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THE
CARPENTER'S AND BUILDER'S
ASSISTANT,
AND
Wood Worker's
GUIDE.
BY LUCIUS
D.
GOULD,
NE W YORK:
-A.. J-.
:o I
o i^ nsr
ij Hi
cfe?
oo
1874.
EIBRARY
in the
year 1874, by
LUCIUS
D.
GOULD,
PREFACE.
Several 3^ears
I first
published the
House
some seven-
copies,
is
work
now
The
to revise the
make room
in
for additional
in
order to fur-
difficult
roofs
for cutting
to a 'perpen-
they are
connected with
for finding
the form
of the raking
mould, for a
mould
at
the mitreing
rules, the
adhesion of
nails,
and glue.
platform
and
which
will
And
to all this
is
added a
practical
when
the
diameter
is
given.
little
this kind is
needed by
and
builders,
who
PREFACE.
called
upon
to perform.
Many
men, that
this
volume
it
be the means of
we have
the
articles
and
Plate
Fiji. 1.
1.
Fi6.3
A
\/
4H
4H
1
{
Fig
Fig. 4.
5.
y^
'^^U-
^-^.-
Fig.
\^
Vx.
7.
LA
'\A
:j
CARPENTRY.
Carpentry
is
construction of buildings.
To
them
The
art of
to increase their
called framing.
The form of
the load which
designed to carry.
is
it is
by short beams or
joists.
is
collected at
framing
may
be more obvious,
let
us suppose
all
the parts
a single
for
beam, which
purpose.
in
a solid
the
PLATE
E
1.
;^and
let
the
tri-
and
A E and A F till they make close joints at E and F, and increase their lengths till they form a frame or truss, as
represented at Fig.
2.
CARPENTliY.
the drawing.
double the depth of the beam, the strength of the frame will
be a
little
beam.
beam
will
beam would bend under the same weight. To render the strength more equal and to
tween the inclining ones,
as
shown at Fig 3 but if a greater weight be placed at G than at H, there will be a tendency to spring upwards at H and inwards at A, which may be effectually prevented by the suspension rod A A, as shown
;
in the
It
same
is
figure.
now remains
to
a piece of
to
timber
increased by forming
into a truss
and
have a
Let
A.
we make
the
AB
On
the contrary,
if
5,
less.
The advantage
us
proceed to explain
how
the strain
on any part
may
be
measured.
To
two
frames, etc.
posts
Let
AB and B
The
pressure
But
if
7,
the pressure on
CARPENTRY.
each post will be increased in the same proportion as
length
that
is,
its
is
when
A F is
its
it
double
length
A
is
the direction of
beam.
Hence
is
is
as
many
times half
Therefore,
A C is contained
in
F.
the depth
be ten
feet,
AF
supported by
prevented by proper
foot
The
force with
which the
to half the
B, as
F tends F C is
if
to slide
to
C.
Therefore,
when F C
equal to
out
is
and
FC
be ten
times
of
from
spreading.
and by
settling
it
becomes
flat
strain.
In a
much
PROBLEMS
PLATE
To form an
Ellipsis hy
2.
:
means of a cord
Let
G
A B
equal
the
D C
the sliortest
ellipse.
Make C F and C
B, which
is
At
points
and
shall reach
CF
ellipsis.
Figure
and
2.
heing given to
B C
From
as
a centre, with
it
B C
and divide
1, 2,
draw the
BD
and
BE
indefinitely
CB
B
3,
D, cutting the
line
line
BD
perpendicular
C,
draw the
of the lines
circle
BCD,
3.
C E, join 3, 1, and at the intersection 1 and C E will be the centre to describe the join C D, etc., and the figure will be etc.
;
complete.
FiouKE
figure
To describe the false ellipsis^ or an elliptical hy means of circular arcs : Let A B be the length
and
line
centre of the
the line
CF
indefinitely
lines will
Figure
circle
To
inscribe
an
from
arc
the point
C A,
describe
tlie
Plato 2
Fid.
I-i^.l
P3
PKOBLEMS.
DAE;
Figure
square:
join
D,
B E
and
E, then
D B E
is
the
equilateral-triangle required.
5.
To
describe
as a radius, describe
the square, the arcs cutting the centre and sides of the square.
the circle as
Describe Figure h.^-To inscribe a Polygon of six sides shown from the points A B with the same
of intersection by the
chords as shown
polygon
will be obtained.
10
PROBLEMS.
PLATE
Exhibits a plan of groin
3.
brick
or
11 of the lesser
opening between
two adjacent
the
arc A
A GH
divide
;
in
drop
angles to
1, 2,
A
;
G,
diagonal lines I
in
the points
etc.,
lines I
2 2,
etc.,
AG
the curve lines for the intersecting ribs, over the lines I
and
M as shown
Figure 2
Shows
intersecting rib,
method of forming the curves tor the by using a cord as shown at Fig. 1, Plate 2.
TABLE
Showing
tlie leno^tl
1
is
given, also
when
given.
i
RUN.
BRACK.
BRACK.
RUN.
2
1
ft.
ft.
2 2 2 3 3
3
in.
ft.
6
9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3
6 9
in.
in.
ft.
ft.
ft.
in.
in.
3
i
in.
4 4
in.
4 4
5
in.
in.
ft.
5 5
ft.
ft.
ft.
in.
in. in.
5 6
ft.
ft. ft.
ft.
6 6
6
7 7 7
7
in. in.
in.
ft. ft.
3 6 9
in.
ft.
ft.
in. in.
ft.
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
2 2 2
ft. ft.
in.
ft.
ft. ft. ft.
6 9 3 6 9
in.
in.
2 3
3
in.
3 3
ft.
in. in.
ft.
ft.
4
4
ft.
ft.
3 in.
4 4
5
5
6
9
3
in.
ft.
ft.
in.
ft.
ft.
in.
5 5
6 in.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
in.
6
6
3
3
in. in.
in.
6
6
7 7 7
7
ft. ft.
9
3 6 9
ft.
ft.
ft.
in. in.
in.
ft.
2.8284 3.1819 3.5749 3.8903 4.2426 4.5961 4.9497 5.3141 5.6568 6.0103 6.3639 6.7162 7.0705 7.4246 7.7781 8.1317 8.4852 8.8388 9.1923 9.5459 9.9000 10.2412 10.8863 10.9181 11.3132
2 2
2 2
ft.
1.4142x1.4142
3 6
in.
in.
ft.
ft.
ft. ft.
9 in. 3
3 3 3 3
2.1213x2.1213
in.
in.
ft.
ft.
ft.
6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6
9
in.
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
in.
in.
in.
ft.
ft. ft.
6
6 6
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
6
7 7
7 7
ft.
ft. ft.
in.
in.
in.
ft.
2.6570x2.6570 2.8784x2.8784 3.0051x3.0051 3.1819x3.1819 3.3581x3 3581 3.5357x3.5357 3.7123x3.7123 3.8890x3.8890 4.0658x4.0658 4 2426x4.2426 4.4194x4.4194 4.5961 X 4.5961 4.7729x4.7729 4.9500x4.9500 5.1206x5.1206 5.4431 X 5.4431 5.4590x5.4590 5.6566x5.6566
To reduce
product by 8
by 12
Example.
