsuJIa)
Ias lIe nave
divided
onI
inlo lvo
paneIs
a zodiac
design
and vine IvancIes and Iivds
cavpel.
TIe
Hannal-O?d?v nave JIoov is divided aIso inlo lIvee
paneIs, consisling
oJ one
paneI
|cIose
lo lIe
apse)
oJ an
inscviplion
JIanIed
I
lvo Iions. TIe olIev lvo
paneIs
consisl
oJ
geonelvic cavpels.
TIe Leonlis
Iouse-snagogue conpIex
is aIso divided inlo lIvee
paneIs, diJJeving
in
conposilion,
size and IaIance and
conlaining nlIoIogicaI
and
NiIolic lIenes
|FI 14A).
TIese
conposilions
vilI division inlo lIvee
paneIs
is
quile
connon on
snagogue
pavenenls
Iul
IavdI appeav
on cIuvcI JIoovs. TIe
Jvequenc
oJ lIis scIene on
sn
agogue
JIoovs
possiII
devives Jvon lIe desive oJ lIe JevisI
connunil
lo
incovpovale
snIoIic
and
iconogvapIicaI
lIenes inlo lIeiv
snagogue pavenenls.
TIis
va lIe
couId
incovpovale
and
ovganize
vavious lIenes in IaIanced veIalions.
3.
Inscviplions
TIe
inscviplions
Jound in
snagogues
and cIuvcIes ave
noslI
sel in nosaic JIoovs.
OlIevs can Ie Jound on
IinleIs and
doovposls,
coIunns and
capilaIs
and on cIanceI
scveens. TIese avcIilecluvaI and ovnanenlaI
pavls
veve donaled
I
a
pvivale
donov ov
I
lIe
connunil.
Mosl cIuvcI
inscviplions
ave in OveeI
|one
eacI in
Sviac,
Avnenian,
AvaIic and
Lalin). Inscviplions
Jound in
snagogues
ave in Avanaic and
HeIvev105 and sone in OveeI106. TIe connon Jovn oJ lIe
inscviplion
vas lIe laIuIa
ansala. OlIev Jovns veve civcuIav and
veclanguIav.
FIacenenl vas
pvoIaII
nol
veguIaled: lIe
ave sel in vavious
pIaces
in
snagogues
and cIuvcIes107.
Snagogue inscviplions
ave
noslI
dedicalions. In sone oJ lIe
inscviplions
lIe
donovs ave
nenlioned108.
TIe usuaII Iegin
vilI lIe JovnuIa
dIv
IlvI lo Ie venen
Ieved vilI lIe nanes oJ lIe donovs
JoIIoving.
TIe
inscviplions
incIude lIe donovs'
nanes,
lIeiv lilIe ov
pvoJession,
lIe Iind oJ lIe donalion and sonelines lIe sun. A
IIessing
lo lIe donovs is sonelines added
and,
vaveI,
lIe dale. In lIe OveeI
inscvip
lions lIe veason Jov lIe donalion is sonelines incIuded109. TIe donovs Iave lilIes sucI
as
pviesls,
vaIIis and
avcIisnagogos.
OlIev
inscviplions
nenlion donovs vilI lilIes
sucI as Iovd and
Iad,
and
pevsons
vIo Iave sone lasIs in lIe
connunil110.
Sone oJ
lIe dedicalions111 veve
given
nol
I
IocaI
peopIe
Iul
I
donovs Jvon olIevs lovns ov
viIIages112.
Nanes oJ lIe donovs ave
noslI
HeIvev. OveeI and Lalin nanes occuv
nainI
in
lIe OveeI
inscviplions.
A Jev
inscviplions
nenlion lIe avlisls vIo
pvoIaII
nade lIe
nosaic ov
conslvucled lIe
IuiIding113.
Sone oJ lIe
inscviplions
incIude a
IIessing
lo lIe
donovs
I
lIe
connunil114.
105
AIoul 90
puIIisIed I
NaveI
1978:
NaveI
1989,
302-310.
106
AIoul 36
puIIisIed I
BolI-Oevson 1987.
107
avi-onaI
1981I, 373:
OvadiaI
1970, 208:
IacIIiIi
1988, 362-363.
I?8
NaveI
1978,
Nos.
33-35.74.64.:
Avi-YonaI
1981I,
372.
109
BolI-Oevson
1987,
150-151.
110
NaveI
1978,
12.
111
BolI-Oevson
1987,
163-180.
?12
NaveI
1978,
Nos. 4.21.
i13
HacIIiIi
1988,383-385.
14
BolI-Oevson
1987,158-160.
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 105
Snagogues
incIude aIso
Iilevav inscviplions,
sucI as lIe Oid?
inscviplion
vilI
donalion,
zodiac Iisl and a secvel
JovnuIa115:
lIe HaIacIa
inscviplion
Jvon TeII es
Savivn
|BeIov)116:
lIe IiIIicaI 24
pvieslI
Iisl117:
lIe IiIIicaI nanes and senlences al lIe
SacviJice oJ Isaac al Bel
AIJa118. Expvessions
sucI as
SIaIon:
SIaIon aI
IsvaeI:
Anen
SeIa occuv on sone
inscviplions.
