@ICROFeHE.

REFjEREMC-~ ~,;LIBRARY>
A project of Voljnt&r~ , .~c-,k in, Asia .;:, .-,

, -~ ;*.: :. :;

'.~ ., ~1, ,~ Traditional Crxfts of-Persia ,' 1 ,<.~ .gH.&-E.~ w,& __~ .T~~' ~.., ,; 'i__ 'Publjshe'b .by:i? : " ,.~' The-;MIT Press,~..+ Y,:' ,% ""28Ca'rLeton iStreet . * Cambridge;" tiA : a _' Paper, copie~sare.$ 9.'00. Av,ailable from.: ; Whoie~Ea'rth Household Store ,' -Building D Fort Mason Cen,ter Sad.Franci,sco, CA .94123 YSA , * ,,! ",,, And from: ,.?,~:z iETA Pnblications P.O. Box 128 2: N,arblemount, WA -98267 .3SA ~"':Copy:ig'ht Lc,)1966 by the'MassachusettsInst~itute ,: ,',of Technology..,, Reproduced by permission of"The:' ,,', '&fIT. P,ress. ..,@ , : ,\e ,i,.q: i, 1 ,~L. d ' z. ,," eprbduction,of this microfiche document .in any .form is subject. to.the~ same resttictions'as those', . ~bf, the:original document. '" 1

THE

iM. I. 7.

PRESS

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5 -

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., .x.uu LIST OF ILLUSTRQ&$&-~:i

. Iir

..Balili

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i, ( $

I8
Since refine:y is sold the size operators annual . Bronze and Iron Founder the near there and pay fee ju?) opening TehrC, aqd gauge the the of all required. Department for a mining the Atirak buy Private of Mines iiccnse. electrolytic copper it mine an in niques in the (gel) plafticity. rfg) salt ins is used, to sand make is do not in foundryman and mixes In differ s&ler usei it much Europe

CH.A P TER
from those Ih pure

ONE
used Siraz sand oil b (fen, cent moldbox af ~

foimdries. a fairly with

craftsmen

cottonseed

(rou,@~~-e @beti)
mixed it kept

to obtain
a loamy about plastic. a with more in

the

necessary
sand

IsfaahZn

2 per The

law-e

Sandy

,,,\ ,,,,

!!

3,,

CHAPTER

o.\

,-

,,; \ .

Blacksmith

50;

,,,

. _

METALWORKIflG

CRAFTS.

.., ,.

/ I

..

68

,,,.

CH.1 P TER

O.\.E

Steel

Fretwbrker

7.3

2 :

Persian man

Timber

Used

by

the

Crafts-

indigenous region identified medieval in some however,

in the E&Ii&t&~ Per&.3 simo as Dalbergia

and l&b.

Makran been a Even

of Southeast

It has

If we acccpr the geologists claim that during the .Xorth Europeaii Ice Age the Iranian pluvial Piateafi period, was passing followed by through a a grz+dnal WC can of the

geograp~r mentions large forests parts of the Plateau. Sitice then, the indiscriminate felling of trees has and and prothe

drying up understand

of an inland that in /the

lake, days

for timher and charcoal production denuded wide parts of the, country, has thus caused extensive soil erosion suhsequcnt reduction in agricultural duction. C:asp$m mountam still yield Only the dcnie ~norrh fbrests of provinces

Achaemenian~ kings there were still large forests in the hca;t of Persia where today s we find-+rarcly more than single t&s. Darius says in the foundation charter of Sum; thcynkti timber wai brought from Candai-a vitch iical which and C&nania,,.-. , I. Gcrsherhowi that Old Persian yak8 is idenwith the sissoo tree (ja,c or jaQjii gives a hard, dark brown, and

of t,hc All>,urz

their heavy rainfall, quantities of useful-~~~~.~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ timber. The greater part of~tire/?equirements of the ~~~~~~&srne&~ today actually ~~

range, with considerable

durable rimher: and that the wee grows in the sub-Himalayan region of India and Pakistan ai well as in Afghanistan and is

comes,~~~~om~~there. Apart from this region th& are still forests ,of oak trec~ in the valleys of the Zagros mountains., Walnut .

: ,,,:

.:

,,

 ?,:;:,v

; -

,,

i,.

,.

::

Y-

\ ', ., ;, s.+ -: go' ~. ', ,. ,.

on lever bolt

Wood

TUllEi

,~,, ,~

,,.I, / .,
\,, ,:,

,- ,, . ,. 93

94

CHAPTER

TWO

New

blocks

are

cut

(Fig.

147.)

.~

CRAFTS

Building through

Styles~and,Techniques the Ages

,,

,7

tHhP<ER

THREE

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::

,,

\-,

, 3

38

CKdPTER

THREL

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i,

,-

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., ~ TEXTILE, CRAFTS A&D LIWTHER CRAJTS

~~~ ,th~e t6poa with,& heddle rod and shed rob y is placed at one end of the warp Andyas Ywork progresses the tripod ~forward from time to t&z. It should bed&c (tan-b@) ,.principle tapestry are mounted be mentioned is I moved _ flat, this.

of gaily color& baads~~~~(j+m, j@m). Figure 281 shows a narrow w&p stretched out on the ground, the heddle rod sus-. pended from a tl-ipod by ropes! Thb shed isno IoGger a ibund pole but * rounded edges. In the

here

rod,howevei, heddle

rod loom is not bp!y used for, pi&n shown in Fig: 280, but.wshed Andy they and

a flat boa&with

weaves like those of the~tent fabric weavers is also appl&l looms, regardless or turned to all. &pet of whether upright

up position it is lying fiat and back, Aftz-+he insertion of the weft the board is pulled forward, acting as a beater for compacting turned position; on edge for the thus producing the weft. It is then heddle a down comfortable

horizontal

on two posts, the only difference

being ihhat in carpet weaving a row of piles is knotted-in before the next weft is pqed ~through.

count&shed. Before pushing ita back it is .used as a beater again. A close inspection ofFig. coming 281 shows that the woven fabric has pattern the +iign; striped part warp, of it but .., , j from a pronounced

The BandLoom ,;A !o?ti pne j&t : in many aspects described &d similar to the in yet -diffe?ent

another ~rlpeated threads th,at separate are

pattern-formine feattire is the appearance of some of the warp on the surfac:. to flotate stick in front Those warp threads,, are c&ied over &the heddle rod. .~. a ~,

others is thk band loom,, (dr+rih-e j&G ,biif) used by the .nomads for the weaving r /

(1

_ :~

heddle

rod to a loom with more than one heddle must have taken I

treadle-operated

centuries, but only a few steps of ,the development have been traced so far. Whereas Remans for a long time the Greeks used a vertical heddlci: l&m arc: of,tlre,~warp and ,~ \vith a beam, knoc~m to

~weishtcd xv+rp instead treadle-operated

.?,~,,, 1 v:. . fulcrum ,,

$,,,

for the p&i;

c&s~~ll

6,~

zome of these pits. Warp-weighted ucrtical looms have been in use in the Middle East since Seolithic times, as evidenced Greek, Roman, looms had the by many warp weights but whereas North beam up and thP the and cloth European r found by archaeologists,

PIP\ Figure zO,* A Band Loom. These warp threads .

that would otherw& by on the surface of the where

go down with the shed rod are kept,up the, stick qnd,,show fabric. For those patts of the pattern

warp with its weights hangin~g+down, forcing the weaver to work upwards, in Persia we find .a loom that stems twhaw from the horizontal leading the warp loom with a ar&md by two modifications: developed (a)~ By

the loorq is to revert to normal the stick is pushed back. It should be noted here that

binding, even a

its t&o beams defleCting angle much loom

pole (Figs. 28.2 and z&Q, at an the ceiling, then ~.vertically (Fig. 284), a into the it suspulleys

simple loom with a heddle rod can be used both for weft pattern weaves like tapestry or for warps patterns likej@m, and furthei that the introduction toward a.mu~ltilieddled Asia~the developed dbserved control sticks to achieve complex into~ a fine in Laos that ofa~stick to control some o! the warp. threads is the first step design The pattern. by

towarc! longer

over warp~suspcn$on by bailing

warp can be placed it up and having

loom. In Southeast. patterns art. one has been writer sticks The pre-

pended under constant tension by weights. We nbw hate a loom that is conveniently horizontal but has the advantage of having warp weights. (b) By introducing treadle h&dle mechanism a greater

of the warp

an easily

operated~ in a bewere are in ~~~~~ ..

up to forty

enabling number

the weaver to +;

W&Y used to prdduce cursor,of a genuine

,of~ heddles as described

stick system seems td have beenthe draw loom. Lobi

predetermined as well placed as in

sequence, Persia where

low in the following in a pit,

paragraph. the they

In Egypt still

treadles

-Thi Hoti.wtttzl tive horizontal

Multiheddled fromthe g&nd

The developrpent

rather primi-

loom with just one

ends in strands

to a stick (t&e q@k).

bardi)

that

running (par-e holder

of the bobbin, mrikii) acts or temple (mat@

a pair miiix,

of springs A b&d mafit, third

fits into the slot orthe breast beam muuard, nouhard, k@aqak, has an iron shaft (n&e kt&ak) in bearings (kooijak) attached

(nacard,

as a brake.

The beam that runs to the side.

fyom top, Fig. 27.7) on the woven part keeps the cloth at a given width. Following the warp still further we come to the cross or lease (bL;Ji, etdi, inp-S-rLisl, pii) position by two rods (jujek, nai). originally Hereafter made by the warp winder and now held in the warp ~tuin~ around a ~strong deflection pole (&rak) that is attached to the ground overt a shackI?: risqs in stran,$ $irp~ Beyond this pole the warp toward the (monzani~), which ceiling, (@rddwn,~ at any arlgle

~walls of the loom pit ,(kt?reh). The breast beam is locked with a pug (dar andie, bar and& lever. &Clam) ,and can pie rotated ~ppakln-k$). Following the with a warp the

.. thr:eads we see them passing ~&rough batten (dafti, :daftiF), a quadrilateral

reed ~+ieeh) thaw the weaver inserts into the frame that oscilliltes and beits thiz~~reed~ against the &ft (pi?) 1 The batte.&as two xrti?al _: & ,,:: arms and jb&tiye it swings daftin, bdii-ye daflin, &out a. horizontal bdbak), axis

s.u~petisi&~ frame

: is ~tiZd:-to~~+ heavy, beam on the carrying a r&3kr.~~af guide pull+ gareh, @r@r). pulleys and The drop &rands perpendicularly

(mil-e dafttin)

that runs.in B pair of bearings

ruA oycr these

(qdz). The reed is held inside the batten with-a pair of pegs (m&k daftin) and the batten arm is kept tight with g tourniquet to+). that pulley After are blocks leaving a s&s the reed of heddles over s&, saz) (tab-e pit, (uard, ~~,~~~ b&acing anisak). finally /, j@h)

ending in the warp balls (qnlornbnk) on wooden pegs (Jok) that are weighted with sandbags-(/+&J. As the work proceeds and the woven cloth is wound around the breast beam, the warp balls with thei weight bags rise., When they approach the &lleys the wea& lets their v&p strands off until the sandbags are close to the ground the again, and theS~~loom his set for. 5 to 6 feet of weaving of a further

the warp goes through

suspended (t&h-ye

They run on iron a.xJes (r&e again% two @b-e, aiding up in large

and are well balanced suspend&

each other, pulleys The pal).

from a beam

position of this b&m can be adjusted b;~;~ fabric. placi,pg it into.different notches (burEJ on the adjusting end the balancing (&z&h, shed .board (&mk). ax (Mirak) (pi, p&Z, On the lower over levers A is to ,jibbet Fig. heddles levers connected,

