!"#"$ &'( )*+#"$* ,&( &$-*( ,(** .

'+/"01$"&2
3&)2/&13#
-$$.455)))67$(1$*8"07$'3"*#92#$"$'$*61(:;6:"/5
<& (1$* $-"# .'+/"01$"&2 0/"0= -*(*6
!"#$"%&'(
!")*'%!
'+!"'")"%
The Slialegic Sludies Inslilule (SSI) is pail of lhe U.S. Ainy Wai
CoIIege and is lhe slialegic-IeveI sludy agenl foi issues ieIaled lo
nalionaI secuiily and niIilaiy slialegy vilh enphasis on geosliale-
gic anaIysis.
The nission of SSI is lo use independenl anaIysis lo conducl slialegic
sludies lhal deveIop poIicy ieconnendalions on:
- Slialegy, pIanning, and poIicy foi joinl and conlined
enpIoynenl of niIilaiy foices,
- RegionaI slialegic appiaisaIs,
- The naluie of Iand vaifaie,
- Malleis affecling lhe Ainys fuluie,
- The concepls, phiIosophy, and lheoiy of slialegy, and
- Olhei issues of inpoilance lo lhe Ieadeiship of lhe Ainy.
Sludies pioduced ly civiIian and niIilaiy anaIysls concein lopics
having slialegic inpIicalions foi lhe Ainy, lhe Depailnenl of De-
fense, and lhe Iaigei nalionaI secuiily connunily.
In addilion lo ils sludies, SSI pulIishes speciaI iepoils on lopics of
speciaI oi innediale inleiesl. These incIude ediled pioceedings of
confeiences and lopicaIIy-oiienled ioundlalIes, expanded liip ie-
poils, and quick-ieaclion iesponses lo senioi Ainy Ieadeis.
The Inslilule piovides a vaIualIe anaIylicaI capaliIily vilhin lhe
Ainy lo addiess slialegic and olhei issues in suppoil of Ainy pai-
licipalion in nalionaI secuiily poIicy foinuIalion.
5tratcgIc 5tudIcs InstItutc Mnnngraph
RU55IA'5 HOMEGROWN IN5URGENCY:
JIHAD IN THE NORTH CAUCA5U5
5tcphcn J. B!ank
EdItnr
Octnbcr 2012
!"# %&#'( #)*+#((#, &- ."&( +#*/+. 0+# ."/(# /1 ."# 02."/+( 0-,
do nol necessaiiIy ieecl lhe ofhciaI poIicy oi posilion of lhe De3
pailnenl of lhe Ainy, lhe Depailnenl of Defense, oi lhe U.S.
Coveinnenl. Aulhois of Slialegic Sludies Inslilule (SSI) pulIica3
.&/-( #-4/5 1266 070,#8&7 1+##,/89 *+/%&,#, ."#5 ,/ -/. ,&(76/(#
cIassihed infoinalion, jeopaidize opeialions secuiily, oi nis3
iepiesenl ofhciaI U.S. poIicy. Such acadenic fieedon enpov3
#+( ."#8 ./ /11#+ -#' 0-, (/8#.&8#( 7/-.+/%#+(&06 *#+(*#7.&%#(
in lhe inleiesl of fuilheiing delale on key issues. This iepoil is
cIeaied foi pulIic ieIease, disliilulion is unIiniled.
:::::
This pulIicalion is suljecl lo TilIe 17, Uniled Slales Code, Sec3
lions 1O1 and 1O5. Il is in lhe pulIic donain and nay nol le copy3
iighled.
&&
:::::
Connenls peilaining lo lhis iepoil aie inviled and shouId
le foivaided lo: Diiecloi, Slialegic Sludies Inslilule, U.S. Ainy
Wai CoIIege, 47 Ashluin Diive, CaiIisIe, IA 17O13.
:::::
AII Slialegic Sludies Inslilule (SSI) pulIicalions nay le
dovnIoaded fiee of chaige fion lhe SSI velsile. Haid copies of
lhis iepoil nay aIso le ollained fiee of chaige vhiIe suppIies
Iasl ly pIacing an oidei on lhe SSI velsile. SSI pulIicalions nay
le quoled oi iepiinled in pail oi in fuII vilh peinission and ap3
piopiiale ciedil given lo lhe U.S. Ainy Slialegic Sludies Insli3
lule, U.S. Ainy Wai CoIIege, CaiIisIe aiiacks, IA. Conlacl SSI
ly visiling oui velsile al lhe foIIoving addiess: uuu.S|ra|cgic
S|udics|ns|i|u|c.arnq.ni|.
:::::
The Slialegic Sludies Inslilule pulIishes a nonlhIy e-naiI
-#'(6#..#+ ./ 2*,0.# ."# -0.&/-06 (#72+&.5 7/882-&.5 /- ."# +#3
seaich of oui anaIysls, iecenl and foilhconing pulIicalions, and
upconing confeiences sponsoied ly lhe Inslilule. Lach nevsIel3
lei aIso piovides a slialegic connenlaiy ly one of oui ieseaich
anaIysls. If you aie inleiesled in ieceiving lhis nevsIellei, pIease
sulsciile on lhe SSI velsile al uuu.S|ra|cgicS|udics|ns|i|u|c.
arnq.ni|;ncus|c||cr/.
ISN 1-58487-544-5
&&&
CONTENT5
Ioievoid ........................................................................v
1. The Caucasus Lniiale }ihadisls:
The Secuiily and Slialegic InpIicalions ...............1
Gcrdcn M. Hann
2. The Noilh Caucasus in Russia and Russia
in lhe Noilh Caucasus: Slale Appioaches
and IoIilicaI Dynanics in lhe
TuiluIenl Region ...................................................99
Scrgcq Mar|cdcnct
3. The Afghanizalion of lhe Noilh
Caucasus: Causes and InpIicalions
of a Changing Conicl ........................................ 121
Stan|c |. Ccrnc||
Aloul lhe Conliilulois .............................................155
%
FOREWORD
The Uniled Slales has had a lillei sel of expeiiences
vilh insuigencies and counleiinsuigency opeialions,
lul il is ly no neans aIone in having lo confionl such
lhieals and chaIIenges. Indeed, accoiding lo Russian
Iiesidenl Dniliy Medvedev, lhe giealesl doneslic
lhieal lo Russias secuiily is lhe ongoing insuigency
in lhe Noilh Caucasus. This insuigency giev oul of
Russias vais in Chechnya and has gone on foi sevei3
aI yeais, vilh no end in sighl. Yel il is haidIy knovn in
lhe Wesl and laieIy coveied even ly expeils. In viev
of lhis insuigencys slialegic inpoilance and lhe facl
lhal lhe U.S. niIilaiy can and nusl Ieain foi olhei con3
lenpoiaiy vais, lhe Slialegic Sludies Inslilule (SSI)
feIl lhe need lo liing lhis vai lo oui ieadeis allenlion
and shed noie Iighl upon lolh sides, lhe IsIanisl (and
nalionaIisl) ieleIs and Russia, as lhey vage eilhei an
insuigency oi counleiinsuigency canpaign.
<"&6# ."# #%&,#-. 0-, *+&80+5 702(# /1 ."&( 72+3
ienl vai is Russian nisiuIe in lhe Noilh Caucasus in
lhe conlexl of lhe Chechen vais, il aIso is liue lhal
Russia is nov facing a seIf-piocIained fundanenlaI3
isl, SaIah-oiienled, IsIanisl chaIIenge, lhal openIy
piocIains ils Iinks lo aI-Qaeda and vhose avoved
ain is lhe delachnenl of lhe Noilh Caucasus fion lhe
Russian Iedeialion. Theiefoie, ve shouId have a sul3
slanliaI inleiesl in sciulinizing lhe couise of lhis vai
lolh foi ils ieaI-voiId slialegic inpIicalions and foi
lhe Iessons lhal ve can gainei ly cIose anaIysis of il.
The lhiee papeis piesenled heie aie ly veII-knovn
expeils and veie deIiveied al SSIs lhiid annuaI con3
feience on Russia lhal look pIace al CaiIisIe, IA, on
Seplenlei 26-27, 2O11. This confeience, Iike ils piede3
cessois, had as ils goaI lhe assenlIage of Russian, Lu3
iopean, and Aneiican expeils lo engage in a ieguIai,
open, and candid diaIogue on ciilicaI issues in con3
lenpoiaiy secuiily, lhis paneI ieaIized lhal anlilion,
as Di. Hahn is Aneiican, Di. Maikedonov is Russian,
and Di. CoineII is Svedish.
