Appendix D

Properties of Materials

#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

D-2

FAN ENGINEERING

Table D.1 Properties of the Elements

Name
No. Sym.
At. Wt.
Name
No. Sym.
At. Wt.
Actinium
89
Ac
227.028
Mercury
80
Hg
200.59
Aluminum
13
Al
26.9815
Molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94
Americium
95
Am
[243]
Neodymium
60
Nd
144.24
Antimony
51
Sb
121.75
Neon
10
Ne
20.179
Argon
18
Ar
39.948
Neptunium
93
Np
237.0482
Arsenic
33
As
74.9216
Nickel
28
Ni
58.70
Astatine
85
At
[210]
Niobium
41
Nb
92.9064
Barium
56
Ba
137.33
Nitrogen
7
N
14.0067
Berkelium
97
Bk
[247]
Nobelium
102 No
[259]
Beryllium
4
Be
9.0122
Osmium
76
Os
190.2
Bismuth
83
Bi
208.9808
Oxygen
8
O
15.9994
Boron
5
B
10.81
Palladium
46
Pd
106.4
Bromine
35
Br
79.904
Phosphorus
15
P
30.9738
Cadmium
48
Cd
112.41
Platinum
78
Pt
195.09
Calcium
20
Ca
40.08
Plutonium
94
Pu
[244]
Californium
98
Cf
[251]
Polonium
84
Po
[209]
Carbon
6
C
12.011
Potassium
19
K
39.0983
Cerium
58
Ce
140.12
Praseodymium 59
Pr
140.9077
Cesium
55
Cs
132.9054
Promethium
61
Pm
[145]
Chlorine
17
Cl
35.453
Protactinium
91
Pa
231.0359
Chromium
24
Cr
51.996
Radium
88
Ra
226.0254
Cobalt
27
Co
58.9332
Radon
86
Rn
[222]
Copper
29
Cu
63.546
Rhenium
75
Re
186.22
Curium
96
Cm
[247]
Rhodium
45
Rh
103.9055
Dysprosium
66
Dy
162.50
Rubidium
37
Rb
85.4678
Einsteinium
99
Es
[254]
Ruthenium
44
Ru
101.07
Erbium
68
Er
167.26
Samarium
62
Sm
150.4
Europium
63
Eu
151.96
Scandium
21
Sc
44.9559
Fermium
100 Fm
[257]
Selenium
34
Se
78.96
Fluorine
9
F
18.9984
Silicon
14
Si
28.0855
Francium
87
Fr
[223]
Silver
47
Ag
107.868
Gadolinium
64
Gd
157.25
Sodium
11
Na
22.9898
Gallium
31
Ga
69.72
Strontium
38
Sr
87.62
Germanium
32
Ge
72.59
Sulfur
16
S
32.06
Gold
79
Au
196.9665
Tantalum
73
Ta
180.9479
Hafnium
72
Hf
178.49
Technetium
43
Tc
[97]
Helium
2
He
4.0026
Tellurium
52
Te
127.60
Holmium
67
Ho
164.9304
Terbium
65
Tb
158.9254
Hydrogen
1
H
1.0079
Thallium
81
Tl
204.37
Indium
49
In
114.82
Thorium
90
Th
232.0381
Iodine
53
I
126.9044
Thulium
69
Tm
168.9342
Iridium
77
Ir
192.2
Tin
50
Sn
118.69
Iron
26
Fe
55.847
Titanium
22
Ti
47.90
Krypton
36
Kr
83.80
Tungsten
74
W
183.85
Lanthanum
57
La
138.9055
Uranium
92
U
238.029
Lawrencium
103
Lr
[260]
Vanadium
23
V
50.9414
Lead
82
Pb
207.21
Xenon
54
Xe
131.30
Lithium
3
Li
6.941
Ytterbium
70
Yb
173.04
Lutetium
71
Lu
174.967
Yttrium
39
Y
88.9059
Magnesium
12
Mg
24.305
Zinc
30
Zn
65.38
Manganese
25
Mn
54.9380
Zirconium
40
Zr
91.22
Mendelevium 101 Md
[258]
Columbium
41
Cb
See Nb
For the unstable elements, the mass number of the most stable isotope, rather than the atomic
weight, is listed in brackets.
#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

APPENDIX D- PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

D-3

Table D.2 Properties of Saturated Steam

Pressure
psig
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
100
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200

Temp.
F
212.00
215.33
218.50
221.51
224.39
227.14
229.80
232.32
234.76
237.11
239.39
249.75
258.76
266.78
274.02
280.62
286.71
292.37
297.66
302.62
307.32
311.77
316.00
320.03
323.90
327.59
331.15
334.57
337.88
344.15
350.04
355.59
360.84
365.85
370.62
375.17
379.54
383.74
387.78