~~~~~ ~~~

~~~~~~-7~-.~~~~~~~~ Loom of Gil& high, Bnd

The CHdor-Sab

SamZrak) which, in turn, are linked 283). &zr) (t&c&-kcir, rada$ d&a dahcineh,

In the Caspian provinces M&and&n, figures, (p&l) the treadle with their it rnu~t h&e isabove

to the treadles fot+ned each sequence, I

rainfall to keep

beeti dificult level

time thi weaver presses one in a predetermined

pit dry. Here ground

the whole loom (Fig., 286).

of these treadles

an& ~a &fS)is passed through ), -_ with the shuttle (m kli, ma~u~).~Theelatter is bften made end (tap), from (mil) of the wood of the persimhas~asmoothly wet? thread The pointed geg is:supp& weft thread a bone-eyelet prevent over-

It consists ofa rect with two shorPcolu beam~..,+Jrd), holding j. dive&n& beam and w upper e down at:?heir

man tree (/&m&i), andthe a bobbin

(sar-plih) and further

running

on an iron

inside the shuttle. the shuttle To

the warp beam (n&d). The loom is used for the wkaving of the &dor-jab, a cl,oth traditionally women of worn around the waist by the these provinces. The warp

leaves

through

(VllUlliTdi, mascreh).

,,

TEXT1LE

,CRAFTS

AND

LEATHER

CRAFTS,

205

,,

(r&k)

is prepared

by a s$xialist the heddles,

who, and

cloth holder

is maintained (arret). The

by a toothed shuttle bobbins

broad (mEa-

with the advice of the weaver winds the warp, makes

(t&for-b$),

rek) are filled from a winding

reel (ko@f

.threads t&e warp into the heddl& &d~the ~~,piC). After a certain 3ength of fabric has reed, all this preparatory work b~&g been.woveti .the weaver loosens the warp ~~~~~~~~~ refer&d -~~~ mairily ~bfoken:up to ai rqjek kardan. (porz kardan) The ~material from This to The Draw Loom The weaving figures figured looms whose design described cotiplexity I so far limit the design to geometrical depends essenof heddles used. Freeon a draw used is a silk thready made silk cocoons. beam v&h a release lever (tu?rd;gordcin)~~~ and winds the woven cloth on the breast beam, ka!) turning it with another lever (dust:

silk is combed

over a wool comb and spun (Qaibek) g&&n) The tha6 are inserted warp beams. is tied heddles The to the (uard),

on a wheel. The warp ends are knotted ,~thin steel ,blailes warp cross (&k-e into slots in l&east &d warp-diverting c&i~lex~patter~s, connected pressing the ;/ throws ~,with we&r beam.

of patterned

two in the loom shown, but often more for && suspended from the (<a$) and ceiling, over a ,:pz& oft p&eys to the treadles the tread& for& (I-/& didan) l&r a .&ah

tially on the number

is only possible

by thin ropes. By (p8fiEr shed d&n) and (krir-dakan), (m&2) width the weft of the s

ldom whose harness permits the control of ,.e~~~ one~ of the warp threads. The development is this loom lowing of this loom has @en to this cha&er; is described in the form that shown and it in the introduction paragraph

the shuttle The

compouncfs*@ir&k the reed

<adan)

en the folthat ~still

(f&ek).

206

CHAPTER

FOUR

existed The dast,@k-e -basically number

at

IsfahG loom

and Tehran (dait@k-e do&%k-e

in

1963

(Fig. 287). draw nnqhk-bandi, ,wCbcifi) has has a ashes the naqi-bandi, t&e *same offeatures

,a horizontal harness (Xl, of vertical

gut string S&t, Xl).

(rek) The

in a cross purpose of th&umber of the

this cross harness is to reduce dr&vstrings number~ofw~~~:threads s&it from tl&.pattein,

ro a fraction

construction

multiheddled of free-figured I. Instead

loom, but in addition patterns. of a single warp

mhelifyd, or fw the cross harness

needed for the weaving the draw (l&k-nii) df standard on the that

perrpits the brocade weaver (zori-bif 1 to weave several repeat ::patterns across the width of the fabric with the harness outfit for one pattern oniy (Fig. 289). This drawing and Fig. 28; showy that, with the lifting of the one drawstring the cross harnessgut string is lifted and with it, in this case, eighty mails (rob, vard) attached to eight warp threads; the resulting pattern will therefore be repeated eight times. Each of thevertical drawstrings continues b&w metal the warp, carrying at its end a the weight. (iangar-e mud) to draw

loom has two, an upper warp and a lawer warp (E&k-zaminek). I. called binder operates of vertical converge lowe; It h&the binder same h&Idles, harness set heddles as th6 !,ordinary

cloth gloom, here operating

or ground warp, but ih -addition it (n@k, warp (dqtcir, the dastlin) on the figure dn:Ly (Fig. moitek) that (&b-e At its to LA--

has a ,draw

288). The latter consists df a large number drawstrings on a near wooden support ceiling.

harness back into its original ~-released. 3: When

position when

~dashir, ~qalambok)

end each drawstring

is connected

the bracade w&w sets the ~.~,~~q ~:~~~--

TEXTILE draw all I

CRAFTS

AND

LEATHER

CRAFTS supporting strings is placed to be rod. The combination next on{:

207 of figure and so for the

ham&for Verti&l

the required drawstrings

. design he around that will

places one circular those

loop (giifuareh)

drawn

for the

weft is likewise surrounded

by a lopp that

have to beg lifted for the weaving of the first figure weft. This loop is carefully hung over one side of the extt&on of the string-

next to, the previous

on until all drawstrings are grouped complete figure (top of Fig. 291).

,y

Fiprr

288

Draw H&ass

and Cross Harness

.^ L

208
4. A draw boy sits bn a board on top of the loom right in front of,the d&w harness (Fig, zgl), and he works to the following The weaver the forms a shed li$: rhythm: pressing and and$&n),

CHAPTER

FOUR

the treadle for the binder heddleq shuttle across (m&i weft s;. -; thus plS.cing a standard

throws

into the shed. He then releases the treadle, brings the heddles into a neutral .pqsition, and bleats the weft in with the reed. At this moment (gtiiuireh the draw boys pulls the first.loop kafidan, Fig. zgz) the strings and shakes~ it, to be drawn

:. fitgum 2~2
LOOPS

A Drati

Boy

Pulling

Harness

thus @parating

fro&those which stay,untouched. Then he grips the drawn ones with o&h&Id, lakes a branch hndh -. hook (f&h, k&k), (/&fan) slings around the ,. it,, of strings in his hand

i if ,, , li ka,~~;; I

,__--~l_s, :,~~~~~;~~~:;~~~

._,,

$ves~ the hook a twist

with his

the string-supporting master ,, ,, :*,,

roil.

Meanwhile

the ; :,, , :~,_.+ :i*-~ Ii*, .~.~~~:,,,:i~~~:~,;;~~~:-i Figure igj Placing crossHarncss

opens Lxnew binder

shed with his

t&dle and throws the second standard weft across while the boy draws the strings.

/se+ed by the second loop, and so on. _i:~ __,, ,~, ,.~~ ~~~ ~~-3, When all the loops~have been used, o+ef$l figure pattern is completed. If it iS inall loops tended to repeat this.pattern to be placed a mirror the boy started,

A&e

Hooks under the :~

haves
in Persia, principle

_
since the be@&g originates of free-figure from a r&e and~it is a case where

weaving an artistic te,chniqw.

back into then positio?- wheie If it is intend4 to weave the

image of the priginal- $&tern

drav? boy can operateall the loops in the reversed order, beg-inning with the loop +:used. P&n This technique is typical for bro&.de~since Sasanian times, i.e., r : ,,,

In medieval Europe the draw loom has been knowll.as the damask loom since th e crusades. &draw-harness, however, was guided ovir~r~ll~rs to the side of the 100~~~ .,..-

,.

! .~
TEX+E CRAFTS /~ SO <h&t the drawer

L__
AJV;~LZ~Y@ER CRAFTS 2Q ~~~~ the pile warp heddles, of a thread he introduces into wire (v&ii, mil) having a I mm and. being (!mf!eh) over proits fine groove duces a shed witi and instead it a brass .diameter &wer~ (mahmal-bdf) Tehran Of vided with-a whole length. the direction

could stand at the side

$e ~~~~ ij++~

Velvet Loom ~&i&t einploy

of about

KGJI, , qd /I$f&I, i several technical&t@& /-

To show the posititiri of the of the groove co ,that it can

of the draw IOOITI

gqo0v.e the wire is bent up at One end ill easily~ be placed pointing up. To prevent dama& to the main warp during its insertion, the other end of the wire car-ries .~ a polished- kliob @ar-tiiij. madvsbf camel bone, (kn%-e,i&). wir&is~l&ed lpto the +I+ arecompactdd frame (da&n-e The w&\ing:in by th?ee,:pl&n of the e wefts shot

just (_ described ;I fo; ,~_ t~e~wcaving of a piled fabr,c. Onq~s the h??e of a double warp; the other is the applicatiqn embossed of the,rdraw velvet. _ then harnesstdpr+e

,. s ,.r

Fqithe,weaving

of velvet &v warps are arrangement:

used. -ins the

following

: ? ..ff& or &in warp (Z&h, btim) consists of f ,> ,,;sdk thregds ~foi the weaving of the basic ,i : : . : ~,:f&ic. between This warp is stretched a ware, b&n (ma+ horizontally @.@n~ a

of the m&n waip. These ?,efts with a reed (fcineh) wliose sorb) is weighted with about .

.p~ar beam or warp; bea&(n wad-e :bum, b&n-kc%). The warp iS keg c/ lght by means~ of a~heavy lever ho& warp ware weight (lon@r) that acts on a in capstan from 0T.r the a f-z-foot (&ib) beam length stretches but placed likewise

90 p&ds of lead for greater imp&t. After this the weaver takes a small piie-cutting knife (tik), inserts it carefully into the groove of the woven-in wire, and foliowiilg the groove he cuts (boridan) the loops open that~ have been formed threads, thus producing the wire is removed, o.$$ u&is ,more, wire inserted The.+avers to achieve &$I, by the piles warp a pile. This done compacted the :

in the rear beam. The second or pile is guided upward

diversion

pble~(jamak-e &Xb)

~that iS si&

the fabric

pended+om again i&roses

the ceiling. In going do&i the main warp, is led under pole (samake@in) rollers near (sar-

a new pile shed opened,

and so on. The prodsmooth kelvet. often ask fork One way (mouj ._ ~~ i : ; velvet. customers

a sec.ndbiversidn

a plain, surprisingly

ground l,ev$, atid goes up into strands over _,:.a ~~&op~manjen~p) of warp &eh)$nilar loom. l&n are arou$ sandbags / ,. :sis$ pile 8 led (qalnqzbak, to {hose of the @dtiheddled the rollws ihe x&p strands down, wooden (k&h-y ending in &~p balls ,wound ~Gith conof to qqlapbeh, &ib). @?ibeh)

some kind of ornamented sing of the $es

a surface variation

is the pres-

into a wavy pattern

pegs and weighted The harness (curd, jgjeh), being

j H1 takes the woven fabric (da@ih-c smooth dahi) m&nat-bfifiifi? wooden a&t board

kardnn):- This work is done by a finisher (mouj-knr), .one of the weavers assistants. from the Loom : it, on a (mauland places

bf six~ heddles warp, air six

four

(@@h-mouj-dahi). 1on.g &tk.;highly p@les:*W.$ile the ve1Set the were and foracross

which operate

the mait5 warp and two the connected

He has a number p&shed Gessing, ward piles before,

of wooden~,:rools

18 inches

^ ,.treadles (pn). The velvet pile (kork, kolk) in the following wefts $.,.. have been ~heddles &the way: After wovep, is produced a few plain the -

ends of different

one of them firmly v the, tool a backward he moves right mater%], leaving bending

and gix&g t&t over, width &the

employing

main warp; the weaver pro-

some of the surface

others~ as they

57 Ibid., Fig. 37.

thus ,prducing ~a pleasant ,,, 2

,hi+iep

(&lit)

by means

of short

drawthe

in the design more po$ular

(Fig;sgj).

But ,n&t$ly

he

s~ii~~sssl Fprty

to 60 of these

strings are

would be satiSfied to produce

some of the

:!::, st?R%ien~ for;most

,of the desigtis,., For

- .ti&ving,of the drdinary cloth &pding, the ., \: h$dle?,$s are operated by two w&vers,, one$them standing near each selvage, ,o ,*, :, ~c~:,$?ovlng a ++k* levei ~(kamzmh) :&hi,ch sPdes up or:do$n behind a heavy ,,tiqi&xkaJ bear (&&band-e ,, , ) tacked tb ,the. wig, behind ,: :$evers are conncctod a, pa? $ ,_; through r&es kam6neh) atthorn. These rqds (@eh-bond).

and simpler designs that are hi, and K?Gn lbazaars kn&n in the as ,&lal&, miqfeh-gereh, goZki;eiieh, pile/i, and zonjeld.

p&h-llireh,

%ith the heddle

After, the first shcd,~has been opened w&h The, heddles, tlie weft @rid) is thrown iti by ,, ~,, ., . . +e,qf the weavers and caught by his com,, ~, pz+on. The+do no~u;e a,shuttle but an I : ,,/
i,

elongated

ball

of cotton

yarn

@i&-h) they ., zgisu,C 19j part &a zihi

wbund around a stick (q&b).

After thee twq

., ., ~~e~+ver,s-have, ieleased

the heddles,

:~, :..t,x;,j the weft ,:,,4~ :, (&@$I) s+ilar i. : stri@ being na+kh).

in with a beater domb to:the ,one used i %arpet group of , harness them by part: of_the They figvre

F ~weav~~~gr*Now they pull the ii& ~~ (X&e separate

The pattern

of the eilli loom is produced

mGms ofdrawloops

similar to those ofthe

~~ <raw~ loom aid ,slip t.tie bundleT(maj) of &&redL str;ngs, over strong wodden :~.@&& (k-1. n 1, k&that are also attached to : ,i$$ +m at the back by &ans of ropes (@nab). The draw:harness strings~hold~the

by changing then two! colors of the douqle warp, where& the standard draw ,&+I works on the weft-faced patterr&&i& is shown shwing side oft ,An interesting piece ofwool f$b;jc in +gs. 296 aid 297, the former ~ev&se Similar

the front surface of a sectidn of the pattein, to the on, a

figure weft acrdssand the oth+catches it. the lattei showing the ., .I ,, , .For less com$icate,ddpatterns $e~we~.v<?~ ~~ exactly the sarhe se&n. ::, ,,,! lpve . db f+v&crosy not harness lodps patterrr. stritigs, for andthe$r ii10,~ it: is ~a double nee$,~a$+, zepz&io&,~, .:doublC

cloth !produced

warp with two co~ntrasting c@lo&

ones to ~pull Z$ 1~ ii, &&&~y: i&es out-, ,ic:thts extti

~butthe, difference, as compared with the zilli is &at the two~contrasting c~$ors have &o .&e ,bken,employed behind~the in tw.? independent thereare two fabrics, on all
from

ab&t~z

wefts so that~ineffect

attiC? but combined

th,q$e points where one warp ch$ges

tile front to thCba~ck and the tither comes ,forward; and vice-versa. While, however,

Figure 296 Double Nomads (fi~nl)

Claih

Woven

by F5.n

yielded

and on which only the king was

allowed to walk. The old Persian sacred book. the i\vesta, also mentions soft floor

Ca:pet Technique

Weaving

~, texture, $, ~, woden

having

520 knots per square with 80 knots for

inch, coarse

as :rompared

car~efs and 800 for the finest silken

*I%cre is no field in the.indusviai Persia ~that -is as important and yet little is known as tieaving, When

~,,,OLICS known today. The knots are genuine arts in \,,,Chiardes (17;s. 2981, x.&led Turkish carpet its ,~,,,,knots,If we consider Turks were neighbors were the &estion I1 & nians w&ving. car+t arises whether Design details that Scythians and or the Pazyryk about in C~:cntral Asia, the the Turks of the Iranian. srep iix the dewas the findoriginators of carpet

early development. discussing carpets here, the kind of nieant is that which, andweft, interes; in addihasa third dimension pile. In Europe, carpetsPegan of sixteenthwas e&bwoven filxic tiontowarp historical , ;
i

are undoubtedly documented fragments

in the form of the knotted &Persian

The .next velopment ing of carpet

of the pile carpet

~about 1870 when a collection to nineteenth-century carpets hshe&s

2;:

Louian, that time ~~~ ,~ 59J. Wiesner, Zur hrchacologie 68 K. E&dmann,Dw wbntoiiichr~~~niip/lr~~ich, p. LO. PP. 44-w ali those woven before

at No~in Ula and both east of Persia in what is today Sibirieni,

AND

LEATHER

@AITS Laufer3 Byzantian origin, could Persia. In Persian Mustansir the historian province early tribute early Islamic (861 rities in the caqxt.7 p&e the name it may shave for carpet that

-213 wea\~er in is of Per-sia,n the craft from with of al by

Greek ,(&pi-d@hor) be assumed come to

Byzantium

inscriptions

A.D.) were mentioned

al-Masudi,and center as

the Caspian its annual

of TalGrist5n tomthe caliphs

must have been an was 600 carpets. century on do we and carpets,

production

Figure 198 Ghiiirdes Knot (1eJ) and Sehna Knot (riEht, from K. Erdmann; Der orientalische Kniipfteppich, reproduced bj, permission oj the pull&n, Ivm~ulh Vdfl& Tr%i,qm) I$ongolia. The Noin Ula samples ,were

Only from the eleventh have ac~al of a from the twelfth

samples of Seljfiq

cenrury on the existence

~,

found in a dated lacquer box,:@ date :,/being equivalent to 3 ~.u.,oo whereas the Loulan fragments belong to a period not later than fourth century A.D. Both these carpets have a thick, knotted pile, held together with weft bands. &ginnmg century A.D., knotted in Dura and with the fburth pile tcxEuropos to six, in an exby the

Persian carper industry is firmly . established. Thp baslc~~,teehnique has n t changed to this hay, and the development is mainly one of design, amply treated in numerous books on art history.

Materinls Wnrp.

Used in Carpet Weaaing Nomad from carpets their have herds. warp in a woolen at hand For sufthi-cads coarserweaving finer

warps, as this fiber is immediately in abundance ficient must design. for their design, strength be, thick, C+rp&s the woolen resulting wovep

tiles were manufactured in Mesopotamia linen as pile wefts between Wool carpets oasis cavated German settlement hy Sir Turfan known material

and Fostat

in Egypt with one

each row of knots. Knotted have also been found in East Turkestffn and Aurel Stein

ip town

shops normally.have

twined cotton threads much &ey use a spun in

warps~ that~ allowva and occasionally wea\+

expedition.62 to have

Nestorian lived th&

and twined silk warp for still finer knotting. The Persian alo or wo 35 reg counts the fineness rei, which is the number distance length. ave 20 of knots counted nomad rugs to inch) ; per The i , /~

and Manichaean ~Persia are between A.D. We -Persia

emperor

refugees from S~yria and third +xid sixth centuries

the

of one gereh (22 inch&) rei (corresponding 12 be knots

The coarsest

have

no carpets but

of this tirrie i?om the .Byzantian

the Sasinian

proper,

when
sackid

approxnnately squares famous Museum inch) Ardabil

61 knots per square would average.

Meraclius~.

(approximatel~~ carpet

town of~Dastjird in wefe themehooty fleecy

in.628 A.D., he mentioned lists carpets ~(l&s) that to. As according

in ~the ~British

(nakot.apPtes).

has 52 rei (360 knots per square

21q inch),

. and

CHAPTER

FO;UR

75 reg (8oo knobs per square

inch) wpuld be the finest known, with silk warp and silk pile. Carpet weavers in villages mainly homespun to order frequently warp. knotted with white comes for make their warps with their work then city merchants the yarn who wool, but they~sometimes supply

for :.a~ cotton for the differs finest tohes,~ i Figure qg kdr-gcih:e kar-gcih A Horizontal Carper Loom or almost vertical Both have the (diairi,~ (lar, i

Pile. The most typical pile wool, from is,,wool. necdcd Its the region

material qualie? The light

of its origin. for the Persia,

Northwest

especially

the regibn around Lake U&miyeh, I&i Makti, Salmas, and Sauj-B&q. Tabriz, however, knotin the capital of this region, is to use a lot of the dull carcass wool houserE&ell;nt in the carpet ~west and of its and the region coarse wool, because in the south.

ramini) a&i).

warp

from its slaughter around Horisin KermS5.h

Mleh) stretched nebcird-min) gord)

between two beams (mard, (Jmzieh, tb proused by is sus-

wool &mes fromKurdistan

and ilse a rod heddlr

and a shed rod (bnirh-yard)

in the east. A rather for carpets is that of Firs

duce a shed. Figure 21~9 shows a horizontal carpet loom of the type generally the nomads. Here the ijeddlcrod pended mouflon loom ported The ever, beam posts where hvists the suspension horns,

but well suited shiny surface, Town weavers

usually buy the spun wool

ti-om a tripod. To lift it the weavel ropes with a pair of the hcddlc and used. The and trans. loom, howthus keeping

from the he$d,smen passing through on their annual nngration round. To produce most valuable surfaces silk carpets with brightly piles are knotted shining into silk in

rod up while the shed is being is, pegged can easily be packed together carpet one where

down to the ground

warps. Contra~ry to repeated

statements

carpet handbooks, camel hair is not &cd for carpet weaving. What is called jotori is naturally of goat which goat, brown sheep wool, j,torimeaning Very for carpet meao little use is, made Kork,ofthe hair could v+aving. camel-colored.

to the next camp. mo&cOmmon is the vertical (naanrd-e pSir8) timber (pahlo, b&) nebcird). is scarce, opposite the upper

and the lower beam two uptight Persia, often In Cents-al the beams

(rmard-e

run between

the ur?derhair

is also the name because

for the fine. belly carpets are thereuse weavers

~601 of the sheep. The KermSn famous ,partly this selected wool.

run in holesin room.

walls of the work-

The Cnrpel Loom ,~ There are two types of carpet looms ,~(das@ih-e qcili-bcifi, d&-e pdli, kir-g&j in use, which are identical, in function. d:iffer only in their posi&n, their warp either horizontal They viz., they have (r0-znmitzi,

The section supplies

wyrk of the specialist -has cloth rhe been on weaving.

warp winder _ ,,in, the not with only their He

(Xl&damin)

described

shuttle

weavers

warps but also some of the carpet manufacturers. There is another way ,of warp winding -(tZr. bastnn, Meh ka?idan) that is

:,,,,
TEXTILE done by CRA&-S the carpet AND warp ~bondeh; telleh-kaj, weaver himself

.~ :
LEATHER winder CRAFTS .(t& car& (Lurk-biif, in the. Ghiiirdes or Turkish zg8), @tab) or by ,the carpet He climbs on the upper d&gereh, left in Fig.

,, :I
215 I
knot which

,, beam? attaches a balled-up warp thread tp it at one end, and drops the ball tohis assistant who, sitting in front of the lower that beam and always. again to Q colleague, beam, takes the ball arocnd throws i&p making sure that

shows the knots much coarser at the back. The Sehha knots permit a more~minute design. ,After a few inches have been~ woven in plain tapestry weave68 (p12En-e pnbiieh), ttie knotting he grips two the hooked t&c weaver begins with (b@m-e q&j,., In Aprbaijin adjace$t warpthreads with

it passes ~alternatdly, in

front of zind behind a string stretched be&en the two warp posts about half way between t&obtain ,,~ the warp beams. This iS done Skilla warp cross (ehp-&r&t).

point (snr-e,,qoldb) of a special knife,(qoldb, tig), in the southern provmces with his lingers, draws them toward him, and slings a thread of pile wool (pick) behind these two warp threads and.forward again in the form of the required knot (Fig. 300).

fully maintaining ,the proper distance and the right tension they continue until the required wound ~, nurhher of warp threads on. T&n the rod hcddle has been (above

the weavers head in Fig. 302, p. 116) is formed by winding a strong cotton twine &continuous ~hoiizant+l thread. heddle of either ones, (j$), length (r&h, loops (b&d-e pole and gord) around pole length a I every .second warp is inthe rod of the-~ *:

~4~ second ins-Fig.

horizontal The

serted to form the shed rod [behind 302). completewarp corresp!onds

to the length or two smaller

one large carpet

which are often woven Asia pBir always leaving sufficient warp fork. the knotting The lower of the, ,fr&ge$ and the end slides in hrijljeh) at the beginning ; j?@m 306 : Knotting the Carpet Pile Th& he pulls the ~knot tightaand cuts the thread ends wirh the sharp edge (dam-a q&b, about dam-a tii) bf the kmfc to a length 1 inches. The carpet weavers a blunt of of

of each carpet.

beam

slots iA the upright po:ts,,and tk.+tiarp can be tightened by inserting a,,pair~of wedges (tans) Jvedges. and loosened by removing these

K2SZ.n and 1Sfah~nha.w the etid of the knife blade qali)

point at

used to remove

Knotting the Pile &&m-e There us&in

faulty knots; ;he weavers of %%z~ have an or&nary knife. T.L. _:I- -^&^_:^1 :_ L-11. the Sehna of all the color! _ -..~rhO~J F without designs any drpwinu r are p&r a;(

are two kinds of knots (goed, &ft) carpet weaving. One,

most .rather

of the town carpets. soft and flexible

It results

in a Most the

rug, and th6 knots origin and

appear:s,mall -of the; tribes weavers

in size from the back. of Turkish however:

generation,

in Yoras&

tie their

66 ~apesuy is a;typeiaF cloth wkme with 1-s warp than weft threads f~ the inch. ,T 8

, ,, :@

of the warp

over which the weft ends are for the z&i, so that this

woven as described

strong s&age jbondke kenrireh) acts as a side, protection of the delicate knotted pile.

ments &rds palace

on the garments show ,in the

of the nobles bas-reliefs Persepolis othei on the were rock

walls of Susa and

,~ embroidered

,oes. Numerous

sculptures and ~silver vessels show persons with richly embroidered dresses. All these : ~may, have absence 9 1 mq?j *-, pet With a likewise garments The period Chinese 303): After he has t&ted this sec$on of asp well this-question bee of any possible embroideries, archaeological that the f>bricr but in the evidence as it is of the

must be LTft open,

