IMPRESSION MATERIALS

First put your patient in a hot baking oven or a searing furnace, then turn them round and round in a centrifugal machine and pour hot metal on them. Or better still, heat them above 1000C in a ceramic furnace and fine till well done. on!t look shocked, " not a very

pleasant idea right. #ell, that what impression materials same us from. $et!s confabulate on this topic under these myriad subheadings% &ntroduction 'istory efinition and Classification &deal re(uisities &mpression materials and )espective techni(ues " " " 'ydrocolloids. *lastomeric materials. &nelastic or rigid.

$atest +dvances ,ummary and conclusion 1

-ibliography INTRODUCTION One of the cornerstones of modern dental practice is the accurate recording and reproduction of tooth tissue details. .aterial science plays a pivotal role in dentistry and impression materials form a vital core in that foundation. .imicking the intricate details re(uired in dental practice in the demanding and challenging oral conditions is an acid test for any material. )ight from the advent of initial crude impression materials to the modern sophisticated elastomeric chemistries the (uest for the perfect replicating material has spanned a diverse range of materials, techni(ues and devices. From dentures to implants, inlays to crowns, orthodontic to pedodontic to

prosthodontist to restorative and endodontists, there is no branch of high (uality dentistry untouched by the magic of these materials and no dentist who has not marveled at their ingenuity. $et in delve deeper into this fascinating and vitally important class of material science and understand them for their successful and ideal use. +n impression, in general terms is a mark produced on a surface by pressure. /he word impression is divided from latin word

0impression1. 2

From impression, it is possible to produce an e3act replica of the dental structures of interest using a cast or die material such as dental stone or some type of plastic. /here are various categories of impression materials. *ach type processes characteristics which influence the purpose to which it is best suited, i.e. different types of impression materials have been developed few different application. /hese materials have different physical properties and each has certain advantage or disadvantages. /hus, an understanding of physical characteristics and

limitation of each material is necessary for its successful use in clinical dentistry. &t would be virtually impossible to perform high (uality restorative dentistry without impression materials.

History: /he history of dentistry has been influenced a great deal by development of impression materials. From the cumbersome and highly unpredictable materials of yore replicating materials now match highly e3acting standards. &n fact the earliest dental impression materials was wa3es that was used in 15 th and 16 th century. -eeswa3 was apparently the materials first used in making impression in the mouth. &n 1752 #illiam )ae said that he get the measurement of 8aws in a piece of wa3 pushed into the gums, afterward making a cast of it with plaster of paris. &n 1592, .ontgemery discovered gutta"percha. &n 1595 Colburn or -lake said that it should thoroughly soaked in boiling water, then kneaded and moulded in the same way as wa3 and immediately by placed in the mouth and firmly pressed to its place. &n 1640 according to +pplegate, a series of true physiologic wa3es was developed by cooperative effort of +pplegate. rs. :.C. -awles, ,.:.

/he first real impetus in the use of the ;inc o3ide eugenol for impression materials came from two pioneer dentists, +.#. #ard and *.-. <elly, during early 1640!s. +lginate type materials were e3perimented with over many years, however, the first patient was awarded in 164=. /his in early 1690!s the first irreversible hydrocolloidal >alginate? impression material was developed. &n middle 16@0!s the elastomeric impression materials were introduced. Aolyethers were introduced to dental profession in :ermany in late 16=0!s. )ecently, a new polyether urethane diamethacrylate photo" initiated elastomeric impression material has entered the market. Definition and Classification: &mpression material is a dental materials whose function is to accurately record the dimensions of the oral tissues and their spatial relationship. +n impression essentially is a negative replica of some structure. &n dentistry, this replica usually is made of teeth or gingival tissue of ma3illary such as mandibular arch.

Classification:
Impression Materials: Elastic 'ydrocolloid +gar +lginate .ercaptam $ead pero3ide Catalyst Clean catalyst ,ilicones Condensation addition Aolyether )ubbers Non-elastic BO* &mpression compound

.any criteria may be used to classify impression materials. /hey are listed as follows% 1) By their generic chemical same: For e3ample, one may refer to silicone materials or ;inc o3ide eugenol materials or even particular commercial brands of these materials. 2) According to the manner in which they harden: +? ,et by chemical reaction >&rreversible? Alaster of paris Binc o3ide eugenol. +lginate Con"a(ueous elastomers.

-? ,et by temperature change >reversible? /hese materials are again subclassified as% 1? /hermoplastic materials. " " &mpression compound. #a3.

2? Con"thermoplastic material and agar 4? +ccording to the ability of set material to be withdrawn over undercuts. +? *lastic impression materials% " " " +lginate. +gar. Con"ac(ueous elastomers.

-? Con"elastic or rigid impression materials% " " " " &mpression compound. &mpression plaster. Binc o3ide eugenol. #a3.

9? +ccording to the use of material in dentistry% +? .aterials used for obtaining impression of dentulous mouth. " " " +lginate. +gar. Con"ac(ueous elastomers.