Density
lbm/ft3
.03731
.03967
.04202
.04439
.04673
.04907
.05139
.05371
.05601
.05828
.06062
.07207
.08335
.09456
.10595
.11674
.12778
.13871
.14959
.16044
.17126
.18265
.19287
.20359
.21437
.22498
.23564
.24625
.25695
.27818
.29950
.32075
.34166
.36272
.38398
.40488
.42593
.44685
.46795

Spec.Vol
ft3/lbm
26.800
25.210
23.800
22.530
21.400
20.380
19.460
18.620
17.853
17.148
16.496
13.876
11.999
10.576
9.438
8.566
7.826
7.210
6.685
6.233
5.839
5.475
5.185
4.912
4.665
4.445
4.244
4.061
3.892
3.595
3.339
3.121
2.927
2.757
2.607
2.470
2.348
2.238
2.137

Sat.Liq.
Btu/lbm
180.07
183.43
186.61
189.66
192.56
195.32
198.01
200.55
203.04
205.41
207.72
218.23
227.38
235.55
242.95
249.69
257.99
261.73
267.18
272.31
277.14
281.75
286.13
290.36
294.34
298.18
301.88
305.46
308.91
315.49
321.67
327.53
333.07
338.38
343.44
348.29
352.95
357.45
361.78

Enthalpy
Evap.
Btu/lbm
970.3
968.2
966.2
964.2
962.3
960.6
958.9
957.2
955.6
954.1
952.6
945.7
939.6
934.0
929.0
924.3
918.4
915.7
911.9
908.2
904.6
901.2
898.0
894.9
891.9
888.9
886.1
883.3
880.7
875.6
870.7
865.9
861.5
857.1
853.0
848.9
845.0
841.0
837.51

Sat.Vap.
Btu/lbm
1150.4
1151.6
1152.8
1153.9
1154.9
1155.9
1156.9
1157.8
1158.6
1159.5
1160.3
1163.9
1166.9
1169.6
1171.9
1174.0
1176.4
1177.4
1179.1
1180.5
1181.7
1183.0
1184.1
1185.3
1186.2
1187.1
1188.0
1188.8
1189.6
1191.1
1192.3
1193.4
1194.6
1195.6
1196.4
1197.2
1198.0
1198.5
1199.3

Adapted from the data of J. H. Keenan and F. G.Keyes. Thermodynamic Properties of Steam,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1936. Based on a barometric pressure of 14.696 psi and
enthalpy of liquid above 32F. Refer to Table 1.7 for vapor pressures of ice and water in in.
Hg, which are given for each 1F from 20F to 409F.

#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

D-4

FAN ENGINEERING

Table D.3 Properties of Gases

Gas
Acetylene
Air
Ammonia
Argon
Bromine
Butane
Butylene
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chlorine
Cyanogen
Deuterium
Ethane
Ethylene
Fluorine
Formaldehyde
Helium (-292F)*
Hydrogen
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen sulfide
Krypton
Methane
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Neon
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Ozone
Phosgene
Phosphine
Propane
Propylene
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Vinyl chloride
Water vapor
(212F)
Xenon

Formula
C2H2
Table 1.1
NH3
Ar
Br2
C4H10
C4H8
CO2
CS2
CO
Cl2
(CN)2
D2
C2H6
C2H4
F2
CH2O
He
H2
HCl
H2S
Kr
CH4
CH3Br
CH3Cl
Ne
NO
N2
N2O
O2
O3
COCl2
PH3
C3H8
C3H6
SO2
SO3
C2H3Cl

Mol.
wt.
M
26.04
28.97
17.03
39.95
159.8
58.12
56.11
44.00
76.14
28.01
70.91
52.04
4.028
30.07
28.05
38.00
30.03
4.003
2.016
36.46
34.08
83.70
16.04
94.94
50.49
20.18
30.01
28.01
44.01
32.00
48.00
98.92
34.00
44.11
42.08
64.06
80.06
62.50

Spec.
Grav.
G
.906
1.0
.597
1.38
5.87
(2.01)
(1.94)
1.53
2.63
.968
2.49
1.80
.139
1.05
.975
1.31
(1.04)
.137
.069
1.27
1.19
2.82
.554
(3.28)
1.79
.674
1.04
.967
1.53
1.10
1.66
(4.16)
1.15
1.56
1.50
2.26
2.75
(2.16)

H2O
Xe

18.02
131.30

.622
4.53

Refer to Table 1.15 for additional values.