7J
in.
5.6566==5
12
ft.
7.8792
8
7.0336
2
1
.0672
BRACKETING.
Bracketing
is
the ceiling and the side walls of a room for the lath and
plaster cornice.
Its
form
may
be
elliptical, or
of other com-
pound curves
to
wooden
from centres
and
PLATE
Figure
1.
4.
the hrachet for
Shows
:
the
method of finding
an
;
CB
to
and
produce
FA to E, draw E H parallel
number of equal
parts and from the points of division on the curve line, drop
the lines
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, etc., to
the line
perpendicular to
parallel
to
E, and equal to
;
A H
draw
1, 1, 2, 2,
E G
make
rib.
The
dotted
form the plane that shall coincide with the plane of the given
brackets.
Figure
for
1,
is
2.
Exhibits
bracket
as Fig.
precisely the
same
riato
-i-.
BRACKETING.
13
-Shows the manner of finding the centre^ or Let A B be the curve, radius of a circle whose centre is lost take any points A C B with the same radius, describe the
arcs as
shown
;
at
DE
of the arcs
draw the
and
Development of Surfaces.
PLATE
show
at
5.
Figures
and 2
and
what
are termed
among
carpenters and
on the moukling.
same manner as in covering the frustum of a right curve. Figure 1. Shows an elevation of a circular moulding mitered into a level moulding. The form and position is shown at A, and the workmen will perceive that by pro-
E B
and
when placed in the shown on the elevation. Figure 2. Shows the application of the same rules to a
plan.
The back
lines of the
which the circular cornice was struck, as shown by the lines A B and C D. In other respects the operation is precisely
the same as at Fig.
3.
1.
Figure tangent to a circle heing given to find the point of contact with the circle. Let C be the centre on which to describe the circle and A B the tangent, bisect B C, then with one point of the compass in , with the same
Plati-
5.
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES.
15
arc
B D
C,
then
Figure
diameter
4.
ference of a
;
circle
Let
A B
A B
as a radius,
and with
and
join
C E
and
E, then
will
ference, nearly.
CARPENTRY
PLATE
The
as
tlie
6.
carpenter's square
is
is
to
The square
at right-
Tlie
blade
two
of an inch.
will
be seen
at
method of dividing a board in an even number of equal parts, when the same is an uneven number
Figure
1.
board
6,
12
and
board
a
Figure
Exhibits
lines
for
At
the heel of
to
fit
the square
is
shown
any
in the
compass
piece to be fitted with the distance taken, and from the point
draw the
Figure
3.
line
piece required.
Exhibits
;
method of constructing
a polygonal
line
;
AB
the
Plnlo
6.
CARPENTRY.
17
Figure
4.
Exhibits
cuts in a
at equal
AB
The
it
bevel
is
shown
by applying
To
rafters,
v^ith
Figure
Carpentry
5.
Exhibits two
;
Made Easy,
rise or
is
on the
given
shown
at F.
where the pitches are the same, and no other which makes
^
it
circumstantial,
to the
workman.
The
right,
same.
At
the angle
K L,
of the compass at D,
line,
certain cases
same.
But
to
enable the
design,
may
shown on Plate
9,
which
18
CAKPENTEY.
PLATE
Shows a timber foimdation
side elevations,
for a
7.
frame building with two
for
is
good houses.
first
The
and
to give
the inexperienced
workman
among
carpenters
framing
what
1.
is
Figure
and
Shows
by brick or stone
if
walls.
The
sills,
when there are openings for chimneys or stairways, the workman will be required to mortice and tenon the timbers together, as shown on the plan. Then the first piece
beams
but
of timber to prepare will be the trim7aer,
is
shown
at
A, which
B.
The
short
Fig.
beams tenoned
trimmer are
called tail-heams.
2 and 3 are the front and a portion of the side elevation of the frame, standing on the foundation, showing the posts,
beams,
places.
and braces,
Fig.
2,
in
their proper
at
A A,
C
beams,
D D
rafters.
At
Fig. 3,
;
the
shown
at
BB
the piece
the flate^
and
B B
the hiUs
the timbers
shown on each
windows
are
window
joist
cut under or
summers
common
rafters, is
Plate
7.
Fig.
1.
i-j-l
!
='-1
In
n
! j
1
n^^.
n
!
i
J
i
i
i
1 1 i
IH
1 !
iiH
liri
i;
1
Hi Ml
|!h;
Fig. 2
^
::k
Fig. 3.
1
r
1
_.-^
i i
F^ y
u
-1
y ^
^^-^^
''
=r
'
w
i
y^
_//
'
-^^-^
\ui
'ja
V.
^
ri-^
^
J
!
"?Z
-'--1
'J^
-v~ ,^ /7 ?i^
^^
^-
y^"
_,'
^^^f
a
]n|
ID
1=
r
1
.^
CAKPENTKY.
19
CONSTRUCTION OF ROOFS.
In old Gothic buildings, the roof always had a high pitch,
its
full
some-
limes, however,
as the roof of
Westminster Hall.
Though
a high roof
is
in
Gothic architecture
the Greek,
it
is
Many
of the
all
necessary,
it
to be
of
in
Of timber
;
roofs,
we have no examples
Grecian buiklings
Monument
more
a building.
incliricd to
ornament than
The height
time,
is
seldom above
than one-sixth.
is
less
that
when
the height
one-fourth of
the span, or
when
is
26^ degrees.
an angle of
The pediments
from 12
temples
;
make
tlie latter
corresponds
Roman
24:
degrees
is
20
CARPENTRY.
PLATE
frame.
Fig.
1,
8.
is
termed a balloon
2 and
3,
Fig.
the
of white pine
all
kind,
is
a saw,
;
workman requires to construct a frame of hammer and chisel. The side -sills
front and rear
sills
beams 2x8,
joists,
3x4 inches
all
other intermediate
rafters,
2x4 inches;
outside
plates,
4x4 inches;
3x5 inches.
to the
The two
joists
;
beams
The
enter-ties require to be
1^x4 inches
let into
the joists to
Each
tier of
beams should
the frame
is
When
it
in the usual
manner.
Plate
8.
i_j Tun
Tig.
__i:
I.
._
,^
.__^
^_l
HZl ._A
_J
1
!
1
j i
s
1
H N
y
g
r
Im
If-
^ ir
w-^
T-i
-M-F
fe
^S -|Lizil
^~i
A
'2^
^XZJH
I-U
^^
oq
Tig.
3.
iU
3E
3E 31
J<L
:sz"
CAKPENTKY.
21
ROOF COVERINGS.
The kinds
of covering used for timber roofs, are copper,
lead, iron, tinned iron, slates of different kinds, tiles, shingles,
Taking the angle for slates to be 26^ degrees, the following table will show the degree of inclination that may be given for other materials.
Height of roof Inclination to the horin parts of the izon in degrees. span.
Kind of
covering.
Deg.
Min.
Tin
Copper
Lead,
Slates, large, " ordinary,
''
.
3 3 3
fine,
tiles,
Plain
22 26 26 29
50 50 50 00 33 33 41
A
i l 4
i 2 T
Felt and
Cement
FRAMING.