/hese materials are used in crown and bridge, partial denture and inoperative dentistry. -? .aterials used for obtaining impression of edentulous mouth% " " " " &mpression compound. &mpression plaster. Binc"o3ide eugenol. #a3.

5) According to the viscosity or the tiss e displacement: .aterials which are initially vary fluid are often classified as mucostatic impression materials, because they are less likely to compress soft tissues, while materials which are initially more viscous are classified as mucocompressive. +? .ucostatic materials% " " " &mpression plaster. +gar. +lginate.

-? .uco"compressive materials% " &mpression compound.

Ideal Req ire!ents of Dental i!"ression !aterials: /o produce an accurate impression, the materials used to produce replicas of intraoral and some e3traoral tissues should fulfill the following criteria. 1. 2. 4. distribution. 9. @. =. -e economical. -e easy to use with minimum e(uipment. 'ave ade(uate setting characteristics that meet clinical re(uirements. 7. 5. Aossess satisfactory consistency and te3ture. +de(uate strength so that it will not break or tear while removing from the mouth. 6. Aossess elastic properties with freedom from prominent deformation after strain. Aleasant taste, odor and esthetic color. Cot contain any to3ic or initiating ingredient. 'ave ade(uate shelf life for storage and

10.

*3hibit dimensional stability over temperature and humidity ranges.

11. 12. 14. 19. 1@. 1=.

)eadily wets oral tissues. Compatibility with cast and die materials +ccuracy and faithful reproduction of details. +bility to be electroplated. )eadily disinfected. Co release of gas during setting of impression or cast and die materials.

"

/hey should be fluid enough to adapt to the oral tissue and viscous enough to remain content in the tray that delivers impression to the mouth.

"

#hile in the mouth they should transform >set? into a rubbery solid in a reasonable amount of time >should be less than 7 minutes?.

"

/he set impression should not distort or tear when removed from the mouth. .aterial should dimensionally stable so the cast can be poured.

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"

&n this seminar & will be discussing about the following impression material% 'ydrocolloids )eversible &rreversible

1) !ydrocolloids " It is a s spension o# time part less the 1$m)% Colloids are often classified as a faster state of matter, the colloidal state, because of their difference in structure, constitution and reaction. &f the particles are large and can be seen by the naked eye as through a microscope, the system is turned a suspension or emulsion. /here suspended particles do not readily diffuse and tend to fall out of the suspending medium unless some type of bonding is employed to maintain the suspension or emulsion. /he molecules of the colloid remain dispersed nature of fact that they carry small electrical changes and repel one another within the dispersion medium. Ty"es of colloids: #ith the e3ception of the gaseais state >two gases?, colloidal sol may be composed of combination of any other states of matter. &or e'ample: 11

" " "

$i(uid D solid in air >aerosol?. $i(uid D solid in li(uid >$ysol?. :as Dli(uid D solid in solid.

+ll solids are termed as sols, and not 8ust more in which a li(uid is the dispersion medium. ,ince hydrocolloid impression materials are solids >polysaccharides? suspended in li(uid >water? they are lyophilic >li(uid leaving? solutions. &n general, organic colloids are lyophilic, whereas the metallic dispersion tend to lyophobic >li(uid heating?. ental hydrocolloid impression materials e3ist in two form% sol or gel form. &n the sol form they are fluid with low viscosity and there is random arrangement of polysaccharide chains. &n gel form the materials are more viscous and may develop elastic properties if the long polysaccharide chain become aligned. #els: &f the concentration of the dispersed phase in the hydrocolloid is proper amount, the sol may be changed to a semisolid material known as a gel or 8elly when the temperature is decreased. /he temperature at which this change occurs is known as gelation

12

temperature is about 47C as slightly higher few agar. /he process is reversible. /hus agar is known as reversible hydrocolloids. Re$ersi%le &ydrocolloids: /hese impression materials are compounded from reversible agar gels, when heated, they li(uefy argo into the solution state and on cooling they return to gel state. ,ince this process can be repeated, a gel of this type is described as reversible. +gar impression are dimensionally unstable on standing and so models should be made so soon as possible after the impression is taken. &f the agar type of impression material is used carefully with an understanding of its physical properties it is an e3cellent elastic impression material of high accuracy in registering fine detail. C&e!ical In'redients: /he main active constituent of a reversible hydrocolloid impression product is agar"known commercially as agar"agar, which is a sulfuric ester of a galactan comple3. /his material forms a colloid with water which will li(uefy between 71C and 100C and set a gel again between 40C and @0C.

14

Co!"osition and f nction: 1? +gar >12.@E? F /o prevent the dispersed phase of the solution and the continuous fibril structure of the gel. 2? Aotassium sulfate >1.7E? F /o counteract the inhibiting effect of beewa3 and agar on the setting of gypsum model materials. 4? -ora3 >0.02E? F /o produce intermolecular attraction in order to improve the strength of the gel. 9? +lkyl -en;oate >0.1E? F /o prevent the growth of the mold in the impression material during storage. @? #ater >5@.@E? F /o provide the continuous phase in the solution and second continuous phase is the gel, the amount centrals the flaws properties of the solution and the physical properties of the gel. =? Colour and flavour >trace? % /o improve the appearance and taste. /he agar content is reduced in the syringe type of materials so that it is much more fluid at the time of in8ection than the tray material at the time of insertion.

