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r r B d s = I 0 enc
Imagine a wire connected to a charging or discharging capacitor. The area in the Amperian loop could be stretched into the open region of the capacitor. In this case there would be current passing p g through g the loop, p but not through g the area bounded by the loop.
If Amperes Law still holds, there must be a magnetic field generated by the changing E-field E field between the plates. This induced B-field makes it look like there is a current (call it the displacement current) passing through the plates.
H = J
qev 0 J = t
J = ( H ) = 0
!!!!!!!!!!!
D H = J c + t
conduction d i current density displacement current density
J c + ( D ) = ( H ) = 0 t
qev
Displacement p Current
Amperes law can be written as
H = J c + J d
where
D Jd = = displaceme nt current density (A/m 2 ) t
A
z=d z=0
ic id
+
v (t ) = V0 cos t
A
d
V0 sin t
conduction current in wire
dv = CV0 sin t = C = Ic dt
= E0 = E0
Therefore
J c max Jd
max
The value of the quantity / at a specified q y determines the p properties p of the frequency medium at that given frequency. In a metallic conductor conductor, the displacement current is negligible below optical frequencies. In free space (or other perfect dielectric), the conduction current is zero and only displacement current can exist.
good conductor
10 10 10 10 10
-1
-2
-3
good insulator
-4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Complex Permittivity
In a good insulator, the conduction current (due y negligible. g g to non-zero ) is usually However, at high frequencies, the rapidly varying electric field has to do work against molecular forces in alternately polarizing the bound electrons. electrons The result is that P is not necessarily in phase with E, and the electric susceptibility susceptibility, and hence the dielectric constant, are complex.
c = j
S Substituting b i i the h complex l di dielectric l i constant into the differential frequency-domain form of Amperes law, we have
H = E + j E +
tan = =
Example