Refer to Figure 2.4 for additional values.
c
Refer to Figure 2.3 for additional values.
Data in parentheses were calculated from M.
Specific gravity is referred to air = 1.00.
b

Spec.
Heat
cp
.383
.240a
.523
.124a
.655
.456
.199a
.157
.248a
.115
.410
.396
.359
.196
*1.248a
3.388a
.194
.253
(.439)a
.528
.240
(1.82)a
.233
.248a
.200
.218a
.197
.473
.152
-

Gas
Const.
R
(59.35)
53.30
90.77
(38.69)
(9.671)
(26.59)
(27.54)
35.13
(20.30)
(55.17)
(21.79)
(29.70)
(383.7)
(51.39)
(55.09)
40.68
(51.46)
386.3
766.5
(42.39)
(45.35)
(18.46)
(96.35)
(16.28)
(30.61)
(76.58)
(51.50)
55.16
(35.11)
48.31
32.21
(15.63)
(45.45)
(35.04)
(36.73)
(24.12)
(19.30)
(24.73)

Sp. Ht.
Ratio
J
1.26
1.40
1.31
1.668
1.32
1.11
1.304
1.63
1.404
1.355
1.256
1.22
1.255
*1.660
1.410
1.41
1.32
1.68
1.31
1.27
1.28
1.64
1.400
1.404
1.303
1.401
1.13
1.29
-

Abs.
Visc.
P
.009
.0181b
.010c
.022
.015
.008c
.007
.015c
.010
.017
(.013)
.010
.013
.009c
.010
.021
.020b
.009b
.014
.012
.025
.011
.010
.010c
.031
.018
.017b
.014
.020b
.008
.008
.012c
-

Ther.
Cond.
k
.0106
.0135
.0124
.0094
-

.0082
.0039
.0131
.0044
.0104
.0097
.0142
.0810
.0958
.0074
.0174
.0042
.0054
.0264
.0134
.0137
.0085
.0138
.0047
-

.484a 85.8l l.324 .013b .0133

(.028)a (11.77) 1.66
.022
Specific heat is in Btu/lbm-F.
Absolute viscosity is in cP.
Thermal conductivity is in Btu/hr-ft-F.
Gas constant is in ft/F.
All gases are at 29.92 in. Hg pressure.

Adapted from the data of N. A. Lange: Handbook of Chemistry, Handbook Publishers, Inc.,
Sandusky, Ohio, 1952.

#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

APPENDIX D - PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

D-5

Table D.4 Properties of Liquids

at 68F & 29.92 in. Hg or as noted
Spec.
Grav.
Liquid
Formula
G
1.049
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
.791
Acetone
(CH3)2CO
.618
Ammonia
NH3
.871
Amyl acetate
C5H11CO2CH3
1.022
Aniline
C6H5NH2
.879
Benzene
C6H6
1.228
Brine-25%
CaCl2
Brine-25%
NaCl
1.189
.579
Butane
C4H10
1,101
Carbon dioxide
CO2
1.263
Carbon disulfide
CS2
1.594
Carbon tetrachloride
CCl4
1.489
Chloroform
CHCl3
.901
Ethyl acetate
C2H5CO2CH3
Ethyl alcohol
C2H5OH
.789
Ethyl alcohol-40%
.935
.708
Ethyl ether
C2H5OC2H5
1.115
Ethylene glycol
(CH2OH)2
Ethylene glycol -50% 1.067
1.490
Freon 11-12.87 psia
CFCl3
1.331
Freon 12-82.28 psia
CF2Cl2
1.215
Freon 22-133 psia
CHF2Cl
Gasoline
.687
Glycerol
(CH2OH)2CHOH l.261
.684
Heptane
C7H16
.659
Hexane
C6H14
Hydrochloric acid-40% HCl
1.198
Kerosene
.82
.933
Methyl acetate
CH3CO2CH3
.792
Methyl alcohol
CH3OH
.92
Methyl chloride
CH3Cl
Milk
1.03
1.502
Nitric acid
HNO3
.703
Octane
C8H18
Oil, draft gage
.834
Oil, linseed
.941
Oil, lube.(med.)
.91
Oil, olive
.92
Oil, vegetable
.92
.626
Pentane
C5H12
1.071
Phenol
C6H5OH
.585
Propane
C3H8
1.434
Sulfur dioxide
SO2
Sulfuric acid -98%
H2SO4
1.836
.866
Toluene
C6H5CH3
Turpentine
.867
1.000
Water, 39.2F (4C)
H2O
Water, 59F (15C)
H2O
.999
.998
Water, 68.7F (20.2C) H2O
.998
Water, 70F (21.1C) H2O
.958
Water, 212F (100C) H2O
Water, heavy
D2O2
1.108
Water, sea
1.025