SSI leIieves lhal such ieguIai inleinalionaI dia3
Iogue pIays an inpoilanl ioIe in expanding lhe iepei3
loiie of ideas and polenliaI couise of aclion avaiIalIe
lo Ainy and olhei slialegic Ieadeis, and ve Iook foi3
vaid lo conlinuing lhis piocess in lhe fuluie. eaiing
lhese oljeclives in nind and vilh lhe goaI of infoin3
ing senioi Ainy and olhei slialegic Ieadeis aloul con3
lenpoiaiy slialegic and niIilaiy deveIopnenls, SSI
is pIeased lo piesenl lhis nonogiaph lo oui ieadeis
foi lheii consideialion. We hope lhal il viII slinuIale
fuilhei delale, ieeclion, and Ieaining anong oui
ieadeis, as lhe issues of insuigency and counleiinsui3
gency, as veII as IsIanisl-diiven leiioiisn, viII nol go
avay anyline soon.

DOUCLAS C. LOVLLACL, }R.
Diiecloi
Slialegic Sludies Inslilule
%&
1
CHAPTER 1
THE CAUCA5U5 EMIRATE JIHADI5T5:
THE 5ECURITY AND 5TRATEGIC
IMPLICATION5
Gnrdnn M. Hahn
In 1994, lefoie lhe oullieak of lhe hisl posl-Soviel
Russo-Chechen vai, ShaniI asaev, lhe Ieading op3
eialive of lhe lhen seIf-decIaied independenl Chechen
RepulIic of Ichkeiiya (ChRI), look a gioup of sone 3O
nen fion his lallaIion of Alkhaz hghleis lo Osana
lin Ladens aI-Qaeda (AQ) liaining canps in Khosl,
Afghanislan.
1
Iion lhis eeling lul neveilheIess sen3
inaI conlacl lelveen lhe ChRI and AQ, an incieasing3
Iy cIosei ieIalionship giaduaIIy deveIoped lelveen
Chechen as veII as olhei Caucasus nalionaIisl and
Suh IsIanic insuigenls on lhe one hand, and AQ and
lhe luigeoning gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl
on lhe olhei. Aflei noie lhan a decade of evoIulion,
lhis liend cuIninaled in lhe fuII SaIahzalion oi lak3
hiizalion of lhe ChRIs ideoIogy and lhe jihadizalion
of ils goaIs, opeialions, and laclics.
=
<&." ."# ,&((/623
lion of ChRI ly ils lhen Iiesidenl Dokku Alu Us3
nan Unaiov in Oclolei 2OO7 and his ciealion of lhe
Caucasus Lniiale (CL) in ils pIace, lhe SaIahzalion
and jihadizalion piocesses veie nade ofhciaI.
<# 70- */&-. ./ 0 (#+&#( /1 107./+( ."0. 1/+ 8/+#
lhan a decade diove lhe iadicaIizalion and jihadiza3
lion of lhe Chechen/Caucasus nujahedin. These fac3
lois incIude: lhe inuence of lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIu3
lionaiy novenenl and ideoIogy ieaIized lhiough lhe
Inleinel and olhei neans, liulaI Russian vaihghling
and counleiinsuigency nelhods, lhe Noilh Cauca3
=
suss coIoniaI expeiience al lhe hands of lhe Russians,
lhe iegions ieIaliveIy Iov slandaid of Iiving and so3
cioecononic deveIopnenl, coiiupl and ineffeclive Io3
caI and Russian goveinance, and, Caucasus cuslons
of lIood ievenge and nailiaI couiage. Whal is cIeai
is lhal lhe CL is an expIicilIy seIf-idenlihed gIolaI
jihadisl oiganizalion. Sonevhal leIaledIy in May
2O11, lhe CL vas pIaced on lhe U.S. Slale Depailnenls
Iisl of speciaIIy designaled inleinalionaI leiioiisl
oiganizalions.
SliII, lhe oveivheIning veighl of jouinaIislic,
anaIylicaI, and acadenic voik on lhe vioIence in lhe
Noilh Caucasus lends lo avoid nenlion of lhe gIolaI
jihads ioIe in lhe iegion, lhe alliacliveness of jihad3
&(8 ./ 0 7/-(&(.#-. */+.&/- /1 5/2." 07+/(( ."# #-.&+#
unna, oi lhe inuence of lhese faclois on lhe CLs
ideoIogy, goaIs, slialegy, and laclics. The focus is
aInosl aIvays on faclois ieIaled lo Russian iespon3
siliIily foi lhe geneiicaIIy naned vioIence: lhe foin
of siIoviki liulaIily, pooi goveinance, and econonic
dependence and Iiniled inveslnenl in lhe iegions
deveIopnenl. Civen lhis chapleis puipose of piovid3
ing a slialegic lhieal assessnenl of lhe cuiienl CL in3
suigency in Russias Noilh Caucasus and ils lioadei
iegionaI inpIicalions, il viII focus on lhe CLs lheo-
ideoIogy, goaIs, slialegies, laclics, and capacily lo de3
Iivei vioIence inside Russia. Civen lhe CLs nev pIace
vilhin lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance, I viII
aIso Iook al lhe CLs lioadei slialegic iegionaI and
gIolaI secuiily inpIicalions.
3
THE CAUCA5U5 EMIRATE: THEO-IDEOLOGY,
GOAL5, 5TRATEGY, AND OPERATIONAL
CAPACITY
The CLs ideoIogy and goaIs aie nov dehned en3
liieIy ly lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenls
SaIah lakhiisn and jihadisn. They have lioadened
#)*/-#-.&0665 ./ &-762,# -/. /-65 ."# &-.#+-0.&/-063
isl aspiialions of lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aI3
Iiance lul aIso an expanded vision of lhe CLs lei3
iiloiiaI cIains. Those cIains nov exlend leyond lhe
pan-Caucasus goaI of lhe eniiale lo aII of Russias
MusIin Iands, dehned so lioadIy as lo enconpass aII
of Russia foi aII inlenls and puiposes. OpeialionaIIy,
I discuss lhe CLs vide iange of laclics, incIuding lhe
use of lhe lypicaIIy jihadi islishkhad, lhal is, nailyi3
don oi suicide opeialions.
Thc CE's 5a!ast Thcn-Idcn!ngy.
The SaIahsl lheo-ideoIogy nade seiious inioads
leginning in lhe inlei-vai peiiod and ieached ciili3
caI nass in 2OO2 vhen a ChRI shuia suloidinaled lhe
ChRI conslilulion lo Shaiiah Iav, appioved a slialegy
of liinging jihad lo lhe enliie Noilh Caucasus, and
appoinled lhe IsIanisl-oiienled AlduI KhaIin Sadu3
Iaev as Chaiinan of lolh lhe nev iuIing MadzhIi3
suI Shuias Shaiiah Lav Connillee and lhe Shaiiah
Couil, and designaled hin successoi lo ChRI piesi3
denl and foinei Soviel geneiaI AsIan Maskhadov.
3

Wilh Unaiovs decIaialion of lhe CL in Oclolei 2OO7,
lhe nonopoIy of lhe SaIahsl lheo-ideoIogy and ils vio3
Ienl univeisaI jihadisn ovei lhe Noilh Caucasus nu3
jahedin vas fuIIy secuied and inslilulionaIized. The
4
CLs ideoIogy is nov pieciseIy lhe sane SaIahsl lheo-
ideoIogy as lhal pioseIylized ly AQ and olhei gioups
in lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance (gIolaI ji3
had) and novenenl.
The key eIenenls of lhis lheo-ideoIogy aie lavhid,
lakhi, jihad, and nailyidon. These piincipIes have
leen eIaloialed upon in gieal delaiI ly lhiee succes3
sive CL Shaiiah Couil qadis (judges oi nagisliales).