TIis Iind oJ
inscviplions
seIdon
appeavs
in cIuvcIes.
Hovevev,
sone cIuvcI
inscviplions
ave
using
IiIIicaI
cilalions, nainI psaIns
Jvon lIe OveeI
Sepluaginl,
Jov
exanpIe,
an
inscviplion
Jvon a cave-cIuvcI al HivIel ed-Bev in lIe Judaean
desevl119,
and an
inscviplion
Jvon lIe NovlIevn cIuvcI al Hevodiun120. CIuvcI
inscviplions
veve
noslI
dedicalions,
nenlioning
lIe
IuiIdevs, enpevovs, sainls,
cIevg,
nonIs,
lIe
cIuvcI
IievavcI
and
nan palvons
and nenIevs oJ lIe
congvegalion.
OJlen lIe
inscviplions
incIude lIe JovnuIa Jov lIe saIvalion oJ lIe donov ov Joun
dev vilI an added
pvaev
ov
vequesl121,
as veII as
inscviplions
vIicI nenlion lIe vovs
lIal veve
pvoIaII
lIe veason Jov lIe
donalion,
siniIav lo lIe OveeI
snagogue inscvip
lions.
OccasionaII
cIuvcI
inscviplions
nenlion lIe
enpevovs122.
Sone cIuvcI
inscvip
lions nenlion lIe
deil I
a
nonogvan appeIalion123. OnI
once does a
snagogue
pavenenl inscviplion |Bel AIJa)
nenlion lIe nane oJ an
enpevov
Juslinian.
Fev
inscviplions
oJ
snagogues
and cIuvcIes incIude dales. Sone use lIe
eavs
oJ
lIe
enpevov124
and sone
give
lIe dale oJ lIe
IuiIding's conpIelion
ov
venovalion, e.g.
lIe
snagogue inscviplions
oJ B?l
AIJa,
Oaza and HivIel en-NaIval?n125 and lIe
nonaslev
oJ
Lad Mav
in
BelI-SIean126:
TIe cIuvcIes al Save
Si?n,127:
and lIe
cIuvcI al HivIel
eI-Be?d?ln.
4. Avlisls
EslaIIisIing
lIe
idenlil
oJ avlisls and
vovIsIops
is one oJ lIe nosl
inlevesling
suIjecls.
Avlisls
ov IuiIdevs
na
Ie idenliJied
I inscviplions
in vIicI
lIe
ave nen
lioned as veII as
lIvougI
an
anaIsis
oJ lIe
slIislic
cIavaclev oJ a
given piece
oJ avcIi
lecluve ov ovnanenlalion and an exaninalion oJ noliJs and
pallevns. OnI
a Jev
inscviplions
suvvive lIal nenlion avlisls
genevaII
ov
I
nane. SevevaI Avanaic and
OveeI
inscviplions
veve Jound
on avcIilecluvaI eIenenls oJ
snagogues
al
'AIna,
KaJv
Bav'an,
HovIal
'Annudin,
BaIIuva129 vIicI nenlion
cvaJlsnen,
avlisls ov IuiIdevs.
SevevaI nosaic
pavenenls
conlain OveeI and Avanaic
inscviplions nenlioning
avlisls
115NaveI
1978,
No.
70:
Levine
1981,
140-145.
116naveI
1978,
No. 49.
1*7NaveI
1978,
Nos. 51-52.56.
118NaveI
1978,
No. 44.
?19
HivscIJeId
1993,247.
120
Nelzev el aI.
1993,222.
121
A
-
A
1981I, 370:
BolI-Oevson
1987,
150.
122OvadiaI
1970,
TaI. 7.
123avi-YonaI
1981I,
371.
124OvadiaI
1970,210.
125NaveI
1978,5.
126avi-YonaI
1981I,
370.
127
Avi-YonaI
1967,
59-60.
128
Iisni1990,
263.
129HacIIiIi
1988,383-385.
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106 BacIeI HacIIiIi
genevaII
ov
I
nane. Avlisls ave
nenlioned on
snagogue
JIoovs130 Al Bel
AIJa
a
OveeI
inscviplion
connenovales lIe cvaJlsnen Mavianos and Han ina. TIe sane avlisls
ave nenlioned in a
OveeI
inscviplion
al lIe BelI-SIean
snagogue.
MenIevs oJ
a
lIvee
genevalion JaniI
oJ nosaic avlisls ave Yose and
Yudan,
sons oJ
TanIun,
son oJ
Bula,
vIo nade nosaic
pavenenls,
ave nenlioned on lvo
inscviplions,
Jvon
KaJv
Kanna
and Jvon
SeppIovis.
