The Use of Paraloid B-72 as an Adhesive: Its Application for Archaeological Ceramics and Other Materials Author(s): Stephen

P. Koob Source: Studies in Conservation, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Feb., 1986), pp. 7-14 Published by: International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1505954 Accessed: 21/03/2009 09:20
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THE USE OF PARALOID B-72 AS AN ADHESIVE: ITS APPLICATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMICS AND OTHER MATERIALS Stephen P. Koob

of Paralandapplication Abstract-Theproperpreparation oid B-72 make it an excellentadhesivefor archaeological of the prinAn understanding andothermaterials. ceramics of to the successful is essential application ciplesof adhesion solventadhesives. 1 Introduction The need for a stable and suitable general purpose adhesive for archaeological ceramics has long been an issue of controversy and concern to the conservator. Paraloid B-72 is one of the most stable thermoplastic resins available to the conservator, but until recently has only been considered suitable as a consolidant. The reasons for this exclusion can be attributed, in part, to the traditional easy-to-use commercially prepared adhesives (based primarily on cellulose nitrate or polyvinyl acetate), as well as the difficulties in manipulating the workability and application of the acrylic resins as adhesives. Some of the criticisms often cited against the use of Paraloid B-72 and other acrylic resins include stringiness, poor adhesion, low tack and long setting-times. Although these criticisms at first may seem to be justified, a closer examination and understanding of the problems indicate that all of these properties can be controlled by proper preparation and application. 2 Properties of Paraloid B-72 and its suitability as an adhesive
Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of Paraloid B-72 Glass transition temperature (Tg) 40?C

erate heat), transparency, mechanical resistance and reversibility. The strength of B-72 is well suited to an adhesive, and it is compatible with a wide variety of materials. Rohm and Haas [2] recommends B-72 for its excellent adhesion to glass, and for coatings over plastics, metals, wood, masonry and cloth, as well as for barrier and top coats, and finishings for metals (furniture, cabinets and automotive lacquers). The physical and chemical properties of the resin are listed in Table 1 [1, 2].

Figure 1 Failure of cellulose nitrate adhesiveand damage to adherendsurfaces.

UltimateTukonhardness (KHN) Swardrockerhardness Pencilhardness Solubilityparameter Viscosity(cps at 25?C,40% solids solution) in acetone in toluene

10-11 80 H 9.3 200 590

The chemical properties and stability of B-72 are well known [1, 2] and it displays the properties most desired of a general-purpose adhesive: stability (resistance to oxidation, light, hydrolysis and modReceived 30 April 1985 Studies in Conservation31 (1986) 7-14

Although B-72 was designed by Rohm and Haas primarily as a surface coating and vehicle for flexographic inks, it has been used extensively in conservation as a consolidant, surface coating, and more recently as an adhesive for glass [2, 3]. The advantages that it presents over the polyvinyl acetate resins include strength and hardness without brittleness, and a higher glass transition temperature(B-72 has a Tg of 40?C, PVA AYAT 28?C). Because of its higher Tg it has less of a tendency to cold flow. B-72 is not as hard (Tukon hardness 10-11) or as brittle as many of the adhesives previously used on archaeological ceramics (e.g. shellac, animal glue, cellulose nitrate), and it will tolerate stress and strain on a join better than the harder, more rigid and inflexible adhesives. The question of adhesive strength requirementswill vary from object to object, and the resulting bond-strength will
7

P. Koob Stephen be affected by a variety of factors [4]. Too often an adhesive is chosen which is too strong for the task at hand and damage to the object results when the join fails and the adhesive pulls away the surface of the object (Figure 1). Paraloid B-72 demonstrates a moderate hardness that is suitable for application on a variety of materials. There is a direct relationship between the mechanical properties of bonding, tensile strength, resistance to tear and abrasion, and the molecular weight or degree of polymerization of a linear polymer [5], and B-72 provides excellent mechanical properties and hardness without the brittleness and other disadvantages of higher molecular weight resins [1, 2]. With proper preparation and application it provides more than adequate strength for general purpose adhesive applications (Figures 2, 3).