Spec.
Heat
cp
.468
.528
1.13
.459
.495
.406
.687
.814
.550
.92
.240
.201
.234
.459
.622
.920
.503
.57
.70
.214
.253
.298
.70
.573
.508
.537
.60
.50
.468
.610
.385
.93
.523
.53
.45
.33
.434
.527
.561
.576
.35
.336
.407
.472
1.005
1.000
.998
.998
1.006
1.018
.94

Latent
Heat
Ov
174
237
518
187
188
158
63.1
157
93.8
113
183
368
151
344
78.9
60.6
81.0
157
157
178
190
499
172
206
156
158
150
151
202
178
133
1069
1058
1054
1053
970
894
-

Vapor
Press.
psat
.461
7.28
253
.002
3.01
61.5
1690
11.60
3.58
6.27
2.87
1.73
17.4
.002
.40
27.3
153
279
1.30
4.96
6.68
3.78
144
.417
.001
258
96.5
.870
.17
.240
.504
.707
.739
29.92
-

Abs.
Visc.
P
1,22
.331
.266
.806
4.47
.647
2.67
2.02
.187
.071
.376
.958
.563
.455
1.19
1.25
.245
20.9
4.1
.46
.27
.24
.35
1069
.416
.326
1.8
.388
.593
.183
1.77
.542
33
200
84
40.6
.240
12.7
.14
.27
23.0
.590
1.49
1.567
1.140
1.000
.978
.284
1.03

Therm.
Cond.
k
.099
.102
.29
.073
.099
.081
.318
.265
.076
.083
.061
.070
.084
.101
.224
.073
.167
.242
.064
.052
.062
.162
.082
.088
.254
.085
.093
.120
.089
.091
.080
.109
.069
.075
.115
.205
.074
.063
.325
.339
.346
.347
.393
.349

G referred to water, cp in Btu/lbm-F, Ov in Btu/lbm, psat in in. Hg, P in cP, k in Btu/hr-ft-F.

Adapted from the data of N. A. Lange: Handbook of Chemistry, Handbook Publishers, Inc.,
Sandusky, Ohio, 1952. Refer to manufacturers' data for exact properties. See p.2-88 for H2O.

#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

D-6

FAN ENGINEERING

Table D.5 Properties of Solids

Density

U
lbm/ft3
153
120
43
82

Specific
Heat
cp
Btu/lbm-F
.20
.20
-

Thermal
Conductivity
k
Btu-in./hr-ft2-F
1.7
4.0
0.5
5.2

Bakelite
Borax
Brick, common
Brick, face

86
109
120
130

.33
.38
.22
.22

5.0
9.0

Calcium carbonate
Calcium chloride
Carborundum
Celluloid
Cellulose
Cement, loose
Cement, mortar
Chalk
Charcoal, hardwood
Cinders, loose
Clay, dry
Clay, moist
Coal, anth., solid
Coal, bitum., solid
Coke, solid
Concrete, cinder
Concrete, stone
Cork
Corkboard
Cotton

177
134
195
87
94
94
116
142
34
43
63
110
98
85
75
97
140
15
8
5

.19
.16
.16
.36
.37
.20
.20
.21
.20
.18
.22
.55
.31
.30
.20
.18
.19
.48
.32

14.4
1.5
1.4
2.1
5.0
5.8
3.5
12.5
0.4
0.3
0.4

Dry Ice

97

.12

Earth, moist
Ebonite

78
72

.44
.35

12.0
1.2

Fats
Feldspar
Flannel

58
160
-

.46
.20
-

16.2
0.7

Glass, crown
Glass, flint
Glass, pyrex
Granite
Graphite
Gypsum, compressed
Gypsum board

160
215
140
165
99
152
50

.16
.13
.20
.19
.20
.26
-

5.5
4.1
7.5
12.5
306
9.0
1.4

Hay, baled

120

1.32

Solid
Asbestos
Asbestos-cement board
Ashes
Asphalt

#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

APPENDIX D - PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

D-7

Table D.5 (Cont.) Properties of Solids

Density

U
lbm/ft3
56

Specific
Heat
cp
Btu/lbm-F
.50

Thermal
Conductivity
k
Btu-in./hr-ft2-F
14.5

Leather, dried
Limestone

56
163

.36
.22

1.2
12.5

Magnesia, 85%
Marble
Mica

17
168
183

.22
.21
.21

0.5
14.0
5.2

Neoprene
Nylon

77
70

.40
.55

0.1
-

Paper
Paraffin
Plywood
Porcelain
Potatoes, piled

58
56
34
150
42

.32
.69
.26
.80

0.9
1.7
0.8
7.2
-

Ouartz

165

.21

46.0

Rubber, hard
Rubber, soft

70
60

.40
.50

1.3
0.9

Salt, granulated and piled

Sand, dry
Sandstone
Sawdust
Slate
Snow, fresh
Snow, compact
Sodium carbonate
Sodium nitrate
Sodium sulfate
Stucco
Sucrose
Sugar, bulk
Sulfur
Synthane