A knowledge of
framing
is
stands the different methods of finding the various cuts necessary in his work, carpentry becomes an agreeable and desirable occupation, rather than an unpleasant task, attended with
The experience
this subject.
of
workmen
for roofs of
circles.
every description
by
PLATE
Exhibits a new
lengths
9.
lines
for finding the and the lines for and purlins^ for right acute and
^
Let
AB
AE
D, and
BFC
AGD
;
GH
A G and G D
common rafters make K L equal to the length of the common rafters, join B L, which gives you the length of the hip-rafter. Divide K L into as many parts as you have jackrafters,
division,
lines
parallel to
line
K B,
L,
draw the
The bevel
for
mate
9.
FRAMING.
23
is
shown
at
M;
the
down
is
shown
at
the
down
bevel for
shown
at
N.
To
At any
point on
the line
common rafter
;
PR
S,
then A C becomes a tangent draw the line O S at right-angles to A E draw the line S T tangential to the circle
;
P R
join
Y, then S
is
consequently S
required.
Y O
will
To
rafters,
make
the line
I, 2,
tlie circles, 1,
4 and
5,
then from
lines 4,
draw the
CD
join 8, 9
and
7, 9,
shown
bevel
down
3,
and the
shown
shown
on the line
1, 3.
CARPENTRY
PLATE
obtuse and acute angles.
in Plate
9.
10.
process
is
observed as
the
at 10, gives
down
at 1
common and
at 3
the bevels
shown
the jack
and
hip-rafters.
for
the hip-
the bevels
shown
and applied
on the
to the line 7, 8
those
shown
at 5, 5 are applied
line 9, Y.
Plate
10.
CARPENTKY.
25
A PRACTICAL METHOD
OF FINDING THE NUMBER OF CUBIC FEET AND INCHES CONTAINED IN
and the
section,
by each
;
feet
and inches.
Find
in.
the
number
Multiply
by
12)33
2-9
6*5 gives 6
ft.
5 in.
the solidity.
Example
thick.
2.
inches
^
2)15
1-3
the sides.
Multiply
by
26
CARPENTRY.
PLATE
Shows
the
Id.
form
internal
the gable
plan /
also
the.
plan of
transepjt.
Let
ABCD
EFG
H be the
GE
and
and
tlie
length of
E. into as
Divide the
rafters
I and
many
shown at Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 drop the lines from I and J, to IS^ and O join N G and K F, also O G and O B, then the bevel shown at O, will be the face bevel for the jack-rafters, shown at Fig. 1, and the bevel shown at N will be the face bevel for the jack-rafters shown at Fig. 3 the bevel shown at N and O gives the lines for mitreing the face of the hip-rafters the down bevels for the jackrafters are shown at I and J, and the down bevel for the hipTo find the backing for the valley rafters is shuwn at P. shown at B, draw the line L M at right-angles to B F then with one point of the compass in the points L and M, describe the circles touching the lines B J and B I then from the points L and M, draw the tangential lines S and L S, the
parts as you require jack-rafters, as
; ;
; ; ; ;
internal
ley-rafter.
side
where
The
method
the gable-rafters
shown
at Fig. 1, is
the
same
as
shown on
Figure
1.
G T
and
S.
The
object
is
to
Plat 11
CAKPENTKY.
27
may be
are
found from the pitches of the roofs when they are known
without reference to the plan
the same as those shown at
;
shown
and
Figure
line
4.
extremity of a given
Let
A B
and
which
as radius
circle
DB
to E, join
E B
and the
line
28
CARPENTRY.
PLATE
Figure
1.
12.
of finding the backing of
Let
ABC and
FG
then
AG
and
A H,
E
J,
A G will be
rafters
and
F, and
E A
will be the
shown
the same
as
method of shown on
to
Plate
9.
Figure
in
its
2.
Exhibits
when secured
shown
at
any width
move
is
which will give the points for the saw-kerfs required, as shown on the curve line at E and D. Figure 8. Exhibits a very cheap and expeditious plan for
framing a roof to span from forty to seventy feet. It requires no explanation, further than to say that the tie need not be more than 5x8 inches the rafters and braces 5x5 inches the
;
;
It is believed to
it
structed, as
has
all
material which
is
Plate 12
CARPENTKY.
29
A PRACTICAL METHOD
To
find the superficial contents of boards
and timber.
For
by
12.
Example.
feet in a
board
inch thick
13
9
12)117
9-9=9
JExample.
feet 9 inches.
number
21 feet long.
42
10-6 52*6 Gives 52 feet 6 inches, the of feet in the piece.
number
30
CAKPENTKY.
PLATE
13.
The
lit
backing of
the building.
Let
rafter,
A
C
and
3 the braces,
To
find the
draw F
G parallel
to the
edge of the
post
make H,
:
B,
Fioj. 1
brace with the line of the post, place one point of the compass and describe the arc
shown
at
draw
the tangential
of intersection,
shown at Fig. 2 and 3. Fig. 4 is an elevation The method of finding the bevel at the edge
it
roof, is
The bevel for the butt-joints at the apex or shown peak of the roof is shown at F. Figure 5. To draw a line making equal angles with two given converging lines. Let A D and B C be two converging B, and I H parallel to D A draw G H parallel to lines make G H and H I equal from the points G and I, describe
the arcs
J K, and through the points of intersection J and K, draw the line E F which will be at equal angles with the lines A D and C B.
CARPENTRY.
31
LONG MEASURE.
Long measure
is
denominations are
inches
feet
-
....
-
5^ yards or 16 ^ 40 rods
8
3
feet
"
mile.
miles
1
"1 league.
hand;
9
Note.
4 inches make
1
1
inches
1
span;
18 inches
1
cubit; 6 feet
chain; 25 links
rod
1^^
and
cal
inches
The chain
is
commonly used
in measuring roads
and land,
name
of the inventor.
A knot, in
mile of 5280
Mariner's measure
esti-
mating distances
6 feet
at sea.
-
make
"
120 fathoms
"1
1
fathom
cable-length.
mile.
32
CARPENTliY.
PLATE
Figure
1.
14.
the
Shows
the
to
method of finding
cuts in
mitre-hox hy which
when a
hevel
cannot te wpplied.
Let A be the
moulding in position C,
D
;
With
FGH
FH
then
F G I H to K C D J, at right-angles to draw D J and C K parallel to F H join J L and L K, in the angles E L J and ELK, will be found the bevels
;
Figure
Toof
then
the lines
2.
Shows
and
to find the
and elevation of an octagonal On the plan produce angle and jachr afters.
the jolan
BA
D to
the line
E F
join
EG
To
and
G,
E GF
of the roof
find the
With one
shown
B draw
the line
I,
making the
H, then
line thus
drawn
C,
draw the
angle-rafters as
shown
To
and cuts of
the angle and jack-rafters, draw K L perpendicular to D C, and equal to F G join C L and D L, then the bevel shown
;
at
tion,
down
bevel for
angleC,
jack-rafters
rafters is
shown at G the down bevel for the equal one-half of A found by making C
seen the
^nd
down
bevel for
the angle-rafter.
to
Plate 14,
34
CARPENTRY.