19

Pro"erties: 1) (iscosity o# the sol: &n sol form agar is sufficiently fluid to allow detailed reproduction of hard and soft tissues. &ts low viscosity classifies it as a mucostatic materials as it does not compress or displace soft tissues. +gar is a visco"elastic material. 2) )trength: /he strength values of importance for agar impression are tear strength and the compressive strength. ,ince the agar impression are viscoelastic the strength preparation are time dependent and higher compression and tear strong occur at higher rates of loading. /he compressive strength of a typical agar impression material is 5000gmDcm 2 >0.29@.pa or 4@.=Asi?. /he tear strength is about 700gmDcm though there is no +C,&D+ + specification re(uirement. *) +elation temperat re: /he temperature at which the hydrocolloid impression material sets to a gel is important. /he gel must be heated to a higher temperature. <nown as li(uefaction temperature >70C to 100C? to return to its sol condition. 1@

&t transforms into a gel between 47 and @0C. /he e3act gelation temperature depends on several factors, including the molecular weights, the purity of agar and the ratio of agar to other ingredients. ,) -imensional sta.ility: Stora'e condition 1? +ir 2? #ater Di!ensional c&an'e ,hrinkage *3pansion Ca ses *vaporation of water foam gel &nhibition and absorption of water ,yneresis D epends on relationship of electrolyte in gel and solution.

4? 100E relative ,hrinkage humidity 9? &norganic salt *3pansion solution ,hrinkage

#hen stored in air, agar gels losses water and contract, when they started in water it results in absorption and swetting. ,o agar impression are best stored in 100E relative humidity not more than 1 hour. 5) &le'i.ility: /he + + specification re(uirement for fle3ibility allows a range of 9E to 1@E when a stresses of 19.2 psi >1000gmDcm 2 ? and 1=

most agar impression materials meet this re(uirement. + few hard setting materials have a fle3ibility of 1E to 2E agar gel has very poor mechanical properties and tears at very low levels of stress. &nter pro3imal and subgingival areas are very difficult to record with this type of impression materials. Advantages: 17. 'ydrophilic impression materials since it

respondless critically to moisture, fluids in the sulcus are less tolerated. 15. 16. 20. $ong working time. &t does not re(uire any custom tray. -ecause there is no mi3ing of separated

components, the potential for errors of measurement are eliminated. 21. 22. fice casts. 24. fine detail. 17 &t is a material of high accuracy and registers &t is clean and pleasant. &t is compatible with die stone, enabling bubble

29. 2@.

Casts are easily removed. )eliability.

15

-isadvantages: 1. 2. $ow tear resistance. $ow dimensional stability and the special handling to prevent dimensional change. 4. 9. @. during gelation. =. )apid cooling can cause concentration of stresses near the tray during gelation. Clinical Presentation: /he agar impression material is supplied as a gel in a metal, plastic or other types of collapsible disposable or as a number of cylinders in a glass 8ar. /he first form is used with a water cooled impression tray and the second for in8ector with a syringe. /he syringe material may be used in combination with a tray material or a copper"band techni(ue as with impression compound. Aotential ha;ard of a bown to the patient. &nitial purchase of the conditioning unit. *asily distorted as a result of movement

16

Ty"es of fail re: Ty"e 1. :rainy material. +. -. too low. C. 2. ,eperation of tray syringe material and +. ,torage time too low. #ater" soaked layer of tray material not removed. Ca se &nade(uate boiling. ,torage temperature

+. 4. /earing +. -. C.

:elation of either syringe or tray material. &nade(uate bulk. Aremature from mouth. removal

,yringe material partially gelated when tray seated. :elation of syringe material preventing flaw. .aterial too cool or grainy.

9. *3ternal bubbles @. &rregularly shaped voids

+. +.

La!inate tec&niq e (A'ar al'inate co!%ination i!"ression): &n a recent modified procedure, the tray hydrocolloid is replaced with a mi3 of chilled alginate that will bond with the syringe agar. /he alginate gels by a chemical reaction, where the agar gels by

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means of contact with the cool alginate rather than the water circulating through the tray. /he e(uipment needed for taking an agar impression can be minimi;ed by use of agar alginate syringe tray combination impression. &n this procedure a syringe type of agar in a cartridge is heated in boiling water for = minutes and stored in =@C water bath 10 minutes before use. /he tray alginate of the regular set type is mi3ed with 10E more water than normally recommended and it is placed in a tray. /he agar is in8ected around the preparation, and the mi3ed alginate is promptly seated on the top of agar. /he alginate sets in about 4 minutes and agar sets with this time as a result of being cooled by alginate. uring the setting of alginate and gelling of the

agar a bond forms between them. /he impression may be removed in about 9 minutes. /he accuracy of the agar"alginate impressions was determined with a laboratory model. &mpressions were taken and paired in high strength stone. /he accuracy of 1? /he interpreparation distance, 2? buccolingual diameter and 4? the preparation height of the models were measured and compared to values obtained with polysulfide condensation silicone, polyether and addition silicone impression