Of lhe lhiee, il vas lhe CLs hisl Shaiial Couil qadi
SeifuIIah Anzoi Asleniiov, vho nosl effecliveIy
piopagaled lhe piincipIes of |aunid 0-, |a|jr. As3
leniiov, Iike nany of lhe CLs young geneialion of
Ieadeis, sludied IsIan alioad in lhe Iale 199Os le3
foie luining lo SaIahsn and jihadisn. Appoinled
ly CL anii Unaiov as lhe CLs qadi in eaiIy 2OO8,
Asleniiov founded lhe velsile, |s|andin.ccn9 '"&7"
incoipoialed his Iiliaiy of foieign SaIah jihadi lexls,
audiolapes, and videos.
4
y lhen, |s|andin.ccn 0-,
lhe olhei CL viIaiyals velsiles caiiied jihadi Iileia3
luie excIusiveIy, incIuding nuneious liansIalions of
lhe viilings of Ieading iadicaI Saudi, Lgyplian, Iiaqi,
and Iakislani jihadisl lheoIogians, ideoIogisls, and
piopagandisls, incIuding AQs Osana lin Laden and
Aynan aI-Zavahiii,
5
lhe Aneiican Yeneni-lased AQ
in lhe Aialian IeninsuIa (AQAI) Ieadei Anvai AI-
AvIaki, and, lens of olheis.
6
CL siles nov posl Rus3
sian-Ianguage sunnaiies and liansIalions of edilions
of and ailicIes fion AQs LngIish-Ianguage jouinaI |n-
spirc and vilhin days of lin Ladens dealh pulIished
al Ieasl 15 ailicIes, announcenenls, and leslinoniaIs.
7
Anong lhe nosl pioninenl of lhe foieign jihadi
lheo-ideoIogisls vho Asleniiov fealuied on |s|an-
din.ccn vas lhe }oidanian Sheikh Alu Muhannad
Asen aI-Maqdisi. Accoiding lo lhe Uniled Slales
MiIilaiy Acadenys Conlaling Teiioiisn Cenlei
5
(CTC) anong olheis, Maqdisi is lhe nosl inuenliaI
Iiving }ihadi Theoiisl and lhe key conlenpoiaiy
ideoIogue in lhe }ihadi inleIIecluaI univeise, and
his velsile Minoar a|-]inad ua|-Taunid is aI-Qa`idas
nain onIine Iiliaiy and veiy iepiesenlalive of }i3
hadi Iileialuie.
8
Asleniiov and Maqdisi sliuck up a
76/(# (.2,#-.38#-./+ +#60.&/-("&* /1 7/++#(*/-,#-7#
and consuIlalions lhal vouId cenenl lhe CLs aIIiance
vilh AQ and lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy nove3
nenl. Asleniiov liansIaled and geneiousIy ciled
Maqdisis voiks. Asleniiovs key video Iecluie On
Tavhid vas lased on Maqdisis Mi||a| |oranin (Tnc
Rc|igicn cf Aoranan), lolh leconing slapIes on CL and
olhei jihadi velsiles.
9
Maqdisis velsile legan pul3
Iishing ailicIes aloul lhe CL, vhich veie liansIaled
inlo Russian and posled on CL siles.
1O
Maqdisi en3
doised lhe CL in Seplenlei 2OO9 as a feivenl gIolaI
jihadi oiganizalion, piaising Asleniiov foi his IsIanic
knovIedge.
11
In Seplenlei 2O1O Maqdisi uiged Mus3
Iins lo suppoil lhe CL, so lhe Lniiale lecones lhe
dooi lo Laslein Luiope.
12
Since lhen, lhe CL has en3
leied Luiope.
The lheoIogicaI eIenenls of lavhid and lakhi aie
encoded in Shaiiah Iav on lhe lasis of lhe Koian and
Sunna as inleipieled ly liue (and seIf-seIecled) SaIah
Ieadeis. They have piofound poIilicaI, econonic, and
opeialionaI inpIicalions, since lhey dehne jihadisls
poIilicaI ideoIogy and goaIs and lheiely lheii niIilai3
iIy slialegy and laclics.
13
Tauid, /+ (.+&7. 8/-/."#&(89
iequiies lhal MusIins voiship onIy AIIah, even voi3
ship of, oi piayeis lo lhe Iiophel Mohanned aie foi3
lidden. This puls lhe CLs ideoIogy vilhin lhe nain3
sliean of gIolaI jihadisn lul decidedIy al odds vilh
lhe Noilh Caucasuss chief IsIanic lendency, Suhsn,
vhich hoIds a pioninenl pIace foi piayei lo Suh sainls
6
and leacheis, lhe ciealion of shiines al lheii giaves,
and piayeis lo lhe Iiophel Mohanned. Tavhidisns
caII lo iaise lhe void oi iaise lhe ieIigion of AIIah
alove aII olheis inuences eveiy aspecl of lhe jihadi
lheo-ideoIogy and poIilicaI phiIosophy. Il iendeis
aII olhei ideoIogies and idenlilies~denociacy, con3
82-&(89 (/7&06&(89 -0.&/-06&(89 0-, 760(( /+ #."-&7
idenlily~lo le saciiIegious. Ils excIusivisl focus on
lhe Deilys viII foi guidance in aII nalleis, piesup3
poses lhe possiliIily lhal lhis viII is nade piivy lo lhe
novenenls Ieadeis, opening lhe vay lo a lolaIilaiian
nonopoIy ovei lhoughl and povei.
Much as inleinalionaI connunisns paily of pio3
fessionaI ievoIulionaiies veie affoided a vanguaid
ioIe in divining vhal vas lesl foi lhe pioIelaiial,
undei jihadisl lheo-ideoIogy lhe povei lo inleipiel
AIIahs viII devoIves ly defauIl lo a snaII coleiie of
Ieadeis (aniis), lheoIogians (uIena and qadis), and
ideoIogisls anong lhe nujahedin, iegaided as lhe
nosl devoul and connilled of lhe unnas MusIins.
The speciaI knovIedge, failh, and connilnenl of lhe
nujahedin vanguaid~lhe aniis and qadis~juslify
lheii nonopoIy on lhe inleipielalion of lhe Koian and
Sunna. Accoiding lo Asleniiov and olhei jihadisls,
lhe aniis, advised ly Shaiiah couil qadis, possess dic3
laloiiaI poveis lo lake uniIaleiaI decisions on lhe nosl
inpoilanl queslions, such as lhal laken ly Unaiov in
foinalion of lhe CL. The CL anii hoIds lhe uIlinale
ieins in a ciicuIai ov of povei, as he appoinls lhe
aniis and qadis foi each of ils Iaigesl sulsliucluies~
lhe CL viIaiyals (fion lhe Aialic void veIaiyal foi
piovinces oi goveinales). The anii cannol le chaI3
Ienged on any decision unIess he is deened ly a qadi
lo have devialed fion Shaiiah Iav as inleipieled ly
lhe qadi vhon he has appoinled.
14
The qadis aulhoi3
7
ily lo advise and conhin lhe decisions of lhe aniis
gives lhen gieal povei. CL and sone viIaiyal qadis
"0%# *0((#, ,#0." (#-.#-7#(9 (/8# /1 '"&7" "0%#
leen caiiied oul.
15
Nol suipiisingIy lhen, Asleniiov
and olhei jihadi Ieadeis iegaid denocialic inslilu3
lions and piinaiy aIIegiance lo counliy oi nalionaI3
&.5 0( 804/+ ,#%&0.&/-( 1+/8 8/-/."#&(8 0-, ."2(
saciiIege, even nanifeslalions of nonleIief. SiniIaiIy,
aII olhei phiIosophies, aIIegiances oi inleiesls lhal in3
leivene lelveen lhe aII-knoving aniis and qadis and
lheii inleipielalion of lhe hoIy lexls aie foilidden,
since lhey undeinine MusIins unily in lheii hghl
againsl nonleIief and, noie lo lhe poinl, undeinine
lheii nonopoIy ovei inleipielalion of lhe Koian and
Sunna, lhe foundalions of Shaiiah Iav. Thus, nalionaI3
isn is iejecled as a Iegilinale ideoIogicaI lasis and is
iegaided as a nanifeslalion of nonleIief, foi il pIaces
lhe ieIigion of IsIan leIov elhnicily.