were tapestry

oi pattern-weave. cinbroidery. to &e Seljuq a strong Chinese in design

fir& sample (~1a37-1157 influence as~in

of actual ~A.D.), a@

that has c&x

to us belongs

can be noticed The

technique.87

,,.., :,, :,, i,

the carpet in such a way, he pyforms the fin&shaving (pnrd$t kurdan) wth a broad and .; o-er . sect& verx the sharp warp trim,ming beams:-so knife ~(@dak, that the next corn? Fig. $4). The~~~fhe-~car@t is again moved and shaved

often iused plGas~~well as pattern-weave . . silk fabrics and applied embroidery to them for ornamentritio, mainly using the. s&in-stitch that became~&nown in Persia as girhi.~ Chinese still d,urig It dynasties ccfituries: m influence the -Mongol is known The beca$cS, and stronger Timurid had ii

to be trimmed

withi.tlie.rwch ~.,: 1 ., , ,, ., ,.

of the finisher,

and so o?

in the thirteenth

and fourteenth that -Timur Chinese great style at his co& ~rev+l

un$b;he has goneover the whole carp$ Finally the remaining loose warp threads are citt in ,half and knotted &to bundles (gee% zhdan) of ten to fifteen warp threads.~

Chinese~embroiderers Samarkad.~8 embroidery,

working

had~ another

each, which form the fringes. They not o$y protect the end wefts from becoming. undone bit ,also enhance the appearance ,.of,a~c&pet.: It should bC mentioned here that most ,~, extra-strong carpets have one or two warp threads & the outsides

under the Safavids. Du;ig the twelfth Persi&-style emb,roidery

cetury,~~so-cailect~~.. came to Sicily

67 P. Ackermdniil~~.

. Pope dnd P. Ackeiman,

CHAPTER with silk of th~&nc.z--@xaRlples ~%&er German Norman A.. Marco Polo mentions producing A regional that at Kerm&i women vere embroidery. excellwt gold group with j of knriched em~crors, in Siciiy,

FOUR

of woven ,cloak

brocade made of the

cushidn (rlimiz), quilts ments.i diz)

covers (riila&Je

saddle cloths (:nmy-gir), (n7b&i), table cloths (rijdixiri), as well and bed as gal-d&8?>

with embroidery,

wall ha+ngs

is ~the coronation king Roger II.

originaliy~ made for the It is decorated and dated I 133

The cmbrOidercrs

f,go/-dfi;_goicib(mc?htll) in"~a that rests ori ,.

of RaZt hold the cloth

with Arabic

inscriptions

wooden clamp (geridch, jerideh)

one of theis legs while they press it down with the other (fig. 305). The design has been traced on the cloth with chalk (nag? takes a . bci rany kn.iidaa). The embroiderer crochet hook ,(golJb, sli;a,z) with a wooden handle an$@&s it through the cloth *

style of its own were the embroiderers

where an industry Northwe& Persia, flourished during the sixteenth and, SOW-

(for6 k&m). Holding the embroidery teenth centuries around Ardabil, the home ,, thread (na!z) on the reverse side of the ~cloth, he grips it with thewoqhet hook of the Safavid dynasty. The Victoria and (na!~pit kardan) and pulls a loopiormcd by Albert Museum in London has a fine colit to the front (nn!i oz'dast-e &pUP~ere$w4 lection of these embroideries, which arc mainly darning indicates Another worked stitch in cross-stitch, The style if others their in b& &tart,,,j, and with this thread the hook,pierces ,, Fi& 305 loop Uill?% design carpets. around through the cloth ,Y: ~~ \> An Embroiderer ,

w@+

contvxtions

with the people who Caucasian me$leh-dezi, and scvcn-

ploduced~.ti;eso-called

style .of abbroidery,

was worked during the sixteenth

teenth centuries all ai& P,~rsia..~Materials used were colored silk an&&al threads worked onto colbre si~lk satin. to divan Most of this work was appli covers. A

feature of these cove was the provision of widr brocade atid ) mbroidered borders. More confined to the south, worked. in centers~&zh Sir&&e worked broidered century Europe word Still diizi) as Ivfa&n, embroideries in chain-stitch.7 wome~s trousers Pe~sla simply famous is RaSt became as giletsperf&_or_ meaning KZn, Y,ztzd, and to d&h emin applied The

covers, Prayer

mats, and bath rugs mainly richly gf tiineteeenth-

weli~~known nnksha, &latter iornament.%$a-

h%n was the main center producink for its fine embroidery in Gilan, where

them.?8 (galand men

4.H. Brugsch, 0.6.<ii&

89.

TEXTILE .

CRAFTS

AND

LEATHER

CRAFTS ancient .Mat Egypt plaiting revealed (b+i

219 45~~ B.C. as their ,/ bt+mj :is still an mats cow

again; gripping the thread and pulling the next loop on, thus :praducing in this way. soften

underneath, up, and~~so (pi!). includes applied

date of manufacture.j important.craft (hirzjd) being

!;._

the chain-stitch the design

Much. of!Jhe surface of the cloth is covered diKeerently,Eolored to theb&e industry traditional made material was BC~WC& the pieces of cloth

in Persia, the plaited used in the ceiling

with these stitches. wars ~a home IsfahC where to homein old and in

struction of mud-roofed plaiter (bijriy,%bcii) buys bamboo (fm&grrin,

houses. The mat the raw material, or Irushes

two world revived

nni hindi),

designs were~applied materials .

(nai), in,b$dles (66,&h,-bQteh, bmteh, ndi). The fint ~pe&iG~ &vz trimming of the stems by cutting the seed tops and the root ends wth a sharp, hook&l knifer (dcis, mi-

or imported

new techniques. chain:stitch Embroidery ~ as p&b-d@si. ~cross-stitch ,~ popular Persia stitch

The most commbnly

(pit, r&h, in chain-stitch Other (na!wmdcizi),

used stitch is the naqfeh, .Y&lrib). only is known are the

kkif).

Bamboo the k@n\ @ai-klibQ.

has, to be softened (ab pcifidan) assistant &ems,

are

(norm OWZI beaf a but ,Roth grriund of

~ka&G) (klibidan, mallet

by pourin~~water $aiters the

Rushes

it before

can

stitches,.used

Hat

with

which is still very in, Cen~al of t&&r trkdi-

trimmed

with ,the Zoroawians for the decoration

need not be softened rtishes and bamboo after

(Fig.

kefol-e beating. the

aresplit open (.iri;i?Tian) spcead a number

.tional white garments, (goldtiz)

the fillet br darning,,

beating.
306),

\\ol-king on

applied to fillet nets (&iri),

the $aiters

and the hemstitch (fabeh-ka.?), which,is just as popular in Persia as it,is witl!,the European needlework& Today quite a numb&f embroiderers

Ti&XILE wind&s.

CRAFTS These

AJVD LEATHER

CRAFTS the cane blinds to a width ordered

221 by his

mats arc made

of-a par-

titularly light cane (m-t@). The blind, weaver (pardeh-b6f;f) has a. loom (!a%-@) as shown in Fig.,309.~ Here the warp threads\ (rirmrin) arc twincdaround the canes with the help of a horiz.pn@l by rive &rtical board supported height. posts in working

customer. After he has completed the weavifig~~e reinforces the edges by- liniI% theti with cotton webbing (korbis-epnrdeh, tlsnbadis often wcavcr. are D ~pcirtch) that hc sews on by hand. The calling of the basket plaiter brf* sabodgnr, combined The mbadti, that znqbil-bcif) of the mat with

only tools used for basket plaiting

~_:, ? ,:, ~ r,:,, ..;,::,:& ;::, $:?T ~:~:-,l~:-nl_--,~ ;,:-,;j -?g

a woocten block (kondeh) and a cur+cd knife (k&d, cZaqli) serving to split and cut the reeds, rushes, or canes. The plaiting baskets The sivcly, bcif). There basket (zqzbii, sabd) maker, is done freehanded. also makes brooms maker brooms cxclu(jani+kct of

(jcin?, JKib).

If he makes

he is~ called a broom is a certain plaiting

similarity (iandb)

betweeti in Persia, is plaited hair. .~. ropes,

a6d iopemaking the

since a good deal of iopc Figure gap-Wifihd Weavers The warp threads are of fkt wo;nd into or cast-irdn ~ \ balls balls or braided~ Hemp (kanaj) are however, from

co+\yscr $oai on

and cottony (pa&h). t&ted

a ropemakers

walk with a rope-spinning reel. The rbpemaker.(@ruib-tab, &xib-b~~, @uib-Zz, rishas in &act two r@s similar to the

(+!&$~and

arc arranged

in pairs so,that ,, ticin-bcif)

one ball is in front of the supporting board gnd the other o&behind it. After having laid a caneover the weaver, back front, and and all the first warp the full le&th ball f&n of the board, th the to the.,? pair all of these reels ii the spinning q&b), spindl& (k,!~) pulleys cord (tang) strong lighter between consisting of four !from cord The head. (tahirspinThese wheel four individual a large (band) with and beginning;& its pai&om th+th+ until one end, throws the front the back

doins. t~C&nc

with the ,ncxt they have

Then he,pl&xs the next and repeats this proone cane after the warp threads they again hang down @in arc used up from ;h&~ balls SD that n,earl$ to the ground k&d&). The canes for this loom is fix the ends of

dies, each ending in + hook (q&b). arc, dSven eves, a belt (gnrgari). tighten+ board can

tension

of the belt a tourniquet (MS-e of a the runs large.

(del@sin

be adjusted spindles

curta&x do :the

or blinds Bre cut off at the ends ofmatsfrom

by a wooden~ peg run ?J ~the rnd To (t&eh).

to any equal +idth.~ Sometimes us& fo; the weaving reeds arc turned

tong).zI The

operat e

reeds (hong), then the overhanging s&ages.

reel the ropemaker,

attaches

himself

in ~to strengthen

with a cord to an endless belt,,which the drivinp, pullay on th

The blind weaver usually weaves \ A.

222 eel &Jar walks motion, it.. To

threads

,, and an idlin? pulley on the wall at end away of thP workshop. from the reel he sqts the large a ,strand the When toward wheel he the in foul and with

alkalines intensify .Mechanical accelerates Very

and.fullers the natural

earth)

arc applied

tc

properties

of wool.

idlingpulley, make
ktween

work& ~~c&cI l~ardening,~ the integration of the fibers. the origin of

and the spindle hooks rotate hc stretches spindle hooks

little is known about

felting except that it has licen $os,cly linked w,$h km-gt-owing pcopld since Xcolithic times. Chinese records of 2300 n.c. refer to fcltmats,armo~,an,~shiclds. Felt hasbeen found fin a Bronrc~\ge grave in Germany dating authors, back to 14po B.C. The classical felt and from Homer on_ inention

four hooks on the w&l at thc.far end of the wbrkshop. Having attached himself to the endless belt, he walks away from the spinning head, causing the spi,ndle hooks to. turn round rapidly, thus giving each thread a. twist (tab). When he has reached the end of the walk he detaches himself froti ihe endless beltjgrips the f-au threads tightly, unhooks them, makin sure that they do not lose Ithkir twist, and inserts their ends into a wooden ,mold (qrileb, grooves mohreh) that has carved-i: corresponding guiding

significantly link it with ~Persia. Scythian kurgans of the fifth century R.C. found in ice-covered parts of Central Ku&a bavc yielded covers, many mats, felt rugs, objects saddle tribes such as wall and, .from too, arc art 01 comcloths, coming

blankets. this region, fhJJing. Not

Turkish

and, Persian tribesmen in the ancient produce only dothey

to the profile

of the strand

to this day masters

:fq~be made. The ends are attached to one hook on the wall, and while he firmly guides back that the toward he forms mold (gcileb kordm) head. he walks the spindle the threadi constructed In doing,

plete cloaks in felt With Sleev& and hood, all made in one piece, but they arc also experts in decorating patterns the felt with fulled-in II ed 1. and has per. of dyed wool. The technique

into a strand. simila? toethat

The larger r+l,

of the carpet warp winder, is d&en by the ropemakers as&ant, who turns the large wheel with a handle. to which are attached the ropemal~x a similar strand, way to that It has heavier four strands, described hooks which for the

/by these nomadS~ was simple sisted to this day. ._ Hat Fulling Wool underhaii potash, (.Gmh loosened (paim), rinsed, zndan) with often and

forms into a single rope i&

mixed

with

goat with or Fig. ~.

using a larger mold.

(kork, kolk),

is degreased drying

aft&

combed (Zneh)

on a wool comb a bow layer (kam&

zadan,

Fulling .Felt, textiles, one 6f the so-called nonwovcn of kres- _ The of heat.

310).

A circular

of this wool., a so(wiz knrdm) comxr in dish

called bat (anpreh), the fi&shl;d (mxh, heated fire. The or k&h-m2 this bat even thickness tbuueh, fro?

about twic$ the sjzeof

is formed

in the presence

hat, is spread Fig. 31 I)

surc,~moisture, felt fotmation

and preferably

over B shallow underneath by

is based on two properties

that is, mildly a dhwcoz$ imad-mdl), sprinkles (db-e

wool, viz., crimp and scali~ness. When wool crimps in moist heat and its fibers interlace, duces stronger tl+ .scales an pr~~nt fabric the
I

fuller .(@ztir; with a thick

qns@r;

fibers

from
1~~~

if he is ? hat fuller,

slidinzu back.

This interladine

Drocess mobecomes (such as

soap, solution

irregular

that

if so-called

fulling agents

~,5 Sustmain, zaFelt,~,p, 25_ T8 Ibid., is 23.

TEXTILE
\

CRAFTS

AND

LEATHER

CRAFTS

223

.,S../~ ,.,,.,j ,.,_,, . / ,/ ,..Y

F&E

311;~ k Fuller, Preparing the Wool Pad an earihenware ~dish beside first

Figure 3 13 (Fig, 312). m&fan) minutes, unrolls apart, ,x13),

A FL&

Opening the Hat m&f~~n, IO to 15 carefully of the bat

.iZbcin) from

This hardening.(~na&~ about after which the fuller

him. While wbol and soap tvater warm up, he presses the fibers with his hands, gently, then harder, 2tid releases them &in. As soon~&s the felt begins to form ,, ,$c places a @at cotton pad into the,center~ of,, the bat, approximately the-size

opera~tion takes

the felt, tears the center widens the opening takes the cotton

(b6z tidan, Fig.

pad out, and forms

~.

of the I the opened p&t into B rim (@&h). From tim&to time he pulls the felt over a wooden requred. diameter of the hat. He lays a block (q&b rodan), perfects the rim, and ~ikmd bat of be&en wool,~ smaller in size than the first one, over the p,ad and folds the surplus of the larger oiie over, thus joining saturates the two halves (lab gerejtfan), th& the whole insoap water. After he places the whole back intd the hot dish for further ~&l-inking (m&e!. jodan) until it obtains density. the shape of a hat &id the required During the p&ess thin patches

has squeezed it mildly for a while he places it on a piece~ofcotton fabric and iolls both, prefelted bats and fulling cloth, into one roll, thus preventing interfelting. He~puts this roll back in the dish with warm spap water, where I, ~fortiard with he i& it backward &nd both hands and one foot

are overlaid with little Go&bats and these are worked in. If the fuller works in a small village munities he immediately this is left proceeds to finish mmthe in the this raw felt into a hat, but in larger to a- specialist, hatter. His work will be described following section.

Large

felt rugs,. itent acoverings,

clqaks,

~$umber in \;ariow sizes, and first #ms surface:of [o&id&~ plus wool the felt by shaving that stands out. The

the _

.and blankets are worked along similtir lines, except that ihe large WOOI bats arc placed,on s@nkled the ground~(ham kardm) and are th&rst with sbap watcl-, after which the

awa)-<tit lnrxt sir,,.

with a shalp knife f,ri& an)- sur(Erich hnrdnii: of mo1-e wplui

the scraping

fullers walk over them to achieve

wool from the surfdcc with a filiel!~ t~~othcd

interiocking (p&n gereflan), usuqlly several of them walk~ing side by side and working

by gl-incli~r~ xl-apcr (JA!iuh), is rdhrii : ~l)nrdJ!u knrdnrrj tllr lilt \vith a punlicc stone (~mzg-e pdj. Ike hattrr rhrn dips tl~r &e wool with their bare fee;I-Thc mildly, hat, while it, is.still op ,thc block. iriio hot compacted bat is rolled up m a can,vas or soap water in a dish (,~ijj) similar to ihc nne reed mat (hayir) and is placed in a long

earthenware and heated

mqld

built

into

the ground In Hor%?tn

the

fuller

has and by stone furthei;

1.~1~ the

felt srrface \vith a fulling surface

from underneath.

smooth followed~ polished

with

a hurni+ing (nzohreh). Both

\\-ood :iiibrhj. thgse. opera-

they #pour boiling water lab-e jZ) owl. the ioll. Several men walk ,on this roll, (POT k&an) waist and height. turn For it over ~with their a wooden hours large rugs feet while they lean against bar at before of the

smoothing

tie@ are processes. smoothness stretched Qasqai Then

,in effect conrinuqd When the required has been achieved

and itilt

the rims is bFnt

covers it often stakes several no,mmadic people colored kardan) ornaments the wool like thGr (sol). prior

dut or, as in the cast rrfrhc typical hats,, the two flap3 @%&a~?

the felt is sufficiently\~~detise. Most They

felt rugs with dye .(rar~s do the

over and cut toxize with a,pail; of,icissdl-s. t,he hat isywashed, dries, and dip#d ,,, into a thin solution ?f gum trag+caritIl (ki~irej, kofini) that acts as a size. Duri$ the firi2.i drying siage the su&cc of the hat is burnished once again Gith ;hc polished L. stone to obtain $e l&t finish. ~, ~3 ~~ !

to fulling,

first stage of the fulling in one color,open the roll, and place wodl in different colors according to the ornaments planned on,to the l&e felt, often with different patterns in front ,aAd reverse, and co&nue with \,,, fulling: ,, tegral washed - fat. ,The part ornaments earth become (w& an @I$) inof the felt.. After:the fullers fulling, arc used

~Te*tile The

Printing production of colored desi& arid

shap and

out, the felt is dried, ~ &d,if waterpro$fed

for tent covers,

javith animal

.patterns oti textiles. with stamps or blocks se.%ns~ to have origiated in India during the fourth i&s from India century t$Ftii& x.C.Q ,-Chinese chronreport that piinted cloth was brought fin 140 B.C. India. by the Persian til,,which the beginning ?amely :, ,

Felt popular

hats

(!+ik)

have

always

beei This is

origin of th,+t word f~~ljrinted

1s indica\cd calico; About

in per+,

as we can see from the be&e they are ,an ideal of frosts end

has-r&ets protection

at Susa and Persepolis. in the wide range deep winter

i$ oJZfindi.origin.80 our

understandable tures-between

erathe Roman lnstorlan St&o : 03, that ,n his tune pwted text&s were frorh India into Alexandria.. s

imported

.. ., ,,~
CRAFT<

/,

_
,CRAFTS thi rest of the fabric. and Tl+ 25, mct~hod is=the tis+d in

TEXTILE

AND LEA l-HER

Finds., in Egypt @toes .fourth

haye sh&+that, Dir&g

printed up to the

were ,ma?k&te,d~there centtiiy~~;~.

most :important

commonly

ihe ~+%sanian in for linei -an& silk < . ,, nort~@ern grave of

period textile pintingi tia&de$oped~ Persia inip one:of thdpajo? t&Gquc$ :the ~decbration of~woolen; fabr.ics.8 .- i :;~;Th ,e earli&prmted :@;ro,$e hhve, &en

Persia to this day for twq oT the colors in the~p&ting process. 3:~ The directly B number .~printer onto stamps the ,dyesttiff of the fold inks, the cloth. Some

,:,~natural dyes can be &d of the-moderns too, &e suitable

in this way, and synthetic

t?xtila$n found: i:>the

to be apQlicd dircctl)+, and uses them for two

the Persixi ,craft>man otKer colors.

employ. methpd; The medieval &opean,,printer, -,fiom :the :thirte+h century ,op, trans., ferred a, colored pigment w&-a +.& paint, with from Tliis a his ,bin,der, ,in other ,~wooden; block ~pigment didnot associated ma&.ins

printing MOck, cutter or are 1, with one r8ho prepares and the~ printing ~blocks ~ (yiicb,

ycilzib) needed for each pattern.

to the textile.,

color

The system used toda+ by most of the printers (6-s&, gaiamkrir-~6s) df ISfah%l; K5.SZn, and Yazd is then soYcalled four- Color piintiig. The design (nnqjth) is care-,

pen&rate~ the ~fi,bcr but

stayed,oti its surface. The oriehtaL printer, pn,the o~&rdand, uses t& te& dyestuffs ~that St+ ;vidu$ly ~t&ay~z the whole fiber. Three d#Terent metliod~,~hat may bk applied indi; or combmed 1 can be ~distingguished

.fully dividea into sections, sttch as center ,~~ pxce, border, cor?cr> and so forth, to provide the, printer blocks. blue with conveniently sized in As- all sections a& y&w will be printed

the four colors Hack. (m&i), (nbi), have, to be ,prepa&d

red (germe;-),

(;znrd),:~four blocks for each s&iop.

I. ~The: print&

stamps

a resist

(wax 01

certain gtim pastes) onto th%fab?ic. When the cloth is dyed, the resist-stamped partions ofit,are not affected~ by tKe dye. The

Figyre 324 Sh6ws a complete set or bl~ocks used forthe sprinting 6f the b&dcr of a shawl. The prjnting is d&e in the folldw-

I ., .The first color, nvg-e owol, ii black. The ~block for dyeing its is ~@l&&b-e
~:mefki~~~st@h.~:h shG&the

outlines The

of the (z&e .t&s

designs printed madder

(tdp~, Fig. acting

3rq).

Substance

with this block is iron vitriol as a mordant, color. into a black and.fixcd

XI&~/~), which,

2: The second color, m&-e &uom, is red and is printed Fig. 3iq, q&b-Ed ,printed the block qermez. red on with the hiock shbwn m from top. The It, is called areas to and out beg to and pr, lnb. second

are, us+%lly hollows

wider, thkm

assure a.n even dntribution &tier inserts stripsof

bfihe~tiordant

felt,. Theses act ar stamping

(e) Taking block,fromthe

indigo

iyc

with

the

blue

cloth v&he

indigo dish

kigsr; !,,6 ..s. Quilt

D~y,rs Ri&g

Printed Textiles

,; in the same #way as be did with the mol:dants, themprintcl- applies it as the third color. <,

Making

b!uc2 thus cornplating

the actual

printing

modern products quilt towtis

t&tile good

industry, ,;oolen bazaax least

including blankets,

in its people

$rgss. (gr) The fabric is takemto for-a W&J, s&s exposed sirength. second during develdu tpthd q, time, and, where when which

_~ the dye house it is boiled in both- ,dyesubsequently their full color 0 ,,i the fawn back(a) is the folzo, tp each are spread ore

still like to cover beds with the traditional (le&iJ), have and at of even small quilt .maker one

process

air, gain

(le&i$dtiz): The quilt COYC~S are usually sewn,together from pieces of colored cotton fabric; (bcm) (vmj], versa. ,popular of printed designs cotton, have a center the (kmireh) with field i e of diamond

,?iAnother wXebfo&ining g$oouid refer&to lowing: : 30 printed the ground; anddyed in step calico&

and ~a wide The cover

bord@r

plain cotton

in wcontrasting is: filled

color or vi&cotton

After thorou$lIlloistening, all on top of one another,

(pqbeh) or wool make,- has !oosened ,and se&g with This l&f),

(&+?I) that th6 ~quilt with a carders bow eat ( After the filling by being beaten (d&&z~a long

~ one being sprinkled with fin$y ground ,~ pomegranate r&d before the &xt one is , placed over it. More water is poured over , this pack and it is ,left alone for several , hours. After a fina cloths rinse in fresh water the process are dried in the sun. This ma,

the back of his workshop. it are evenly is foIlo:& with distributed stick

up of the cover the fibers inside (&b-e dGak-@k-ken).

a wobden

,by the quilting

a needle

3 tom4 inches

Cloth Little The in

Shoe Making
1~ Lo

is kridwn about al-Balbi8 known for

the dev,elpment mentioned its cloth ig shoe when

any fabric ,the slung thread, stitches, accot-ding

(Fig.

31;j. the

The with end

sneer of her

starts at sewing. row bf article. I

hf the humble historian FZrs was which

craft of cloth shoe making. (mde&Jamilehj

tip of the upper aroun,d and to

a few stitches

r~rog AD. that;&hdijin industry, AL). The times Plateau come

then, adds the shape

rn after of the

gradually

extending the required

at both sides length of the ._

was stil! flqurishing Mustoufi iTbSd& 1$&m cloth ~shocs

the geographer finest

saw it in ,310 in ~mode@ High is on the

Ha\:igg reached

Rat part of it, she forms the heel by working about one inchfrom ivorking back w the the edge, turrlins, edge, working turning the back

from

between

al&d Z&z.

The Persian comfortable climate, Western sole endurance

clo& shoe (pi~uehj,ntoieki)

next row half an inch longer,

to wear and well suited for th5 ,., to the edge again and so on, six to twelye H, times, depending II the size of the shotit dl erect from,,,* Having formed the other half of the heel% type of shot. It consists of a. c@& but completely of remarkable and a cotton strength and on the opposite side she forms the pi&e of material she has made so far into a circle uo~er iriioa. riili.

(fiueh)

takes about twqdays. The best Ab%deh \ g&k ye made from a fine cotton twine and, l&x consistir$ make:; The k+-kd), strong Y? of:stitcbmg. beautiful They geometrical, take mu& involved Fatten% ~course to longer of small.. holes left in .@

used as reinforcements of heels (pZJneh, noieki, pas-pi!) and tips (prizek, dam&k). When all this is completed, strips are threaded of the sole. Likewise cloth and hide the center onto a strong hide lace another pair- of laces the holes neal

(dtiunl) that runs right through (park) is threaded throu&

_ second The linen

person

in cloth (@ireh-$iz, from loiteki~inch

shoe makin,< is the sole maker soles (@IL) or ,cotton rags

are made (kohnek,

the edges. The sole maker USES a long and Hexibie awl (~$I-e gerd) for this threading. He pulls the hide laces tight with a pair of flat-nosed plieru (g&z) and then secures them by;s&ing them through the tip aild