LI
Figure3 Pennies joinedby the edge withB-72, supporting 295g weight. of an adhesive. The acrylic resins are known to have slow solvent-release, and the proper choice of solvent and solids content are necessary to achieve a suitable workability. In addition, these factors influence the wettability of the adhesive, its tack or 'open time', and setting time. If the evaporation of the solvent is too fast or the solids content too high, the adhesive will not have a long enough open time or bonding range in which to develop tack and form a strong and continuous film. Too slow an evaporation rate will result in too long an open time, and although the wettability will be improved, tack will be reduced and the adhesive will have an unnecessarily long setting-time. Too 2 Glassslides withB-72,supporting low a solids content may result in adhesive starvation Figure joinedend-to-end 295g weight. in the bond-line causing undue stress on the adherend and a poor bond. 3 Preparation of B-72 as an adhesive In order to produce an adhesive with excellent working properties certain requirements must be fulfilled. The choice of solvent(s), amount of solids content, use of additives and method of application are all important factors to be considered in the preparation 8 3.1 Choice of solvent(s) Experimentation using Paraloid B-72 and various solvents and combinations of solvents proved acetone, by itself, to be the most suitable solvent. Acetone provides the fast solvent-release needed for the successful application of an acrylic adhesive, and is also the least toxic among the commonly used solvents. Studiesin Conservation 31 (1986)7-14

Theuse of Paraloid B-72 as an adhesive Slower evaporating solvents such as toluene, xylene or mixtures including acetone and diacetone alcohol were rejected because of the resulting very slow solvent-release and extremely long setting-times. Toluene and slower evaporating solvents are also retained by B-72 for very long periods; thick films on glass slides dried at room temperature remained soft for 3-4 weeks. Moreover, the toxicities of toluene, xylene and diacetone alcohol make them unsuitable for regular use. Ethanol is compatible with Paraloid B-72 [2], and may be added to form a slower-setting adhesive. Mixtures containing up to 40% ethanol are usable and are advantageous for the use of B-72 in hot climates (e.g. in the field). Solutions containing over 40% ethanol were found to have poorer tack and too long a setting time. 3.2 Additives Paraloid B-72 does not require the additon of plasticizers or stabilizers to modify its mechanical properties and naturally provides suitable adhesive, cohesive and tensile strengths. Fumed colloidal silica (Cab-o-sil or Santocel) can be added to improve the rheological

theadhesive intoplainalumiFigure5 Pouring preparation numtubes. properties of the adhesive, but is only recommended in very small amounts (0-1% by weight). Largerquantities of fumed silica were found to provide little or no improvement in workability, and the preparation of thixotropic mixtures as suggested by Byre [6] resulted in very poor and brittle adhesive bonds. In addition to controlling the flow of the adhesive, a small amount of fumed silica will better distribute any stress or strain incurredduring the solvent evaporation and setting of the adhesive film. 3.3 Solids content A solids content of 1:1 by weight (B-72:acetone) was found to provide optimum workability and resulted in an adhesive with excellent tack and a quick settingtime. This equates approximately to an 87-5% solution (w/v), which is considerably higher than the previous suggestions for acrylics [6, 7], or for adhesives based on polyvinyl acetate or cellulose nitrate [8, 9]. This ratio still provides a free-flowing adhesive because of B-72's very low viscosity in acetone. It also reduces the need to introduce a large amount of adhesive into the join and therefore lessens the stress which 9

B-72suspended in a gauzebag. Figure4 Paraloid 31 (1986)7-14 Studiesin Conservation

P. Koob Stephen holds approximately 20g of adhesive and the larger tube, 30g.

.~~~~~~~~~~~NI

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
f$B 7-s

K..,

.1

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.. .

..... ... ......

-.

:?:.?::.I;::.% .:,::. :?;?::??.?:? ;?;?;??:?..:..?,: i:?ii:i%iiiiiS:;;i;jis:i?:. ,:,.??; i:;l?j8:iiiiiafiiibiiiii: ?:'"'?''I! :"?'"?':'