An Avanaic
inscviplion
on lIe snaII
snagogue
oJ lIe BelI-SIean
Leonlis
Iouse-snagogue conpIex
veads BenenIeved Ie Jov
good
lIe avlisan vIo
nade lIis vovI.
CIvislian
inscviplions
ave Jound on sevevaI nosaic
pavenenls.
Al Bell?v lIe
inscviplion
nenlions Anlonis
OaIoga
vIo nade lIe
vovI131:
lIe CIvislian
cIapeI
al Bel
OiIv?n Ias an
inscviplion
vIicI nenlions OIodianos lIe Fviesl as a nosaicisl132. In lIe
nonaslev
oJ B?v
eI-Qull,
a nosaicisl
I
lIe nane oJ JosiaI is nenlioned in lIe
Heovgian inscviplion
on lIe nosaic133.
Al lIe cIuvcI oJ
Kiss?J?n |BivI?l
AIu
B?d?n)
lIe
inscviplion
AIexandev nade
appeavs
on lIe nosaic
JIoov,
and
nigIl
veJev lo lIe avlisl134.
TIese
inscviplions suppovl
lIe concIusion lIal on nosl occasions JevisI avlisls
veve
enpIoed
in
IuiIding snagogues
and
Iaing
nosaic
pavenenls
and CIvislian av
lisls Iaid cIuvcI nosaic JIoovs135. As
aIvead
indicaled sone
inscviplions
nenlion lvo
ov lIvee
genevalions
oJ nosaicisls oJ lIe sane
JaniI
in B?i
AIJa
and BelI-SIean a lvo
genevalion JaniI
is nenlioned136.
SlIislic
cIavaclevizalion,
lIe use oJ lIe sane noliJs and
pallevns,
a
siniIavil
in
slIe
and execulion
nigIl
sonelines
IeIp idenliJ
avlisls137. Fov
exanpIe,
lIe Leonlis
Iouse-snagogue conpIex
al
BelI-SIean,
and voon L oJ lIe
Lad Mav
CIvislian no
naslev
al BelI-SIean
nigIl
Iave Ieen execuled
I
lIe sane avlisls ov
vovIsIop
|FI. 14A)138.
TIis vouId
suggesl
lIal
occasionaII
JevisI and CIvislian avlisls and
cvaJlsnen vovIed Jov a nixed cIienleIe
pagan,
JevisI and CIvislian. Lead
coJJins,
pvoIaII slenning
Jvon
a Sidonian
vovIsIop,
aIso
pvove
lIal vovI vas
sonelines
done Jov
pagan,
JevisI and CIvislian cIienleIe139.
5. Fallevn BooIs
TIe use oJ siniIav
conposilions, lIenes, pallevns
and noliJs in IolI JevisI and
CIvislian ancienl avl
suggesls
lIe exislence oJ connon
pallevn
IooIs ov sIelcI
IooIs140. TIese
pallevn
IooIs veve
pvoIaII
Ianded dovn
lIvougI
lIe avlisls'
JaniIies,
and veve lIus used ovev
Iong peviods
oJ line.
TIe nigIl
Iave conlained
genevaI
con
posilions,
sucI as
cavpel Iovdevs,
JiIes oJ noliJs sucI as Iivds and
aninaIs,
conpiIed
130
Avi-onaI
1981I, 292.325:
NaveI
1978, 51-52:
HacIIiIi
1988, 385:
Weiss/Nelzev
1996a,
41.
131
avi-onaI
1981I, 289,
No. 13.
132
Avi-onaI
1981I, 275.295,
No. 23.
133
0VABIAH
1987,
No. 54.
134
CoIen
1980, 20:
CoIen
1993,
277-282.
135
Fov a delaiIed discussion on avlisls and nosaicisls see BaIneIIe/Bavnon
1986, 235-249:
Lin
devev 1989.
136
IacIIiIi
1988,385-386.
137
daupIin
1978,409-410:
HacIIiIi
1988,386-391.
138
IacIIiIi
1988,390.
139
avigad
1976, 173-182:
HacIIiIi
1988,
387-391.
140
avi-YonaI
1981I, 375:
Kilzingev
1965, 7:
BaupIin
1978:
HacIIiIi
1988,391-395.
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 107
lIenes
IiIIicaI, evevda
and vuvaI
IiJe, nlIoIogicaI
scenes and JevisI
iconogvapI
and
snIoIs.
TIe
siniIavil
oJ lIe inIaIiled scvoII
cavpels appeaving
IolI in
snagogues
and
cIuvcIes
|FI. 13)
is JuvlIev
pvooJ
Jov lIe
pvoIaIIe
exislence oJ
pallevn
IooIs
incIuding
lIis
design
as il vas used
I
vavious avlisls141.
Moveovev,
lIe Jevs
gave
added
signiJi
cance lo lIeiv
snagogue
JIoovs
I insevling
JevisI
snIoIs
in
pvoninenl posilions
in
lIe inIaIiled scvoII
cavpel142.