PLATE
Exhibits plans
15,
and square
1
and
elevations of octagonal
shown at Fig.
and^.
To
make
the dotted
b'ne
AB
;
shown on the
on the eleva-
tion
join
E A
and
shovi^n at
G will
;
give
at
the bevel
for cutting
shown
at
found at A.
The methods
is
of finding the
precisely the
same
as
principles
to the
a bare inspec-
comprehension.
to describe the
Figure
ference of
it.
3.
circumto find
or
when
the centre of
circle is
;
lost.,
points
join
A B
and
C E
F and D G E F and D
ABC.
Figure
distances,
4.
To
From the point C take any two equal C B and C A, and from the points A B as
two
arcs intersecting each other as at
line thus obtained will
centres, describe
join
be the required
perpendicular.
r>lale 15.
ri
CARPENTRY.
35
WEIGHT OR FORCE.
REQUIRED TO TEAR ASUNDER ONE SQUARE INCH OF THE DIFFERENT
MATERIALS USED IN THE COJ^STRUCTION OF BUILDINGS.
17,300
Swedish Iron,
English Iron,
-
78,850
55,772
61,041
19,800
Beach,
17,700
-
French
Iron,
Ash, Elm,
16,700
Russian Iron,
Cast Iron,
Steel, Soft,
-
59,472
13,489
-
42,000
120,000
16,000
-
Walnut,
8,130
Norway
White
Pine,
14,300
-
Ivory,
Georgia Pine,
Pine,
-
7,818
8,800
Marble,
8,700
7,600
Whalebone,
Iron Wire,
113,077
strength
To find
the
of
Cohesion.
in
product
is
WEIGHTS
REQUIRED TO CRUSH ONE CUBIC INCH OF SEVERAL MATERIALS USED
IN
METALS.
Cast Iron,
Brass,
-
116,700
Elm,
1,284
-
154,784
-
American Pine,
1,606
1,928
Copper, Cast,
116,102
-
White
Deal,
Lead, Cast,
8,042
White Oak,
English Oak,
-
3,240
3,860
STONES.
Freestone,
18,000
-
Brick, hard,
Brick, soft,
-
1,754
1,224
1,040
Limestone, Black,
Granite, Blue,
-
19,450
20,890
Chalk,
36
CARPENTRY.
PLATE
Figure
1.
16.
method of finding the raking mould to any angle of elevation^ also for a given elevation to any angle inclining towards a straight line.
Shows
the
number of parts, and from the points thus obtained, draw the inclining parallel lines to the required angle of from the same points draw vertical lines to meet elevation
;
A B,
A and
B, on the horizontal
to
meet the
parallels,
and
Figure
to
ing
angle,
roof.
AH
AD B
B F
at
Divide the
make
until
w^ill
the line
F G
;
the circle
G H
intersection
lines, 1 1
join
G B, then
B
D,
parallel to
G B,
draw the
lines
from
the points 1
2, etc., to
the line
FB
F, then the
elevation
from
to
the line
F D
will
give
the
draw the raking-moulding for any of the diverging lines shown on the plan the line A 1, on the elevation, will be the pitch to draw the raking-mould standing on the line A J on the plan, and the line A 5, would be the pitch to draw
to
;
TTat
16.
SPLAYED WORK.
PLATE
Figures
1,
17.
2 and 3. Shows the method of finding the lines and edges of a piece set to a given angle, ohlique
Figure
the base.
1.
acute-angle,
BD
To
find the line for the face of the piece, place one
AC
draw
H parallel to A B join B I) and H D, G H D will be found the bevel for the face
Gr
To
K
;
draw
KL
parallel to
A B,
join
then in
the angle
piece E,
KLD
will
will be
The Plate
Figures 2 and
of the Figure will
as
3.
Exhibits
show
is
precisely the
same
shown at Figure 4.
Fig.
1.
butt-joint
when
shown
the same
principle
rafter.
backing of a hip-
Plate 17
CARPENTRY.
39
OF POSTS.
According to the experiments of Rondelet, when the height
of a square post
side of
its
is less
it
base,
than
that which
resisting
would crush
The
internal
mechanism of the
is
forces,
when timber
yields
by crushing,
not
is
exactly understood.
less
The
resistance of timber to
The
when
pressed in the
direction of
may be
weight that
is
number
of pounds that
is
the area in
The length should never exceed ten times the side of the section to give the above results for when the length is
;
greater than about ten times the thickness, the piece will
bend before
it
crushes.
40
SPLAYED WOBK.
PLATE
Figure
I.
18.
sides are
of diiferent inclinations.
F,
and
are
5
DCH
shown
6.
The
and
3.
Those
and
any thing
4.
of the
Shows the method of finding for mitreing together a grain-mill hopper / also
at their intersections.
Figures 3 and
find
Let A B
D, Fig
4,
be the plan of
the angular box, and Fig. 3 the elevation, with one point of
the compass on E, describe the dotted curve to intersect the
line
B C
in
F draw
;
FG
parallel to
DC
produce
AD
to
G, join I
H and I
F, then I
H F will be the
;
form and
size of
and
as
it is
case, the
the edges.
same bevel shown at F for the sides will answer for The method shown on the plan for finding the angle-piece, also shows a butt-joint and are obtained in the
same manner
rafters
backing of hip-
on Plate
Plate
18.
CAKPENTRY.
41
WEIGHT
IN
POUNDS
OF CUBIC FOOT OF
WOOD.
Apple-tree,
49.6
-
Flint,
163.2
164.1
199.
-
Ash,
Birch,
52.9
33.2
Blue Granite,
Lime
Stone,
American Cedar,
Elm,
d5.1
42.
Grindstone,
Slate Stone,
134.
167.
White
Pine,
35.6
41.1
Marble,
170. 150.
Yellow Pine,
Mahogany,
Maple,
Mulberry,
Oak,
-
Free Stone,
African Marble,
66.5
47.
169.2 166.8
166.1
-
Egyptian Marble.
Italian Marble,
56.1
58-74
-
Roman
Marble,
172.2
Live Oak,
70.
OTHER SUBSTANCES.
Cast Iron, 450.55
Iron,
-
Air,
07529 C3689
95.
Wrought
Steel,
486.65
489.8
Steam,
Copper,
555.
Common
Strong
Clay,
Soil,
124. 127.
Lead,
Brass,
Tin,
:
708.75
-
Soil,
-
537.75
456.
135. 160.
15.
64.3 62.5
Fresh Water,
125.
-
Tallow,
59.
42
SPLAYED WORK.
PLATE
plan and
elevation.
19.
Fig.
shows the
Fig.
Produce
the lines
AH
and
indefinitely,
draw the
line
H J,
the
of the compass in
H describe the dotted line from L and produce the same to K P; then with K P for radius, and one point of the compass in K, describe the curve line
F.
At
right-angles to
H J,
F
draw the
line
FB
F, then
chord line
AE
on the plan.
is
used for
finding the radius for the rib over the chord line
D.
If
any more
and
line,
I,
and where
compass
the rib.
Figure
circles are
3.
Shows the
form
The
radius
as
to
describe the
H J,
The
Figures 4 and
5.
Shows
find-
back
manner
seat.