6 Plainaluminum tubes,withnasaltipsandsolventFigure proofcaps. will be caused by loss of solvent and shrinkage during setting. The proportions should not be altered if ethanol is added since acetone and ethanol have almost identical densities [10]. 3.4 Preparationprocedure 1:1 Paraloid B-72:acetone (with 0 1% fumed silica) Since it is difficult to dissolve such a high percentage of resin directly into solvent, it is suggested that twice the amount of acetone is used to start with and the solution is then evaporated down to 1:1 by weight. Weigh out 100g of acetone in a solvent-proof screwtop beaker or jar and stir in 0 g of fumed colloidal silica (approximately one level teaspoon). Add 50g of Paraloid B-72 suspended in a cotton or gauze 'bag' (Figure 4), and close the lid tightly. Once the resin has completely dissolved (1-2 hours at room temperature, if the solution is occasionally agitated), the lid is removed and the container with solution weighed. The container is then left without the lid in a fume cupboard until 50g of acetone have evaporated and a 1:1 proportion of resin:solvent is obtained. The adhesive preparation is now ready to be poured into tubes (see Section 4.1 and Figure 5). Larger quantities may be produced at one time; the above directions will produce 100g of adhesive. The small tube in Figure 6 beforetesting. Figure7 Samples 3.5 Strength experiments using Paraloid B-72 A simple tensile test was set up using glass slides and the following materials as adhesives (Figure 7): Paraloid B-72 (1:1 in acetone with 0-1% Cab-o-sil) PVA AYAF (40% in acetone) PVA AYAF (40% in acetone with 0-1% Cab-o-sil) Duco Cement (cellulose nitrate) The slides were stuck end-to-endand mounted vertically so that weights could be suspended from the bottom of the sides (see Figure 2). Six sets of slides were made for each adhesive, three to be tested after 24 hours, and three after 72 hours. The results are listed in Table 2. Paraloid B-72 demonstrated the strongest bonds and best tensile strength of the adhesives tested. The results using PVA AYAF with Cab-o-sil were similar to B-72 but there was a noticeable difference using PVA AYAF without Cab-o-sil. The results using Duco Cement were very poor. This adhesive had a very quick setting time but after 24 hours did not show much strength; after 72 hours the joins fell apart during handling. The bond strength increased dramatically in the sample sets which were allowed to dry for 72 hours. All the bond failures were cohesive; no damage was caused to the glass.

evaluation Table2 Strength (weightsare in grams) experiments Adhesive Duco Cement PVA AYAF PVA AYAF (Cab-o-sil) B-72
10

Set no. 1 24 hrs 0 145 295 610

Set no. 2 72 hrs 0 1405 1550 1550

Set no. 3 24 hrs 0 0 295 295

Set no. 4 72 hrs 0 1110 1550 1405

Set no. 5 24 hrs 0 295 295 295

Set no. 6 72 hrs 0 1550 1700 2875

31 (1986)7-14 Studiesin Conservation

Theuse of Paraloid B-72 as an adhesive 4 Application of Paraloid B-72 improvements in adhesion and the strengthening of porous substrates. It also reduces the amount of adhesive required to form a strong and effective bond. Secondly, priming makes the substrate or adherend more compatible with the adhesive by interacting between the substrate and the adhesive. This results in improved adhesion and the formation of a stronger and more uniform bond. In addition to the improvements in application and adhesion, priming strengthens and protects the adherend surfaces as well as allowing any stress or strain on an object to be more evenly distributed. Priming is of particular importance when the materials to be joined are very porous and the adhesive is solvent-based (commercial adhesives likewise suggest priming or the application of a first coat on porous substrates [12]). Most archaeological ceramics fall into this category and an assessment of the strength and structural body of the ceramic should always be undertaken before any attempt is made to assemble any fragments. Failure to ensure that the substrate is sealed may result in a weaker or unequal bond being formed, and possible subsequent damage to an object. Paraloid B-72 is ideal for priming, particularly when it is also to be used as the adhesive. It is used in a 5-10% solution in acetone and applied by brush to the edges of the fragments to be joined. Several coats may be necessary for very porous substrates, but one application should be sufficient for substrates with a low porosity. Non-porous substrates do not require priming because these materials are naturally 'sealed' and do not cause premature loss of solvent during the application of the adhesive. Some examples of materials in this category are china, porcelain, glass, metals, and non-porous stone (dense marble, flint, obsidian). In general, these materials are strong and do not require the strengthening or protection of a priming coat. Broken fragments may be joined directly. Priming is not a substitute for consolidation, and friable or flaking substrates will require further attention (Section 4.4). 4.3 Application of Paraloid B-72 on ceramics Fragments to be joined should be clean, free of dirt and grease, primed and dry. The edges of the fragments should not be pre-wetted with solvent as this may result in a weak or ineffective join as a result of too much adhesive being squeezed out when pressure is applied. The adhesive is applied in a thin, uniform line along the center of one of the edges of the pieces to be joined and the pieces are brought together. Immediately after the fragments are mated, they are quickly pulled apart, to check that sufficient adhesive has been applied and has evenly and completely wetted both surfaces. This is only a brief period, of two-three 11