Avlisls used lIese assuned
pallevn
IooIs Jov lIe
execulion oJ
designs
vIicI veve cIosen eilIev
I
lIenseIves
ov,
nove
pvoIaII, I
palvons,
donovs ov lIe
connunil. FvesunaII,
JevisI
pallevn
IooIs exisled on sevevaI
lopics143
lIe
siniIavil
oJ JevisI
iconogvapI
and lIe idenlicaI
povlvaaI
oJ lIenes
sucI as lIe TovaI
sIvine,
lIe
avI,
lIe seven-IvancIed nenovaI and lIe zodiac
inpI
lIal lIese veve
copied
Jvon sucI
pallevn
IooIs.
EquaII,
lIe scenes oJ vuvaI
IiJe,
vin
lage
and
Iunling
scenes vIicI ave
depicled
on CIvislian
pavenenls
veve
possiII
copied
Jvon CIvislian
pallevn
IooIs.
Il seens veasonaIIe lo assune lIal avlisls and
especiaII
nosaicisls used
genevaI
cop
IooIs and
occasionaII speciJic
JevisI ov CIvislian
pallevn
IooIs Jov lIe ovna
nenlalion oJ
snagogues
and cIuvcIes. TIe decision on vIal lo use vas
pvoIaII
nade
I
lIe
donovs,
lIe
connunil vepvesenlalives,
lIe
IievavcI
oJ lIe
veIigious
ediJices ov
occasionaII I
lIe avlisls. A
pveJevence
Jov
snIoIs, iconogvapI
and
speciaI
noliJs can Ie delecled in lIe ovnanenlalion oJ
snagogues,
vIiIe a
pveJevence
Jov vuvaI
IiJe,
vinlage
and
Iunling
scenes can Ie seen in cIuvcI nosaic
pavenenls.
6. TonIs and BuviaIs
One oJ lIe nain
divevgencies
Ielveen
CIvislianil
and Judaisn ave IuviaI cuslons.
BuviaI oJ lIe dead vas a
cuslonav
Jealuve vilIin lIe cIuvcI ov
nonaslev
Ioundavies.
CIuvcIes veve conslvucled lo connenovale
IoI pIaces.
Sonelines a cave ov a lonI
Ied lo lIe eveclion oJ a cIuvcI ov a
nonaslev
on lIe sile. TIe lonIs vilI venains oJ
CIvislian
navlves
veve Iocaled in
undevgvound cvpls144.
OJlen
inscviplions
ave Jound
indicaling
lIal il vas a IuviaI
pIace.
Man
IuviaIs,
lonIs and
cenelevies,
veve Jound in lIe innediale
vicinil
oJ lIe
cIuvcI ov
nonaslev145.
HanJnann sunnevized il146 lIe CIvislian allilude lovavds
dealI, IuviaI,
vas
opposile
cIassicaI
anliquil |and
lIe Jevs
allilude)
lIal dealI neans
poIIulion
and lIal
ovdinav
novlaIs sIouId nol Ie Iuvied vilIin a
sancluav
...
FveciseI
Iecause lIe
gvaves
veve lIe
pIaces
vIeve lIe dead enleved
IiJe,
lIe
veve venevaIIe
-
douII
so,
iJ
lIeiv ovnevs Iad allained lIe cvovn oJ IiJe
lIvougI navlvdon
...
141
HacIIiIi
1988,395.
142
As in lIe M?'?n and BelI-SIean
snagogues
HacIIiIi
1988,
Fis. 85.87.
143
HacIIiIi
1988,392-394.
144
Magen
1990, 283:
HivsIJeId
1993, 256-257:
TsaJevis
1993, 205:
TsaJviv/HivsIJeId
1979,
310
312:
TsaJviv
1993,5.
145TsaJviv
1988, 36-37:
goIdJus
1990, 239-240:
HISMI
1990, 248:
Magen
1990, 283:
nagen
1993,
178.181: AviAM, 1993, 63-64:
coIen
1993, 281:
lzaJevis
1993,
205.
146
HanJnann
1983,204.
ZBFV
113|1997)
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108 BacIeI HacIIiIi
JevisI
IuviaIs,
lonIs and
cenelevies,
on lIe olIev
Iand,
veve Iocaled oulside lIe
lovn's Iinils in accovdance vilI JevisI Iav147. Jevs oIsevved lIis
pvoIiIilion againsl
IuviaI vilIin lIe
cil
Ioundavies148.
7.
Sunnav
and ConcIusions
A
conpavison
Ielveen
snagogue
and cIuvcI avcIilecluve and
avl,
especiaII
pavenenl design,
veveaIs a
deveIopnenl
in diJJevenl diveclions in eacI case149.