21

materials. *3cept for the interpreparation distance the agar"alginate system had same order of accuracy as rubber impression materials. /he advantage of agar"alginate combination impression

compared to agar system alone is the simplification of the heating e(uipment, the elimination of water cooled impression trays and the overall simplification of the procedure. &n addition, the agar is more compatible with gypsum model materials than alginate, the accuracy is acceptable and the cost of the material is low. *et field tec&niq e: +nother recent techni(ue has become popular for making impression in a wet field. &t differs in than the tooth surface and tissue are purposely left wet. /he areas are actually flooded with warm water. /hen the syringe material is introduced (uickly, liberally and in bulk to cover the occlusal and D or incisal areas only. #hile the syringe material is still li(uid, the tray material is seated. /he hydrolic pressure of the viscous tray material forces the fluid syringe hydrocolloide down into the areas to be restored. /his motion displaces the syringe material, blood and debris with the stronger tray material throughout the sulcus. Irre$ersi%le &ydrocolloide: 22

+t the end of the last century, a chemist from ,cotland noticed that certain brown seated >algal?. 'e named it algin. /his natural substance was later identified as a linear polymer with numerous carbo3yl acid groups. #hen agar impression material become scarce because of #orld war && >Gapan was a pumice scarce of agar?, research was done to find a suitable substitute. /he result was of cause the present irreversible hydrocolloid, or alginate. +lginate is an elastic mucostatic impression material. &t is more widely cured than any other elastic impression material. /he principle factors responsible for the success of this type of impression material are% 1. *arly to manipulate. 2. &t is comfortable to the patient. 4. &t is ine3pensive. 9. Uses: 1. Hsed widely in complete and partial denture prosthesis and orthodontics. 24 oes not re(uire elaborate e(uipment.

2. /o prepare study models of either the entire dental arch or a segment of it. 4. For master impression in rigid or in divided trays. 9. #henever there is undercut and not suitable for rigid materials. @. Hseful to a limited e3tent in inlay, crown and bridge procedures. =. &n mouth where there is e3cessive flow of saliva. 7. +s a duplicating mateial. 5. /o prepare gypsum models of patients for the preparation of alternate in mouth protectors. Co!"osition: In'redients 1. Aotassium alginate 15E + nction /o dissolve in water and react with calcium ions. 2. Calcium sulfate dehydrate 19E /o react with potassium alginate to form an insoluble calcium alginate gel. 4. Aotassium sulfate, potassium /o counteract the inhibiting effect ;inc fluoride silicate or borates of the hydrocolloids on the setting 10EI of gypsum, giving a high (uality surface to the die.

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9. ,odium phosphate 2E

/o

react

preferentially

with

calcium ions to provide working time before gelation. @. iatomaceous earth or silicate /o control the consistency of the mi3ed alginate and the fle3ibility of set impression. =. :lycols"small amount 7. #inter gum, peppermint trace 5. Aigments F /race /o make powder distlys. /o produce a pleasant taste. /o provide colour.

powder @=E

Change in the water D powder ration will alter the consistency and setting times of the mi3ed material. .i3ing time for regular set is 1 minute. Fast set alginate should be mi3ed with water for 9@ seconds. +ccording to + + specification Co 15 for alginate impression material re(uires that it no less than 1.2@ minutes. +le,i%ility: /he +C,&D+ + specification permits a range of 10E to 20E at a stress of 1000gmDcm 2. /he compressive strength ranges from @000" 5000gmDcm 2 . + + specification re(uires a compressive strength of atleast 4@00gmDcm 2 . /he tear strength vary from 4@0 to =00gmDcm. Ty"es of fail re: 2@

Ty"e 1. :rainy material a. b. c. d. too low. 2. /earing a.

Ca se &mproper mi3ing. Arolonged mi3ing. Hndue gelation. #ater D powder ratio &n ade(uate bulk. b. oisture contamination. c. d. olonged mi3ing. Ar emature removal from mouth. Ar .

c. -ubbles 9.&rregularly shaped voids

a. Hndue gelation, preventing flow. a. b. +ir incorporated mi3ing. during

.oisture or debris on tissue. &nade(uate impression. cleaning left of in

@. )ough or chalky stone cast.

a. b. c. d.

*3cess water impression.

Aremature removal of cast. $earning cast in impression too long. &mpression not immediately. the paired

=.

istortion

a. b. c. 2=

.ovement of tray during gelation. Aremature removal from

mouth. d. e. &mproper mouth. removal from

/ray held in mouth too long.