16

Anong SaIahsls and jihadisls vioIaling lhe piin3
cipIe of lavhid ly voishipping lhese faIse gods Ieads
lo vhal is lhe second lasic luiIding lIock of lhe gIolaI
jihads and lhe CLs lheoIogy, lakhiisn, a liend in3
foined ly an exlieneIy excIusivisl dehnilion of vhal
conslilules liue IsIan and a ieaI MusIin. The desig3
nalion of lakhi neans lhe exconnunicalion fion lhe
IsIanic ieIigious connunily and is ieseived foi lhose
MusIins vho aie deened lo have vioIaled fundanen3
laI lenels of IsIan, such as lavhid, in accoidance vilh
SaIahsl inleipielalion. Many lakhiisls hoId lhal lhose
iuIed aposlales nay le suljecl lo lhe dealh penaIly.
>&%#- ."# #).+#8&(. -0.2+# /1 ."#&+ 8/-/."#&(89 .0'3
hidisls and jihadisls have a Iov lhieshoId in deciding
vho shouId le designaled lakhi and suljecled lo lhe
haishesl of penaIlies. Ioi Asleniiov and lhe CL, lhose
vho heIp lhe Russian inhdeI and lhose vho piaclice
Suhsn aie al iisk of lakhi denuncialion.
17
8
The iconocIaslic naluie of lhe lallIe lelveen lhose
vho olseive lhe supposedIy liue SaIah veision of Is3
Ian and lhose vho do nol, vhelhei MusIin oi inhdeI,
Ieads lo lhe jihadisls lhiid nain piincipIe: a kinelic
ialhei lhan conlenpIalive dehnilion of jihad and an
offensive ialhei lhan defensive gIolaI jihadisn. Ralh3
ei lhan IsIans liadilionaI enphasis on lhe giealei
jihad of lhe innei seaich foi failh in AIIah, lakhiisls
iequiie lhal aII MusIins suppoil lo lhe lesl of lheii
aliIily an IsIanic vai againsl nonleIieveis, vhelhei
Chiislian, }ev, Hindu, secuIaiisl oi any olhei non-
MusIin ieIigion, as veII as faIIen MusIin aposlales,
olheivise, lhey lhenseIves can le suljecl lo lakhi and
le deened laigels of lhe jihad. The inpIicalion of lak3
hiisn is lhal lhe voiId is divided inlo lvo canps: lhe
lakhii jihadisls and eveiyone eIse. The calhoIic naluie
of lhis schisn conlines vilh lhe geneiaI liend lovaid
gIolaIizalion fosleied ly lechnoIogy lo push SaIahsls
lovaids a gIolaI ialhei lhan a IocaI vision of jihad.
Since neilhei elhnicily noi slale loideis can liunp lhe
piincipIe of iaising IsIans void alove aII olheis, lhe
jihad cannol le conhned lo specihc iegions oi laigel3
ed allacks, il nusl le caiiied oul gIolaIIy. Civen lhe
naxinaIisl, sacied, and lviIighl naluie of lhe sliuggIe
lelveen lhe alode of IsIan and lhe alode of lhe in3
hdeI in lhe lakhiisl jihadis vision, lhe jihadisls pei3
nil lhenseIves ialhei exlienisl nelhods lo naxinize
lheii capacily lo allain lhe goaI. Using IsIanic hoIy
lexls fiequenl piaise foi nailyidon in lallIe vilh lhe
inhdeI duiing lhe eaiIy cenluiies of IsIans expansion
acioss lhe Aialian IeninsuIa and leyond, jihadisls
ioulineIy pioseIylize, liain, and depIoy lhe uIlinale
foin of seIf-saciihciaI nailyidon, (islishkhad)~lhal
is, suicide opeialions. The aliIily lo offei ones Iife foi
lhe jihad is inconlioveililIe evidence of ones puiily
9
and cIoseness lo AIIah.
18
!"# +#80&-,#+ /1 ."&( 7"0*.#+
denonsliales lhal aII of lhese jihadi lenels have le3
cone pail and paiceI of lhe CLs lheo-ideoIogy, le3
havioi and aspiialions.
Thc CE's Gna!s and 5tratcgIc VIsInn.
The ChRIs inpIicilIy expanding pan-Caucasus
anlilions lecane expIicil and inslilulionaIized in Oc3
lolei 2OO7 vilh Dokku Alu Usnan Unaiovs dec3
Iaialion of lhe CL.
19
Unaiovs decIaialion of lhe CL
cIained nol onIy donain ovei lhe enliie Noilh Cau3
casus fion lhe Caspian lo Iack Seas, lul il aIso in3
cIuded a decIaialion of jihad againsl lhe Uniled Slales,
Cieal iilain, IsiaeI, and any counliy hghling Mus3
Iins anyvheie on lhe gIole.
2O
!"# 2-&60.#+06 -0.2+# /1
lhis decision, aIlhough pionpled and suppoiled ly
lolh foieign jihadisls and nany Noilh Caucasus nu3
jahedin as veII as ly lheii IsIanic lexls, denonsliales
lhe lolaIilaiian essence of lhe SaIah lakhiisn. In oi3
dei lo achieve lheii IocaI eniiale, Unaiov divided lhe
Caucasus nujahedin inlo sone hve viIaiyals IooseIy
lased aIong lhe leiiiloiiaI loideis of Russias Noilh
Caucasus iepulIics: lhe Nokchicho (Chechnya) ViIai3
yal (NV), lhe Dageslan ViIaiyal (DV), lhe CaIgaiche
ViIaiyal (CV) coveiing Ingushelia and Noilh Osseliya,
lhe Uniled ViIaiyal of Kalaidiya, aIkaiiya, and Ka3
iachai (OVKK) coveiing lhe iepulIics of Kalaidino-
aIkaiia (KR) and Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya, and, lhe
Nogai Sleppe ViIaiyal (NSV) coveiing Kiasnodai and
SlaviopoI Kiais. Lxcepl foi lhe NSV, vhich has nevei
leen fuIIy deveIoped, each is headed ly an anii vilh
siniIai diclaloiiaI poveis. The chief lheo-ideoIogicaI
hguie is lhe viIaiyals shaiiah couil qadi. Qadis sone3
lines aie aniis sinuIlaneousIy.
1O
In a May 2O11 inleiviev, Unaiov again eIaloialed
on lhe CLs expansive goaIs:
We considei lhe CL and Russia as a singIe lhealei of
vai.
We aie nol in a huiiy. The palh has leen chosen, ve
knov oui lasks, and ve viII nol luin lack, InshaAIIah,
fion lhis palh. Today, lhe lallIeheId is nol jusl Chech3
nya and lhe Caucasus Lniiale, lul aIso lhe vhoIe |ofj
Russia. The silualion is visilIe lo eveiylody vho has
eyes. The }ihad is spieading, sleadiIy and inevilalIy,
eveiyvheie.
I have aIieady nenlioned lhal aII lhose ailihciaI
loideis, adninislialive divisions, vhich lhe Taghul
diev, nean nolhing lo us. The days vhen ve vanled
lo secede and dieaned of luiIding a snaII Chechen
Kuvail in lhe Caucasus aie ovei. Nov, vhen you leII
lhe young Mujahedeen aloul lhese sloiies, lhey aie
(2+*+&(#, 0-, '0-. ./ 2-,#+(.0-, "/' ."/(# *60-(
ieIaled lo lhe Koian and lhe Sunnah.
AIhanduIiIIah! I sonelines lhink lhal AIIah has
caIIed lhese young peopIe lo lhe }ihad, so lhal ve, lhe
oIdei geneialion, couId nol sliay fion lhe iighl palh.
Nov ve knov lhal ve shouId nol le divided, and
nusl unile vilh oui liolheis in failh. We nusl iecon3
quei Asliakhan, IdeI-UiaI, Sileiia~lhese aie indig3
enous MusIin Iands. And lhen, Cod viIIing, ve shaII
deaI vilh |lhej Moscov Disliicl.
21
The evidence of lhe CLs adoplion of lhe gIolaI
jihads univeisaI goaIs as ils veiy ovn is oveivheIn3
ing. Yel, nosl anaIysls and aclivisls appeai unavaie
oi unviIIing lo acknovIedge lhe facl.
