1000 kg/hr of a mixture containing 42 mole percent heptane and 58 mole percent ethyl benzene is to be fractionated to a distillate containing

97 mole percent heptane and a residue containing 99 mole percent ethyl benzene using a total condenser and feed at its saturated liquid condition. The enthalpyconcentration data for the heptane-ethyl benzene at 1 atm pressure are as follows: xheptane yheptane Hl (kJ/kmol) x 10-3 Hv (kJ/kmol) x 10-3 0 0 24.3 61.2 0.08 0.28 24.1 59.6 0.18 0.43 23.2 58.5 0.25 0.51 22.8 58.1 0.49 0.73 22.05 56.5 0.65 0.83 21.75 55.2 0.79 0.90 21.7 54.4 0.91 0.96 21.6 53.8 1.0 1.0 21.4 53.3

Calculate the following: a. Minimum reflux ratio b. Minimum number of stages at total reflux c. Number of stages at reflux ratio of 2.5 d. Condenser duty e. Reboiler duty Calculations: Heptane = C7H16 Ethyl benzene = C6H5C2H5 Average molecular weight of feed solution = 0.42 x 100 + 0.58 x 106 = 103.48 Molal flow rate of feed, F = 1000/103.48 = 9.9937 kmol/hr The H-x-y diagram is constructed with the above data as given below:

zF = 0.42 HF = 22.30098 x 103 kJ/kmol (from graph) xD = 0.97 HD = 21.53695 x 103 kJ/kmol (from graph) xW = 0.01 HW = 24.27584 x 103 kJ/kmol (from graph) At minimum reflux ratio, the tie-line passing through F determines Q' and Q" Q' = 98.4391 x 103 kJ/kmol (from graph) Q" = -34.4537 x 103 kJ/kmol (from graph) HG1 = 53.70453 x 103 kJ/kmol (from graph) HL0 = HD = 21.53695 x 103 kJ/kmol

Reflux ratio, R = (Q' - HG1) / (HG1 - HL0) = (98.4391 - 53.70453) / (53.70453 - 21.53695) = 1.3907 Minimum Reflux ratio = 1.3907 With the x-y data, the following graph is drawn:

Minimum number of stages at total reflux is found from the x-y diagram and = 6.97 Number of stages at reflux ratio of 2.5: (Q' - 53.70453) / (53.70453 - 21.53695)= 2.5 Q' = 134.1235 x 103 kJ/kmol F = 9.9937 kmol/hr Material balance equations: F=D+W

F zF = D xD + W xW i.e. 9.9937 = D + W 9.9937 x 0.42 = 0.97 D + 0.01 W Solving, 0.96 D = 4.0974 D = 4.2681 kmol/hr W = 9.9937 - 4.2681 = 5.7256 kmol/hr Energy balance equation: F HF = D Q' + W Q" Substituting for the known quantities, 9.9937 x 22.30098 x 103 = 4.2681 x 134.1235 x 103 + 5.7256 x Q" Q" = -61.0562 x 103 kJ/kmol Q' = HD + QC / D Q" = HW - QB / W Substituting for the known quantities in the above equations, 134.1235 x 103 = 21.53695 x 103 + QC / 4.2681 QC = 480.53 x 103 kJ/hr = 133.48 kW -61.0562 x 103 = 24.27584 x 103 - QB / 5.7256 QB = 488.58 x 103 kJ/hr = 135.72 kW Condenser duty = QC = 133.48 kW Reboiler duty = QB = 135.72 kW Number of stages is estimated from Ponchon-Savarit method as shown in the graph, and is equal to 11 (including the reboiler).

Feed is to be introduced at the 7th plate, counting from the top. For constructing tie-lines in H-x-y diagram, x-y digram is also used.

A saturated liquid mixture containing 60 mole % benzene and 40 mole % toluene is to be distilled continuously into a distillate product containing 90 mole % benzene and the bottom product containing 5 mole % benzene. The fractional distillation column will operate at approximately constant pressure of 1 atm. The reflux ratio is 2. How many theoretical plates must the column have if the feed is introduced into the eighth plate? Equilibrium data are: x y 0 0 0.017 0.039 0.075 0.161 0.13 0.261 0.211 0.393 0.288 0.496 0.37 0.591 0.411 0.632 0.581 0.777 0.78 0.9 1 1

Data:

zF = 0.6 xD = 0.9 xW = 0.05 R=2 xD/(R + 1) = 0.9/(2 + 1) = 0.3 Feed is saturated liquid Calculations: For saturated liquid feed, slope of 'q-line' is . The equilibrium data are plotted and by McCabe-Thiele method, number of theoretical plates is found to be = 11 for feed introduced at 8th plate.

A continuous fractionating column is to be designed for separating 10,000 kg per hour of a liquid mixture containing 40 mole percent methanol and 60 mole percent water into an overhead product containing 97 mole percent methanol and a bottom product having 98 mole percent water. A mole reflux ratio of 3 is used. Calculate (i) moles of overhead product obtained per hour and (ii) number of ideal plates and location of the feed plate if the feed is at its bubble point. Equilibrium data: x y 0.1 0.417 0.2 0.579 0.3 0.669 0.4 0.729 0.5 0.78 0.6 0.825 0.7 0.871 0.8 0.915 0.9 0.959

Where x = mole fraction of methanol in liquid And y = mole fraction of methanol in vapor Data: Feed rate = 10,000 kg/hr zF = 0.4 xD = 0.97 xW = 0.02 R=3 Calculations: (i) Moles of overhead product: Average molecular weight of feed = 0.4 x 32 + 0.6 x 18 = 23.6 Molal flow rate of feed = 10000/23.6 = 423.73 kmol/hr Material balance equations: F=D+W F zF = D xD + W xW Where F = feed; D = distillate; W = residue Substituting for the known quantities, 423.73 = D + W 423.73 x 0.4 = 0.97 D + 0.02 W 0.97 D - 0.02 D = 169.492 - 8.4746 D = 169.492 kmol/hr

Overhead product obtained = 169.492 kmol/hr (ii) Number of ideal plates: Slope of 'q - line' = R = L/D = 3

Number of theoretical plates are estimated from the McCabe-Thiele graphical construction method and found to be equal to 6.8 And the location of feed plate is 5th plate (counting from the top)