In explanation,
is
simply necessary to say that the principle is the same as that applied to finding a veneer for a Gothic-head jamb, splayed
alike' all
around.
Plate
19.
CARPENTKY.
43
ADHESION OF
Every carpenter
is
NAILS.
more or
and
less accurate,
of the
in different substan-
without
difficulty,
what
of
length,
may be
sufficient to fasten
various shapes,
and subject
to
various
But
is, it
made when
depth
driven into
wood
when
so
driven.
for
The obtaining of
this useful
mechanical
and
Mr. Bevan
observes,
that
the theoretical
to
investigation
of
resistance
is
in
b^ about 6
to 5.
The
penny
common
lbs.
;
six-
was four
and the
'ir
"T
44
CIRCULAR MOULDINGS
PLATE
1
20.
Shows the w^ethod of mitreing Circular-monldings. Fig. and 2 shows the method of mitreing a tangential moulding
Figure
at
Shows a straight moulding mitred into a circle an angle of 45 with the line drawn through the centre
3.
4.
of the circle.
Figure
Shows how
nearly impossible
it
is
to
perform
for
work of
this
Plate 20.
CARPENTRY.
45
ADHESION OF
A sixpenny nail driven
extract
it
;
NAILS.
327 pounds
to
nail,
pounds.
The same
nail driven
and
to
draw
The
4
in the
is
elm
and 100
to 46, or
about 2 to 1 in deal
to
and
deal
elm and
as 2 or 3 to 1,
The
One
Half an
One One
inch,
inch and a
inches,
half,
Two
lbs.
Bevan
at
to
was
Thus, to extract a
common sixpenny
nail
from a
lbs.
From
these experiments,
we may
infer that a
common
six-
penny nail, driven two inches into oak, would require a of more than half a ton to extract it by a steady force.
force
46
HAND
RAILING.
HAND RAILING
The method here presented
small openings, from 5 to 20
for squaring
and plat-
form
stairs, is
PLATE
second
floor.
21.
first to
when, you
On
B,
make C
the lengths of the newel post and short baluster, say six
inches
newel
post,
and
the line
drawn from
A will
be the under
and
A produced
The
first
short baluster.
Figure
2.
Shows
and
string-pieces, as
shown on
the elevation.
Figure
3.
Fig.
1,
and
to
be
Figure
at
4.
D, applied
as
shown
at Fig. 5,
which
is
an end view of
hand-
The
Plate
21
Fi^.4..
e-^e- -e
I M-'0-'-0-
ria.2.
OAKPENTRY.
47
ADHESION OF SCREWS.
A common
penny
nail.
was found
to
six-
ADHESION OF IRON
The
pin, applied in the
PINS.
manner
The
and the distance of the centre of the hole from the end of
the board 1*05 inch.
The
force required
was
916.
As
may
be conalso
and
we may,
of
wood, obtain
one thousand times the distance of the hole from the end by
the thickness of the tenon in inches.
LENGTH.
NO.
SIZE.
LENGTH.
NO.
s-^
4d
liin. l^in.
5^
6^
If
2
in.
in.
lO-i
12'J
in.
3iin.
3|-in.
20*^ SO'i
in.
8^
24- in.
40^
4iin.
65 52 28 24 20
Lead weighs 709 lbs. to cubic foot. Water weighs 62^ lbs. to cubic foot.
48
HAND
BAILING.
PLATE
Exhibits a plan
22.
a continued hand-railing
Fig.
1, is
and
elevation of
from
first to
third
fljoor.
On the plan,
drawn
shown the
baluster placed flush with the face of the riser, from the
of the
riser,
at
A, then
from
to
is
the
In order
is
shown
cylinder.
tial
To
A
B
indefinitely,
BD
and
above and
]^ow
make
to
the line
G, equal
B A
is
produce the
FG
to
line
G H
is
;
Fig. 4
an elevation of
the rail E,
D represents
B
what
straight wood,
and
the wreaths
Plato 22
Ji'V
--e--oFJQ. 2
-"
iio
o
F^y
Tig.l.
Q,
B---
CAKPENTRY.
49
ADHESION OF GLUE.
Mr. Bevan ^lued together by
long;
after
tlie
and
as
the area of the circular ends of the cylinders were 1.76 inches,
it
would be required
to
For in some
in the winter
substance,
made
might
a line passing at right angles through the centres of the surfaces in contact.
The pressure was applied gradually, and was sustained two or three minutes before it separated. Upon examining the separated surfaces, the glue appeared
to be very thin, and did not entirely cover the
wood, so that
Mr. Bevan
a Scotch
fir
from
of his
own
planting, cut
down
in the
autumn,
sawn
and seasoned.
of this
The
wood was
two pieces
consequently,
if
wood would
have yielded in
sive force
For a subsequent experiment, made on solid glue, the cohewas found to be 4000 pounds per square inch from which it may be inferred, that the application of this
;
substance as a cement
is
susceptible of improvement.
ORNAMENTAL WORK.
PLATE
represents the eye of
its
23.
A
are
centres
and
which
he
workman
to con-
any
size
may
require.
Ilate
23
The
.?
Corinlhicui
J
TruJs e^ plain
il.
'^
*
e
<*/
If.
DEMONSTRATION
OF findin:g the circumference and squaring the circle,
when
THE diameter
IS
GIYEN.
/
IT
I
Firf.2.
lij.z.
11
IJ-J-
M
.
1:
^=L
1.
XJ
I_i
EI
of the circumference.
2.
Eleven fourteenths
(^|-) of
Seven-elevenths
(y'L)
of an inscribed square.
5.
To
find the
is
given, multiply
by seven
by twenty-two
(22.)
is
To
given.
Eleven-fourteenths (^J) of the area gives the area of a square whose sides are equal to the circumference, the square root of which will
give one-fourth of the circumference
as in rule
6.
;
proceed
Suppose Fig.
to be a
feet or fourteen
(14)
AB
Then with
plane at A,
roll
52
MATHEMATICAL DEMONSTRATION.
at B,
which
will
Then
divide
and
into
will
the wheel, and eleven (11) of those parts will equal one-fourth (J) of the circumference, which is a practical demonstration and proves that eleven-fourteenths ({^) of the diameter gives one-fourth (J) of the
circumference.
mathematical proof
is
multiplied
seven
elevenths {^\) of
inscribed square, as
shown
at Fig.
eleven-fourteenths
(^)
of the
area of the circle gives the area of a square whose sides are equal
to the circuference, as
shown
at Fig. 2.
And
as
shown
fourteen (14) being the diameter of the circle given and eleven (11)
one-fourth of the circumference, which
area.
is
squaring the
circle,
and
its
circle in feet
b}^ 7,
and
2, 3, 4, etc.
multiplied
with as
much
certainty as
you can
are original with me, but since their discovery I have learned that
Archimedes, a celebrated Greek philosopher, discovered that elevenfourteenths of the diameter gives one-fourth of
the circumference,
we
use in
all
Miscellaneous Rules.
The
is
wind on a
vertical wall,
equal to 40
When
length,
summer
or
beam has
settled
one fortieth of
its
it is
liable to break.