==
Unaiov has
iepealedIy associaled lhe CL vilh lhe gIolaI jihad,
fion his announcenenl decIaiing lhe foundalion of
11
lhe CL and ils jihad againsl anyone hghling againsl
MusIins anyvheie acioss lhe gIole lo his nosl iecenl
Ieliuaiy 2O11 AppeaI lo lhe MusIins of Lgypl and
Tunisia.
23
Ioi exanpIe, in Oclolei 2O1O, Unaiov ad3
diessed lhe gIolaI jihad:
Today, I vanl lo desciile lhe silualion in lhe voiId le3
cause, even if lhousands of kiIoneleis sepaiale us, lhose
nujahedin vho aie caiiying oul }ihad in Afghanislan,
Iakislan, Kashnii and nany, nany olhei pIaces, lhey
aie oui liolheis, and ve loday (vilh lhen) aie insisling
on lhe Iavs of AIIah on lhis eailh.
He aIso noled lhal lhe CL nujahedin foIIov lhe
Afghani jihad cIoseIy ly iadio and Inleinel and lhal
lhe TaIilan aie opposed ly Chiislian-Zionisl foices
Ied ly Aneiica. In liadilionaI jihadi fashion, Una3
iov caIIs jihadisns enenies lhe ainy of IlIis oi lhe
ainy of Salan, uniling lhe Aneiicans, vho loday
confess Chiislian Zionisn, and Luiopean alheisls,
vho do nol confess any of lhe ieIigions. IlIis hghl
so lheie viII le no alode foi IsIan (Dai as-SaIan)
anyvheie on eailh.
24
A Ieading ideoIogisl foi lhe CLs
Ingush nujahedin of ils CaIgaiche (Ingushelia) ViIai3
yal, Alu-l-Tanvii Kavkazskii, Iaid oul in delaiI lhe
conneclion lelveen lhe CLs piospeclive eniiale and
lhe giandei gIolaI caIiphale:
In lhe neai fuluie ve can assune lhal aflei lhe Iil3
eialion of lhe Caucasus, }ihad viII legin in IdeI-UiaI
and Weslein Sileiia. And, of couise ve viII le olIi3
galed lo assisl vilh aII oui slienglh in lhe Iileialion
of oui liolheis Iands fion lhe cenluiies-Iong inhdeI
yoke and in lhe eslalIishnenl lheie of lhe Iavs of lhe
RuIei of lhe WoiIds. Il is aIso possilIe lhal oui heIp
viII le veiy nuch needed in Kazakhslan and CenliaI
Asia, and AIIah has oideied us lo iendei il. And ve,
12
AIIah viIIing, viII deslioy lhe Iavs of lhe inhdeI on
lhe CenliaI Asian Iands in Ieague vilh lhe nujahe3
din of Afghanislan. And il is inpossilIe lo foigel oui
liolheis in lhe Ciinea, vhich is aIso Iand occupied ly
non-leIieveis.
25
The CLs lop qadi has pul il noie expIicilIy and
conciseIy: We aie doing eveiylhing possilIe lo luiId
lhe CaIiphale and piepaie lhe giound foi lhis lo lhe
exlenl of oui capaliIilies.
26
DnmcstIc 5tratcgy.
The CL issues fev docunenls indicaling lheii
slialegy. Hovevei, sone inpIicil slialegic appioach3
es can le skelched fion sone of ils slalenenls and
piopaganda ailicIes. LssenliaIIy, lhe CL is allenpling
lo cieale a ievoIulionaiy silualion lhiough lhe eslal3
Iishnenl of a ciedilIe, aIleinalive cIain on lhe sov3
eieign iighl lo iuIe in lhe Noilh Caucasus and eIse3
vheie in Russia. This slale-luiIding poIilicaI slialegy
incIudes: (1) eslalIishing a judiciaI syslen lased on
Shaiiah couils and qadis, (2) enfoicenenl of Shaiiah
Iav lhiough allacks on ovneis, voikeis, and palions
of ganing, pioslilulion, diinking, and aIcohoI-seIIing
eslalIishnenls, (3) lax coIIeclion in lhe foin of lhe Is3
608&7 .&."# /+ za|qa| lo fund CL niIilaiy, poIice, and
judiciaI funclions, and, (4) a noie expanded piopa3
ganda slialegy focused excIusiveIy on pioseIylizing
lhe SaIahsl lheoIogy and jihadisl ideoIogy ly nuIli3
pIying lhe nunlei of CL-afhIialed velsiles.
27
MiIilaiy
slialegy conpIinenls lhis poIilicaI slialegy, veak3
ening lhe inhdeI slale and iegine ly laigeling slale
inslilulions, ofhciaIs, and peisonneI~civiIian, poIice,
niIilaiy, and inleIIigence aIike.
13
Ciealing a ciedilIe aIleinalive soveieignly ie3
quiies nol sinpIy veakening IocaI lianches of lhe
piesenl Russian iegine and slale lul aIso lhe fed3
eiaI goveinnenl in Moscov and ils afhIiales acioss
lhe fedeialion. Conlined vilh lhe lasic honeIand
slialegy focused on ciealing duaI soveieignly in lhe
Caucasus, lheie is an effoil lo expand opeialions and
evenluaIIy noie slale-luiIding effoils acioss Russia,
using concenlialions of MusIin popuIalions in Ta3
laislan, ashkoiloslan, and eIsevheie as pIalfoins
fion vhich lhe nelvoik couId conceivalIy expand.
Thus, CL anii Unaiov pionised lo Iileiale nol jusl
Kiasnodai Kiai~pail of ils sliII veiy viiluaI Nogai
Sleppe ViIaiyal~lul aIso Asliakhan and lhe enliie
VoIga nega-iegion, vhich vouId incIude Talaislan,
ashkoiloslan, and olhei piedoninanlIy MusIin
Talai-popuIaled iegions in Russias VoIga and UiaIs
IedeiaI Disliicls.
28
SinuIlaneousIy, allacks Iike lhose
on lhe Nevskii Lxpiess Sl. Ieleisluig-Moscov liain
in Novenlei 2OO9, lhe Moscov sulvay syslen in
Maich 2O1O, and Moscovs Donodedovo Aiipoil in
}anuaiy 2O11 seive lhe puipose of leiioiizing lhe Rus3
sian eIile and popuIalion, ciealing poIilicaI disunily,
and undeinining lhe Russian viII lo hghl foi lhe ie3
gions conlinued incIusion in lhe fedeialion.
OpcratInna! CapacIty and TactIcs.
AIlhough lhe CL is oveiIooked ly nosl leiioiisn
/+ 4&"0,&(8 #)*#+.(9 &.( /*#+0.&/-06 70*07&.5 *2.( ."#
Noilh Caucasus a dislanl lhiid anong lhe voiIds
vaiious jihadi fionls lehind lhe Afghanislan-Iakislan
(AfIak) lhealie of AQ incIuding lhe TaIilan and lheii
nuneious aIIies in lhe iegion, and Yenen. In iecenl
yeais, jihadi-ieIaled vioIence in lhe Noilh Caucasus
14
has oulsliipped lhal in Iiaq. Iion Iale Oclolei 2OO7
lhiough }une 2O11, CL nujahedin have caiiied oul
oi leen invoIved in appioxinaleIy 1,8OO allacks and
vioIenl incidenls, vilh an inciease in lhe nunlei of
allacks/incidenls each fuII yeai of lhe CLs exislence,
2OO8-1O.
29
Those 1,8OO allacks have kiIIed appioxi3
naleIy 1,3OO and vounded 2,1OO slale agenls (civiI3
ian ofhciaIs and niIilaiy, inleIIigence, and poIice of3
hciaIs and peisonneI) and kiIIed 3OO and vounded
8OO civiIians, foi a lolaI of sone 4,5OO casuaIlies.
3O
!"&(
anounls lo neaiIy lvo allacks/incidenls and noie
lhan lhiee casuaIlies pei day. Ioi conpaiison, foi lhe
peiiod 2OO8-1O, lheie veie 1,527 U.S./Noilh AlIanlic
Tiealy Oiganizalion (NATO) lioops kiIIed and 9,7O3
U.S./NATO casuaIlies in Afghanislan.
