Introduction Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers

CHAPTER 8
One of the oldest & most durable construction materials: Pyramids of Egypt Great Wall of China Greek & Roman ruins North American Adobe ruins

Masonry

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8.1 Types of Masonry Units

CMU = concrete masonry units solid or hollow Clay bricks solid Structural clay tiles hollow Glass blocks solid Stone solid

Concrete Masonry units

Clay bricks

Structural clay tiles

CMU

Clay Bricks

Structural Clay Tiles

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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Glass blocks

Stone

Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs)

Solid concrete bricks net cross sectional area >75% of gross area Hollow concrete blocks, hollow blocks, cinder blocks net cross sectional area <75% of gross area Manufacturing Zero-slump concrete pressure molded into a reusable steel mold Type I cement, aggregates, admixtures & water Low-pressure steam curing Controlled storage
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Weight Classes Load Bearing Classification

Lightweight Units lightweight aggregate easy handling & transportation lightweight structure higher thermal & fire resistance lower sound resistance
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials Materials for for Civil Civil and and Construction Construction Engineers, Engineers, Third Third Edition. Edition. Copyright Copyright 2011 2011 Pearson Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc. Chapter 8: Masonry

Water Absorption
Absorption %

Exposure Properties
Concrete building bricks (ASTM C55) manufactured for general use in non-facing, utilitarian applications Concrete facing bricks (ASTM C1634) used where faces are intended to be exposed have stricter requirements maximum allowable water absorption is less minimum net area compressive strength is higher

Ws Wd Wd
s s d i

100
1000

Absorption kg/m3

W W W W

Moisture content as a percent of total absorption

Wr Wd Ws Wd

100

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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Nominal and Specified Dimensions

Nominal dimensions include half of mortar joint Specified or modular dimensions are design sizes of unit Actual size includes some slight shrinkage from firing

Strength Requirements of Concrete Bricks

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Clay Bricks
Smaller, solid, rectangular blocks made of fired clay Used for different purposes: Building Facing and aesthetics Floor making Paving

Clay bricks Properties

1. Clays are composed mainly of silica (grains of sand), alumina, lime, iron, manganese, sulfur, and phosphates, with different proportions. 2. Bricks are manufactured by grinding or crushing the clay in mills and mixing it with water to make it plastic. The plastic clay is then molded, textured, dried, and finally fired. 3. Bricks are manufactured in different colors, depending on the firing temperature of the clay during manufacturing. Chapter 8: Masonry
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Absorption of Clay Bricks

Absorption determines the durability of bricks Highly absorptive bricks can cause efflorescence and other problems in the masonry
Absorption by 24-hour submersion %

8.2 Mortar
mixture of cementitious material, aggregate, and water Mortar can be classified as cement-lime mortar, cement mortar, or masonry cement mortar
(8.5)

Ws24 W d 100
Wd

Used for the following functions:

Absorption by 5-hour boiling %

W b5 W d 100
Wd

bonding masonry units together, either non-reinforced or reinforced serving as a seating material for the units leveling and seating the units providing aesthetic quality of the structure

(8.6)

Saturation coefficient

W b5 W d
Ws24 W d

(8.7)
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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8.3 Grout
High-slump concrete consisting of PC, sand, fine gravel, water, and sometimes lime Used to fill the cores or voids in hollow masonry units for the purpose of: 1. bonding the masonry units 2. bonding the reinforcing steel to the masonry 3. increasing the bearing area 4. increasing fire resistance 5. Improving overturning resistance by increasing weight The minimum compressive strength of grout is 14 MPa (2000 psi) at 28 days
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8.4 Plaster
fluid mixture of PC, lime, sand, and water Used for finishing either masonry walls or framed (wood) walls Used for either exterior or interior walls Stucco is plaster used to cover exterior walls Average compressive strength of plaster is about 13.8 MPa (2000 psi) at 28 days

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Summary
Masonry is one of the oldest building technologies. Modern masonry units are produced to high standards in the manufacturing process. While the strength of the masonry units is important for quality control, the strength of masonry construction is generally limited by the ability to bond the units together with mortar. The ability of masonry units to resist environmental degradation is an important quality consideration. This ability is closely related to the absorption of the masonry units.
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