6^ square yards. One barrel of lime to one cubic yard of sand, will plaster
14 bricks to lay 1 foot in length and 1 foot in
;
20 bricks for a 12
incli wall,
and
An
square
acre of ground
feet.
is
1,146
A Winchester
A
bushel
is
deep, and contains 2150f cubic inches. box 16 X 16 inches square 8|- inches deep will hold a
bushel.
A box
bushel.
A box 9x9
peck.
A box
A A
7x7
or half peck.
pile of
wood
and 6
feet deep,
w^ill
hold 30
and
6 feet deep,
barrels.
and 6
feet deep,
will hold
54
barrels.
54
MISCELLANEOUS RULES.
At
is
Dimensions of drawings
8.5 X 12 inches.
United States,
the standard
The
is
assumed
The
According
350,000
Carpenters, 45,000
Cabinet
The strength
of a horse
is
body adhere
Cohesion.
Elasticty
is
to each
termed
a
body opposes
to
change of form.
Strength
is
manent separation of its parts. A horse can draw upon a plank road three times the load that he can upon an ordinary broken stone or macadamized
road.
is
Terms Used in Carpentry. Abutment. The junction or meeting of two pieces of timber, of
which the
fibres of the
tlie
other parallel to
Areis. The
line of concourse or
meeting of two
surfaces.
Back of a Hand-rail. The upper side of it. Back of a Hip. The upper edge of a rafter, between
the
two
sides of a
hipped
roof,
Back-Shutters
pletely,
or
Back-Flaps.
to be shut.
Additional
breadths
com-
The
the sash-frame and the floor, uniting with the two elbows,
finish
of a room.
When
framed,
it
commonly
Basil.
plane.
The A
Batten.
inches in breadth, and from half an inch to one inch and a half in thickness.
Baulk.
A piece of
fir
ten
inches
square, being the trunk of a tree of that species of wood, generally brought to a square, for the use of building.
Bead.
stuff'. Of beads there are two kinds one flush with the surface, called a quirk-head, and the other raised,
of a piece of
called a cock-head.
Beam. A
weight
its
;
resist
a force or
as a tie-heam,
;
where
it
tension
as a collar-beam,
where
acts
by by compression
56
as
a hressummer^
where
it
resists
a transverse
insisting
weight.
Bearer.
Bearing.
Any thing used' by way of support to another. The distance which a beam or rafter
in
:
is
upon
two opposite walls, the span of the void is and not the whole length of the timber.
Bench.
planing,
upon
Bevel.
another,
One side
said to be
bevelled with
respect
is
to
when
greater
Bird's Mouth.
may
rest iirmly
Blade.
of a saw
Any part of a
is
tool that is
Blockings.
Small
two boards
or other pieces, in
as Avhen
the baulk
is
pieces
The
section of boards
that
is,
Bond-Timbers.
Horizontal
and
plaster, etc.
Bottom Rail. The lowest rail of a door. Boxings of a Window. The two ca^es, one on each of a window, into which the shutters are folded.
Brace.
side
tions, or in
framed
when
a brace
is
57
used by
way
of support to a rafter,
it is
called a
strut..
Braces,
in partitions
in pairs,
and placed
Bits.
Brace and
hereafter.
The same
it
mid
lits^ as
explained
Brad.
The
intention
to drive
wood
with putty.
in sawing,
if
is
Breaking Down,
into
called a ripping-cut
To Break-in.
To
Breaking Joint.
Is the joint
which
is
some-
Bressummer or Breastsummer.
tudinally below that part.
beam supporting a
See Summer.
with boards, supported
Bridged Gutters.
Bridging- Floors.
used.
Gutters made
in
Floors
which hridging
joists
are
Bridging
Joists.
Tlie smallest
boarding
for
beams
in
naked
flooring,
walking upon.
Bu'iTiNG- Joint.
by the surfaces of
is
two
pei'pendicular to
the fibres, and the other in their direction, or making with them an oblique angle. Chamber. The convexity of a beam upon the upper edge, in order to prevent its becoming straight or concave by its own weight, or by the burden it may have to sustain, in course
of time.
8
58
Chamber-Beams.
ted roofs, and raised in the middle with an obtuse angle, for
Cantalivers.
Horizontal
right angles from the naked part of a wall, for sustaining the
Carriage of a Stair.
the steps.
The
Carcase of a Building.
building
is
The
Carry-up.
chimneys
chimneys.
Casting or Warping.
piece of
The
bending of the
surfiices of a
wood from
Chamfering.
of
Clamp.
and by
this
mean prevent
it
from casting:
is
end
is
called a clanij)
said to be clamped.
its fibres
running
and consequently,
in
cannot be
tion,
made
perfectly smooth,
it,
when planed
one direc-
without turning
59
Crown-Post,
King-Post.
The middle
post of a
trussed roof.
See
Curling Stuff.
That which
is
Deal Timber.
boards, planks,
The
weak
timber of the
fir-tree,
as
cut into
etc., for
Discharge.
building which
or overcharged
by weight.
Door-Frame.
and not
the roofs:
thus
Drag.
A door
is
said to
drag when
it
Dragon-Beam.
hip-rafter,
The A
Dragon-Piece.
Edging.
beam
besecting
the wall-plate,
for
rafters, externally,
any curved
sur-
Enter.
is
When the
it
Face-Mould.
A mould
a hand-rail on both sides of the plank; so that, a saw, held at a required inclination, the
rail-piece,
when
Fang.
the iron of
any instrument
Featiier-edged Boards.
L_
60
commonly used
in the facing of
wooden
it
walls,
and
Fence of a Plane.
FiLLiNG-iN Pieces.
to
work
to
Short timbers
is
less
than the
full length,
in partitions,
or headpieces.
Fine-set.
A plane
said to be fine-set,
when
the sole of
Fir Poles.
Small trunks of
That timber or
The same
when
set
fir trees,
and out-houses.
is
Free Stuff.
stuflf
which
quite clean, or
easily,
without tearing.
stufi".
Frowy
Stuff.
as free
FuRRiNGS.
Slips of
rafters,
in
the timbers
are
sagged, either by
their weight,
by a
in length of time.
Girder.
The
principal
beam
binding-joists.
Glue.
tenacious
viscid matter,
etc.
which
is
used as a
differ
very
other, in
solubility.
Some
glue
is
by agitation
ebullition.
The
best
It is perfectly soluble in
when
;
dry, preserves
its
and has
solidity
and
produced.
it
To
good
it is
necessary to hold
and
if it
may be pronounced
be
61
good.
it
The
best glue
may
likewise be
known by immersing
if
it
in cold
swells
its
considerably
it
by steeping
it
in cold
of a proper
A portion
of water
is
added
to glue, to
make
it
at about
pound of
is
glue.
is
made
spout.
A
in
little
w^ill
tend,
full
effect
in
uniting
perfectly
first,
ly melted,
and
left
in
moderately
warm
situation,
till
the glue
is
completely dry.
to
When
it
so
be glued
When
in the
all
combined
wood should
at all events,
be attended
to.