31
Like ils aIIies in lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy
novenenl, lhe CL has caiiied oul speclacuIai and hoi3
iidIy effeclive allacks, in pailicuIai lens of islishkhad
opeialions~lhal is, suicide lonling opeialions. Ioi
exanpIe, in Novenlei 2OO9, lhe CL, peihaps ils Ri3
yadus SaIikhiin Mailyis iigade (RSM), vas lehind
lhe lonling of lhe Moscov-Sl. Ieleisluig Nevskii Lx3
piess high speed liain, vhich kiIIed 21 and vounded
74 civiIians. The expIosion of lhe liain vas foIIoved
ly a second as invesligalois aiiived on lhe scene lhal
sIighlIy vounded seveiaI ofhciaIs. In ApiiI 2OO9 anii
Unaiov announced aflei lhe CLs liadilionaI spiing
pIanning shuia lhal lhe CL had ievived vaiIoid and
noloiious leiioiisl ShaniI asaevs RSM in 2OO8, and
."0. &. "0, 06+#0,5 70++&#, /2. .'/ /*#+0.&/-(9 &-762,3
ing lhe Novenlei 2OO8 suicide lonling of a lus in
VIadikavkaz, Ingushelia, lhal kiIIed 14 and vounded
43 civiIians.
32
In }une 2OO9, lhe noloiious elhnic uiyal-
Russian MusIin conveil AIeksandi Tikhoniiov, a.k.a.
Sheikh Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, nasleininded lhe
15
suicide lonling lhal seveieIy vounded and neaiIy
kiIIed Ingushelia Iiesidenl Yunuslek Yevkuiov and
lhe Augusl 2OO9 suicide lonling of lhe Minisliy of In3
leinaI Affaiis (MVD) disliicl headquaileis in Nazian
lhal kiIIed 24 MVD seivicenen and vounded appiox3
inaleIy 26O peopIe, incIuding 11 chiIdien, on lhe veiy
day lhal Yevkuiov ieluined lo Ingushelia aflei nonlhs
of hospilaIizalion. ased vilh lhe CLs CV nujahedin
and RSM, uiyalskii viole pioIihcaIIy aloul lhe in3
poilance of islishkhad opeialions and his piepaialion
vilh RSM suicide lonleis.
33
The equaIIy noloiious
'SeifuIIah Culdenskii MagonedaIi Vagalov, CL DV
anii and CL qadi in 2O1O unliI his denise in Augusl
of lhal yeai, oiganized lhe doulIe suicide lonling of
lhe Moscov MeliopoIilan sulvay in Maich 2O1O lhal
kiIIed 4O and vounded 1O1 civiIians, incIuding sone
1O liaveIing foieigneis. (olh uiyalskii and Vagalov
ieceived IsIanic educalion alioad lefoie luining lo
jihad, lhe foinei~in Lgypl, Yenen and peihaps Sau3
di Aialia, lhe Iallei in Iakislan.) On anii Unaiovs
oideis, lhe CLs RSM piepaied and dispalched 2O-
yeai oId Ingush Magoned YevIoev fion Ingushelia
lo caiiy oul lhe }anuaiy 2O11 suicide allack in lhe in3
leinalionaI leininaI of Moscovs Donodedovo Aii3
poil lhal kiIIed 37 and vounded 18O.
34
In lolaI, lhe CL
has caiiied oul sone 36 suicide allacks since CL anii
Unaiov ievived lhe RSM: 1 in 2OO8, 16 in 2OO9, 14
in 2O1O, and 5 duiing lhe hisl 6 nonlhs of 2O11. Is3
lishkhad lonling opeialions aie a dislincl synplon
of lhe CLs gIolaI jihadisl lheo-ideoIogy and a syn3
loI of ils aIIiance vilh lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy
novenenl.
16
THE CAUCA5U5 EMIRATE AND THE GLOBAL
JIHADI REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
The CLs jihadizalion of lhe Chechen and Noilh
Caucasus insuigency, in pailicuIai ils aIIiance vilh
lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl, inpails il
slialegic inpoilance. The piocess of lhe SaIahzalion
of lhe ChRIs ianks vas a Iong piocess and vas diiven
ly lolh lhe exleinaI inuence of jihadisl gioups and
lhe veak lul neveilheIess exisling SaIahsl eIenenls
in lhe Noilh Caucasus. The conneclions lelveen AQ
and lhe ChRI veie connon knovIedge ly lhe Iale
199Os anong U.S. Coveinnenl ofhciaIs, inleIIigence
anaIysls, and leiioiisn expeils.
35
Il vas veII-knovn
and veII-docunenled as eaiIy as lhe nid-199Os, foi
exanpIe, lhal lhe noloiious Alu Iln aI-Khallal vas
an AQ opeialive and foughl in lhe Noilh Caucasus.
The decIassihed Defense InleIIigence Agencys (DIA)
Suif| Knign| Rcpcr| docunenls nol jusl Khallals deep
invoIvenenl, lul aIso lhal of AQ and Osana lin Lad3
en peisonaIIy vilh lhe ChRI in lhe nid-199Os.
36
Aflei lhe visil ly asaev and his elhnic Ciicassian
oi Akhaz hghleis lo Afghanislan, olhei iadicaI nalion3
aIisl and Suh Chechen and Caucasus Ieadeis foIIoved
vilh visils lo lin Laden. An inpoilanl lul oflen ovei3
Iooked DIA docunenl delaiIs lhe iesuIls of sone of
lhose visils occuiiing in 1997. Thus, seveiaI lines in
1997 in Afghanislan lin Laden nel vilh iepiesenla3
lives of MovIady (MovIadi) Udugovs paily 'IsIanic
Way (IsIanskii Iul) and iepiesenlalives of Chechen
and Dageslani Wahhaliles fion Cudeines, Ciozny,
and Kaianakhi.
37
Udugov vouId lecone lhe chief
ideoIogisl and piopagandisl foi lolh lhe ChRI and
CL foi a decade oi noie. The viIIage of Kaianakhi
vouId le lhe Iocus of one of lhe seIf-decIaied SaIah
17
IsIanic slales lhal popped up inleinillenlIy in lhe Iale
199Os and lhe focaI poinl of Khallals, asaevs, and
agauldins incuisions and uIlinale fuII-scaIe inva3
sion of Dageslan in }uIy and Augusl 1999 lhal kicked
off lhe second posl-Soviel Russo-Chechen vai. The
iesuIl of lhis IocaI-gIolaI nexus iooled in a connon
lheo-ideoIogy, nuluaI liaining canps, and oveiIap3
ping peisonneI vas a giaduaI lul signihcanl spiead
of SaIahsn and excIusionaiy lakhiisn anong young
MusIins acioss lhe Caucasus, ciealing an unpiec3
edenled ieciuilnenl pooI foi lolh lhe IocaI and gIolaI
jihads.
AQ and lhe Caucasus IsIanic sepaialisls agieed lo
cieale a jihadisl novenenl and insuigency acioss Rus3
sia vilh AQ suppIying funding, liaining, and hghleis
lovaids lhe goaI of allacking Russians and Weslein3
eis. AQ noney funded lhe eslalIishnenl of liaining
canps in Chechnya and Ceoigias Iankisi Coige, a
sleady suppIy of liaineis foi lhose canps, and hghl3
eis vho spiead oul acioss Chechnya and lhe Noilh
Caucasus liinging lhe nessage of SaIhsn and gIolaI
jihadisn lo lhe ChRI insuigenls and lheii sliII veiy
fev aIIies in olhei Noilh Caucasus iegions such as lhe
RepulIic of Dageslan and lhe RepulIic of Kalaidino-
aIkaiia (KR).
38
The DIA docunenl delaiIs AQs
pIans foi lhe Noilh Caucasus and Russias MusIins:
|RjadicaI IsIanic (piedoninanlIy Sunni) iegines aie
lo le eslalIished and suppoiled eveiyvheie pos3
silIe, incIuding osnia, AIlania, Chechnya, Dageslan,
lhe enliie Noilh Caucasus fion sea lo sea, CenliaI
Asian iepulIics, Talaislan, ashkoiloslan, aII of Rus3
sia, Afghanislan, Iakislan, Tuikey, Indonesia, MaIay3
sia, AIgeiia, Moiocco, Lgypl, Tunisia, Sudan, and lhe
slales of lhe Ieisian CuIf. Teiioiisl aclivilies aie lo le
conducled againsl Aneiicans and Wesleineis, Isiae3
18
Iis, Russians (piedoninanlIy Cossacks), Seils, Chi3
nese, Ainenians, and disIoyaI MusIins. . . .