SiniIavil
in lIe avcIilecluve oJ
snagogues
and cIuvcIes is Jound in lIe
genevaI
pIan
oJ lIe IasiIica
lpe
oJ slvucluve. In lIe Ialev
IuiIdings
IolI ediJices Iave an
alviun and navlex in Jvonl oJ lIe
assenII
IaII. OvaIav150
suggesls
lIal lIe Junclion
and
design
oJ lIe
eavI snagogues
sevved as a nodeI in cIuvcI
IuiIdings.
Bivevsil,
Iovevev,
vas aIso
quile pvonounced,
and slenned Jvon diJJevences in
cevenon
In lIe
snagogue
lIe TovaI sIvine Junclioned
as a conlainev oJ lIe AvI oJ
lIe
ScvoIIs:
lIe
veading
vas conducled Ieside
ov in Jvonl oJ il. TIe cIuvcI Iad a
pv?s
Ileviun,
used Jov cevenonies veniniscenl oJ lIe
TenpIe
viluaI,
vIicI vas
puvposeI
sepavaled I
lIe cIanceI
scveen Ielveen lIe
cIevg
cevenoniaI avea and lIe
genevaI
assenII
avea oJ lIe
congvegalion.
TIe ovienlalion oJ lIe JocaI
poinl
in lIe
snagogue
vas lIe TovaI sIvine in aII ils Jovns
|aedicuIa,
nicIe and
apse)
evecled
on lIe Jevusa
Ien-ovienled
vaII,
vIicI couId Ie lIe soulI vaII
|as
in OaIiIean and OoIan
snagogues,
FI.
13),
lIe novlI vaII
|as
in HivIel
SusIa,
EsIlenoa
[es-Senu'a],
Oidi),
lIe easl ov vesl vaII
accovding
lo lIe
snagogue's
veIalion lo JevusaIen. TIe
ovienlalion oJ lIe
pvesIleviun
in lIe cIuvcI
IuiIding
is
JvequenlI
on lIe easl vaII151.
TIe decovalion oJ
snagogues
and cIuvcIes aIso sIovs a diJJevence in
concepl
and
lvealnenl152. TIe
snagogues povlva
in ovnanenlalion a
vaviel
oJ
inages, iconogva
pI
and
snIoIisn,
sucI as lIe JevisI
snIoIs,
lIe zodiac-caIendav and IiIIicaI
scenes.
Figuvalive vepvesenlalions
in JevisI avl
appavenlI
ave used Jvon lIe 3vd cen
luv
onvavd
|as
on sone OaIiIean
snagogue
avcIilecluvaI decovalion and lIe Janous
vaII
painlings
oJ lIe
Buva-Euvopos snagogue
in
Svia).
On
snagogue
nosaic
pave
nenls
Jiguvalive
avl is Jound Jvon lIe 4lI
cenluv
on153. Fvon lIe nid-6lI
cenluv, sn
agogue pavenenls cIange
lo aniconic
ovnanenls:
lIe
snIoIic, iconogvapIicaI
and
Jiguvalive cavpels
ave
vepIaced I geonelvic cavpels
vilI a
snIoIic
enIIena154:
an
inscviIed
paneI155
ov a
geonelvic design156 vepIace
lIe zodiac
Jiguvalive
scIene
|Fig.
5-6). AIlIougI
lIese JIoovs veve lvodden
upon,
lIe Jevs sliII consideved
ovnanenling
lIeiv
snagogue pavenenls
vilI
inages
and viluaI
oIjecls. WI?
Il
nigIl
Iave
veJIecled lIe
concepl
lIal an
inage slepped upon
viII Iose ils sacvosancl
quaIil.
Il viII
pvevenl
lIe
vovsIip
ov
idoIalv
oJ sucI
inages
as
Iong
as lIe
gvaven inages
ave
147
M. BaIa BalIva
2,9.
148
HacIIiIi/KiIIeIvev
1983, 110:
BaInani
1981,45.
149
CvovJool
1941, 117-119:
Avi-YonaI
1957, 270-271:
Kilzingev
1965, 8.11.15:
HacIIiIi
1988,
370-374.
150
OvaIav
1967,
170-171.
151
FvoIaII Jacing
lIe
vising
sun,
Fig.
1:
HacIIiIi
1988,
196-198.
152
See aIso Villo
1995,
283-300.
153
Al
Hannal-Tzvev?,
HacIIiIi
1988, 356, Fig.
9.
154
Al
JevicIo:
HacIIiIi
1988,
FI. 50.
155
Oid?\
HacIIiIi
1988,
FI. 51.
156
HivIel
S?s?a-
HacIIiIi
1988,
FI. 75.
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 109
lvodden
upon lIe
couId nol Ie consideved sacved and
consequenlI
no
dangev
oJ
vovsIip
couId occuv157. TIe cIuvcI nosaic
pavenenls
oJ lIe 4lI/5lI cenluvies con
sisled
nainI
oJ
cavpels
vilI JIovaI and
geonelvic designs,
vilI
occasionaII
a cvoss in
cIuded158. Sacved
Jiguvalive inages
veve
vepvesenled
on cIuvcI nosaic
pavenenl onI
lo a Iiniled exlenl.