48
99
144
13
172
10
35
91
141
167
116
100
55
126
86

.21
.20
.22
.52
.50
.27
.28
.21
.30
.28
.17
.35

2.7
12.5
.35
10.4
3.2
5.0
1.9
2.0

Talc

170

.21

Vinyl

84

.24

Wood, hard
Wood, soft
Wood, parallel grain

45
32
-

.57
.47
-

1.1
0.8
2.4

Zinc Oxide

350

.12

14.1

Solid
Ice

Refer to the following tables for more data: Table 5.1 for metals and alloys, Table 5.2 for
insulating materials, Tables 21.5 through 21.17 for building materials, Table 24.2 for finely
divided materials, and Table 27.1 for perishable products.
#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.

D-8

FAN ENGINEERING

Table D.6 Properties of Metals and Alloys

CTE
TS
YS
FS
E
G
Q
Metal or Alloy
10-4/F
M psi
M psi
M psi
M psi
M psi
Aluminum Alloys
1100-H18
13.0
24
21
8.5
10000
38500
.33
2024-T4
12.9
68
46
18
10600
38500
.33
3003-H18
12.9
29
25
10
10000
38500
.33
5052-H38
13.3
41
36
19
10200
38500
.33
5086H34
13.4
47
37
10300
38500
.33
6061-T6
13.0
45
40
13.5
10000
38500
.33
7075-T6
13.1
82
72
22.5
10400
38500
.33
Copper Alloys
Pure copper
9.16
32
0.33
Deoxidized copper
9.82
32
10
11
17000
Commercial bronze
10.1
37
10
21
17000
Red brass
10.4
39
10
20
17000
Muntz metal
11.6
54
21
15000
Naval brass
11.8
55
25
15
15000
Admiralty metal
11.2
48
18
18
15000
Silicon bronze
10.0
56
21
16
15000
Nickel Alloys
Pure nickel
13.3
46
8.5
30000
Monel
7.8
75
40
38.5
26000
9500
"K" monel
7.8
90
40
38.5
26000
Inconel X 750
7.0
181
124
25
31000
11000
0.29
Inconel 600
7.4
98
36.5
39
31000
11000
0.29
Hastelloy B
5.5
130
56
30750
Hastelloy C
6.3
120
56
28500
Hastelloy D
6.1
110
28850
Miscellaneous Metals
Pure lead
2.51
1.32
.52
Lead babbitt
13.3
10
3.9
4200
Pure magnesium
14.4
27
14
9
6500
2400
0.35
Pure tin
12.8
2.4
6000
2400
0.33
Titanium 75A
5.0
75
60
75
15500
5300
Rolled zinc alloy
19.3
28
6.8
Iron
Wrought
6.35
48
27
23
0.28
Cast-gray no.20
20
10
12000
0.27
Pure
6.5
42
26
26
29800
11600
0.28
Steel
AISI 1006
6.77
42
21
29000
AISI 1040
5.2
77
38.5
29000
ASTM A242
6.3
70
50
42
29000
Heat-treated (T1)
7.6
115
100
50
30000
Stainless Steel
302
9.6
85
35
42
28000
12500
304
9.6
85
30
40
28000
12500
309
8.3
90
40
29000
310
8.0
95
45
29000
316
8.9
80
30
38
28000
317
8.9
85
40
28000
321, 347
9.3
90
35
39
28000
403, 410
5.5
65
35
40
29000
416
5.5
75
40
40
29000
430
5.4
75
40
40
29000
501
6.2
70
30
29000
502
6.2
65
25
29000
CTE: coefficient of thermal expansion, TS: tensile strength, YS: yield strength, FS: fatigue strength, E:
modulus of elasticity, G: modulus of rigidity, and Q: Poisson's ratio. Also see Table 5.1.
Adapted from the data of S. L. Hoyt: ASME Handbook - Metals Properties, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York, 1954, (usually, hot-rolled or annealed sheet or plate).

#1999 Howden Buffalo, Inc.