SpeciaI allenlion shouId le given lo lhe Noilhein Cau3
casus, and especiaIIy Chechnya since lhey aie iegaid3
ed as aieas unieachalIe ly sliikes fion lhe Wesl. The
inlenl is lo cieale a nevIy deveIoped lase foi liaining
leiioiisls. Anii Khallal and nine olhei niIilanls of
Usan en (sic) Laden veie senl lheie vilh passpoils
of Aial counliies. They voik as niIilaiy insliuclois in
Khallals lhiee schooIs, lhey aIso voik as insliuclois
in lhe ainy of Chechnya. Tvo noie schooIs aie leing
oiganized in Ingusheliya and Dageslan.
39
VoIunleeis fion len Ladens 'chaiily socielies fion
Iakislan and Afghanislan venl lo Chechnya and lhe
Noilhein Caucasus foi a nev iound of jihad againsl
Cossacks and Russia.
4O
These AQ-afhIilaled chaiily socielies ensuied a
sleady ov of AQ funds, SaIahsl Wahhali Iileialuie,
and equipnenl lo lhe iegion. The DIAs Suif| Knign|
Rcpcr|, 0( '#66 0( -28#+/2( .+&06 .+0-(7+&*.(9 ,/728#-.
lhe suppoil iendeied ly lhe AQ-afhIialed enevoIenl
InleinalionaI Ioundalion (II) and AI-Haianain lo
lhe ChRI oi al Ieasl ils iadicaI ving leginning in lhe
eaiIy 199Os.
41
The U.S. ciininaI pioseculion of II
foi suppoiling leiioiisl aclivily ieveaIs nuch aloul
lhe AQ-II-ChRI conneclion. AQ used II foi lhe
novenenl of noney lo fund ils opeialions and lhe
suppoil of peisons liying lo ollain chenicaI and
nucIeai veapons on lehaIf of AQ, and II funded
and suppIied lhe Chechen sepaialisl nujahedin le3
foie, duiing, and aflei lhe hisl Chechen-Russian vai
lefoie Moscov foiced II lo shul dovn ils opeialions
in Russia.
42
AQ iuIing MajIisuI Shuia nenlei Seif
aI-IsIan aI-Masiy vas an ofhcei in IIs Ciozny of3
19
hce, vhich noved lo Ingushelia in 1998.
43
A II of3
hcei had diiecl deaIings vilh iepiesenlalives of lhe
Chechen nujahideen (gueiiiIIas oi fieedon hghleis)
as veII as Hezl i IsIani, a niIilaiy gioup opeialing in
Afghanislan and Azeilaijan.
44
IIs voik vilh Hezl
i IsIani in Azeilaijan vas IikeIy ieIaled lo AQs coi3
iidoi lo lhe Noilh Caucasus noled in lhe DIA docu3
nenl. II voiked lo piovide lhe Chechen nujahedin
vilh ieciuils, doclois, nedicine, noney, an X-iay
nachine, and anli-nine lools, anong olhei lhings.
45
eginning aiound 2OOO, lhe pio-Khallal and IikeIy
AQ-lacked velsile, Qcqaz.nc| (Qoqaz is Aialic foi
Caucasus) soughl fundeis and ieciuils foi lhe Chechen
jihad. Qcqaz.nc|9 Qcqaz.cc.u|9 lcos|cragc.ccn/~azzan9
0-, laaqian.ccn veie ciealed and suppoiled ly lhe
AQ-afhIialed Azzan IulIicalions iun ly alai Ah3
nad, lolh lased in London. Azzan IulIicalions pio3
duced nuneious video discs fealuiing lhe leiioiisl
allacks caiiied oul ly Khallal and asaev as veII as
olhei ChRI opeialions.
46
Accoiding lo lhe U.S. indicl3
nenl of Ahnad, lhiough Azzan he
piovided, lhiough lhe ciealion and use of vaiious
inleinel velsiles, enaiI connunicalion, and olhei
8#0-(9 #)*#+. 0,%&7# 0-, 0((&(.0-7#9 7/882-&703
lions equipnenl, niIilaiy ilens, cuiiency, nonelaiy
insliunenls, hnanciaI seivices, peisonneI designed
lo ieciuil and assisl lhe Chechen Mujahideen and lhe
TaIilan, and iaise funds foi vioIenl jihad in Afghani3
slan, Chechnya, and olhei pIaces.
Azzans vel siles veie ciealed foi connunicaling
vilh: (1) nenleis of lhe TaIilan, Chechen Mujahi3
deen, and associaled gioups, (2) olheis vho soughl
lo suppoil vioIenl jihad ly pioviding naleiiaI sup3
poil, (3) individuaIs vho vished lo join lhese gioups,
2O
soIicil donalions, and aiiange noney liansfeis, and,
(4) lhose vho soughl lo puichase videolapes depicl3
ing vioIenl jihad in Chechnya, osnia, Afghanislan,
and olhei Iands of jihad, and lhe loiluie and kiIIing
of capluied Russian lioops. Videolapes, incIuding
lhose euIogizing dead hghleis, veie inlended lo heIp
0-, &-,##, '#+# 2(#, ./ (/6&7&. ,/-0.&/-( 1/+ ."# 4&"0,
in Chechnya and Afghanislan. ?"80, 06(/ 0((&(.#,
leiioiisls lo secuie lenpoiaiy iesidence in London,
and lo liaveI lo Afghanislan and Chechnya in oidei lo
pailicipale in jihad. He aIso assisled leiioiisls in pio3
cuiing canouage suils, gIolaI posilioning syslen
(CIS) equipnenl, and, olhei naleiiaIs and infoina3
lion. Ahnad even pul ShaniI asaev in louch vilh
an individuaI vho had liaveIed lo lhe Uniled Slales
&- /+,#+ ./ +0&(# 8/-#5 0-, *2+7"0(# 1//.'0+8#+( 1/+
lhe ChRI hghleis.
47
Docunenls found in IIs liash ieveaIed lhal 42
peicenl of ils ludgel vas spenl on Chechnya. Duiing
a 4-nonlh peiiod in 2OOO, II funneIed $685,OOO lo
Chechnya in 19 viie lank liansfeis lhiough lhe Ceoi3
gian ReIief Associalion (CRA) in TliIisi and vaiious
II accounls acioss lhe ConnonveaIlh of Indepen3
denl Slales (CIS), accoiding lo Cililank iecoids inlio3
duced lo lhe couil. The CRA vas acluaIIy a II fionl
oiganizalion and vas iun ly lhe liolhei of Chechen
heId connandei Chansoudin AviaIigov, vho vas
opeialing in AQs liaining canp in Ceoigias Iankisi
Coige.
48
Civen lhal II vas alIe lo funclion in Russia
foi neaiIy a decade, cIains nade ly Russian ofhciaIs
lhal AQ senl lens of niIIions of doIIais lo lhe Noilh
Caucasus nujahedin aie pIausilIe. One expeil cIains
lhal AQ has funneIed $25 niIIion lo lhe Chechen ie3
sislance incIuding a one-line conliilulion in 2OOO of
$2 niIIion, foui Slingei nissiIes, 7OO pIaslic expIosive
21
packs anounling lo ovei 35O kiIogians, ienole delo3
nalois, and nedicaI suppIies.
49
asaev acknovIedged
in a 2OO4 inleiviev ieceiving funds fion inleinalionaI
IsIanisls on a ieguIai lasis, peihaps undeislaling
lhe anounl he ieceived lhal yeai al sone $2O lhou3
sand.
5O
Despile lhe ciackdovn on Saudi-sponsoied
and AQ-lied foundalions Iike lhe II and lhe dealhs
of Khallal in 2OO3 and asaev in 2OO6, lolh lhe ChRI
and lhen ils successoi oiganizalion lhe CL conlinued
lo ieceive foieign funding fion MiddIe Laslein con3
liilulions funneIed lhiough foieign and AQ-lied nu3
jahedin lhiough 2O1O.