De$elo"!ent in al'inate: 1) - stless alginate: .any materials have been formulated which give off little or no dust particles, so avoiding dust inhalation. /his can be achieved by coating the material with a glycol D glycerine. 2) /hromatic alginates: uring the setting reaction, the p' value of the fluid mass changes. -ecause of this, some manufacturers include acidDbase indications in their formulation so that a colour change of the setting mass indicates that a certain point has been reached, usually the point at which the tray should be loaded or inserted into the mouth.

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*) Modi#ied alginate: /he traditional alginate is supplied as powder and water. /here is no reaction until the water is added to the powder to initiate the reaction. /here is yet another modification of this concept. /he two component system may be in the form of two pastes. One certain alginate sol, while the second contain the calcium react or impression materials of this type are said to contain >6D@0? silicone and humeetants to stabili;e. &t is said to be better than water D powder alginate. ,) )ilicone alginates: +lginate modified by the incorporation of silicone polymers have been developed. /here are supplied as two parts which are mi3ed together. /he materials are considered as hybrids of alginates and silicone elastomers but their properties are closely related to more of alginates.

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Ne,t -e co!e to t&e !ost i!"ortant cate'ories of i!"ression !aterial: Elasto!ers or r %%er da! i!"ression !aterials: Con"a(ueous elastomeric dental impression materials as per + + ,p. Co. 16 are li(uid polymers that cross link or polymeri;e with various reagents to become solid elastic rubber at room temperature. /hey are essential in today!s high teeth dental age of metal free ceramics and high precision castings. R %%er i!"ression !aterials: /hree ma8or types of rubber impression materials are used to record dental impressions. /hey are polysulfides, silicones >poly silo3anes? and polyethers. /he silicone type is subdivided into two classes, condensation and addition or vinyl polysilo3ane. Polys lfide: /hese materials are supplied in three consistencies% 1. $ow >syringe or wash?. 2. .edium >regular?. 4. 'igh >tray?.

26

/hese are supplied as two pastes in collapsible when, one labeled base and the other labeled accelerator or catalyst. .ase: " " Aolysulphide polymer F 50"5@E weight. /itanium dio3ide, ;inc sulfate, copper

carbonate or silica F 1="15E weight.

Accelerator: " " " $ead dio3ide F =0"=5E. ibutyl or dioctyl F 40"4@E. ,ulfur F 4E

Other substances such as .agnesium stearate and deodorants F 2E

Pro"erties: 1. /he elastic properties of these rubber impression materials improve with curing time >i.e. the longer the impression can remain in the mouth before removal, the greater the accuracy?.

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2. Aolysulfide ranks as one of the best stiff of elastomeric impression materials. 4. /hey have the highest resistance to tearing >thin sections of polysulfide impression material are less likely to tear than similar thickness of polyether or silicone impression material?. 9. /he stone should be poured immediately because, the impression in the most accurate immediately after removing it from mouth. @. /he + + specification for testing biocompatibility includes dental impression materials, despite the fact that the probability of allergic or to3ic reactions from impression materials or their components is small. =. Aerhaps the most likely elastomer induced biocompatibility problem occurs when a piece of the impression material is left in the gingival sulcus. /he irritation can range from minor to severe. /he radioopacity of the load containing polysulfide materials is an advantage in these situations, as in the materials resistance to tearing.

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7. One way to minimi;e the effects of polymeri;ation shrinkage, less reaction by"product and deformation

associated with distortion is to minimi;e the amount of material that is used to make the impression. /he most accurate polysulfide impression are made by using a custom acrylic tray.

5. /he polysulphide polymer has a molecular weight of 2000 to 7000 with terminal and pendant mercaplan groups. /he terminal and pendant groups of ad8acent molecules are o3idi;ed by the accelerator to produce chain e3tension and crosslinking. /he reaction results in a rapid increase in molecular weight, and the mi3ed part is converted to a rubber. /he weight percent of the filler in the base increases from low medium to high consistencies. /he particle si;e of the filler is about 0.4Jm. +lthough the most common active ingredient in the accelerator is lead dio3ide, some magnesium o3ide may also be present.

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Other o3idi;ing agents such as hydrated copper o3ide or organic pero3ides such as amine hydropero3ide have been used as a substitute for lead dio3ide. Pro"erties: 1. Condensation silicone impression materials are more ideally elastic than polysulfides. /hey e3hibit minimal permanent deformation and recover rapidly when strained. $ike

polysulfides, there materials are not very stiff, which means it is not difficult to remove them from undercuts without distortion. 2. /he viscoelastic characteristics of these materials suggest that they can respond elastically as an viscous li(uids that easily sustain permanent deformation. 4. /ear resistance is low for condensation silicone impression materials. +lthough they do not tear as easily as alginates or agar hydrocolloids, they must be handled carefully to avoid relining a margin of a crown preparation when it is run. 9. /he e3cessive polymeri;ation shrinkage of the condensation silicones re(uires a modification of the impression making

44

techni(ue to produce accurate impressions. + putty"wash techni(ue is used for condensation silicones. @. ,ilicone is one of the most biologically inert materials. =. /he alkyl silicates are slightly unstable, particularly if they are mi3ed with a tin compound to form a single catalyst li(uid. /hus a limited shelf life may result because of o3idation of the tin component within the catalyst. 7. /he condensation silicones are compatible with all gypsum products. II) Silicone R %%er I!"ression !aterials: eveloped to overcome disadvantages of polysulfide material, these are based on silicone technology and are of 2 types% " " Condensation silicones. +ddition silicones.