The method of application can affect the bonding efficiency almost as much as the type and preparation of adhesive. The application of Paraloid B-72 from a collapsible tube solves many of the problems generally encountered with the use of acrylic resin solutions applied by brush or on a cocktail stick (dipped into solution from a jar). The adhesive may be prepared with a higher solids/solvent ratio (Section 3.4) which provides for better workability, less shrinkage, and consequently less stress in the adhesive bond. The solvent supply does not have to be replenished as long as the tube is kept closed between uses, and the adhesive can be applied easier, faster, and more effectively. The adhesive is also better controlled, less stringy and more evenly applied, which results in a stronger and more uniform bond. Finally, there is less of a mess, and the conservator can concentrate more on the work at hand than on the cleanup afterwards. 4.1 Tubes Plain aluminum tubes are readily available in a variety of sizes and with narrow nasal tips and solvent-proof caps (Figure 6). Although tubes with larger openings are available, the nasal tips offer better control and application of the adhesive. The tubes are easy to fill and-close, are collapsible, disposable, and inexpensive. They should be filled to a maximum of two-thirds (Figure 5), to allow for the closing of the end. The end is simply squeezed together, flattened, and folded over tightly three or four times. The end may be crimped using a pair of pliers (Figure 8) to ensure a good seal and to prevent solvent loss or adhesive leakage. 4.2 Priming the substrate Any introduction to the principles of adhesion almost always starts with a discussion of priming or sealing the substrate. Priming the substrate achieves several purposes [11], most important of which are

ends. Figure8 Filledtubes,withcrimped 31 (1986)7-14 Studiesin Conservation

P. Koob Stephen

seconds,but it also allowsthe solventto beginevaporatingfrom the adhesive.This initialevaporationof thesolventis essential to obtainmaximum tackandto frombeingsqueezed out of too muchadhesive prevent as too the join. Too little adhesiveis as detrimental much.If and wherenecessary, more adhesiveshould are rejoined be added,afterwhichthe fragments and is now appliedto correctly positioned.Evenpressure the fragments to ensurea close bond and to squeeze out surplus adhesive. Because of B-72'sexcellent tack, the fragmentsneed only be held for 10-20 seconds (longerfor largerpieces),at whichpoint they can be set down,balanced so thatthe weightof one fragment (usually the smaller)is evenly distributedover the bottom fragment. The joined fragmentsare now in this balanced propped position,againstan immovable object, or in a dish-rackor sand-tray.Tension or complitapeis oftenusefulto holdlargefragments catedjoins in position. Afterone-two minutes,the excessadhesivecan be cleanedoff usinga cotton swab or soft brushwetted withacetone,or leftuntilthe bondhascompletely set. The advantagesof cleaningbeforethe B-72 has set hard are that the cleanuprequiresless solvent and for accuracy, time,andthejoin mayalso be examined undera binocularmicroscope. preferably If the fragments havenot set properly, theymaybe

at this pointby thejudiciousapplicaeasilyrealigned tion of more acetone(by brush)along the join. Too little solventwill not softenthe bond, and too much solventwill loosen the join completely. Patienceand arethe best guides.Afterthe bond has set experience hardit may require packingwithcotton wool soaked with solvent, or complete immersionin solvent to loosen it. A good join will not come apart easily (Figure9).
4.3.1

An alternative to the use of solventto adjusta join is to take advantageof B-72's thermoplasticity and apply gentle heat to the join. After a few minutes undera desk lampor hairdryer,the resinsoftensby beingheatedaboveits Tg, and the fragments may be realignedand held in position until the resin has cooled and reset.This is particularly usefulwherean excessof adhesivehas been intentionally introduced into a join because the fragments havebeendamaged by previoussandingor scoringof the edges.In these casesrealignment is oftennecessary becausetheedges do not fit tightlyand the application of solventwould softenthejoin too much.This property may only be usedif the objectbeingrepaired can withstand gentle heat.
4.3.2 Smallflakes