~~~~-k~~he/l)tltat-al~ CUE into strips about wide with a knife (S&k)

kept sharp on a

lapping stone (sat+-e iskij). The &,ips are sized in .a solutioti or gum tr&&tinth ~;, I (kdtireh), (!ynd&), : thei .+vith meet

,iieel hide reinforcements; then he cuts the sble to shape wit~h,a Sharp knife. When the thifd~dloth shoe craftsm&,~the actual shoeplaced on a wooden blocky ~~~~ (giuek-drip, giueh-kaS, maieki-dzir), their edges turned ~?yer~~so thhat maker in the center,~~+tid beaten flat takes the soles over from his colleague, firstjob dourek, b&h, sole (Fig. 3Ig), a hewy &wm) around piercing his Owing is to sew a strong hide welt (knmar, the edge of the welt and sole with around ~~ A;:i $&A,:?!,I:;:;$ 1~ the sole

a handlcle~~~~~~mallet (m&h).

to-t iiing the strips then stay folded &I le&h varies with the width of ~:,::Y%i: hagThe est part of the sole eachtlie~sole. At tl;e When thestrips~ ~ ~1~~ strip is about 5 inches -4 for one complete sole, are Pqdy, the sole maker takes about a dozen of the&,= onto the block, and with a flat-pointe (deinfS-e hek) ~~~~~ the ~center (Fig318) and through time w he~pierces 8at holes ~t!rougheach of strips, about ,+ pinch

ayL(deraj?, previously

deroui, dordi). He makes inset-teds by the

stire that every stitch is taken edge lace

side of the bundle

cloth strips these leather strips are pierced with the flat awl, then placed aside to bd

.,,, ,:_T~

Figure 318~ : Piercing the Cloth Strips

&we

31~

Cloth Shoe Soles

maker.

During

this operation straight

the

shoeto the

now make cloth shoes with soles firom such cut-up tires, a practice that 11as resulted in a marked decline of the craft. poorer peasants just buys rubbcrsolcs Sian)- of the pair of such

maker keeps thcsole a stick (Gb-e p&band)

by;attaching

temporarily

underside of the sole, (right sole in, Fig. 33):. When the welt has been attached bc place$ a woo~den last ~(qdib) _ slips ti\,~e upper and setis it against &wing \are pierced with a short, round onto the sole, 320), upper The OVCI the last into welt awl (Fig. and

and make the uppc~.\i;itir thick

coc,.~n thrcad in the trchniquc drscribed & above, starting with the lirst rou iri stitches around and adding shaping the edge of the rubber rtiw after row of soic ,-;,stitches,

the welt. The holes fill (li&gerd).

the upper as th,ey go.

overha&ng ends of the welt al-c t,&ned over the \. ;lp, sewn together and onto tl;e upper wit+ a needle (s2iazn), thus forming a protection Fig. 320). (sangbar) gimdarly for the tip (center, the welt ends at the

back are semn to the upper above the heel. There is a~Gririety,of cloth shoes that have a broad band\ (Enizeh, kornar,. ba,@nl) made by women wit of the welt. the same technique as the \ uppers sewn td, the rim of the sole instead Tlpe upper is. then b&k); sewn on others better cloth heel

without a l&t (pig. 321). Some cloth shoes have ,a narrow have quality (kohneh, lining a wider ristar) \ip (pnzeh ohe (piizeh pnhn); a leather

shoes are lined. with cotton a&have (tripciheh) ; others

have~~reinforc~ecl unlimited craftsmen Figure 32 I A Shoeriuker Sewing Sole to Upper

toe caps (pif-@$h). ~~ ~~~Becausi~there is an almost supply of ;sed car :,l;res, many

Leather

Crafts

The use ofleather spinning,and nique changed claims earliest techniques of preparing

is certainly the Europe hides

older than has hot

weaving,

and yet the, techoftechnoJogy8 : that leather from the

much.A

historian

for northern ancient

remained times

static

till the nineteenth

and the same was the case in century, Persia $til recently, when r$&rn tan4 sner~es began to o+ate. ; 4 1,~ 83 C.$inger,z,b.:t., Vol. 3: p. jg. .Y > *b ,, C e :,! 6

~~ Mcdieval~~tanners

werewell

k&@$r

By

the fine leather they produced. %;;, ,:: I&xuq$l, who visited Ho&an in 950 A.D~,? praised the fine goat leather (se&in)
by

made near

the tanners

(dabbig)

of

GCrkan

Mcrv, whose products were sent ~a11 over the country.84 Sir John Chardin classified tanning best, tanning exp+ed and~:leathcr and craft as one of theknow the Persia. Fil&ue.y22 Liming \;ats
3. Sioehin~~ (Cd-e. jou kardanj.

Mechanick

Arts which the Persians he gave some details-on that

of shagrecn~ leather in his days (1665

A.D.) to India in use for

and the Near East.= Today there arc two ways treating

Each.

hides (@m, Cum), the preparation with Blum and salt, and the 01 cow, ass, and horse latter is done in the roollowing (&ix5 Zb sadan).

hide,

after

the

depilation,

is transferred with barley number thai partly This Ibeen \ with water,

of sheep~and goat skins into tawcd leather (&rm-e aiqi) :: tanning steps: ~.-Soo~ir,~ the Hides ---D&d hides brought to the tanner from outlying districts have to be spakcd in large ~watering~pits days, depending content. Hides biimi) from the abattoir (/loui). for three
locaily

into anothcL I meal_(&d-e ofl<des &id

vatand

sprinkled

jou)~~\\hen a sufliciknt

(dabi)

;s in the \xt it is filled

hides. The

a fermentation

proceh~ l&ins agent, and

~causcs swelling susceptiblc the l&e fira& cured upright

of the hides to make them flesh, neutralizes

to the tanning

loosens ~superfluous takes about After (p&an) beam

from the previous treatment. the hides over have

to six and fat

(hn-e

15 days in summer and

on hide thickness bought skinner ($lod)

20 in winter. ~vat, e&h

they arc, tq~kcn out of the anl almost kurdan) (!ror-e [iii), and any super-

,at

the

one is placed

(gaqib-!ui?ineh)

do nof have to be The dry hides, sgftenqd by hides the is

watered. _ 2.~ Limilzg and De/&&m. after having are placed the soaking, and earthenware ground sprinkled ) lime warcr (Fig. vats 322).

flubus flesh is remo\;e$~ (&inmidtis wit&~ a double-handled

fles~hing knife (dfis,

been sufficiently in lime pits &at

the fresh unsoaked (It&h-kqi)

let

Fig. 323). That done~ the hides are placed back in the swelling xats for .a second curing. ,,_ 4.~ ,+ltiq (nam+Jp+dan). three to four days the secqild been completed round tubs being sprinkled 5. placed with center, Ta,+g into ivooden (god& Fig. 324), .When after swelling has i&o hide each

are glazed into (L;hak)

Quicklime

over the hides, and the vats are has qp&xd the testurk of fhe

fhe hides arc placed

filled with water.~After four to six days the hides and softened the hair. hung _ :~ (kZr& over a The hides arc [Iir) .and knife and

with salt, and they are left (m&Ck?+ri). The tanning hides are and arc fincd.~ Mb, s&h,

~herc for~three to four days. now &ady for the actual deep,

taken out of the lime pit, and each one is wooden ,&earn that depilated (onim-kdri) with a special ore%) is~~~kcpt sharp \x.

brick-built-pits

,,~daubes (goud-e

honing Stone (sang-e oram).

Fig. 324)~ EZIihw

wZiY+n@ceti~

I in the pit,~ is sprinkled with, finely ground gall nuts &sa) ortheground~ bark of the salam tree (Acacia bpp.). The tanner has

the grinding

done by one oi his assistants

on a hand mill (dash, &ii) similar to that .I,.P used by the potter, or he can obtain these
;

tanning

agents

Tom

the

bazaar

where

they are crushed

\ , ,, \

and ground

on an edge

,~,

runner. The hides stay in the tanning pit for four to five days, They are daily turned over <adan). and trodden, down again~ (&gad

CHAP TEE Persia. Leatherbeing shoes are a later strongly influcncsd

FO LrR arrival, from (&ffZ,

One of the princip saddler been (zirz-snz, recorded, ainga , but a fc

the trade Russia.

At his bests the shoemaker

is therefore

1 Nestern methods and not inicresting fii,r the purpose at his.\+orst he applies a f some traditional ;+!ld I methods which brco&%.,

lis study; the donkey play fan important role as partlcu a arc and frame woolefi

beasts roadlcss

of burden, mount&

particularly Horse

in remote, hair

aor 11, style ,vhen sed

tllc soles tires.

areas, packsa;ldles around a wooden

automohilc

still ~much in demand. straw are packed ,,,~ 1~, Andy covered bagging with

With the incr G&e$f leather shoes, the shoe rcpairey or cob%Z~~<~&fliz) &tablished himself <, Making as a new craY*n. j, .A-,~ Buckets 1 -., in ., buckets buckets *

hand-woven The

Andy webbing.

sewing along

the edges is done with an ordinary ,-pack n&e (j&Sd@z) that is pressed through with an iron the hand. are pierced, about cords taken arc (,i& palm with passed (knJi, knfdmti) through-staches a heavy through iroq t@ Fig. inside h&s F&the

of Le&er

h humble (4%dfir,

but quite, busy craftsman LXgc are ~leather

the b,azaar is the maker of leather diil-xi;). (diil, dciliii, dcikh)

awl (sill) holes, and 326)~. The into iron

used to dl-aw water

.+ feet in length, up at the other forego-ound, a

and strong woolen end ~with an iron is beaten

from the well. They ax cylindrical, tiad& f ram the whole skins ($lixi) of cheep 01 goats with the le& holes sewn ups atid a rewn-in round bottom. ,To gix,e the buckii

hook

horsehair position mallet

and straw packing with short,

handleless

rigidity at the top, an iron hoop (dhnn-e dol) is sewn to it cari-ying~ the handle (daskh-ye leather cib&ori), houses. bucket bucket colored @,xz~+ ofthe through, diii). a This peculiar craftsman containers feature of a tapered also makes (dti/&h;ve in, Persian Ieather drinking-water Th&consist

(mdleh)

(left foreground,

Fig. 326). <;>;>j~ :;. :_;:;:;;,; ii .,!: ;, ~,,;;::i, ,, ,i i;,:

I ~

II<:,,zr;:;

(ma.%) supported with le?thel- lace, Whenfilled leath?r

by three wooden sometimes with

feet (tab-e dcl, Fig. 327)~ that are sewn to the lace to fbrm a decorati%edging with water, the pores let &ce&in amount~ofw+$r and keeps the

;,;;p#T :,j,: ~:-~ ~;:b ..,,:&& :. ,~:

?hichc&porates

water in ide the container cool. The con,,~~~~ ,/c , tamer /,s closed wth ~a~~wooden ~stoppel +we;dtilteh, stop,$er turner Figure Q$ ,,ii .n < Leather Shoe Making before that the cloth worn iA generally A Packsaddle Maker n are da,-e diii&h). Both fee; %dsupplied by the local wood

and are ofteg gaily .painted. ~~~ Kouli tribe,

~.-Sievemraki~~..~.~~~~,,~,~.~ -:..~. . The women kinsfolk makers of the nomadic

It has been,,shown

shoe was the footwear

of the gypsies; specialize as sieve (Qarbdl-band, @rbnf-bjfj, whereas .,

TEXTILE

CRAFTS

AND

LEATHER

CRAFTS

235

tallow to keep them pliable.