+vailable in various color and viscosities. Silicones (Polysilo,ane): Condensation silicones are usually supplied in low and putty like consistency. /hese are supplied as base and an accelerator. /he

49

base contains a moderately low molecular weight silicone called a dimethyl silo3ane which have reactive terminal hydro3yl groups. Fillers may be copper carbonate or silica having particle si;e from 2 to 5Jm in concentrations from 4@E to 7@E for low to putty consistencies. /he accelerator may be a li(uid that consists of stannous octoate suspension and alkyl silicate or it may be supplied as a paste. /he reaction proceeds a three dimensional network rubber with the liberation of ethyl alcohol and an e3othermic temperature vice of about 1C. -esides viscosities common to the polysulfides the condensation silicones are also supplied in an e3tremely high viscosity or putty material. /hese materials are used in the putty wash techni(ues. Polyet&ers: Aolyether impression materials are supplied as a medium consistency type in a base and an accelerator tube. /he base is a moderately low molecular weight polyether with ethylene imine rings. Pro"erties: 1. /he polyethers have always been considered the stiffest of the impression materials, e3cluding the high viscosity putties.

4@

,ome of the new formulations of regular or medium"bodied material are actually less stiff. 2. /he pseudoplastic characteristics allows the original single" viscosity materials to be used as both syringe and tray materials. 4. /ear resistance is better than that of the condensation silicone impression materials. 'owever, polyether is more prone to tearing than polysulfide. 9. /he dimensional change of the polyether impression material is small. $ike the addition silicones, polyether have no by" product. @. /he most likely elastomeric induced problem for the patient arises from pieces of the impression materials being left in the sulcus. /he irritation can range from mild to severe. =. ,toring in a cool, dry environment prolongs the shelf life. /he terminal groups. /he catalyst paste contains 2.@"dichloro ben;ine sulfonate as a cross"linking agent, along with a thickening agent. + separate tube contains a thicker that includes actylpindate and about @E methyl cellulose as a thickening agent. /he rubber is

4=

formed by cationic polymeri;ation and opening of imine rings. /he setting reaction is slightly more e3othermic than that of the other rubber impression materials with a temperature rice of about 9C. Addition silicone ("oly $inylsilo,anes): /he addition type is available in low, medium, heavy and very heavy putty consistencies and is also polysilo3ane. /he base contains a moderately low molecular weight polymer with silo3ane >",i"'? groups and filler. /he accelerator >or catalyst? contains a moderately low molecular weight polymer with vinyl terminal groups, pulls filler and chloroplatine acid catalyst. ,everal products contain finely divided palladium or platinum, which absorbs hydrogen. + retarder, a li(uid low molecular weight polymer of the same type as the base polymer is available to e3tend the working and setting time. ,ilicone rubber impression are hydrophobic when mi3es of gypsum products are poured into them. Pro"erties: 1. +s one of the most pseudoplastic impression materials, the effect of increased strain rate on the unset material is (uite pronounced for vinyl polysilo3ane.

47

2. /he resistance to tearing is ade(uate, similar to that of condensation silicone. &f not handled correctly, these materials will fear rather than stretch like polysulfides. 4. Kinyl polysilo3ane impression materials are most

dimensionally stable of all e3isting materials. Co volatile by" product is released to cause the material to shrink. /he base and catalyst putty of addition silicones are mi3ed by hand. &f they are mi3ed by the operator while later gloves are being warm, the setting time is lengthened or the material will not set. ,ulphur compounds used in the vulcani;ation of late3 rubber gloves can migrate to the surface on storage during mi3ing of the two putties, there compounds are incorporated into the mi3 and poison the platinum containing catalyst resulting in retarded or no

polymeri;ation. &n general polysulfides have the longest working time, followed by silicones and polyethers.

45

Comparison of certain characteristics of elastomeric dental impression% Polys lfide .i3ing Flow ,tock *lastic recovery +dvanced Clean up Fair to easy Kariable Fair to good Fair &npleaus ifficulties Condensation silicone Fair to easy :ood Fair Kery good +cceptable *asy Polyet&er *asy :ood :ood Kery good +cceptable *asy Addition silicone *asy :ood Fair to :ood *3cellent +cceptable *asy

Ty"es of fail res: Ty"e 1. )ough or uneven a. premature removal from mouth. b. humidity or temperature 2 -ubbles a. /oo rapid polymeri;ation preventing flow. b. +ir incorporated during mi3ing. /o o rapid polymeri;ation from high Ca se &nc omplete polymeri;ation caused by

surface on impression

46

4.

