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Four main Aspects (Areas Of Research): 1. Firstly, the impact that Mass media has on criminal behaviour through its portrayal of: crime, violence, death and aggression. 2. The ability of the mass media and the impact when it portray certain groups as outsiders distorting reality and unjustly stereotyping them. 3.When the mass media causes moral panics by targeting or inflating an issue . 4. Also whether real crime and fictional crime impact the viewer in the same manner .
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Types Of Media
1.Books/Magazines/Newspapers
2.TV Shows 3.TV News 4.Social networking sites, Facebook, Instagram,
Twitter
Mass Media
Moral Panics Mods and Rockers Stan CohenMoral Panic is a disproportionate and hostile reaction to a condition, person or group defined as a threat to societal values, involving stereotypical media representations and leading to demands for greater social control and creating a spiral of reaction. Examples way muslims are portrayed
Binge-drinking
Often portrayed in the media as getting worse however actual statistics show decreasing alcohol related assaults at time This perception of binge drinking influenced the Licensing Act 2003 which was justified in part by received logic of reducing alcohol fuelled violence. The attempt was to disperse the times people would drink throughout the 24 hours of a day
Dont have nightmares.... Is fear increased/decreased What is more important, fear or actual crime?2
Media Influence
Firstly, the impact that Mass media has on criminal behaviour through its portrayal of: crime, violence, death and aggression.
Norris (1996), claims that media coverage of political issues can influence voting behaviour.So therefore if a political issue such as terrorism is heavily focused on, voters will as a consequence of this vote for the political party who may be seen as having a proactive approach towards terrorism McCabe and Martin (2005) concluded that media violence has a disinhibition effect it convinces children that in some social situations, the normal rules, involved in conflict removed. i.e. which are normally discussion and negotiation (methods to avoid violence pushed aside) in thinking that these can be replaced with violence with no repercussions/no consequences.
However-Criticisims Fesbach and Sanger (1971) found that screen violence can actually provide a safe outlet for peoples aggressive tendencies. This is known as catharsis. They suggest that watching an exciting film releases aggressive energy into safe outlets as the viewers immerse themselves in the action. Young (1981), argues that seeing the effects of violence and especially the pain and suffering that it causes to the victim and their families, may make us more aware of its consequences and so less inclined to commit violent acts. Sensitisation to certain crimes therefore may make people more aware and responsible so that they avoid getting involved in violence.
Classification System
The fear of the medias portrayal of violence, is evident in the creation of organisations such as the British Board of Film Classification, in which age ratings are given on films, to restrict the audience. Now, the restriction of the audience conveys that the depiction of violence has an effect on behaviour and criminality. This has been extended to video games with the Video game classification system such as PEGI, Pan European Game Information. This can be criticized because certain research studies do not support that violence has an effect on human behaviour Public executions were a commonplace in England, however whether they had an serious impact on the population is arguable.
Portayal of Police
Dixon of Dock Green The police officer in the 1960s portrayed as a nice, clumsy helpful gentleman The Bill Police officers (2000)authorative and promiscuous
P olice Interceptors Tough Equipped Armed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HE CMVdl-9SQ
Why did the officers attend? Why were the men arrested? Was the media a neutral actor in this scenario? Considering now the G20 footage, what does this say about the surveillance society?
Terrorism
There are two approaches to this: Absolutist Approach-In which terrorism is always viewed as deviant, regardless of the circumstance Constructivist approach: one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter - Dependant on the situation and context
Consider Allied saboteurs in France during WWII American minute men during War of Independence Nelson Mandela Martin McGuiness
Terrorism is no longer just a local problem with the advent of globalisation, boarders are now more open, its now much easier to fly across countries, ease of access So the response to this could be to have either:
Traditional policing methods or extreme measures?:
Al Queda:
Guantanamo bay Control orders/Terrorism Investigation and Prevention Measures Waterboarding and other torture
N.I. Troubles(1969 -1996 +): During the time when England were involved in the Northern Ireland disputes know as the Troubles, various strict measures were introduced Under Operation Demetrius, Internment without trial was introduced in which over 300 were arrested who were suspected to be involved with the IRA Abolition of trial by jury (certain scheduled offences )Diplock Courts- consisted of one judge 1) danger of perverse acquittals, and, 2) jurors had been threatened, "of which we have had ample evidence" Brutal methods of interrogation were implented (won ECHR case against UK) Shoot to kill policy was implemented (won ECHR case against UK)
Definition Of Terrorism
Ted Robert Gurr (Political Scientist)-The use of unexpected violence to intimidate or coerce people in the pursuit of political or social objectives.
Broadcasting
Sinn Fein- Broadcasting ban, had their words spoken by an actor rather than being able to appear themselves. Cottle 2006- 911 broadcasting- a calculated act of political communication enacted on a global stage-communicated that America is not immune from attack and also foreign policy would be violently opposed. Also the war in Iraq was also fought, in part with the help of the media-from initial Shock and Awe bombing campaign in Iraq which lit up the night skyprovided Dramatic Tv+ Newspaper Pictures -Furthermore to the symbolic topping of the statues of Saddam Hussein images of his capture and execution.