Going around rod is pushed forward and 9 of the hoop; thus formed. During the~weaving

bok the

like a gut. Only for~bery good sieves use genuine their edge. sheep gut (nideh). men have In rai the (kohmh). leather \\!hn strips sieves (gmb~&e of grain, the last weft has been d~\y and are d&St) made become with very coarse ones . mkantime prepal-cd hqles all stretch a put across, tight. These meshes (@b$e (b&an) the rod heddle ties are cut and

d&they *wooden

l~oops (ktim, krim) with The women

~~~~~~~ ~~~: ~~round~ the

warp (nidi) Inside these hoops (Fig. 329). ,i :*: p&z an iibn rod across it, and tie every ,. .secQnd xv@ strip to it, thus forming a rod heddle. , wooden This heddle is,~ attached to a bar (SC& b&k) . by rneans~ of an over this bar ,.

or with %e plaster

riz) and are used for the sifting pounded (~&rbdl-e besides Kbuli

iron hook, and when turned

g&-bizi), or sand &rb&e ?mbki), many household purposes. The

women

also

weave

wire

sieves

(@rb&e

into the

the shape glue sets,

of folding the thin

bellows. cotton

Before

simi), mainly used fbr flour sifting. In that case they are called nlak. The sieve wires are drawn-by soft Kouli steel &ire. the men of the tribe When passing from the through

twine

is

removed

and the Hexible hose is taken from and hung up for dr)~ing.

the mandril

towns and wllages on their wandcrings sell these Iroods. 300 shows a sieve that Figure

Boqkbinding Before craft we come LO the bookbinders that

is also

made of leather

strips but lb{-aided instead

it sccnls

necessary

LO erplain

of woven. This type of sieve is commonly used in North Persia for grain siftins during harvest time.

papet-making as a craft has been omitted bccallse no paper has ken man&ctrlrrd in Persia for more than one hundred This is all the more rcgl-citable of papermaking While from China played a key role in the transmission art iVest. the Achaemenians years. of the to rhr as Persia

used clay

tablets for writing up to the end of their empire through Alexander, it has been proved that the Parthians, century which
cdpy

from the second i& name 650 dijhihbro, word fol A.IX the paper (we, ~tille

D.C. on, wrote on parchment they used the Greek book, dajin,~. Abm in the Persian

a word stjll~alive Sasaniars made began

t ilpr~ Chinese for important

frdm the bark of the mulberry

but used it exclusively documents.8 F&w~ 330 A Braided Sieve Although

varying dates are given for the

Making One hoses hose mentioned

of Water more leather

Pipe

Hoses should he pipe sq Hc a then flexible (ya@) around over smoking. of water

conquest 6f Samarkand and the conmencement of papermaking there, it can, be proved from Arab chronicles and is confirmed in Chinese annals that it was in July 751 when the Abbasid governor of uor~s&x S&l? sent his lieutenant Z+d ibn who against two Turkish chieftains

craftsman

here, the .mak&

(nai-.Oi?) who produces (mzi) lor the water pipe used for tobacco

commonly woodcnstick he winds

first winds a thin cotta, a thick,

thread cord

had rebelled against the Moslems and had ,nl$.ained C&in&c military .assistan& In on the rar;iz was iivcr the and army defeated,

that acts as a mandril. twined

IVest ..;$he battle of~A$ah the i&co-C&inese

_ cotton in the form of a screw thread. On this~ he glues, witli fish glue, very thin parchment Bef&e thi.nner,twine a manner ment &deqeath, between that hai been soaked in water. winds another in such cord over the parchment the threads it dries the craftsman

among the prisoners of war were Uincse p~permakers who were taken to Sa~yarkand and encouraged to ,stal-t a papcrto note ,making industry.88 It is intere$ipg

that this twine presses the parchof the thus forming the ~parchment

06 x. Laufer, op. CL. p. $3. 87 Ibid., p. 559.

88 R. Hoernie. Who Paper?pp. 663 A. \\as the lnrentor of Rag

I~

238
left, to right foor,this section .and returning applied <a the co~cr. leaf (x&-r and

CHAPTER The form

FO CR ,, is taken

douhe.secnnhand qn on, he rampletdc.._frnm~bnto whole book, including a&other endpaper~~~ -&id with tha lastSsection. tapes frame, gluing The leather scraps, boiling sturgeon. respectively (hsbidan, gkx glue the .This are done, cords br from the taken

!elSi);, beaten (moilek).

a sheet of and rhe form c,jmrlifti ~vith a carin the is no-~ ,.. miihly Ornamental

is pressed orzdrifztori) wnodcn same and

onto .?rhe book pax

and the work ,is put into a press for serit kqrdan) boiled of the spine. from leathct made by of ,121~ of the with. commonly (serihm), used for this work is (serif-e mrihi), bladder ([iofkidan) (b&J &dau)

mall&

ners and ccntcipancls way. Rich the application trade.

arc applied of miniatu*-cs Books

embossing

of 1%~ leathc~

orf~sh glue After

iongcr done to ibook cases, but lxv su,-xGvcrl ii1 the soLvenilmany ,01 the past are kept in ~~embellished in these terhniqucs ~,f the great muscuns standard craft. ness to the,high

Swimming drying is trimmed

glue th&ook a ,bookl$ders

and bear Gtof the Pc+n

knife (k&d,,,,&@).

During

the trin&ihg,; the edge to be . held in a trimming press~(qnid, few modern binderies with a giilliti~ne the glticd binde!; the &se block mat&s is .;iotl, hcudbandr (mi.fiwe (Jirci;ck, borei).

trimnied, is,% bookbinders gireb). Ii;a . . 7 is done this iii-e lix .Pen Box Aftci Next

the trimming golcibdiizi)

Making similar, to that of his &LkcL pm !$x and using some of the tI;s product The h@nlj larger

A cmFt in some respects ,,d the boqkbindq is ,that (qahi-d&-Sri.:). taining arc foxes tog&a For the

to the ends of the spine. cuts. the cardboards (j&f, (,roq-e

then. materjiils

(rn,oqa&)

is a C&K cow r-ecd pens, (&wir-r ones of thrx

rGyeh) to si% on a ,marblr mnrmnr). .A ,variety (solOr&) used. T!le cheapest o$~embosscd comes halP widely still m&k,, paste bulbs cover Andya a, type in quality of a cloth

a small ink pot, scvcl:al in papi?;

of co~w ~. and a pcnknifc. made mog&w~, !,a~& (kci& both

is comnxx~ly binding

~rnach&

wl;ilc, the srna!let paper glued

cloth (gdli@r):~Ncxi applied,, consisting leather. bound spine.

are made from layctqof ~l.occsscs molds

Casq (obri, jeld-<.macmii/i),~ Valuable

,o/iAni~iorbnrwigri). the pen box mBkct that repyesent and the container Cqhb)

books..~are

has wodden

as full leather

case jriyek-ye

inside :oS the,pen

ruyyek-ye &rmi). With a ~,vegetabp (~eriJ, serei)~made from the glutinous of Aspkodelus, ramosw o~~Er&rus the covc~ material, is applied it a and

I cover respectively: The ,&z&s ~,(@an) p prepared pa-per (@oI): together paste (sn-3, se& Jnrrgi). The 2 to.3 outside,,

papier ~;macht by- pnwnding~ with loa asphpdel (kdc~o&-e First~the, b&g pievent maker I-Cthe smrts boxes takes,

a2ickeri&rus are

the ca& boards are glued to the tapes Cd endpapers g+uc&+& or tooling boards, Then is blind wooden the dry decoration spooling, lining i.e., tool

in a stone mortar

mass 6~ ahout:

days to pound ,(,kiibidnti). the soap from Qom to box

t~e~~i~~~~~5~~-~~,~~~~~ into the co\wzr ~girded app~lication -of pa$icr as ,the best. &a& RubhinT &,ith s,oap from, sticking (eabhk,bf~ the on the

.simplestB form tiaterial (rn&l~) with but

pressing lines ([UIQal~d$hz) Without

(sdbrirr hniidnr~)

is done or the paxr pen

gold leaf. A co&derablc number of books ,L are gold-tabled (&kribi). Lettering

tq the mold:, The

(!nmif) and

witl; the mold for the container by acplying the sic+ Whenethe mass around mold. ~s&ace and the bottom has dried a wooden

too+g~brass brazier. solution

(gal-e X&h) Meariwhile (lrik-e

arc ~. qalomdCn) a..thin

the papier~-ma&l

placed into a form (girek) over a charcoal coat of shell&c

and are warmed alcol) is

he rubs it tith

burnisher

~AGjUCiiLTURE ~\ :~FOOD-TREA~TIN%

A$-D CRAi+S

Ever since ibe time when, &en ~tho&nd beg& qerS$ ago, the Neolithic tp,,Plateau, to grow crops and raisesheep,

to eighr settlers goats,

of extreme general centers Black hemisphere

contra~ts.~

During

w,inter the

air circulation from

over the northern~ and the 5

brings a series of low~~pressure the Mediterranean .Plateati. These

, and cattle.on primarily

Persia has been

an +grl&ural country. Today the value of Pe&ias~ agriculttiral output is ~depressions &use most ,of the annuac&n,&.I,~ abput four, tq& that 6f its entire ii1 ~fall. They are often~ combined with tiarm &therly winds that result in the melting industry, and ;75 per cent of &e rota1 of snow in the highlands. Many of the po@&+ion of 2 I~,, million work on the land. ,But~only IO per Fent of tS& cqmtrys area ,. ifat present cultivated, abbut 40 per cent is u?ed by se&&adic r5tper cent his~f&sted, tribes for grazing,~ and thd,remaining countrys r&r beds carry water only at this two $epressions, time of the year. Between

Sea over the IraniGi

however; the pressure rises, fairly high~with a clear sky and warm dap but extremely cold basin. nights,~ particularly If, however; in thedese&,~ in the ~~ a depression

35 per cent is desert and waste land.2 Climatic The CondiGms factor P the peasants

south Attracts

cold air masses from Ttifik-

domi,nating

work, is the clima8

which in ,Fersia is.one t? I :

manistan and Siberia that enter. through t h e gap between the Alburz ranges an+ the Hinduktish, the temperature, m&y hrop to -

i Mohammed Reri ShQ Pahlavi,~Mtr~ion,Joi 3~G. Stratil&.uer, Iran, eine 13nderkurbhe My Qmlry, p. 95. i Skizz&,! p, ,80. Z.Ib@., up,KJS. 1 140 ,~.

-20F*during the day in Hor;ls& and Kzarbaijan, or in South Persia to + 14OF. Snow ,in the mountains mcxt important ,water is regarded stor$ge. as the Perennial

Plateau.

The

annual

rainfall

in the CasOn the deter-

pian provinces a\wages 8o inches. Plateau the climate is primarily mined by the altitude.

At S1ooo feet above :

snow can only be found on the higher ranges of the Alburz, bn a few peaks near : Tabriz, Plateau months, gnd on the %gros is covered deep. ranges w&t of .~ ,I$?ahZ%n. Most of the northern half of the ranges of the

sea level in the north and at 10,0x feet in ~. %the south begins what the Persians all the sar!mdd, i.e.; the upper the. tree line and winter. tq this is the gnrnuii, the opposite limit, a region of It is purely alpine pasture during summer. snow throughout Quite

with snow for severpi .~ above In, the cenier

is, coveI-ed viih

in some of thc~ mountain snow is about

up, to lifeet Plateauthe

a foot high.fqr

4 to 6 weeks and in the sbuth snow, if ani,

i.e., the hotregion or lowla!~ids, comprismg the province of Ijixistin, i%e littoral of the Persian Gulf parillel and the mour;t&n never pastures early in slbpcs 2,500 has any in wiri,[el in spri<?g ihto their running feet snow; before fashion, summer &&ir, Between ti it ub to &out

may only st,ay for a day. Spring and sumnier weath,er develop when the large high~:pressure zone oventhe Azores a~pd then South Atlantic grows and air masses are shifted over Southern daily Northwest Arabia, the India, Iranian $alXistZn,*,pnd Plateau: The

altitude.

The $&ir farming to the

it h,as sufficient its inhabitants,

and allows~some move jua+zrs

seminomadic

~where they

wdrm~up and

pass over

snr/pdd

temperature: When pr;sthe twenty

(yni/Q). there is the It : fol:~ some summeTs. viz., and 6,000 or uplands.

rises gradually 100 and,ugF;by between sure ~

unt~il it .reaches.between the end qi hlay. Septeinber Central high Asia, axer

these two extrcm?s

i.,e., the cool region

June,and

develops

has snow and frost in wiRter months, and moderately warm At the
below

famous wind

of,the hundred and

lower
4,500

reaches

of the snrdJir,

days blowi-over Ho&an and Sistan day and night with unabated intensity. Warming up as ii~comes south, it makes the Et desert Dur7ng humidity most occasiq&l 6C of the hottest the summer of the spots on earth. the relative months Plateau, Indian

feet in the north there in of,

feet

ih -the south, c!imate towns There

is a zone oisubthe Platea,o are

tropical important situated.

which ~~n?ostvof the

one finds mqd&.teiy;,d6ld but dry summers. on the .ranges, belong the :on The

is rarely more than 4 pe; cent in showers in the south~-froti Yedge -&the eastward the form be divided ~the-

~winters with snowfor~ a~?&+ days or weeks Ye<+ warm between ISfahan, Annual typical flats Qom, zone. oasis ,cultivations, mountain and Siraz, rainfall alluvial such. as. to this Plateau gradually

p+rts

withy a ~few : and monsoon.

north&n.

Duriqgg~Oct?jber sionsmoving nirig-of winter. Seen P&a !The . ,#ny ..~ ;&ing, ,by the in can

the pepiod of the depresmarks the beginof climatic intd,the regions following; and

averages.~io decreasing

inches in the north,

to 6 inches in ;he south.

five zones:

northern

slopes bf the Alburz tiay have

Agricultural Their History

Crops

and

Notes

on

the Caspian time

proLinces of the

rain at

year ~~when ,southtiard clouds from are prevented entering thein by

By far the most &portant Persia bBrley is wheat (jou). (gaiidom), Annual

crop grown., followed of production

rain&den &in&x

242 the two

,
is about 3 million

m&c

tons.

enjoyed

by

those

who

can

afford

it,

Archaeologists have established 4 that agrimainly in the form of pi&t>. Historically, culture began on, the Iranian Platea; too, rice is a relative newcomer. So word before lands. it developed Charred on the irrigated found lowfor it is contained one of in the .&vesta, and comgrains at the excaof the been Aristobulus, .Aleranders

vated Neolithic Lake Urtimijieh variety Tritiqni

village of GCOJ/ Tepe neal prove that wheat aeS/iuum must have

panions during the conquest of Persia, wrote in 285 B.C. that rice was cultivated only but in Babylonia. not oti the General is confirmed hi Susiana, Plateau. Kien, and ,Bactri+ This negative

grown more than 5,000

years ago. Wheat

and barley arc both. indigenous to Persia, where they still gray wild, and their cui,, , ,, ., tivation is believed to ha<e spread there to Mesopotamia, Qypt,. from and

evidence traveler

by the early C:hinese ivho Ireported

about rice cultivation only in Fergana and Parthia, then the easte~~nmost provinces of Persia., rice, then grain Later Chinese Sasanian travelers times Persia reported had no that during

Europe.,%The wheat variety Trilicuni durum is the one- mainly grown today. With its ,, high gluten content Persian food throughout it,is well suited for the Both wheat cultithe and type of bread that forms the staple the coqttry. r&c grown of the and in dry-land

and only from IsIamic in Persia, being crops practised, (,@lleh)

times on has its cultivation to early (orzon),

price been grown Islarqic

according are millet

1, ,,,

.:

and high

barley valleys snow for

geographers

and histogians.Q Other

vat/on in-Agxrbaijin,

Ijdr~sk~,
Zagros on the

/~.~ :~

moontams. the

They are sown there soon after the inchills of the rains grains ~-~I-~~~~, ~~~~~ depend In maturity. south~3oth land.

introduced fi-om India, and maize (z~rral), a latecomer I;-orn America:\-iaax Eurqpe.

spring ~~~~~~~Sugar~?idkor)is refined in Persia from beet (io&ndar) and cane (hni). At present For ., the greater part of the annual suga duction of ~oo,ooo tons is extracted beet g&n on the Plateau, profroni

are ~grown on irrigated has a great penetrate Barley

dry regions, barley search of moisture.

advantage the soil,+

in that its ro&s,deep!y

introduced

usea~,~early this Century i~y~Europeans together with modern refineries. Only a small part as aniinal fodder; though some is grown for export and for the countrys small of the sugar production Eomes from the brewing industry. Rye ~(lc?d&, and taudrir, cane of Htizistii]l, but its cult~iv+on and is expanding origin, role sugar by has again cane the _ been modernized or Southeast an This

is mainly

Eoudap, ~diunk) is grown in the high valleys of the Alburz bread pian on irri&ted is known southem mountains Rice land, is used for in the Casgrown there m is giown and fodder. provinces. The (beren~) is &own

after a lapse of several centuries. .4&m important is first archbishop played Persia. Armen$.n

Of Indian

principally variety

in-Sasanian Moses _

mentioned and~histd;ian

as nmb&bC. ,Some Fars under

the name

of iarqpeh.

Only grdwn~ to the extent metric tons, per annum, become a stwle

of 0.4 million it has never it is much

of Cho?ene, who wrote in 462 A.D. during the reign of t$e Sasa~nian King Peroz: In Elam near @ndeSapix of how
was given

precious King
a cup

sugar is containHosrou
of sugar

food altho&h

thrown. A show bv Ibn HallihZn yng an. ac&nt

(531-579 A.*.)

1 E.~E. Ilerzfcld and A. Keith, Iran as a Prehistoric Centre,pp. 43-w. 6 T. B. Brcwn, Excnuotioni in AzhSjon: rj7*8,

D. 10.

.-

cane j,pic& to drink0

is further

evidence

new pl@t, which fro&then tioned in many annals.~~ Clover ~hafMin, kbdar) extensively fruit plants and best plants art&& Of the many haps the oldest

on is menfodder in the

(fathers, &bi tic&y),,

beard),

just-anis, nab&i

(sixty (the

brides), confec-

(thq, -lordly), mhdar-d-b&h ofthe bunch), instance

is another grown that known.

(mother

and &Id,

on account in the same

different

sizes of berries

valleys of the Alburz inountains. grow in Plant Persia the grapevine historians (rar, mou, trik) is perthat the grape-

nskari, me~xili, &&ii,. of,coyai interest in the in - :.~

munegd, k&?&h, Another development Darius which &stern Syria.29 find from

and jirdgi. is a letter from

of agriculture

seem to agree8

the Great

to his satrap.Gadates

,vinc is at home in the region south of the Cauca?tis, in Armenia, and North Persia. Although the g*r:.rapevitie was writers already by 3000 assoc&ed Persians.Q whb known in Egypt and:Mesopotamia B.C., Greek AndyRoman ,,,,, wine drinking first with ,the

he exhorts him to transplafit plants and trees to Asia Minor and It is, th%refore -not of fruif Pasia, in& surprising introduced to the ., ,. thence to trees

a number China

The same Chinese general ,,~

&iriCien

West. The peach (Amy~daius persica) and yhe apricot,? (Prunux armenich) were the earliest to go this way. It is known that the Chinese were the first to cultivate these fruits, mission and it is assumed~ that westward followed of Alexanders their staff, trans. whodoes in the silk route.

introduced lucerne to his homeland wrote a&e; he had seen the eastern provinces of Persia, viz., Fergana, have to ten Sogdiana, wine &de and from gallons The Perhorses Bactria:~,~~Tlley grapes, ai{d.thc

\,, .,

wealthy store wine in large thousand

Theophiastus not mention

,,,~ I~,, :,~? /I

quaritities

up

gives so mait? details on other plants,

which keeps for several decades.

ihem,23 but they appeared

sians are as fond of wine as their

relish luixerne. m The en.voys took g-rape* ~, vine cuttii!gs to Chir;B, and later travelers noted.,; extensive ,piantations near the Impeiial the I p+ce. , itiportation f&n Other ~, annalists record of of ditTer&~~varieti~s P&a and Syria. haGing Tod~ay a wide df grapes are grown in the alone, The first to are the ruby tasting like are lithe