&rregularly

shaped

a. &nade(uate cleaning of impression. b. *3cess water left on the surface of the impression. c. Aremature removal of cast. d. &mproper manipulation of stone.

voids

9.

istortion

a. $ack of adhesion of rubber to the tray caused by not enough coats of adhesive, filling tray with material too soon after applying adhesive, or using wrong adhesive. b. $ack of mechanical retention for more materials ineffective. c. *3cessive bulk of material. d. .ovement polymeri;ation. of tray during where adhesive is

=.

&mproper

removal

a. Aremature removal from mouth

from mouth Ad$anta'es of t&e elasto!eric i!"ression !aterial: 1. /hey are vary elastic in nature. 2. /hey have good dimensional stability.

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4. /he impression material do not have to be paired within half hour unlike hydrocollides. 9. .ore than one cast can be made successfully within or half hour. @. *3ceptionally smooth dies can be made. =. :um retraction or gingival retraction is not always necessary. 7. +ccuracy is comparable to that of the hydrocollides. /isi%le li'&t c red i!"ression !aterial: &n early 1655, a visible light cured impression material was introduced >:enesis, $. . Caulk?. /his material is available in two viscosities. /he light body material is packed in disposable syringe and the heavy body material is packed in tubes. /his material has e3cellent elasticity and very low dimensional shrinkage upon storage. &t may be poured immediately or upto 2 weeks later. /he material is rigid and it is recommended that severe undercuts should be blocked out to case removal of the impression.

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Mani" lation: Co mi3ing as syringe loading is necessary. /he light body material is syringed into the sulcus, around and over the preparation and portion of the ad8acent teeth. + clear tray is loaded to the full time with heavy body material. +fter the tray is seated in the mouth, both viscosities are cured simultaneously using a visible light curing unit having an 5mm or larger diameter probe. /he curing time is appro3imately 4 minutes. Ad$anta'es: 1. Control over the working time. 2. Curing time is relatively short >4 minutes?. 4. *3cellent clinical, physical and mechanical properties. Disad$anta'es: 1. Ceed for special tray which should be transparent to the visible light received to case the material. 2. &f delay occurs before placement, the material should be stored in a dark place away from light. 4. ifficult to light cure the remote area.

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III) Polyet&ers: &ntroduced in :ermany in late 16=0!s it has good mechanical properties and dimensional stability but is e3pensive. +gain available in different viscosities and a base and accelerator. Co!"osition: Base: Aolyether polymer. Colloidal silica F filler. :lycolether or phthalate F plastici;er. Accelerator: +romatic sulfonate ester F cross linking agents. Colloidal silica"filler. Ahthalate or glycolether F plastici;er C&e!istry and settin' reaction: &t is cured by the reaction between a;inidine rings which are at the end of branched polyether molecule. /he main chain is a copolymer of ethylene o3ide and tetrahydrofuran. Cross linking is via the 94

aromatic sulfonate ester via the imina end gps reaction is e3othermic >9"@C ?. Pro"erties: 1. Aleasant odor and taste. 2. .i3ing time of 40 seconds, setting time of 5.4 minutes. 4. Curing shrinkage is low >0.29E? permanent deformation is also low >1"2E? can absorb water and change dimension. 9. Kery stiff >fle3ibility of 4E? re(uires e3traspacing of upto 9mm. @. /ear strength is good >4000gmDcn2?. =. &t is hydrophilic, so moisture control is not a critical. 'as best compatibility with stone. 7. Can be electroplated with silver and copper. 5. *3cellent shelf tip above 2 years. /he material should not be used with patients with a known always or sensitivity to urethanes, acrylic or methacrylates. I!"ression tec&niq es: /here are two techni(ues%

99

" " a)

.ultiple mi3 techni(ue. )eline techni(ue.

M lti"le !i, tec&niq e: /wo consistencies of material are provided one for use with the

tray and other for use with the syringe type has longer working and setting time, and a greater polymeri;ation shrinkage and thermal contraction. &n the multiple mi3 techni(ue, both the syringe and tray material are used for same impression. /he tray material is usually mi3ed first and filled into the tray to a uniform thickness and set aside. /he syringe material is mi3ed on a separate mi3ing pad, loaded into a syringe and in8ected into the prepared teeth. /he filled tray is then carried to place. %) Reline tec&niq e (" tty0-as& tec&niq e):

'ere a preliminary impression is taken with a putty silicone is a stock impression tray. /his forms a custom made tray in which by cutting away some of the tray silicone or by using thin resin, rubber or wa3 sheet as spaces between the teeth and the silicone. /his area is then filled with a thinner consistency silicone and the tray is repeated into