The
ings.
by frequent meltit
This
may
be
known
to be the case
;
when
becomes of
its
62
ruddy brown
it
yet,
even then,
it,
it
may be
restored,
by boiling
and adding a
sufficient
quantity of
till
fresh
but
tlie
fresh
is
what
is
in
it
If
common
it
may be common
A small
added
it
portion of finely
levigated
sometimes
to the
fit it
common
and
by mixing a handful of quick lime with four ounces of linseed oil, thoroughly levigated, and then boiled to a good thickness,
and kept
rendered
glue.
in the
fit
It
for use
by boiling
it
over a
fire
like
may be common
its
Grind Stone.
turned round
being
its
Ground-Plate or
Grounds.
Sill.
The
lt)west
plate of
wooden
which
Pieces
of
wood concealed
in a wall,
to
the facings or finishings are attached, and having their surfaces flush with the plaster.
Handspike.
A lever The
:
for carrying a
Hanging
the hinge
is
Stile.
stile
fastened
also, a
is
narrow
stile fixed to
the
jamb
frequently hung.
A roof the
from the wall-plate, with the same inclination to the horizon, and its other two sides. The Backing of a Hip is the angle
63
made on
its
placed.
Hoarding.
erecting or repairing.
Jack Rafters.
hips.
All
Jack
Ribs.
vi,
Jack Timber.
Inter-tie or Enter-tie.
horizontal piece
of timber,
them
together.
truss post,
Those
beams
in
as the
binding, hridging and ceiling joists j girders are, however, to be excepted, as not being joists.
JuFFERS.
Stuff of
several lengths.
This term
found
in old books.
Kerf.
-ft
saw makes
in dividing a piece of
wood
into
King-Post.
porting the tie-beam at the middle and the lower ends of the
struts.
Knee.
A piece
is
of timber cut at
an
angle,
is
or having
grooves to an angle.
In handrailing a knee
part of the
rmnp, which
Knot.
now
Lining of a Wall.^
64
Lintels.
Short
beams
over
the
heads
of
doors
;
and
windows,
an exterior wall
and
Lower
floor.
Eail.
The
rail at
Lying
Panel.
the
wood
and
disposed horizontally.
Margins or Margents.
rails of
The
flat
part of the
stiles
framed work.
Middle Rail. The rail of a door which is upon a level with the hand when hanging freely and bending the joint of the wrist. The lock of the door is generally fixed in this rail. Mitre. If two pieces of wood be formed to equal angles, or if the two sides of each piece form an equal inclination and two sides, one of each piece, be joined together at their common vertex, so as to make an angle, or an inclination,
When
lie
horizontally, as the
more than
not
split
one-fifth of the
thickness of the
stuff*;
in
order
may
When
tenoned
is
As there is always some danger of end of the piece in which the mortise is made,
it
made
wood
is
intended to remain
in,
so
may
be driven tightly
65
But
may
weaker or stronger.
The
labor of
lessened,
making deep mortises, in hard wood, maybe by first boring a number of holes with the auger,
be mortised, as the compartments between
in the part to
may
away
])y
the chisp].
work,
if
the line of
its
will
As
the neatness
coming exactly
is
in contact
and, as this
is
should be
is
first
of
all
correctly
gauged on both
side,
One-half
and
as
any
irregularities
which may
arise
little
Moreover
in,
as the
tenon
is
expanded by wedges
after
it is
driven
the sides of
MuLLioN OR MuNNiON. A large vertical bar of a windowframe, separating two casements, or glass-frames, from each
other.
MuNTiNS OR MoNTANTS
of a door between the
The
stiles.
I^AKED Flooring.
The timber-work of a
Kewel.
The
6G
Ogee.
sists of
section of
which con-
Panel.
all its
Pitch of a Eoof.
sides
make with
Thus,
if it
is,
or
it is
the
be asked,
What
is
answer
lialf,
is
the roof
a square, which
is
now
in
use, or that is
necessary in practice.
Plank.
Plate.
All boards above one inch thick are called planhn. A horizontal piece of timber a wall, generally
iii
;
flush with the inside, for resting the ends of beams, joists or
rafters,
upon
and,
therefore,
denominated
floor
or
roof
plates.
Posts.
All upright or
whatever
in a
wooden building,
The corner posts of a wooden building. Pieces of timber to serve the purpose of handshort post of timber.
PuNCHioNS.^Any
called
The
small
quar-
Punchions.
Purlins.
The
QuARTERiNtf.
The
in walls, etc.
The timbers to be used in stud partitions, bond Rafters. All the inclined timbers in the sides of a roof;
Quarters.
the latter
Pails.
The horizontal
pieces
67
The plates on
plane
is
which the
said to be
raised.
Rank-set.
rank-set
The edge
it
of the iron of a
when
projects considerably
below the
sole.
Return.
In
surfaces, joining
is
each
said to return in
may be
in a straight line
nearly so
Ridge.
Risers.
Roof.
house
is
used in
Scantling.
ber
;
sometimes,
also
the
small timbers in
roofing
and
Scarfing.
mode
bolting or nailing
them transversely together, so that the two The joint is called a scarfs and timbers
timber as
fall
is
Shaken Stuff.
heat of
slujiken.
tlie
Such
rent or split
is
by the
sun, or
by the
of the tree,
said to be
Shingles.
of
tiles, etc.
Thin pieces of wood used for covering, instead A term not much used at present. or Skirting Boards. The narrow
floor,
Shreadings.
Skirtings
boards
room
itself,
when
no dado.
Skirts of
Sleepers.
a Roof. The projecture of the eaves. Pieces of timber for resting the ground-joists
6S
to, in
a bad founda-
to
roof.
Spars.
are best
A term
rafters of a roof
known
in almost every
Staff.
the
them from the principal rafters. piece of wood fixed to the external angle
sides of a wall,
two upright
and
Struts.
Pieces
A
Summer.
large
beam
a
When
summer
is
cumbent part of an outside wall, it is called a hressummer^ it comes in abrest with the front of the building.
SuRBASE.
and
same
level.
The form of a piece of wood which end of a piece being narrower than the one Tenon. See Mortise. Tie. A piece of timber, placed in any
Taper.
acting as a string or
tie,
arises
other.
position,
and
have a tendency
tal mullions.
more remote distance form each other. Transom Windows. Those windows which have horizonto a
Trimmers.
Trimming
is
joists are
framed.
which a trimmer
top.
framed.
Truncated Roof.
"Truss.
A roof with a
flat
on the
69
and divided into two or more triangles bj oblique pieces, in its revolving round any of
Trussed Roof.
the exterior
Truss-Post.
roof, as a king-
Trussells.
Four-legged
and
cross-cut-
Tusk.
Fir-poles,
to seven inuhes in
of a tenon,
made
in
Uphers.
from four
feet long,
and
slit
commonly hewn on
entirely.
:
wane
When
whole
for scaffolding
and ladders.
rafter
Yalley Kafter.
That
which
is
disposed in the
Wall
Plates.
Web
of an Iron.
plates.
comes
to
70
PLASTERER'S WORK.
The measuring and valuation of
ducted by surveyors. by the yard square, of nine
All
plasterer's
work
is
is
con-
common
feet
;
plastering
measured
and
etc.,
girting their
plied
members
by their lengths, will produce the superficial contents. Eunning measures consist of beads, quirks, arrises, and small mouldings. Ornamental cornices are frequently valued in
this
is,
by the running
foot.
plasterer's
;
work
is
is
hence
it
becomes requisite
to note
down
consumed
in effecting particular
may
be put
"S6l|eriof"--It^ >ieki^in^.