Buving
lIe 6lI
cenluv
cIuvcI JIoovs incIuded scenes oJ
Iunling,
vinlage, genve suIjecls,
aninaIs and
Iivds,
vIose veIevance lo lIe CIvislan conlexl vas
nol
aIvas
cIeav. TIese
depiclions,
Jound on cIuvcI
JIoovs,
nigIl
Iave Ieen a
vepvesenlalion
oJ lIe WovId as il is ov lIe
EavlII
Favadise159.
Hovevev,
il venains
diJJicuIl lo delevnine lIe acluaI veason Jov lIe
palvons'
and donovs' cIoice oJ sucI
suIjecls160.
Il is
possiIIe
lIal lIese
designs
veve cIosen Jvon lIe assuned
pvevaiIing
pallevn
IooIs. As lIe CIvislians Iesilaled lo lvead on sacved
inages,
lIeiv
iconogvapIi
caI and
snIoIic inages na pvoIaII
Iave decovaled vaII nosaics vIicI did nol suv
vive. Kilzingev161 assevls lIal lIe Jevs veve aIead oJ lIe CIvislians in lIe
deveIop
nenl oJ
speciJic suIjecl
nallev Jov lIeiv
snagogue
nosaic
pavenenls,
sucI as lIe
viluaI
oIjecls
ov lIe zodiac. TIese
suIjecls appeav
on
snagogue pavenenls
as
eavI
as
lIe 4lI
cenluv,
vIiIe lIe
inagev
decovalion oJ cIuvcI JIoovs occuvs
onI duving
lIe
6lI
cenluv. Hovevev,
lIese
Jiguvalive
and
iconogvapIie
avl vovIs in
snagogue
pavenenls
ended eavIiev lIan
inagev
avl in cIuvcI
pavenenls.
In lIe Ialev
pavl
oJ lIe
6lI
cenluv,
vIiIe JevisI avl lended lo
vepvesenl
aniconic
suIjecls,
cIuvcI avl in lIe
6lI/8lI cenluvies conlinued lo ovnanenl
pavenenls
vilI eIaIovale
Jiguvalive
avl,
sucI
as lIe BelI-SIean avea and
nan
oJ lIe nosaic
pavenenls
oJ lIe Oevasa and M?deIa
avea.
TIe avl oJ lIe
snagogue
consisls oJ vavious
inages,
lIe
nenovaI,
viluaI
oIjecls,
lIe AvI oJ lIe scvoIIs and lIe
concI,
vIicI
acquived snIoIic signiJicance onI
aJlev
lIe deslvuclion oJ lIe JevusaIen
TenpIe,
in
nenov
oJ lIe
TenpIe
and ils cevenonies.
TIe
iconogvapI
used vas laIen aIso Jvon JevisI
lvadilion,
lIe IiIIicaI
scenes,
lIe zo
diac as a
eavI
caIendav,
vIiIe lIe TovaI sIvine JIanIed
I
lvo nenovolI vas
pvoIaII
an
acluaI
inage
oJ lIe cevenonies conducled in lIe
snagogue. CIuvcIes,
on
lIe
olIev,
seIdon used
snIoIic
ov
iconogvapIie inages.
TIe cvoss
appeavs
on Jev
pavenenls162.
SnIoIic noliJs,
sucI as lIe nenovaI
vepvesenling
Judaisn and lIe cvoss
vepvesenling CIvislianil,
veve
aIundanlI depicled
on avcIilecluvaI
Jvagnenls
sucI as
lIe cIanceI scveens
|Fig. 4)
and
capilaIs
in
snagogues
and cIuvcIes163. SiniIav
capilaIs
decovaled vilI cvosses
appeav
in
Svian
cIuvcIes164. LinleIs decovaled vilI lIe
nenovaI as one oJ lIe nain
snIoIs
ave Jound al HivIel
Sena\ CIovazin,
HivIel
Savlina and
EI-'AseI?e
165.
SiniIavI
cvosses decovale IinleIs in cIuvcIes
JvequenlI
157
HacIIiIi
1988,
287.300.379.
158
Kilzingev
1965, 8:
TsaJevis
1993,
285.
159av1-onaI
1972,
122.
160
Kilzingev
1965,
8-11.
n
Kilzingev
1965, 12-13:
TsaJevis
1993,285.
162
Al S?v?
Si?n,
cvosses ave
depicled
in a
pvolecled
avea: Avi-YonaI
1967,
Fig.
7:
Fis. VIII.
.
7I.
77VIII. 77VIII. 7LI.