P;rsiadurinp the second century B.C. and were later groivn in Armenia, from where the Ron&x took them to Greece Rome during the first century 4.~. Persian? these viz., do not have ot-iginal names fruits+ut ?a&ilP, as they so often apply a descriptive large mean,ing meaning and The for

:,!!/

do \v~ith name, for : ~yellow

grapevines

things imported, the peach

fifteen varieties

plum,

provincd,, of,, Firs come grapes. , : mehri, most ,~,. ~~^~\, to the market (y&pi) the ripening important~0th::

and zard-dlii,

range in taste and appearance: in May berries the with l&t in are

plum, for the &pricot. A similar development took place at the 1ndo:Scythia.n. !court hostages in, the Panjab the where peach, Chinese known intrqduced

muscatels;

of then year

(September-October). (keS&H).

m~onch of .mehr ~there to this ,day as tin&i, fruit from China,! and t.he pe&, Zndrd$ufm, cmwn E~conomically ihe sultana are rik grapes bdbd prince bf China. ,sp?ak, a return, the 21 Later there was, so to when Tai in Sogdiana Tsui a variety of compliments emperor

the

!yarieties,

647 A.D. the Persian provinwof I7 Ibid., p. 211. ~ ! A. de Caridolle,, Origin oJ Cullio~~d Plan&, \ p. I&. - , 9 B. Laufer, op. cit., pp. **3-2,2*. $ *b,Ibid., p. SZL. 21 ibid., p. ~8, and Grumt+rjmailo, History
af the Introduction of the Grape Vine to China.

,,,, \ ,:\

presented

Tang

with plants of the golden apricot; d .F ,, o,, 22 R. Ghirshnyn. oj. cit., p. IQ?,
23 B. La& op. cit., p. 539. !~~

,:

21 Ibid., p. t 40. *

: y \I :: ,,,, : ,;:;~,;~:~i;, :i> p,\ ,f:,,Y ~(,: .,:, :>,:: : ,, ;

,\\!~

I,

[ ! !

,.

: i: ~, ,~:,:\;>,,j T ~, ,~~T~~~ ,: ,, ~\,,T,,,,,,,,,,

246
throughout the Islamic period, there have channels (joy, job). Some been many laws, regulations, and customs governing the building of irrigation thanhels and water supply systems, their maintenance, and equitable distribution of the available ~&~&.3~M&rn~ govelnm.ints a foreign since Reid %h of have the s&nt budget conand Cd&able .amounts functioning, although:

CHAPTER

FIVE

of them are still at a re-:

generally

duced storage capa.$ty, being- badly silted up, Figure 331 shows the &r&at Band-e Amir inF?us, built about 960~ A.D. by the ~~,~ ;.- 1 I well-+xvn probably The historian Buyid ruler Aiod~ ud-Do&h; on~Xc~aeinenian~f0ufidations.s Muqaddasi wrdte

aid on the building

of new dams,

on the reconstruction mechanical ptim?ing imposed In doing schemes this, great but

o[ old o,nes; and on to overcome limits avail+& been ~iaken engineering care,has

by the l&cl of the wata

that the r&r brought engineen and workmen to the place to build this dam in stones set in mortar, reinTorced by iron anchors which were set in lead,* Upstream and downstream the river bed Upasp+ved for several miles and the
supply serving canals Extended for over pxvillages in the Mar&e IO miles, DaSt Ethe

!
!

I not to rely solely on modern to improve traditional system, which highly vaiued that the Soviet

the fertile plaingof Persepalis]: Ten water mills is still so :were built &se to the dam,wh&e crest was Union, for wide enough to allow two harsemen,abreast to ride Eicross itz8 exampie, has paid particular attention to ~-L the Fergana System for the plsnningpf Fx~re 332 is a present-day &al view of irrigation lit, work in the Kaaakestan an East Persian of the system Kepubmay be thcs dam and its canal net. During his formerly provinccaa trav& General Houtom-Schindler saw 6 ve major damsupstream firom Band-e A mir, among them the one of Ramjird ~that ,& al~most as large~as-Ban&le A&r7 Fwe more were downstream, *&md-e water may be cb, (~band, band-e modern Q&u, salt marsh. in &rasan, the last one, eveh by Faridtin

arid extend

Thememagnitude

l Denjiz
length

illustrated by the fact ~that there are 85 priticipal ctlannils between pnjkand ?d in Transoxania 01 1,600 milts. irrigation dams from alone, with a total

only a few miles from the,~~,-~-is the Band-e

Technically, obtained

An imposing structure, 40 miles sdutheast

standards,

sadd), ,undcrground,chan_nels (qanit), ahd wklls (Cik). In describing the water supply systems iI< this order we follow traditioni Islamic Irridion
Y

of MaShad,

a solid dam in stone masonry built during th e eleventh century to a height of over 124 feet and a length of 280 feet, the crest having a width of z&feet. ~A great number dams can still be seen in the of several~of the smaller ~riy&S. feature in irrigation the majo,r by the rivers. historians. Sasanian is the-use of The, is one thi eking across

classification. bv Dams
_

?
?:

df minor not valleys weirs oft&-ThroughAnother

Mast of the rivers (rod) in Per&do carry water ~11 the year round. been built

out history dams and weirs have therefore to store thk ~surplus of spring it can water and raise it to a level where

mentioned

.%giirvZn,

~built by

Arabia. and Yemen system: spread -,North Africa, Spain,

,it is called the Near and Sicily

!aior4. The East to in Roman

from

the conquerors, built a temple of Amman, and,confcrred the title Pharaoh on Darius. Remnants of these qamit that still function and it appeal-s rhar water t&e of have been investigated,

times, followed by a second wave of activity in this field after the AI-abic COIIquest.~, In Tunisia of oasis seltlc~ents thcstz foggar{ur; Taut alone, and in the Algeria Sahara a numba by of ~gion arc s&II irrigated

they tap the underground

-the Nileand lead the water into the oasis, which is a dcprasion 1oo miles awa)r~frrom thc~Nile. bet&n Parthian Polybius Antiochus kiwA~-saccs gives some more details of the wal and the B.C.) :$a the Great on the qamil in his description

I ,200 miles of them ire in full

wo.kirtg condition. The qamit arc knokn \ as Persian. work to the T<,uare<, who

III iz1~2oci

681

B.C.),

undertook

a great

irrigation included to the The of

scheme

a;;ound

Nineveh which plaque

underground comrr@noration

condtiits,~ according

at the exit. translations

a long tract M thr country ,in ruch a way that the very people who ux the wa,er now arc ignorait af thr sources from which the channels were originally supplied. * through

same king built a true qan<t for the water, supply of Arb$la.4 Egyptian of some irrigation Persian admiral I+rgha Egypt. $cylox irrigation Egyptians after The to applied Recent inscriptions revealed the nature

The

Greek

geographer over~ecrs

Megasthenes inspected

saw

the system operating governmen?

in North

India where the conand first (80

work carried out by the Scylox in the basis of I had cpnquered method of says infer nlia that Persian to the oasis in

duits, ordered maintenance work, super&d water distiibution.49 The historian B.c.J; on iechnology, technical His&n Vitwvius gives us tiuch

Darius the nduits.

inscription

detail on ;he in 728 A.D. away the con-

ring water

Wdt S?Stem. When the Caliph b&It a garden a from Baghdad, through Caliph

undergroundj,

From then on the 4 were no longer hostile toward

palace some distance Likewise, (847-866 when J..D;)

water for it was obtained

qami1.5

43 JJ. A. Butler, lrriqation in Persia bv Kanats..

Mutawakkil

AGRICULTURE built residknce

AJVD

FOOD-TREATING he mu& have Recent ex-

CRAF,?S qnnat system extraordinzq water. Qanat~Cdrulruciiorl As consid&bie capital outlay undoubtedly method is the

251~ tiost ground-

at S~fnarra

relied eon Persian cavations obtained

engl;leers.52

to develop

there showed that the water was from ground water of the upper

Tigris and conveyed to Samarra in qnncil conduits totaling 3oo miles in length. The governor (828-844 syst& of J&asan~, -x.n.j, Abdull5.h b. &hir found that the traditions did nqt refer tg the qnndl of water; and of the province Known in use to write a during the

is iw

valved in the building, of anew as the future any,financial factors, ;,J engage qandl flow of water, return, depends

qnmil, and on so many

bf the Prophet asked the jurists .Qiniy, eleventh:

determining landowner to

and the distributmn

it is customary-for? an.expert This builder

~book on the subject. it was still century.53

as Kit&e treatise

surveyor for the preparaexpert> usually a forma field experience

tory work.

A technical

with great

written about IOOO A.D. has fortunately survived to our day and has been republished recently.54 ibn al-I+xan other ,~,.,, matics, books Written by Mohammad a$thor of several and mathc6n al-Hasib,

and a keen power of observation, carefully examines the alluvial fans from which the ~ancit is to draw its water looking face, change for traces only often during autumn, noticeable whcrc a of seepage for a hardly on the sur-

on engineering

it gives surprisingly

gpoddetails

in vegetation,

and decides

on the upper;slope of an alluvia~ufan, and twxmuqannf, working with a. b&d-edged pick spade about (kolon~, k&&f) (b&e and-a short-handled spoil f!uix, &ir), dig (hafi kardan) a shaft

malkar)

of the

qamii,

he marks

a p&i -

about 3 to 50 yards axvay from the trial well for the next ventilation shaft CGh, m&k), stave. where Usiilg a laborer is placed with ia a lev<l (lar6zj. the inr~e~~b~

3 feet in diameter.~,Th,t

gel) is placed in lar$e leather buckets (diii, &ar,n-<@?I) and two laborers @J $1~ surface ?.~ip and empty them in aileap of the shart taking the mouth

mcasur& the Call on the surface and puti a :second mark 011 the rope: i-h+, tength, of this~,rope Crnm the l~~,+-,+i indi:atcs shaft. ficd head and the required Although to,this rnkgk depth of &is se&l bct~.ecn! the ;haft i,hen

cillhcr5 buckets, the top by a strong tambal) circular

some StiiVC~~~ are sptisa string

f spoil, arc kept open at i!:on hoop an ircin (inmbnr, Caspended fr?%

by extending regard

well and the spot for the nest it as -Ixing h&izontal

hook (p&b). The trial well is sunk&ntil reach the aquifer (8b-deh).

the muqanni proceed

water splashed against iwccntcr no i@ngcr runs along the string one way or the other, leveling imp&ant instrum,ents worg water are .used in for more the &ii&e a large I .Urcady

They

slowly frbm the top (SWSO] of the aquifcr~ until they reach .the boftom (zir-SC) of the water-bearing stratum, usually characterized by au impcrmcable sedimentary the next hoisted time quantities any calcifcrous layer of clay 01 FOI ctinglomcrates.

qun@, a tubular

le\~l and

lriangular l~ucling do\;;& with a ,plumb are dcscribcd for this kind of work. Thus proceeding veyor~marks the rope low&end &ch from each point of a liiture one, the surlevel on the thc~ ,I ,, shaft to the llclt time until

few days the inflowi~l~ water up~ili the leathcl- buckets arc noted, while of depression

isgt. vcntilati&l

and the is

the drop of surf& of it. Thus

at the san!c

hc reaches

the -aquifer

he ,Ilas reach6d

observed. This helps the- surveyor to p,into,n the surfacc, even with the water dccidctihether they have r&ched genuine ~,jle~e! of ,the head well., For the mouth of groundwater (6bib:e&ri) orjustsome watei ,:it& q&l f~c now chooses a pl+e on the ., trickling in fromai local clay or rock shelf..:~~:,~~s~face.belgw the lei,el p~oint bdt still above ThiS y-called &e araq-c ~amjn would, b~~~~~~~:ficids.Hc, then divides <he drop frpm ,;p& ,::,:, of no value. lf ncc&saiy morP~tria1 ~ell&&Ii~~~level, point to the mowh by the ntim ,& a genuine The aquifer or tq,,iiberofpropssed ventiJ&i de&pine found 656,. extent of then one alre shaft with of the~cdit; b I in 1,5oo.:Toa which is much

arc bug to:,find

shafts and adds

and ~i.ii yield.

~highest,yield~~=nd~ yet withy its~ imom ficiently high above the fields to ,, watered is:tixn chosen as head w (mad& Cik). In some Casey all, trial *cl, arc latcr-lifiked,with,a,,conduitp inp.~S waf&+elding ,the ,$outie, gradient, I ~: unddrground conduit, $&zd again. gallery., and outlet,, is condown the ihus fo

f the ~s~rvey.; a nurr-

For ,tiJq ncx~ step, the determitiat the s&v,$r

A long rope i+&t

h&ad &ll td the i+atcrkx+el, and a mark is made bn it at ~sur&c level. Lbokintoward
,,,

length of each C&&l shaft is handeabver to the, muqanK. He now begins ,to work,,

the

proposed.
> .~I

mouth

(darkand,

c,are i idly rou,&i),

walcl~

thcil- Oil lamps

(ier+ of

duit.

.4nther

cause

of

tl-ouble

is

the the

as these ar:e the best indicators is in danger of suffocating.

occasional blocking of the with repairing.

caiing-in

of the

roof and

pooti air and vapo~s~(danz), bef# Le a man face another water (&q-e then subsoil. this arca a ruddcn ta!an which

going out long they

of the Ilow So for a good deal year the muqanni is, occupied work ii&rtibi: id-r6bi) and the

.\Vhen the workers enter. the aquifer

cleaning

danger, viz., a sudden flolv of 66) from a water-filled vein in Therefore, proceed when slowly working to ,xwcnt care is well, thd of in

Two recent

hserversO invcstigarrd that a medium milts requires

cost and conclrided

~qO!lOl Of ?bOLLt Sk

length
Sl3,jOO

they

break-through.

Similar the head Ixforc

to S34,ooci p5Y cent

t6 construit fill- %intemuice,

and, allo\ving 0.3 gives a ;eturn,, of 1 PC,- cult.

wt~cn zippl-oacling ii oftenG%~ptied if ti mqnnrii

the breakwell hc

ii1 crops and sale of water

.~~hrough. But d~star~ce and may that break-thrbugh.~ qandl arc

misjudges

taps the full head

Two larger qanai of 10 and 5 +zr rcspcctivcly cyst Sgo,ooo each and yicldcd returns sidcl-abl; conditions, well, second yield; of 5 and 25 PCS cent. variation yield of aquifer, to, i gallons be, regarded per second The CO,,is due tb diffciing~ local depth of head pe, of water

1,~ washed

a&;ay at tl>e moment often

It is for all t~hcse reas,,s referred, into a:s , the

murderers., Nobpdy wil!,:,:~$vei. f&tie ,a mug&ri to g6 into>? 9~~~81 if~he thiqks that it is &xmlucky:&y$&nd a prayer ...When tin&us then before entering. r&&d it obvious whether a conhe always says

etc. Ten could

as an average wotild be t,he

5 gallons

the head wcll~has ijeer Row.can be n&ntained, ,gnhr% or

3ow in ,s .number of welt-plan.md and well-maintAined qon&; 1 IO gzallchns per second his an exceptional _.. been measured in spring. Distribution yield, and. ha

xvi!!, soon become bcinp called

the qamit

whethi+<he Water :,:,The, distribution ,of irrigation water, :,;.~ i -espec&ly that of qapit water gained after so titich effort, is regulated by custom and. I;iw, often, going back to pre-Islamic times and early Islamic codificarion.fl Even if the water belongs by no mew be distributed to a single landownerhas still to the tenants. among

watw runs only a\ short ~-~(bahdr-ib) oi is depending (&wi~~-&iJ~). to construct another point (&god). a branch of the 9@it the to Before mouth. correct,

time ,in sprins on heavy ra+ is possible na!~) i?To savingthe the branch its is conduit over to the (qamit from

in many cases,it fan, a practice

alluvial to

duplication necessaiy

Sdmeti&s a, level

a qnndtis handed

always the case-it equally

the owner the craters

tops of the shafts are care!ful!ywranged that no storm water~+rynnmg down

The cycle during which water is allocated so 1 nr usually divided into a number of shares the (jirzeh, .?abkeh-niz), corresponding to the ,,sur,face may enter then qn&, causing great ,. number of tenants participating in it. The damage. Sometimes these craters are pro- cycle sta~rts with the beginning of the tected by chimney-like hoods (kelilaiagricultural year, i:e., e,arly October, and band) that prevent waterfrom~entering but whoever obtains the first allocation has the let enough air in for,~ventilation: All the right to obtain water jhaqq-e cib) again yauit need cns;ant attention. Owing, to, when everybodf else has had his share a& ~the c.oniinuous Abw,siiK(~ara~) is washed out from theaquifer and iS de@ited ^. . an~d the conduit walls 00 .a OH..T.~BecketP,~l!c;?~*~,n ArminEmar~~~ p. 56, and E, N&l, ojx <it., p. $99. 61 A. K. s. Lambmn, op. cir., p. 217:

of spoil around

on the floqr df the coo-

with his assistanlsby~ driving

Ihe conduit

(pusleh, krireh) into tile alluvial faan, bcginning at the mouth. To prntecf the latter from storm-water fully reinforced gtineh, section sang-&n, (hprartj)bcing damage Fig. 336), it is often carclining lined ISOIIend the with a stone

LO to 15 feet long. The first in the dry

of the work takes place

SWatpm (!roJk-e kcir), viz., alxwe the natural WatCL- table. ligurc 33,~ shows icYer;l teams conduit of qarinl tndders digging at at the work: head tw OS llie by them They VCL team shaft. aiuqowri arc being haillcd ~mates through keep the conduit a pair ibumi~~g is busy sinking At the extreme

(pii&r),

tl~ spoil made the ilexest

to ilrc surrace straight another

Iby their team shaft.

by sighting ventilatioq

il lamps. A sewnd

left is one of the finished

guide shafts dug by tile surveyori.

. no&

made

by the diggers of the nearest shaft. During .the~~ww+ they ,, / Figure 338 Qar+&+ining Hoop

ventilati,on

ACItIcuLTuI~E

AND

FOOD- TliE.4

TLW

cn.4r;n

2.?.5
division of water for tire region west qf I$ahC, to quo& an has not~changed (1587-1&g since the time & ..h.n.j and is 8 The of Daitgcrd

the cycle starts again. The actual watering share. The time for each tenant depends largely~otx~-~dE $&deh ~~~~~the amount ,ability the water.i of water available and on ihe, soil to absorb and hold If a qancit has a high yield the channels users simultaneously. water is first Iid irltti how.?) hewn into ten ex&plc, %h of the

Abb%s

shares for each of the viilagcs and Pan& orifices

water is often split into different and led to different In this casethe ~a distribution where q&l

and 9 shares for Karton.

at the rim of the weir j/ah-e /xxi)

basin (maqsam, gti&h, side is divided of squxely

are 8 spans wide for each of the first two \:illagcs aid 9 .spans for the last one. Jn &al-baijin is operatin,g is Ibrmedby wooden Izoard holes of ;,hiform holes cantie the amount are unit Ji&il, allocated arld HorZm &rc inu a stone another slab or s);tcm a bra\, o \ Tllc the outlet which of the basin a numbc~.

the outlet

equal gaps by a number

~.~. stones (daslak). Since the basin is deep the water loses its speed aibd turbulence, so that the same ainount of water pass& through each gap. This quantity; for example on in Sir% ,his the tenth and tom 160 to 2 ~5 or of the total, corresponds $ldn~ gallons: is referrcd~ to as jan@b a&i in Tehran

size has been drilled.

closed with wooden

pegs, and such

of water Howing through to one recipient,

a hole is called but. .ks ~,sually seiwalbari is .~introduccd one jinkfil for, the counting, a l?~ger ~,,I the The

per minute Depending

rights

arpngemepts with the owner, each peasant isallocated~on~ or *ox stones (s&g) of water, which is led to his plot throughan open channel. This system is known as pci?Greh. In regions where the share of wat)er allocation (taqsim-e basin (daslak) to the (mhm) cib, ,inqxim (~a$ weir begin all&ted is at

