Jamestown Bad times between 1607 & 1608.

Few people left could farm Captain John Smith was turned to for help Good relations with Powhatans Returned to England in 1609 after an injury Relations with Powhatans deteriorated Military rule and more recruits Headrights (50 acres) for anyone able to pay their own way Indentured servitude for the rest 1619: Representative government 1622: Problems Systematic corruption High death rates Most died within 3 yrs Poor relations with natives Nemanttenew, Native shaman who urged resistance to English Nemanttenew killed by settlers; Indians launch attack that kills of pop. Anglo-Powhatan War (1622-1632) Starvation tactic upon Powhatans 1624: Charter revoked, royal colony established Decline of natives 1600: 125000 1675: 10000 Fur trade depletes the beaver supply Natives go into debt, pay back with land Towns begin to expand Land quality depleted Some turn to Christianity Metacoms War Known as King Philip Well armed Tide turned when Mohawks and Christianized Indians turned against him Reduced indian population by 40% Many Indians now put on reservations Economics and gender 1662: Half-Way covenant People began moving away from town centers Example of Salem: Equal society replaced with unequal one when port became prosperous Witch trials

The New England of the 17th century would see people much less willing to allow society to restrict their economic and personal freedoms Chesapeake Society State and Church in Virginia 1628: Virginia royal colony gets a legislature House of burgesses and Governors council Local government made up of county-courts Justice of the peace South of N. England the county-court system, appointed by royal governors, was the preferred system Virginias First Families Problems in creating an English style aristocracy Middle class began to take over Merchants and growers could pass on their power to create the first families Maryland 1632: Royal grant to Lord Baltimore Refuge for English Catholics 1634: 200 settlers arrived Few Catholics ended up coming to Maryland Many independent landowners made up the population Some religious problems over time 1649: Religious Toleration Act (first toleration act passed in America) Situation devolves into that of civil war by 1655 1658: Lord Baltimore takes over again Tobacco Tobacco becomes a way of life Tobacco prices crash in 1629 to 3% of earlier levels Mortality, Gender, Kinship Terrible gender ratios Life expectancy: 48 male, 54 female Widows had more property rights than in England Many step parents/children due to high death rates Population of Chesapeake only 85000 in 1700 while New England had 91000 by 1700 Tobaccos Troubles Indentured servants increased gap between rich and poor Servants had little chance outside of servitude No money to buy land Virginia had no laws guaranteeing land for freed servants Tobacco prices fell, and upward mobility fell to near zero Large landowners could take the fall in tobacco prices Rents, loans, shopkeeping, govt fees, etc. These poor formed a bitter underclass Bacons Rebellion

1674: Nathaniel Bacon immigrated to Virginia Knew Gov. William Berkeley, and was appointed to the council Tensions flared between natives and English settlers June, 1675: Dispute between Doeg Indians and a Virginia farmer escalated to force. In pursuing the Doegs, militia from Virginia and Maryland attacked and killed 14 friendly Susquehannocks and executed 5 leaders at a peace conference War was inevitable now Gov. Berkeley suggested building a barrier to forts to protect the frontier Settlers wanted the less costly option of simply exterminating the natives April June 1676: Bacon sets out to hunt down Indians. Finds only friendly ones. Kills them anyway Bacon received permission to indiscriminantly attack natives and take their land Berkeley calls Bacon back Bacons men rebelled and marched on Jamestown Jamestown is burned Colony saved when Bacon dies of Dysentary in late 1676 Slavery Chesapeake began moving to slavery even before it became obvious that servitude was not going to work Began in 3 stages 1619 1640: Not every black was assumed to be a slave Some blacks were freed, and even owned land and other slaves 1640-1660: Many blacks treated as slaves, and children inherited that status 1660 onward: Colonies officially recognize the status of slave. Status is lifelong, inheritable, and a racial status By 1705, strict slave codes defined a slaves place in society 1700: Slaves are 22% of the population Slavery replaces indentured servitude Becomes harder to import servants Englands population declines More jobs at higher pay available in England Slavery helped to mend the social tensions between whites. Now poor whites saw commonalities between them and richer whites Spread of Slavery: Caribbean and Carolina Sugar and Slaves Caribbean colonies primarily set up to harvest Tobacco 1640s sees move to Sugar Much more labor needed for sugar than tobacco Slaves used to fill extra demand for labor

Slavery had died out in England after the 11th century, but colonists copied the Spanish 1713: Slaves were 80% of the population of West Indies Carolina First of the Restoration colonies 1650s: Settlers had set up illegal outposts in area between Virginia and Spanish Florida 1663: King Charles II sets up Carolina colony 50 acres of land offered for every person brought into the colony John Locke served as secretary to Anthony Ashley Cooper, head of Carolina colony Political power and social rank should accurately reflect settlers landed wealth 3 tiered nobility that would hold 2/5s of the land Council of nobles would make laws Manorial courts would dispense justice Until 1680s, few settlers cared about these laws and the pseudofeudalism Rice became the staple crop Rice planters took over society Carolina began to look much like West Indies Slaves used as labor source Many Africans had cultivated rice before Many Africans had a partial immunity to Malaria, common to Carolinas By 1720 slaves were 2/3 of the population As black populations increased, the situation became worse as laws were put in place to harden slavery 1711: Indians destroy New Bern, a settlement of 700 Swiss immigrants 1713: Northern Carolina enlisted the help of S. Carolinas well armed Indians and destroyed 20% of their native population 1719: Carolinians overthrow proprietary rule 1729: Crown creates N. Carolina and S. Carolina as royal colonies Georgia Founded in 1733 Built in order to be a buffer zone between English colonies and Spanish/French ones Received monetary subsidies from English government Named to honor King George II Founded by philanthropists hoping to provide a haven for people imprisoned by debt Hoped to be free of slavery too Ruled by James Oglethorpe Plantation Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina, and Georgia all built around exporting cash crops Formed around plantations Growth of cities retarded by spread out populace All permitted some religious toleration Soil Butchery forced them to be somewhat expansionary