9@

the mouth for reproduction of sharp angles accurately, a light bodied silicone is in8ected. /he latest techni(ue is mi3ing is the use of automatic spanars and mi3es. /hese consist of a double barrel caulking gun with mi3ing tip. /he tip contains spirals on the inside. Foving of the base and accelerator through these spirals results in mi3ing. +dvantages include improved properties, more uniform mi3, lesser air bubbles and reduced working time. Finally, the impression is removed after chocking is set by providing with a blunt instrument. &t become firm and returns to its original contour. )emoval is done (uickly and is one motion for best result disinfection is done by 10 minutes in 2E glutaraldehyde or 4 minutes in chlorine dio3ide solution, phobe iodophor can also be used. Recent Ad$ances in Elasto!ers: Kisible light cured polyether urethane dimethacrylate% &n early 1655, a visible light cured impression material was introduced >:enesis, $. . Caulk?. +vailable in 2 viscosities F $ight and heavy bodied. Composition%

9=

1. Aolyether urethane dimethacrylate. 2. Ahotoinitiates. 4. Ahoto"accelerators. 9. ,ilicone dio3ide filler. Aroperties% /hey have long working but short setting times. -lue light is used for curing along with transparent impression trays. 'ighest resistance to tearing among the elastomers >tear strength of =000"7@00gmDcm2?. imensional stability, flow, detail reproduction, permanent

deformation, wettability, compatibility with cast materials and electroforming is similar to addition silicones. /he material is rigid and severe undercuts should be blocked to ease impression removal. .anipulation% $ight body is syringed into the sulcus and over the preparation while heavy body is loaded onto the clear tray and seated over the light body. -oth are simultaneously cured with a visible light curing unit having an 5mm or larger diameter probe. Curing time is appro3imately 4 minutes. +dvantages include F Controlled working time. *3cellent properties. 97

isadvantages includeL 1. Ceed for special transparent trays. 2. ifficult to cure in remote areas.

&t is contraindicated in patients with a known allergy or sensitivity to wethers, acrylics or methacrylates. $astly, we come to the inelastic impression materials F due to this limited use in operative dentistry, we shall have a brief overview of those% 1. &mpression plaster F /ype & gypsum i.e. calcium sulfate with modifier was used earlier but is really used now. &t is brittle and rigid. &t may be used as a final or wash impression in complete denture prosthesis. 2. &mpression compound or modeling plastic F + thermoplastic material, it is used primarily for edentulous complete denture primary impression and for single tooth tube impression with a copper band, greenstick compound, a type of impression compound is used for border moulding. &t is composed of thermoplastic resins, copal resins, carnauba wa3, steam acid, talu, coloring agents and fillers along with plastici;ers.

95

/he compound softens at 46C>glass transition? and is manipulate at 94.@C >fusion temperature?. &t can be softened over a flame or in warm water. &t is then baded on to tray and binding seated till rigid. imensional stability is less with distortions occurring and surface details reproduction is comparatively less. Casts should be poured immediately. +dvantages include repeated cure and reparability. isadvantages

include distortions and difficult manipulation as well as rigidity. 4? Binc o3ide eugenol pastes% +vailable as 2 pastes, composition is as follows% -ase paste Binc o3ide F 57E +ccelerator Oil of cloves or eugenol F 12E

Fi3ed vegetable or mi3ed oil F :um or polymeri;ed resin F @0E 14E Filter >silica type? F 20E $asolin F 4E )esinous bulsam F 10E +ccelerator solution >CaCl2? F @E Coloring agents. ,etting reaction is an acid base reaction forming ;inc eugenolate. Final setting range from 10"1@ minutes.

96

.anipulate F e(ual length are dispersed, mi3ed (uickly >1 minute mi3ing time? and loaded onto the tray, seated till set and removed. +dvantages include good accuracy, dimensional stability and compatability with casts. isadvantages include re(uirement of

special tray, burning reaction of eugenol and inability register undercuts. Con eugenol pastes have been developed to overcome eugenol initiation by adding carbo3ylic acids like orthoetching ben;oic acid. /hey can also be used as bite registration pastes. 9? $astly, a material not brief an impression material but used as such inlay wa3 used in direct or indirect techni(ues to record single tooth impressions. &t has type & and && and is composed of paraffin wa3, gum damer, canaculi were and coloring agents. Candidia wa3, natural resins and other wa3ed are also added. /he wa3 softens at about 90"9@C and flows at @=C or higher and vapori;es at @00C. it is heat flamed, softened and manipulated as desired, and invested immediately to avoid distortion.

CONCLUSION:

@0

/he famous saying goes 0/he first impression is the best impression1. /hat should also be the endeavor of every dental surgeon. )eali;ing that a restoration or prosthesis can only be as good as the preparation and the impression will encourage dentists to master the art and science of impression making and recording. /his can only be fulfilled by having an indepth information of material science and unraveling their intricacies as well as being update on the driving technologies and techni(ues governing those materials. Only this holistic knowledge will enable clinicians deliver ideal dental care and 0impress1 the patient.

@1

.i%lio'ra"&y: 1. Ahilipps ,cience of 2. )estorative 4. .aterials in ental .aterials.

ental .aterials F Craig. entistry F Gack $. Ferracane.

9. -asic dental material F Gohn G. .anappallil. @. Cotes on dental materials F C. Combe. =. ental materials. F )ichard Kan Coort.

@2