equ ling

10 basi.6

time during which t e water ii allocated varies. Jn some cast \ ithe peasant olgtai~ns water during 24 ho&s\(sahin). This period may,& subdivided into smaller units called &in~, 12 &ing v,correspbnding to 2 hours, one dcing tjierefore being 10 min;ltes. In other 12o/n$in, are afaiti, locally districis the sohm is divided thus b$ng into equal in use the l,atter,Unit

kardan, la kardan) does not vary, the whole width of the distribution dammedup Several orifices partition walls by a hewn stone (&ii),

tomI* mihutes. varying

Still other time ii&s

the weir (Fig. 33g), so that the width of the is proportional

20 rflinutes, a sOli orjurreh,,both b&twegn,8 and 1 I minutes. are measured hdur&ass~n with &ndof

1; each c&e these shol-i t&s Figure 3x9 A Wake-rDistribution Weir (laite,qeh kordan)

q&m,

qnsem-ab, basin, witb

b+indar), has i,large water

who supervises the dison the bo~vl (knreh, him

the distribution tribution ta?t) .floor. smaQl p&g) floats. filled W&n d&h vater

from ,!a tiut near near

he begins to~+ne be p\aces$ (l&k, piyaleh, Jinjrin, fink</, this: dish in its

on the surface of the water so thatit gradually; enters l&h)

through a small hole (&vi&

.B 256 . 7

I TEI? FI iE

bpttom until it eGentually sinks down with anoisc. This:m.arks onetime unit. Asmost customers are allocated~a number of time units, a fiebble is t&nsferred from one jar

they suppiy or -supplement ihe needs of homes, small orchards, and garden plots, and larger ,cl~d/s In most are of the alluvial the majority the watci table situated, plains level varies only about of the of the in -dry y&s holdings. even save~jthe crops~ oV ~~~

&to another e&h time the dish has gone down.. When the last pebble has been transferred the water determined size during an important the &tomers is directed time. is up an& channel. arc so o@ 32 1s the to another

In other arcas the water allocations 24 hours,.e.g., one, one jorib

Plateau, villages spring below

where

of towns alld betwceu dries up. 15 feet 50 feet,

as to irrigate a plotof a certain water baMl have

under-ground In I$ah&l and in Yazd

square yards. The nllice,~f trust of all concerned.

alld autumn the swface,

but it ratiy, in Siraz

as hc must

its level averages and KermSn

It is often

heredi-

tary4 or the bailiff is appointed by the villa&e head man (kad&&h). In some dis2~ tricts he is elect@ each year from among the peasants, -,vatcrrscaGfy or--the whole distribution a bailiifJ is left to the peasants, The remuneration In other and onl~y in years of for the bailiR: is usually all&xtes to

I 50 to zoo feet.

Many houses and gardens have thei;own well (Eh, &?h-cibi, 86.kafi) built by a p~fessional is similar well sinker (i&knn), whose work In Lo that of the qnri@huilder.

do- they appoint

the Casp~~fi ~provinces, where the waqr level is high and the soil can heconic Irather soft ,in heavy usua!ly water ii linsd lifted with rains, thr wells are and the jar /vJij. are un-. with logs of wood to a pole (&k however, w&s suclia

a certain share of the crops of each villager. cases the landowner him a certain &are of water free of tharge, whereas the peasants obtain their water under a crop-sharing there wer arrangement bverseers with* (SW the landowner. irrigation contrdl quarrel mirdb, mridi-s$ir, of any dispute they.j18ve7 measuring ,. W&T and their expert In districts are often with extensive to have In case or

an .earthen$arare

(k&h) attached On the Plateau, lined except top. equipped In :the li$ds

for the last 2 or 3 feet near the well is usually by two water oxen or

sar-tdq) appointed of bailiffs.

to be operated

a number

dl-awe& ($-k&j

and two animals,

these rnefi may refer their overseer (mobGr) case decided by a flow-

to a district

mules,, and is called gci-i~h ,o,. ,yu-czh, g&h. It has &&ck-builr p~l~~~~~(~pttin,~, jarz-e sar@k), trih) above the wells mouth (Fig. 34p), or j~,t two @vy~upright ~Two pulleys hub each (&i) spoke.s (,bm&) posts (Eb-e s&fold Theyd ?adiate.~ (tur!z) run on from.\;hici

(mogzddeq, mojaddeh).

connected

by a wooden to the s&fold.

Cisteins bf water conservation be complete wells and

(mGz%z, ptireh). ax10s imasrii two .rows have i wooden of

attached

Then description in, arid Per& &without: meniioning viz., animal-

would not

two fu+ther methods,

and man-operated

Boa@,. morticed o\icr the spoke ends and ti$,$~.them with strips df rawhide (ah), f+r: the circumference @ each bver which two ropes (ban{,-@mib,, pulley, @i) run

stor ge ciste+ They~do not provide asp 3 much water as rivers and qomils do,a,e but

into the wet!. ,The ropes ,are made of i, I 8. A. K. s. Lambton, o#> cii., p.~2*2. t .Ai~~e, cotton, i?@thern FHrs of the fibrous 55 Ibid,, p, 223, bark (pari&eh) of the palm trees or the 66 One per cent da,, irrigatkm water, ~according fibrous thin sterns of certain rushw(!mng). ,to the Oxfordiy&donal Emno;nicritiar.

AGRICULTURE

.4@D

FOOD-TREATING

CRAFTS-

257

the main rope, lifts the spout upand holds it in that position whilethe bag runs into the well over a pair of guide r6llers. (q&tag, q&iq, drawer can tb bbak, lower foreground, bag fills with water lifts the animals harness Fig. 340). Whilethe the water so that it

round,~and he then drives it do& the bag has reached rupe ,draws and 340). the the surthe spout tdhmk) in
CDlQtiCS

the slop&, thus lifting the full I&g from the well. When face front Fi~rm 340 The Mouth if a Water Well ~1 The well end of the main r&x is attached to a hook (halqeh) +&npbd~ .zarqihg a wooden from cibkaJi,
and

the

auxiliary well,

over a stone basin (morpbeh, @i, bf~ the bag itself into animal it (Kg.

At that -time the

has reached

the end of the ~Cnway (cihereh, &~r) are huilt-

where two~angers

(dlat*e h&& and a ring ~~. . .~ cross (JUS) bag., (dolu-e is suspended. 15 gall&s, is attached. harness (gou-rrih,

in that arc filled with fodder (Fig. 342). Thh~a~&$ is allov+ to eat a .little hay while the bag empticS. The watw draGx places a small pebble from one bowl into> another for counting, turns the anirqal again and walks up the slope with it. r\s the ,weight of the rope would draw fhe harness bazdarak) man over the animals that runs from head, harness the ma;l (po?lch, or the back takes over width a smaller

which

a large

leather ofabout

dtil-dbkafi,

dgl-e cibi)

The bag has a capacity the auxiliary A draft animal (5, &6i,

runs out into a n&w

spout to w.hich LOthe other end

rope ,(~lat-s cir) isa&xched

of both ropes by means of a b;east ~,+bereudn). at an an& the bag rope, A runway gon-rd, gou-to), beginning descends (Fig. Smway au&a,ry 34,). When

his shoulder

waist to the rope end. Leaning is increasingly during have weight the~.ascent. rea?hed again ;

at the well head, up,& the than

assisted, by tire ropes As soon as man the well head and fifty,,!

of abwut ,*o. degrees well;

the anim%wwalks is let into,,.the

and rinimal they twn I for the nest i.

round

whil< the bag fills hundred

being a little shorter

run. Two

258 runs for each -rh&,would work; at~~~gall6ns be a good days

to draw the rope.The either a scaffold a~~little protecting perbag this represents

CHAF TER

FWE on /

pulley is fastened

& a rafter

if the well has

7,500 gallons, just enough to water a number of plots growing summer crops (&G&i) in rotation.67 though handonly S. singlk is used in but requirements A similar type of well, operated (&Sdastij with rope, a pulley, Firs southerq sufficient Figure 343 for the water There

roof. A more comfortable

way of lifting well water for the household is the windlass (tar&e Mh), shown in Fig. 343. Here the water drawer $S on a stone bench, pulling the horizontal toward bars (dastak, himself with ones ii bcim) of the windlass his hands

and a bucket,

and pushing

the opposite

of the houskhol&

is~no runway

standing~space >.

under. the p~ulley :

away with his feet at the same time. The; windlass is similar to the one used in ihe ~building~ trade and by the 9andl builders, : Its iion axle (mGn) iuns through the center of a wooden shaft (d&k) and is sup.p~~r&$

A Household Well wiih~ Windlass

by two wooden bearings (ji,ye masinJ on top of the well column. The ape (band-e +, s&i, bond-e db-ka?) is

us&ily
(j

made of cotton, carrying a much smaller ~~-leather bucket (da/i, dal) that the water drawer empties, into a?~stone-built basin the (Jwui) .under his seat. Jrom theI-e th& water is led either into the.gar$en orinto :/ cistern of the house. : ) /

i!

Cislerrls

In an endeavor to sfore ;,as much as possible o!Yhe precious water while it is available, many &terns have been built > throughbut the country that se& a nurnber qf:puypixes. Almo& every house has a xtorage tank (nb-nmbdr) in its basement. It is ~built of fired wat&pPoofed bricks and lined with ~~~//y ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a nuxture~of and the seed of every PerIn di.y must ,_

lime,~_sand;~~~v&od ashes, (!zoui) in the~garden ever the householder

rushes. This tank and tI& tradition%~$,~nd of atmost sian house are filled from the qomif whenhas h:is turn. years the needs of house :and garden often be supplemented~ by well &,ter. , Syrplus cisterns cir+&

rain water is often led into hug>~ ..~

(birkeh, burkeh, burg& is&),domed ~_ ~~~ ~~~~ ~, str~%tures (Fig; j++) 50 to 7b feet and reaching 15 to 10 feet, b&v the,surface: In &ne a cist$ .$ supplied fro4 the

in diameter often more, cqes~such

260 buckets to note and doul& Spain attached here Italy spread

,,.

CH.IPTEK been adjusted \Vhileabm;tiing for improvement the following his disp&al. done remarkably For nology extant it is quite that have in

FIT.E

,,

to them. .It LS Interesting that the the Pcisian ArahS name as as far

to the local c<@itions.j that there is a widFscope it should be I-ealized from peasant the means tti xc has ;it \vcII with the cscitiriq times. that the Persian

with

wl~err these river-driven

mills are still in use.

historian

of tccllmethods * ,

Ag;icultural Most tremely

Metwods obscivcrs in Persia lainI that would cow

a11prol~ability cha&cd

Western

little since Nc?iithic Tillage Uthough the ~~gencrally used in is quite common vegetable tricts for around near field the cultivati&, tillage. larger

agricultuml not liketo

methods join

al-e cx-

~primitive., Yet

the writer of those

the chorus

demning everything tradition:1 and aduoeating wholesale introduc<inn~ ai Western methods. agricultural ~.T-thorough -Iarid hand, new lo&lly 0 absentee Th_e~~:e_asons~~f& this are twofold. hand method any improvement iii by of of the,of o,ut must be preceded the abolition On utile ~5~

! :+,, and, ;in ?nd some disKerm5n, gardeners that the

I~fah~n,~~Yazd,

The~~mar/xr cCtiey$$laim

yet wisely planned~ &form aid landlordism. On ~ the first be tried

ownership every

s~pade provides

a better tuni/ng over of the

step in the int&luction must fiethods

soil and. burying of the traslu. They dlg~in springtime. when nothing :else is to he done, and there would not be m,w+.wol.k for draft avimals for the/ii,st oihe year. 1 3. .~

techniques

on a small sdale because

that ark proven in moderate climate ~For the dlgg+ng by spade : of the wheat countriG a*$ not necessarily applicable to fields in centlial Persia there seem to be ~tl?e~ .conditi$s ix\ Persia with hits hot and different re&ns. It is true that, the soil dr; &mate~ poor soil, and unusual irrigathere does not yield enough to feed men tion syste weStern .similar relatively s. Experimr%ts z fghanlstan tothosi car&d out in that tradi, and animals sceqs tivators the, there is as well. A deeptr are Zoroastri,ans a sacred rather lying r&on of the culfor whom than, a under conditions of to be the fact that many bdvine

in Persian indicated

small ~&difi~catiotis

tional plows could al&ad? considerably,74 ~the ritroductidn, 6f po&rf~J before

~improve yields World LVar II, with tegion disk beet in had

while on the other-hand craw@ tractOrs &St,

labortig animal. Besides the spade the peasants, in this &g@n often usg a.po+ted iron pick ,(kolartz)!$break There-G spades, (bil), a sur$isingl,y b$ the soil. large variety of f& the

plows used for deep tillage cultiva?ion firs in the Maw-e ofyearsfhe at first had diszippointing

in sugar

appa+ntl+~ developdd

results until the hard soil with its pointed hit has a forged-tier socket tip (bif-ndki). tllileh-ye bil, (da~feh) a

over a n&nhsr

implements

d to thehandle

buckets to note

attached here

to them. .It LS mteresting that the Pcisian name

been adjusted \Vhileabm;tiing for improvement the following his dispbsal. done remarkably

to the local a@itions.j that there is a wi&Tscope it shotild be I-ealized from peasant the mea,% tti xc h& ;it \vcII with the cscitiriq that the Persian For

doul& spread with the ArahS as far as Spain and Italy wherr these river-driven mills are still in use.

historian

of tccllmethods * cha&cd

Ag;icultural Most tremely demning eating methods. agricultural

Metwods olxcivcrs in Persia laim t)Tat would cow

nolc3gy it is quite extant al-e cx-

that have in a~ orobabilitv

Western

little Siilce Nc+3iithic times. Tillage .Uthough the ~~gencrally used in is quite common vegetable cultivati&, tricts near and, ;in ?nd some dis! :+,, KermSn, gardeners that the over ofrhc

agricultural not liketo

methods join

~primitive., Yet everything

the writer of those

the chorus

tradition:1

and aduo-

wholesale

introduccinn~ ai Western any improvement iii by of of of o,ut

Th_e~~re_asons~~for this are twofold. hand method must be preceded

On ~tl~e Gin

I~fah~n,~~Yazd,

%-thorough yet wisely planncd~ &form -Iarid ownership aid the abolition absentee hand, new lo&lly that landlordism. every must in On ~ the first be tried step in the introduction

for field tillage. The~~mar/xr around the larger c~t&~Iaim spade provides a better ;&/ng

the,-

soil and. burying of the traslp. They dlg~in springtime. when nothing ~else is to he done, and there would not tee m,uc~,.wol.k for draft avimals ~Fqr the dlgg$g fields in cent&4 for the/ii,st by spade:of Persia there oihe year. the wheat seem to be 1 ., ~

techniques ark proven a$

on a small sdale because moderate not necessarily ix\ Persia

fiethods climate to

countries

applicable

~tl?e~ .conditi$s dr; &mate:

with hits hot and irrigaout in that tradi, car&d

poor soil, and unusual s. Experimr%ts fghanlstan under

different re&ns. It is irue that, the soil there does not yield enough, to feed men and animals tivators there as well. A deeptr are Zoroastri,ans lying r&on of the culfor whom seems to be the fact that many the, bdvine is a sacred labortig animal. Besides peasants,in There-G spades, (bil), ,(No. (kaf-e I,Fig. this &g@n iron pick (kolar~~)!$break a sur$isingl,y appa+ntlj~ The

conditions of

.similar

tothosi

in Persian indicated

relativel~

small ~&difi~catiotis

tional plows could al&ad? ~improve yields considerably,74 while on the other-hand ~the ritroductidn, before World LVar II, of po&rf~,l cultiva?ion firs craw@ tractOrs with disk beet in had plows used for deep tillage in the Maw-e at first had dis$pyinting in sugar DaSt, tegion

rather than, a ihe spade the b$ the soil. large variety of

often usg a.po+ted

dcvelopdd

f& the

val-yi;lgic~llditionl.

OFF from :$i&

results until

over a n&nhsr

of years the implements

c+$?~ lias a w&angular i$ade j :. bii, kq-e bv) thati e+y penctrates~ tip (bif-ndki). a

the hard soil with its pointed

_.
act as footrests. The ISfahin and NorthPersian spade (No! 3, Fig. 346) is pointed with cixved ,., reinforced sides and turnedovef~ up&r edges. The spade of Gilan and Mjzandaran (No. 4., Fig. 346) has a wide round cuthg e&e well +ited lo pew-~ region.

( _ trate the soft soil of the Caspian

A,

Figure 347

Diggins

with

B Spade

(nde/oor

Figure, 346 These spade

lypcs of Spades types of digg41g* The spade used.

p&lion

bond) l&h) x2 i&es wide onto, an

are the principal ramin-koni).

sists of a blade(xrr-e a?d bar (gul$i~~)jTlie

(bile

14 i!>ches high that is riveted

in irrigation

work (bil-Ed rib-ydri),

to open j jron

centep of this bar is

i and close the supply channels, is, broad and short, similar to the one shown last. <i&(zamin clay soil, nut&, >K) that he ~k+datz, bil knfidm) the, dleans car&$ w&king into OK-, peasant (dehc?Z, wood <is one &n rhek ,a$ the blade from behind srQe b&le dri&g b,ack, in this. hoes maKpurp~ose is then diggings& irrigation channels (j&k&i, Fig! 348). i ins wet k&varz,

1 ~~~~ -When

:-I;,~/ &me to time ,,\: I \ (bil-pcikkon) waistband,.

with a wed&shaped and April

In March

I,,, ,often see ci!ltivators ~! ,,,,. inlgroups ! , \kick, turning 1 $ytl& S+e cloth w&d.+ p&+&,rly Ii&i+ long-handled;spades s&&g the soil

~of three and more, ~the han$le all

the soil with a perfect

to the shouting or to protect shoe,,many sandal

of one of them. To,~ I

.,fi,revent~ the kicking . D

foot fl-om becorn& the ~soft sole of their wear a kind of on, the.foot with A && 348 Wbrking- &ith Hoes in ZBboliitHn (Fig.~ 347).

&ants (t&h-pa)

~WbiCh they ki~ck the spade large hoe (t&h) depression

is found in thh~ It con-

ins ZHbolist&.

+ 262 Mattocks (i;olan~, kolan8, kalond) for the clearing of new land.

/ CHA P TER are litile One with (kolnng-e FIVE

used except two opposing d&xv) or war-k.

6f Rrush riots:

keys, or camels the yoke is replaced by an appropriate harness !@mo/i..Foithe plow itself types: we can distinguish-five different ibe the and the Caspian, the southeasternl

in the preparation

and cro?sed, edges

is particular-iy .I

useful fool- this kind

northrrestcrn, Hizistin. The Caspiarl

then northei-II>

plow (,qCj2n2eh: is tl~c most

up.arid nr

lifted;

no mold-board a twisted shal-e of the soil. They

is provided, to cause all have a is hitched hojang,

(Fig. a : beam

35).

one

branch

fo,-ITIF rhc

plow 1

is there ,/ . ~$~r~mg-over Qot,jiit,jed,@; by -tieans hziyary, ~,, haleil,

(r&~-e dir),

and the tip of the branch by a socket-type

hook (kuiuseh)

is,protected

bong, rigid ~plow beam of a strong j@in,

to which a yoke loop (jin,

jig!, k&if-f-sar,yd) balk,

plowshare (&n-rdri). The share is f&d t the ,wd by a number of ,forged nailS, (panj-rni!~). A ,plow stilt i+eh) with a handle (moilegeh) is morticed into the rear

Ujajonibar) ,made

from donkey runs through uliikeh) or bver kalk, Ariq that spinar,

hide~~(piisl-e ul@). This hoop oft& plow. The most suitable timbers fir + hole (sir& siir&E pnradi, the manufacture of this plow xc elm a peg (porang, In lulk, .lnikeh, f ring (halqeh) (rozd) This joint wood (Mb-e ! (t$b-e tlit j. ozad) and mulberry wood hameh-kaf). ~JI an plow the province

the yoke has an iron engages to the beam.

iron-hook