Thermoplasticity

N,

Whenit is necessary to attachsmallflakes,chips,or sliversof glaze, a microscopeshould be used along with the followingprocedure. A smalldrop of adhesiveis placedon thejoin surface and the adhesive is then thinnedby touchingthe area with a brushwettedwith acetone.The flake is then carefullypositionedand lightlypressedinto its finalposition.In thismanner a good bondis obtained with no excess adhesivein the join. Care should be takennot to applytoo muchsolventor the adhesive will be completely dissolvedout of the join.
4.3.3 Stress cracks

7
* N:i

I
I
m

Stress cracks in ceramicscan be strengthenedor joined (if the fragmentsare not too far apart) by drippingor injectingthe adhesive,suitablythinned, with a syringeinto the crack. After waiting a few minutesto permitinitialevaporation of the solvent, is appliedacrossthejoin by meansof tension pressure tape or the use of an elastic band (if the object is whole) of suitable size and strength.The adhesive shouldbe left to dry completely, 24 hours preferably for large cracks, before the tape or elastic band is removed.
4.4 Friable or weak ceramics

9 Largeblack-figure Figure (57cmhigh),restored of the strengthof the ceramicshouldbe undertaken amphora beforeany fragments B-72 as the adhesive. areassembled. Friableceramics usingParaloid 12 Studiesin Conservation 31 (1986)7-14

As mentionedin Section4.2, a detailedexamination

The use of Paraloid B-72 as an adhesive

and soft terracottas may require complete consolidation before any joining can safely be undertaken. With these materials it is often preferable to consolidate the entire fragments rather than sealing or priming the edges. Priming will improve the adhesive bond but stress or strain on the join may later result in damage. Although the bond itself may not separate, the weaker unconsolidated ceramic will fractureat the interface of the consolidated and unconsolidated areas. It should be remembered that the strength of any adhesive bond is only as strong as its weakest member [13]. Paraloid B-72 is recommended as the consolidant for weak and friable ceramics, applied in toluene or acetone. The fragments should be completely dry before any assembly is undertaken. 4.5 Non-porous ceramics Non-porous ceramics require special handling once the fragments have been joined together using B-72. It will be necessary to tape or hold fragments in position for a much longer period than is necessary with rougher porous materials. The two factors which need to be considered are the solvent escape from the adhesive and the smaller surface area to which the adhesive is bonding. Glassy materials such as china and porcelain, by their very nature, have relatively smooth edges and less surface area when compared to the broken edges of an earthenwarevessel. In all instances solvent will evaporate from every available surface, but it is noticeably slower from a dense, non-porous join. In porous ceramics it is advantageous that priming or sealing the substrate retards the evaporation rate but the opposite is desirable for non-porous materials. With non-porous ceramics the solvent is unable to excape from within the substrate and will escape primarily along both sides of the adhesive line. The solvent evaporation rate and setting time of the adhesive will vary considerably from object to object and are governed by the ambient conditions, thickness of the join, and properties of the materials being joined. Assembled fragments should not be handled until the adhesive has set completely. Very thin china or porcelain may be handled in 5-10 minutes; very thick fragments in two-three hours. Figure 10 shows a china plate which was joined using B-72. The adhesive had set sufficiently in one hour for the plate to be laid flat; the plate could not be pulled apart (by two people) after 24 hours. Adhesive tests (Table 2 and Section 3.5) using glass slides showed that B-72 was stronger than either PVA AYAF or Duco Cement (cellulose nitrate). The reopening of a joint, as mentioned in Section 4.3, is effective in controlling the initial solvent evaporation of the adhesive, and can be used to most advantage when adhering non-porous ceramics. The fragments should be kept apart as long as possible, but not beyond the open time or effective bonding range of the 31 (1986)7-14 Studiesin Conservation

adhesive. Otherwise too much solvent will have evaporated and the adhesive will not have enough tack to bond effectively.

fd

"rt~\.'