Hovevev,
al lIe
Magen cIuvcIes,
cvosses ave
depicled
on lIe nosaic
pave
nenls. In
IuiIding
C
|JouvlI cenluv)
and
IuiIding
A
|sixlI cenluv) Iavge
cvosses veve
pIaced
cIose lo
lIe enlvances in a
selling
vIeve
peopIe
vouId Ie Jovced lo vaII on
lIen:
TzaJevis
1993,285.
163
Avi-YonaI
1981a, 93,
FI.
17,9, 12:
HacIIiIi
1988,
FI. 42a.
164
BaccacIe/TcIaIenIo
1980,
Fis. 67.189.215.225.
165
HacIIiIi
1988,
Figs.
VIII 50.53c.
54,9.
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110 BacIeI HacIIiIi
conIined vilI voselles166.
OnI
lvo inslances oJ IiIIicaI scenes ave sIovn on
cIuvcI
nosaic
pavenenls.
Il seens lIal cIuvcI nosaic
pavenenl
avl
pveJevved
lo
povlva
evevda
IiJe sucI as
genve,
Iunl and
vinlage
scenes, vIicI do nol
appeav
on
snagogaI
avl.
AninaIs
incIuding
conIal ov
Iunling,
Iivds and
oIjecls
ave
depicled
on IolI
sn
agogue
and cIuvcI
pavenenls, usuaII JiIIing geonelvic
ov
ovganic conposilions. TIe
incIude
doneslic,
viId and exolic aninaIs and Iivds. TIeiv
popuIavil
is
expIained I
BieIeI167
I
lIeiv inoJJensive cIavaclev and
vaviel
and decovalive eJJecl vIicI
lIe
add lo lIe JIoovs.
TIe
veve
pvoIaII pavl
oJ lIe
vepevlov
oJ
pallevn
IooIs used
I
nosaicisls168.
TIe Iunan
Jiguve appeavs accovding
lo lIe diJJevenl lIenes in
snagogues lIe
ave
depicled
in BiIIicaI scenes and lIe
zodiac,
vIiIe in cIuvcIes
lIe
ave vendeved in
genve, Iunling
and
vinlage
scenes.
TIe
enpIasis
in
snagogaI
avl on
snIoIic
and
iconogvapIie inages nigIl
Iave
Ieen lIe vesuIl oJ lIe JevisI need lo
dislinguisI
lIeiv
pIaces
oJ
vovsIip
Jvon lIe CIvis
lian ones169.
TIe
ovganizalion
oJ
snagogues
and cIuvcI nosaic JieIds is sonelines
siniIav,
as
in
cavpels
oJ inIaIiled scvoIIs ov
geonelvic designs,
Iovevev, snagogue pavenenls
conlain
designs
and scIenes sucI as lIe
lIvee-paneI conposilion
and lIe individuaI
paneIs
oJ JevisI
snIoIs,
vIicI Iave no
pavaIIeI conposilions
in cIuvcI avl. WIiIe
IuviaI oJ lIe dead vilIin lIe cIuvcI and
nonaslev
ov ils
vicinil
vas
cuslonav
in
CIvislianil,
JevisI Iav
pvoIiIiled
IuviaI oJ lIe dead vilIin lIe lovn ov
viIIage
Ioun
davies.
TIe
siniIavil
and
divevsil
Ielveen
snagogue
and cIuvcIes discussed in lIis av
licIe sIovs
lIal,
aIlIougI
diJJevences
exisled,
cIose conlacls veve nainlained. BiJJe
vences in avcIilecluve veve due lo lIe
sepavale deveIopnenl
oJ eacI
Iiluvg
and
vovsIip, vesuIling
in dissiniIav
enpIasis
on
pavls
oJ lIe
IuiIding.
Conlacl and inJIuen
ces Ielveen lIe avl oJ Jevs and CIvislians
appeav
lo Iave Ieen
quile
considevale. TIis
na
Iave Ieen Iecause oJ
a
sIaved lvadilion and connon
lIenes,
Iul aIso Iecause oJ
lIe connon
enpIonenl
oJ avlisls vIo
designed
and vovIed Jov IolI
snagogues
and
cIuvcIes and used lIe sane
pallevn
IooIs in IolI cases.
166
A vi-Yon aI
1981a, 65-66,
FI.
12,3.
'67
IieIeI
1938,
301.
168
BaupIin
1978,40311:
HacIIiIi
1988,392.
169
HacIIiIi
1988,370.403.
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113|1997)
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes
BiIIiogvapI
?KEBSTBOM-HOUOEN,
O.
1974 TIe CaIendav and
Hunling
Mosaics oJ lIe ViIIa oJ lIe FaIconev in
Avgos |Acla
Insli
lulis AlIeniensis
Begni
Suecia
4,23).
AIJ?Idi-BosenIaun,
E.
1975 A NiIolic Scene
on Juslianic FIoov Mosaics in
Cvenaican
CIuvcIes,
in La
Mosa?que
Ov?co-Bonaine,
II
|Favis),
149-153.