attached (halqeh-raai) -, ~, lo+ w , ~~~~~~~ den hump, yoke A&h, bands .~ other

is more durable

than the rope of bulyoke and of r&i, !

oiling. For the plowing with a pair is used (Fig. of the pegs mdrdak,

(gau, uarza-gau, uarzg~),a double animals between neck

349) that rests on the shoul: pair;

lieIdC?ii ~posit;On ~by tw (sim-Eliq, a&e jti&i, y@in; s&T,

sem$izl,

&Q+-e, sir& +db, with,, donThe otheFplows from the branch are made from s&n to have developed they The / parts. is l>ook, plow,:although individual t it inside Fi~urc 350 A CBspian Plow

yd, ~Sol-Mb) and tied around (bandye sent$~n~ simnk, When $lowing anim& such as ho&s, saimband).

the neck with sanibi, is do?e, mules,

i-&mblance eaStern 0 and the plow, which eastern in the southern

t e south3. Perua IS used Kerm~%n, Pkrsia as the this and high i

provinces provi?ces

ofars;

of Z+bolistC, southern

SisG..n, and EJo~&~~. y; : p16w is found Fisnre ~*CJ Yoke and Harness 71 east&n Afghanistan

Outside as far

throughout

~ ,r

AGRICULTURE

AND FOOD-TREATIN against have mehs In the beam Firs nails. and

.. All plows sole tied iogether the

263 of this ~type by al@ir). distance

of a forged iron hoop (haiqeh, and ZHbolisGn

between, the two is kept angle by a board @a&h, EJorisHni sole and tween beam however, a wooden gaz, go/-,&) is driven

at then required go& gau&). In wedge beam (@+vLz) (dhanand be-

an iron wedge

between

beaman& an$soIe

ho~4&+++) the angle between the depth of

.to allow adjustment,of plowing. Morticed

that determines

into the beam and held g6ueh) is a plow nf-dnsleh) a handle that at (m&h, mad-gir,

in position by a wedge (,&, stilt (da&miyin, the m&i, ~ upper m&k). end carries

The northwestern plow (gdwihon, @f, grib-e nmrae, amrdz, Fig. 353) has this iq common with the southeastern one: beam and sole (parsift,!~ (lir, lir-e &5, oujir) pedarsel, koreh) are separate elements. The characteristic, they are joined of the, share two differences together iron. upright Gunk, (moi&h, are a&in in the way the shape northwestern (,biifeh, jakt) parts iiirnk, to are mi&., darlekqel-e m&rr& All ~,

,The

;,~.

valley

of Kafiristan

in the Hinaukush, India. Figure jtii,

in 35 I

plow which

.h&

colurims

Pqkisian, ji@) ~

and Northtiest

baninah,

>iSamfirak, the handle together

shows thi,s plow (hi?, rob, r&-e as~,.used in Firs.

@l-e

Its main parts are the

ilinnk, ~:&ih) morti+d by wooden

is attached. wedges

plow beam (tir, dSr&f, paruZi,~ kirfm$ &b-e rh@) and the plow sole (pidarsel, ~re&r, .$&deh, &b-a, r&d), which Carries the iron

and aie kept in positibi (gdueh, a &Glar plow hut

tar?~).~ Figure~3jq~shoGs

share, (gomihan, &on, ~ar-ec Zhan, +~ak, ~~has the handle ~/miyt?d)+ Tfie shape Of theshare on tl+ type only. .Andther ,variety of $low .isJ a pat, broad ,triangle. Iri the the distance between south the &are iron is, fixed to the sole by means 352). strong /in, _ gou&$fi) left surfade. of strong, The peasants with nail nails forged large and nails bib, Pig. (&-e sole has a of I;Ioras~Xn have two headS head and

~driven into the sole, with space The~,t+ngular sh:-+re .&de

ljetween

in two pieces eastern sole isloosely

(Fig.

357)

like

the southplows. The

and the northwestein morticed by a long

into the beam and

eg. The angle d betw,een beam and sole is cpntr&lled by a stay that is either an iroh thr$aded end or a piece of w /into the sole and throw&

held in position

peg joining

sole..and beam and are linked

at the t0pb.y awide, horizontal handlebar. A rope wound into a tourniquet kee$s them together in the middle. ~The plow whereas the on=: shown in Figure 357has a triangular~~hare insertc~d into a slot of thesole, share of the plow shown forged into a rectangular is used thr&ghoutlra~q. in Fi$. 3581s

socket push+

to the sole. Apart fr&I;lUzist~Cn

this plow

I+zistin plow. Uut it; hasnt sefd t~;bc~ attachment. Travelc~rs who visited the region at the beginhing of th+ century ?! ripart that sowing of ~hcat\va~~,~ommol,ly done~ by dropping funnel where it dropped the*sced~$-&ns through just made a bamboo into a xtube ifi at the back of one of the &lts from by The plow. working that iome seed !

into nhe furrow European $,ws region

agricultural

experts

~H~zist?m assured thewritel-

are still 1~ uses there. The only other in Persia where Seed QkowS are,still Figure ~360 shows a Persia Pakistan seed and type with L \eed in

in use. is Bali,?istXn. tube ,attached plows are

p~ow of the j bent,, sole widely used

to it. Outside

Northwest India.80 Wherever a change

f,-om~ the tra+ionZd

266

CHAPTER

Ff I,.E

., i,

~9

,, , ? \, ?

..,,

>.I

I : ,

\\indmills The the C&a ruled century housing, sixteenth Nieuwhof. irrigation The rapidly became Egypt and during experts

of this type were in ,g52,6 with the time

st$

operating~ axis and reached (thirteenth

in Afghanistari windmill on during there

the vertical ,apparently when

s&S

a frame as well

the Mongols

as in Persia mill though

AD.). according century Some purposes vertical through an for

The form,

retained without

its the by the

characteristic

to a description Dutch were raveler still in

Johann use ,, spread world; source it in for salt brine

and pumping century.ll windmill Moslem power of sugar axis the

late in the nineteenth

important crushing

the

cane,:,= Indies Arab

thence

ir spread

to the V\est century During where

the sixteenth helped industry.

the Spaniards

to establish the eleventh reached

a cane sugk century

rhe~windmill

had already

P !

,,, .?.

,,,,,,,

288 an He inch. Before the

CHAPTER
he releases forward and Iifting the with

FIVE
lever, he

pushes

the wedges

his foot. ,un$l tl<e

repcats

ptishing same token

the gap betwern side of the runner.

the millstones Bv the to operate. ihe

is set to the

rauired

ml11 becomes The runner through suspended thin two ropes wooden grain from

.,f

distance. ready the

is fed into grain ths channel roof

throaf (soli,

of theh,

hopper of the

diil) a2
is by that 5

a feeder from

(niiudan) that
vault

(da-b&k)
feeder vibrating meal

of such a length attached just channel

pegs (as/x&)

to the

sides of&e surface The the feeder hopper Both ~mill flutes &nning Sistin ~4 to 4f a diameter

slide on the thus keeping flowing. in a meal

of the moving

runner,

and the grain is collected

ground

(kand&.,m&on)
millstones, like

at the side below

those of the other (lis kardan) The new a of with The with

the bedstone. types, arc have~to ,be trimmed seas&. miller cut hoe in hy the The

* at the end of each milling

(kulnnk).
near

millstones and

are quarried of about

Hiinik

have

7 feet compared millstones.

feet of the water

At shaped ~~-~ shaped zontal

irs lower

end,

the that

thrust firs into made

block

is

This them

means in

that iA

the 50 mills when 406) (Fig. for

that

were still saw a sigon the 1 a seasonal~

to H point cavity foot beam strong

a cuphori- of the

operatirlg throughput nifkartt iiinge

Xeh

the had

writer

[kor&k)

of a heavy

1963 amount

f&rak), turpentine with

of 6,000

tons of wheat, a small wwn

particularly measuring is part

wood .(&b-e foot beam Its on the

bajseh, Lijb-e &jnkj

a recross x&on This

of the desert. of technology may wonder may he.

12 by 12~inches.

Historians whai Based .wind wind the

of a mill-adjusting on a short a fulcrum,

mcchanirm. sturdy beam

$1~ power &xity ofthe

of this machine measurement ofu=3z

far- end, resting the other that (g6sj. inserting floor, Grms end rats

on Cabriels2 120 days speed

of the of the

whereas

at INeh in the middle

on a similarbeam by two adjusting a short the ievci short pole

(b&i&k)
wedges block beam, the of

m/second, ih,~ :j ,,~ _~_ ,_ \ \,

is supported Ry placing

observed are

of n=

120 r.p.m., that: only

fulcrum front

conser\.ati~e blades

assumption efiiciency

Ccarbandahj

near
a long

exeor2d_ta~~~~~ati~~~~~~~~~ of only 50 per of

idahmnk~~ke-~~-n~~~;a~~~~~ill it down,

~iileen~~~~~nn~~~ppressine miller wh+ lifts thrust up, although block, only

cent, the mill would

have a power

output

runner,

and wind 18 A. Gabrid, op. cit., pp. 1+4-145.

by hundredths

6,

;.:: :.,m.

,.;

_~~~-~~-~~~~~The filled pit n-aye are placed that take$%!Dout the r&It into a~ press three The. shaft ;n fac@g

(tiiouek)

36 of these

trays representing cycles of crushing press about diameter a work with 419) pit 12 pit is a feet with (Fig.

of about

on the edge runner. vertical deep brick-lined and When 32 slot (tang) inches,

a narrow 419). with beam

the press pit right in Fig. sup-

has been filled a heavy held

trays this slot is closed (pi?-long, by horizontal A then

in position beams

porting strong

(&rgX).

particularly

reed

mat boew&

(sar:milek)
an!

is placed
covered

onby

top of the four strong that .tray. togelhei

last tray

!i&ek-!iuneh:
fol: the miller a

!ioneh-knr)
preliminary a large of one (jol) The

cowespand oil and to

to t~hc sire of the places

Pn prepa&ion the block boards them (~a,&e

pressing,, wooden these

buzurg)

on top

medium-sized slipping.

im&@-&h)
Ibetween blocks are

ox~er it, with a rush mat

prevent &to pusly-d the right

position

with a heavy

~~ooden mallet

(ger,dekiij.

and can

cattle, only

whereas be used

the

cat,. and

oil The poured

cakes oil <s into

either large woven loop

done in xrew way: The bag

presses (ieng) ~A-in the graphs arc placed strong in a hand- a

as manure.

following

scooped glared which

out df the simp earthenware jars

(&ah)

mad,,e from

(roujm-diirek)

in

cotton

(knhis). under along

A r?c,

forming

it is sold in the bazaar.

(jmlqek)

the Yniddle I the bag, its sides. The closed

has been

sewn

I
I

_:
From \ late +favZ times on, increasing gone hand in decay in the pdverty has unfortunately hand with continuous standards of many Poverty, reached an

craftsmens work. all-time iow when

after the end of World Wai I the last QSjir ruler had taken his countrys crown pi ~~j,yels with him to Paris, and &~es and revenues.~~were pawned as securities for loans advancea by the Western powers. It is to the credit of the late Rei5 %h that ~~ he brought Persia on the road toward economic health and prosperity again by a progra,m of wgorous indusirialization iq which both private enterprise and statecontrolled industries played equally important parts. This is true in spite of errors in planning and hardships to individuals. His program of establishing industries for the near ftiture. Cement worki in several provinces are an outward sign that. the country is changing from sun-dried mud bricks to reinforced concrete structures for many of its buildings. A modern ceramic industry provides articles for the $aniiation pro-

i grams of many munici~palities, while several glass works produce for the needs had a two-fold drive: to produce goods for of the builder and provide containers for home consumption and to yields a surplus for currency-earning exports. One of the first steps in this direcrion was in the field the food industry. This c&uptry that for i centuries has been poor in timber supplies,

..:

305

BIBLIOGRAPHY

-.

1548. The T,,ree .B& oJ rhe Polrrri iiii. Tranrlatcd and introduced by Bernard

,, 1

?,

; REVIEW

0~

@EVA~~NT

LITERATURE T _

dous influence the Islamic world hid on ~Westcrn Europe, cspe+lly durilig the Middle Ages, are: The Legacy of Islam by Sir Thomas Arnold, and ,The ~Legq of Persia by A. J. Arbcrry. BothSl~ooks give due .crqdit ~tq t,~e~.~.~~~y~.,~iniluellces on science and technology.

climate and ,vegetatio;>-and regiuns timber in part&lar.

the Gaspian

In his books Der .4+&g du dietuchheit and Die Eritfaltung dr, Merischheil, Herbert Kiihn makes many references t Persias place and its c&tfibutins to material culture in its early stages. J. J. M. de Morgan, one 01 the many archaeolugists who wr!&d in Persia during the second half of thd~lasr ceniury, ~1. ;:,:Q lcctcd much eridcnce .t~l,is systematic sca<ches for early civiliz~iions. His main book, .I~li.riioriwie~ilijqiie e,i .&sc,~shws that the authur was not satislicd with merely unearthing the past, for hc recorded many insranccs w,here forms and ,\cch~riijues~have survived until modern lima. _ G. ct. Cameron, Ifi&,Y c$ Et,+, I,a,r, and C. Hual-t,~~.]iri-ii,iit Pe,~iun nil I~~nuintz Cioilizniio~z, al-& good introductions t these early periods. The most reveali~~g bok iu this group has been written by the archaeologist R. Ghirshman, the story f~Pessia Cram &xliest I>~ntz. It is times until

Details on variqus aspects ?f industrial arts are contained in his two articles Botanixhe R&en jn der persischen Dattelregion and Ein Besuch kaspischen TVildcr Sordpersiens. A. r. Stahl, a former General amateur dcr

Postmaster

of Persia, who called himself an ;gcologist, has produced an im-

portant aCCOllt of the countryi geology under the title: Persien. This articlc is still regarded as the most comprehensive general sxvcy. It is well illustrated and Contams many r&rences to metallurgical deposits. In liis monograph Zur Gealogie van Pcrsien the same author describes gcolugical observations during hiss fravels in X~orth and Gntral Persia, illustrated by very good colored geological maps that arc based on mXitary maps of the Imperial Russian General Staff. Imn, by \Valther Hilii, is a good introduction to Persias general history Achaemyian to modern times. Irnx, Pas/ orid P,~ese,ir,by Donald deals essentially with history and economic reveali& is a clinpter the more conditions. on 11.an

its tmnsfrm$,tin by the tslamic.cilquest. The same author rcprts on his own cxpcditions in Foaiilcs de .Sinlh, Tola. 1 and 2, and together with G. (2mtenau: in F~uiiles de T&% G&ntz. ;\ll $wcc,, honks contain much detail n carry Rili\ding tcchniqucs, tools, ceramics, and,met&urgy. LMails on early glazes, glass, tiles, and bricl;work of the thirteenth ceniur);,B.c. are,;givnl in R. Ghirshmans &ides The Ziggwat at Tchoga Zanhil an~L~~~>hoga rZanl~il j&s de S,,sr. i Another zpchaeolog~sl wh the field * for almost 3 years worked in

1Vilbcr, recent Most f

patterns

cl~lturc and wciety, and equally interesting is one on the pcoplc and their custms. Au excellent analysis culttiral, and economic of the religious, situation of the t its

modern country with due reicrence history is Im,z by ~Villiam Haas. Eva

honks that spcciaiize in the trcmcn-

7liz.s E. E.

! 32* .;q

REVIEW

OF RELEVAXT

LITERAIURE

::

a ~611 a i notated English edition under the title T+fi of re,dans irt P&a. .+a interestm,n parallel t&t is Chronicles of the Co 1melt/es sn Persia, by an,anonymous mod~crn iaurhor. The book covers mainly the rim of the Safavids and shows that the)- no only had a sorprisitigiy tolerant attitude .toward Christian missions; ~but wcx al o outspokenly eager .Bt, se& Christian craftsmen around the skilled capiral, Isfahan, foor the development of #,>~ local in ustries. Raph :.I el du hfans book Estat DDE /a

M&ouie, Taarlorie el Py, many etchings. 4 man who has largely

is. illustra?d contributed

by to ;.

our scientific knowledge about the German E. Kaempfer,

Persia was physician

~attached to the emb&y of King Karl XI of Sweden. He was iq?ersia between t,683 and ,688. In Amo&ates eroticae he. de-~~~. scribed a good deal of the Persian R&a, ~ illustrated by many of his beautiful drawings. He also gave many-accounts of lo&l industries and details& ha&sting and processing of certaiq gums. He later, traveled to Jsvan an,&+ecame famous as,, an explorer :f that country. A Germwn translation of that par;ofXaempfe~-s hook 1 dealing with Persia has been edited by W. $inz under the title rim Hofe des Perslschen ~r&~&z~~s. 7%~ edition contains r*pproductions gravings. af inany of Kaempfers ell\

Pe,~seE,, 660 IS an excellent account of the i lift at the Safavid court of ~Isfah;in. It ~~. devotes one chapter each to the craftsmen, the merchants, and the scientists. Equally informative is the book by the sixtecnrh-century aduent&r Pietro della Talle, FamamezxVo~o~es, ~which mentions man)~ technical details in passing. An aurhority on the Persia of the swellt~cnih century was the French gem merchal)t* J. B. Taver-nier. In his Les 5i.x zqwges en Tuurquie, en Perse et au Index h$ is full of,praise~for the high standard of the crafts and industries, of which he describes many in detail.: Anor&r Frenchman, also a gem dealer, John Chardin, made two journeys to

British interest in Persia began, before ; the establishment of a land route IO India. Already in ,561 Quueen Elizabeth had sent AnthonyJenkinson tp the Persian court via Rtissi,!. Although the ;?im of this mission, to open trade, did not Lsucceed, Jenkinsons journals are quite infoarmative. They ha+heen edited hy E. D. Morgan and~;~.L H. Coore under the title Early lo~oyu~~x and Tnwelr ~21 Russia and Persia by

travelers show, a deep understand_iog,nF--~~~~--~%;lglish monqpoly of Persias silk export. \\. Foster gdited the Herbert the countr)--s culture and meniality: diaries under the title \,~i~homns Herberts .\Iorc concqrned with an all-round

GLOSSARY
OF .TECHNIC&:

TERMS,

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GLOSSART-

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GLOSS-I

R Y 01. l-ECHAX:dl.

TERMS

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The Tradlllonal Crafts of Penia by Haim E. Wulli An excellent and eminently useful accwnt of Persias craft technology as It 1~8 existed in time end Survived tnto the modern era. Lucid and orderly. It comprehensively covers the whole range of traditional crafts. Including those of agriculture and food-processing. And it IS authentic. The metedal of this record wes gathered by the then Prlnclpa! of the Tech,wiG Co!!ege St Shirar during the course 07 ma?: hundreds of interviews with craftsmen who shared their trade secrets and permitted photoglSpillng Of the key phases of their work. The strictly descriptive record IS enhanced by telling references to the historical development of each technique. It is divided into brosd Sections. sccording to material, technique, or social function, and includss S vast number of Persian technical term.;. most of them recorded for the first time. tnterspersed throughout the text. Over 400 illustrations, an excellent bibliography. a blblioSraphical supplement which diecusses and evaluates melor relevant published worw, en indexed glossary of technical terms. and e comprehensive index round out this unprecedented study. - Choice Every university. college, and technical hiyh School library, es weitas other senior high and public Ilbrari&. should own this book. Would that Sbch books existed for every ethnic tradition on earth! They are needetjto present !rue science as a cumulative body of knowledge. - Scidnce Books The MIT Press , MasSnchusetts institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142