.......... -

nitrate (top) and joined using B-72 (bottom).

joined with cellulose Figure 10 China plate, previously

Other archaeological materials

The approach to joining other archaeological materials is similar to that of ceramics. Materials in a friable condition will require consolidation before joining, and porous materials such as ivory, bone, porous stone and corroded metals should be primed. Nonporous materials such as metals, stone and glass may be joined directly. For very thin glass or thin metals it may be desirable to assemble the joins first with tape and drip a thinner solution of adhesive along the join, where it will be taken into the join by capillary action. Difficulty may be encountered with the fast solvent evaporation (of acetone) which will increase the viscosity of the adhesive and impede penetration. In these circumstances it may be necessary to thin the 13

Stephen P. Koob

adhesive continuously with solvent during application or, alternatively, to choose a slower evaporating solvent or solvent mixture. 6 Conclusions

Paraloid B-72 has achieved widespread recognition as a stable and dependable consolidant and has found a place in almost every conservation laboratory. It also makes an excellent adhesive which is strong and tough without being brittle and is suitable for use on a wide variety of materials. The difficultiesin workability can easily be overcome by proper preparation and application and, if used correctly and adjusted as needed, it will satisfy a majority of conservators' general needs. Suppliers of materials PA B-72:RohmandHaasCompany, Paraloid Philadelphia, 19105,USA. 125HighStreet,Boston,MA CabotCorporation, Cab-o-sil: 02110,USA. Santocel(silica aerogel):Frank W. Joel Ltd, Oldmedow Road, HardwickIndustrialEstate,King's Lynn, Norfolk PE304HH, UK. 4th andTownstubes:Teledyne Plainaluminum Packaging, PA 19016,USA. end Streets,P.O. Box 640, Chester, 270 ParkAvePVA AYAF: Union CarbideCorporation, nue, New York,NY 10017,USA. References in use R. L., 'Thermoplastic 1 FELLER, currently polymers as protectivecoatings and potentialdirectionsfor ICCMBulletin10 (1984)5-18. further research',
2 Acrylic ThermoplasticAcrylic Ester Resins, Rohm and T. H. JR., 'In situ repair of architectural glass' 3 TAYLOR, in Adhesives and Consolidants, IIC, London (1984)

H. F., 'Cohesive and adhesive 5 MARK, of polystrength mers,Part 1', Adhesives Age 22 (1979)35-38. 6 BYRNE, G. S., 'Adhesive formulations by manipulated theaddition of fumed colloidal silica'in Adhesives and Consolidants, IIC, London(1984)78-80. 7 SNOW, C. E., andWEISSER, T. D., 'Theexamination and treatment of ivoryandrelated in Adhesives materials' andConsolidants, IIC, London(1984) 141-145. 8 MIBACH, E. T. G., 'The restoration of coarsearchaeological ceramics' in Conservationin Archaeologyand the Applied Arts, IIC, London (1975) 55-61. 9 DOWMAN, E. A., Conservation in Field Archaeology, 10 WEAST, R. C., (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and

Methuen& Co Ltd, London(1970)71-72.

Physics,CRC Press Inc., Florida, USA, 59th edn (1978-79)C-296,C-461.

11 HOUWINK, R., and SALOMON, G., (eds.), Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume2, Applications, 2nd edn, Elsevier

Co., London(1967)9. Publishing 12 H. M. G. Heat and Waterproof H. Marcel Adhesive, GuestLtd, Collyhurst, Manchester 9, England.
13 SKEIST, I., (ed.), Handbook of Adhesives, 2nd edn, Van

NostrandReinholdCompany, New York (1977)11.

1976, IndianaUniversity,BloomingtonIN, USA; BSc in Conservation,1980, Institute of ArchaeArchaeological of the Agora ology, Universityof London. Conservator Excavations and Collections, American Schoolof Classical as Studies, Athens,Greece,since 1980.Currently employed conservator at the FreerGalleryof Art. Author's address: FreerGalleryof Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. Resum---La preparationet l'applicationappropri6edu B-72en faitunexcellent Paraloid adh6sif pourlesceramiques et les autresmateriaux. On montrequ'ilest archeologiques decomprendre lesprincipes de l'adh6sion indispensable pour un usagesatisfaisant des adh6sifs en solution. Auszug-Die ordnungsgemlBe Zubereitung und von ParaloidB-72 machenes zu einem ausAufbringung Klebstofffur archiologischeKeramiken und gezeichneten andere Materialien.Ein Verstandnisder Prinzipiender Adhasion ist fur die erfolgreiche Aufbringung von wesentlich. Losungsmittelklebern

P. KOOB, STEPHEN born 1951,MA in Classical Archaeology,

Haas Company, PA, USA (1983). Philadelphia

202-204. andconsoli4 BRADLEY, S., 'Strength testingof adhesives and dants for conservation purposes'in Adhesives Consolidants, IIC, London(1984)22-24.

14

Studies in Conservation31 (1986) 7-14