AIJ?Idi-BosenIaun,
Evi. Wavd-FevIins
1980 Juslianic Mosaic Favenenls in Cuvenaicun CIuvcIes
|Bone).
Avian,
M./H.
HesIeq
1993 A cIuvcI in lIe
uppev OaIiIee,
in Y. TsaJviv
|ed.),
Ancienl CIuvcIes BeveaIed
|JevusaIen),
54-65.
Avigad,
N.
1976
1983
AVI-onaI,
M.
1936
BelI SIe'avin. III CalaconIs 12-33
|JevusaIen).
Biscoveving
JevusaIen
|JevusaIen).
Mosaic
pavenenl
al EI
Hann?n, Beis?n, QuavlevI
oJ lIe
Bepavlnenl
oJ
Anliquilies
in FaIesline 5.
FIaces oJ
WovsIip
in lIe Bonan and
Bzanline
Feviods,
Anliquil
and SuvvivaI
3,
262-272.
TIe
Snagogue
oJ
Caesavea,
BuIIelin
BaIinovilz,
III
|JevusaIen),
44-48.
TIe Mosaic Favenenl oJ Ma'on
|Nivin).
BuIIelin
BaIinovilz,
III
|JevusaIen),
25-35.
An Ancienl
Snagogue
al Oaza. BuIIelin oJ lIe IsvaeI
ExpIovalion Sociel
30,
221-223
|HeIvev).
TIe Mosaic
Favenenls,
in M. Fvausnilz
|ed.),
Excavalions al SIavei Zion
|Bone),
47-3.
TIe HadilIa Mosaic
Favenenl,
IsvaeI
ExpIovalion
JouvnaI
22,
118-122.
Ancienl Mosaics
|London).
OvienlaI EIenenls in lIe Avl oJ FaIesline in lIe
Bonan-Bzanline
Feviod. II Avl in
Ancienl
FaIesline,
SeIecled Sludies
|JevusaIen),
1-117.
Mosaic Favenenls in FaIesline. Avl in Ancienl FaIesline SeIecled Sludies
|JevusaIen),
283-382.
BaccIe,
E./O. TcIaIenIo
1979-1980
EgIises
de
ViIIage
de La
Svie
du Novd
|Favis).
BaIneIIe,
C./J.-F. Bavnon
L'avlisan-nosa?sle dans
I'Anliquil?
lavdive,
in 7. BavvaI/I. AIlel
|eds ), Avlisles,
Avlisans el Fvoduclion
Avlislique
au
Moen Age |Favis),
235-249.
1957
1960a
1960I
1966
1967
1972
1975
1981a
1981I
1986
BavasI,
M.
1980
BieIeI,
F.M.
1938
BvanIan,
J.B.
1992
BulIev,
H.C.
1903
1919
1929
TIe Bavid Mosaic oJ
Oaza,
AssapI,
Sludies in Avl
Hislov,
I
|TeI Aviv),
1-42.
Mosaics,
in CH. KvaeIing
|ed.),
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113|1997)
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116
BacIeI HacIIiIi
Fig.
1. ScIenalic FIans 1-4
snagogues:
5-8 cIuvcIes.
ZBFV
113|1997)
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 117
Fig.
2. Inleviov oJ A.
snagogue,
B. cIuvcI.
ZBFV
113|1997)
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118 BacIeI HacIIiIi
===
I I
1,1=) V_7
IM TF
?9I??
innve
0
5n
1-? j
Fig.
3. ScIenalic Jacade A.
snagogue, CIovazin:
.
cIuvcI, KaI?la,
NovlI
Svia.
ZBFV
113|1997)
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes
Fig.
4. CIanceI Scveen A.
snagogue,
Hannal-O?d?v:
.
cIuvcI,
BelI-SIean.
ZBFV
113|1997)
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120 BacIeI HacIIiIi
ZBFV
113|1997)
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Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil
in lIe AvcIilecluve oJ Ancienl
Snagogues
and CIuvcIes 121
ZBFV
113|1997)
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BacIeI HacIIiIi
Fig.
7. CaIendav lIene on CIvislian nosaic
pavenenls
A. BelI-SIean
Monaslev:
.
eI-Hann?n
|Besan),
lonI
cIapeI.
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ZeilscIviJl des BeulscIen FaI?slina-Veveins 113
|1997)
TaJeI 13
A. B. InIaIiled ScvoII on nosaic
pavenenls
A. M?'?n
snagogue:
B. SeIIai cIuvcI
Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil |92-122)
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ZeilscIviJl des BeulscIen FaI?slina-Veveins 113
|1997)
TaJeI 14
Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil |92-122)
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ZeilscIviJl des BeulscIen FaI?slina-Veveins 113
|1997)
TaJeI 15
A. B.
OvpIeus
on nosaic
pavenenls
A. Oaza
snagogue, Bavid-OvpIeus:
.
JevusaIen,
Avnenian CIvislian slvucluve
Aspecls
oJ
SiniIavil
and
Bivevsil |92-122)
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