Of
old,
the wise
man
said
"There
is
nothing
new under
the sun."
Each
it
even
Do we chant
us, as the
our triumph in
art, in
science
do
we
govern
us,
;
and plunder
turn back the
"
we
if
find a record
which compels us
to say,
The thing
even
of old
And we
ply of
fire."
Hence
was
called,
in the Greek,
" Athanor."
"Acanor," or "Achenor,"
But herein
is
a difi'erence
which well
The
to
old
in
their
fruitless
"philosopher's stone."
The new Achenor Furnaces seek the promotion of health of mind, and
being of body, a treasure richer far than the" Midas " power sought of
It
is,
well-
old.
new
face "
we
present in
HE ^CHENOR JuRNACES,
and we are confident that they
1.
name because
An
undying
fire
can be kept;
2.
They are
3.
Their career,
we
This matter of heating our homes is of such vital importance that we feel in presenting in detail the more important features of the Achenor Furnaces, premising that they are not an untested experiment, but a tried and
warranted
successful fact
FOR SALE BY
W. H.
DRUMMOND&
MARKET
ST.,
CO.,
N.
J.
85 and 87
NEWARK,
Sot ^it
&c.
J^]ne><,
FOR
BUILDING-S,
<fec.,
The invention consists in a combination of sheet tin tubes with Plaster of Paris, the It will be seen tubes forming the lining of the manufactured article when completed. that the combination of the plate-tin and Plaster of Paris is based upon sound scientific principles, when it is understood that the object of the invention is to prevent escape of the heat through the walls of the flues during the passage of the heated air from the furnace to the delivery register. Bright plate-tin, though a good reflector, is a very poor radiator of heat while Plaster of Paris is one of the best non-conductors. The engravings will almost explain themselves. They represent one of the forms in which the flues may be made, these forms being practically unlimited, and capable of adaption to any of the requirements of such flues. Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a composite register box, and Fig. 2 is a geometrical section of the same, in which the shape of the tin lining in transverse section is that of a flattened cylinder. The sections of tin are much larger at one end than at the other they can, therefore, be joined without cracking the plaster which is upon the outside. These tubes can be made so cheaply, and they are evidently such perfect security against fire originating in flues, that they ought to attract the attention of builders at once. It is also in harmony with the Building Laws of the State New York, as will be seen by the following extract
: :
Extract from
Laws of the
tin or other metal pipes or flues of metal, to convey heated air, be allowed, unless the same shall have a thickness of not less than one inch of Plaster of Paris between the said metal pipes or flues, and any of the timber of wood-work If the Plaster of Paris is not put on as above set forth, the pipes in adjoining the same all cases, must be doubled, that is to pipes, one inside the other, at least one inch apart and filled with Plaster of Paris.
HoT-AiB Pipes No
shall
REFERENCES
H.
st.
R. P. J. R.
THOMPSON,
SIGLER,
VAN
RIPER,
Montclair,
Office
Warren
JEROME SIGLER,
A. A.
FRED. BRAUTIGAN.
HUGH LAMB,
Architect, Trinity Buildings, N. Y. Architect, Orange, STENT, Architect, Newark. C. GRAHAM, Architect, Elizabeth. BRIGGS & COIMAN, Architects, Newark. Architect, Newark.
HUDSON HOLLY,
JOSEPH DODD,
THOMAS
:e=:fi.ioes.
3x8 Inches, " 3x9
per Foot
"
80 Cts. 85 "
3xlO 3x13
90
Sl.OO
"
"
No
Register Boxes ready to receive Register according to size, either for Side Wall or Floor. Soapstone Border required when these boxes are used. Address all orders to
E. T.
GOULD,
Montclair, N.
J.
p o o <
w,
*-:,
OQ pq
^
W o w p
P5
z <
^ w o Q
PQ
in
< w
<<
pc;
o d
o
I
O o
PLh
00
\
<
<
pq
w
I
<
pq
Ph
AID
JOHN MIDDLETON,
Stair Builder,
10.
Stairs
im BEieil
ST.,
lEWIlI,
1,
J.
TO.
UllJSr
No
charge
BE SEEN TO BE
trial.
AIIRECIATEI>.
It costs less
made
until after a
than any
Is put In quickly, no carpets taken up. other Alarm in the marketIs very popular.
Call
and see
it,
3FL-
J".
:B:E=^iTT^^iJxr,
IVo.
120 Bergen
St.,
Newark,
]\.
J.
Our
and
30
last
COST
CTS.
PER ANNUM.
SMITH'S
p00iIlB0rliiig
For Planing, Sash, and Moulding Mills,
LOW PRICES,
SUPERIOR QUALITY, EASY TERMS.
ALSO
.ewa^fej^n.,
Scroll
Saw.
MACHINISTS' TOOLS.
WRIGHT &
FACTORY, NEWARK,
N.
J.
SMITH,
Street,
New York.
MEEKER
SASH,
&
HEDDEN,
Bank and
Office
BLIND AND
DOOR MANUFACTURERS,
Furniture,
Hardwood
WOOD MOULDINGS,
&C.,
^dfoll
ai)d
M.,
J J.
J.J.MEEKER, V. J. HEDDEN.
NEWARK INQVVMnrX,
N IN.
ROMER &
xMAXUFACTURERS OF
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
CO.,
ALSO,
141
AND
145
RAILROAD AVENUE,
X^WSI^i^,
X.
J.
f.I:4\li^r'\
SCRIMSHAW PAVEMENT
S^oi' gti^eet^,
now admitted
to be the best Pavement in use. See the Industrial Exhibition Buildings. Call for testimonials,
Offide, ^66 81'oad ^^tfeet, JVfewafk, }!, J. ALSO, BUELL'S IMPROVED ARTIFICIAL STONEJ^.
F.
CORY.
E. B.
HIOTOHIKIISS,
MANUFACTURER OF
PAPER BOXES.
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, ALSO DEALER IN
Papei^, fhi\6y
878
AND
880
N.
J.
UNION'S TILES,
PLAIN AND ENCAUSTIC,
A. S.
CARLE,
AS LAID BY US IN
And
Scroll
Sawing
Mills,
NEWARK,
N.J.
any
PLUMBERS' MATERIALS,
&c.
MILLER &COATES,
379 Pearl Street,
NEW
Orders
YORK.
ESTABLISHED IN
1848.
CO.,
Sif
STMl
PlCIIiC, &C.
796 SrocLd
NEWARK,
Street,
ORSON
ELI AS
"WILSON,
B.
N. J
CRANE.
THEO. MACKNET,
THOS.
B.
SMITH,
THIS
BOOK
RECF'V^-^
FEB
1 6 1981
L- t^*.-*% i
EHYS .SCI
FEB 15^989
DEC
\m
WIAR
ll
r>.
PHYS era
LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
A-31/5
3 1175 00461
2381
Call
Number:
ize^^lh
TH5605 G67
N9 736874
Gould, L.D. The carpenter's and builder's assistant.
PHYSICAL
SCIENCES
LIBRARY
TH5605 G67