51
Theie veie lvo piincipaI hguies invoIved in Iead3
ing AQs voik in Chechnya and lhe Noilh Caucasus:
Khallal, vho luined high-ianking ChRI vaiIoid and
Iiine Minislei ShaniI asaev lo SaIah gIolaI jihadisn
and logelhei vilh hin ian liaining canps and nunei3
ous opeialions, and Alu Sayif, vho headed lhe Saudi
IIs ofhce in Ciozny lefoie lhe second vai and ian
connunicalions and lhe lianspoil of suppIies, hghl3
eis, and funding fion AQ lo lhe Caucasus. Upon ai3
iiving in lhe Caucasus, Khallal Iinked up vilh ShaniI
asaev, a noloiious leiioiisl in Chechnya, and naiiied
lhe sislei of Nadii KhachiIaev, lhe Ieadei of lhe Union
of lhe MusIins of Russia (Scquz nusu|nan Rcssii) and
an elhnic Lak fion Dageslan.
52
y so cenenling his
conneclion lo a pan-Russian IsIanisl oiganizalion and
lo Dageslan, Khallal vas cIeaiIy using a slandaid AQ
appioach of inledding inlo lhe IocaI sociaI faliic in
lhe seivice of highjacking IocaI MusIin nalionaIisl and
IsIanic novenenls foi lhe gIolaI jihadi novenenl.
LxcIuding Khallal, AQ opeialive Alu Sayif, vho
voiked in lhe Chechen Ioieign Minisliy undei Mov3
Iadi Udugov in lhe inlei-vai yeais, pIayed lhe nosl
inpoilanl ioIe in deveIoping AQs piesence in Chech3
==
nya and lhe Noilh Caucasus. Sayif cooidinaled lhe
.+0%#6 +/2.#9 '"&7" '0( 2(#, ./ +/2.# %/62-.##+( 0-,
diug liafhcking, and Sayif and Khallal veie lhe onIy
ones peinilled lo knov lhe ieaI nanes of lhe foieign
voIunleeis. A liaveI ioule fion Iakislan and Afghani3
slan lo Chechnya, via Azeilaijan and Tuikey, vas es3
lalIished. The hisl gioup of sone 25 Afghan Aials
aiiived in Khallals Vedeno canp in }une 1998. Sone
veie lo pass lhiough Talaislan on lheii vay lo Cen3
liaI Asian RepulIics, vheie lhey veie supposed lo
cieale Wahhalile and TaIilan ceIIs, spieading leiioi
againsl U.S., Russian, and olhei Weslein ofhciaIs and
lusinessnen.
53
Il is nov connon knovIedge lhal lhe
Iead peipelialoi of lhe Seplenlei 11, 2OO1 (9/11) al3
lacks, Mohanned Alla, vas on his vay lo Chechnya
vhen he vas senl lo Ceinany and Ialei lhe Uniled
Slales. Rohan Cunaialna cIains lhal aIieady ly 1995,
lheie veie sone 3OO Afghan Aials hghling in Chech3
nya againsl lhe Russians. They veie joined ly nuja3
hedin fion osnia and Azeilaidzhan.
54
!"2(9 ."#+#
veie peihaps as nany as 5OO foieign hghleis in lhe
Noilh Caucasus on lhe eve of lhe Khallal-asaev-Ied
invasion of Dageslan. Indeed, lhe nexus of Dageslan,
Kaianakhi, lin Laden, and Khallals and asaevs
Chechnya liaining canps diavs a sliaighl Iine fion
AQ in Afghanislan lo lhe second posl-Soviel Russo-
Chechen vai and lhe ChRIs expansion of opeialions
acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus.
Nol onIy did AQ nujahedin hghl in lhe Noilh
Caucasus duiing lhe ChRI sliuggIe lul Noilh Cau3
casus nujahedin foughl on olhei fionls in lhe gIolaI
jihad duiing lhe sane line fiane. Tvo elhnic Kalai3
dins fion KR veie anong eighl elhnic MusIins
fion iegions lolh in lhe Noilh Caucasus and VoIga
aiea capluied ly U.S. foices in Afghanislan in 2OO1
23
hghling anong lhe TaIilan and AQ and senl lo lhe
Cuanlanano ay piison canp in 2OO2.
55
A liief of3
hciaI CL liogiaphy of Iale Dageslani anii and CL
qadi Magoned Vagalov (a.k.a. SeifuIIah Culdenskii)
shovs lhal in 2OO1-O2 sone nenleis of his Culden
}anaal venl lo Afghanislan aflei lhe ioul of lhe joinl
Chechen-Dageslani-foieign jihadi foice lhal invaded
Dageslan in Augusl 1999. Anong lhose Culden }a3
naal nenleis vho venl lo Afghanislan vas ils lhen
anii KhaliluIIah, vho lecane lhe anii of a Rus3
sian-speaking janaal of AQ.
56
Moie iecenlIy, sone
nenleis of lhe DV-lied ceII, lhal vas uncoveied in
lhe Czech RepulIic and discussed leIov, veie al one
line lased in Ceinany and undeivenl liaining in Af3
ghanislan and Iakislan.
57
We aIso knov lhal lhe Talai
jihadi uIgai }anaal, nade up noslIy of elhnic Ta3
lais vho nade lhe hijia fion Russia and nov lased
in Waziiislan, Iakislan, has decIaied jihad againsl
Russia and slaled lhal il incIudes Dageslanis, Rus3
sians, Kalaidins and has caiiied oul opeialions in
Afghanislan.
58
If one piefeis lo naiiov lhe issue lo Chechens, iy3
0- >65-- <&66&08( 760&8( ."0. 01.#+ #).#-(&%# .+0%#6
acioss Afghanislan, he vas unalIe lo hnd evidence
lhal even one Chechen hghlei evei foughl lheie.
59
ul
lheie have leen nuneious iepoils of Chechens hghl3
ing nol jusl in Afghanislan, lul aIso in Iiaq againsl
U.S. foices.
6O
In 2OO3, Indian poIice uncoveied an AQ
ceII Ied ly a Chechen pIanning lo assassinale Vice
AdniiaI V. }. Melzgei, connandei-in-chief of lhe
U.S. Sevenlh IIeel, foicing lhe adniiaIs liip lo In3
dia lo le canceIIed.
61
Lveiy ofhcei and junioi ofhcei
vilh vhon I have had lhe pIeasuie of speaking has
cIained lhal he encounleied a Chechen piesence in
lolh Afghanislan and Iiaq. AInosl aII of lhese ofhceis
24
spoke sone Russian. Il is ceilainIy liue lhal sone of
lhese leslinoniaIs aie cases of nislaken idenlily, lak3
ing Russian-speaking CenliaI Asians foi Chechens.
ul il sinpIy sliains cieduIily lo leIieve lhal nol a
singIe Chechen has foughl in Afghanislan, vhen ve
"0%# (##- ."0. ?8#+&70-(9 >#+80-(9 /."#+ <#(.#+-3
eis, CenliaI Asians, Talais, Kalaidins, and Dageslanis
have leen lheie.
These aie a fev exanpIes of CL lies lo olhei fionls
in lhe gIolaI jihad. In lhe sane nonlh lhal lhe CL vas
foined (Oclolei 2OO7), lhe Lelanese goveinnenl ai3
iesled foui Russian cilizens, incIuding lhiee elhnic
Noilh Caucasians (one fion Dageslan), vho veie
chaiged vilh leIonging lo Ialah-eI-IsIan, hghling
in noilhein Lelanon lhal sunnei, and caiiying oul
leiioiisl allacks againsl Lelanese seivicenen vhiIe
pailicipaling in an ained ievoIl in lhe Nahi eI-aiid
IaIeslinian iefugee canp. AIong vilh 16 IaIeslinians,
lhey foined a Ialah ceII.
62
Accoiding lo a iecenl ie3
poil ly Russias NalionaI Anli-Teiioiisn Connillee,
a Kalaidin, vho aIIegedIy vas iecenlIy hghling in
Lelanon, ieluined hone and vas kiIIed in NaIchik.
63

Thus, lheie have leen sone, lul veiy fev Chechen
oi olhei Noilh Caucasus nujahedin vho have foughl
in Afghanislan, Iiaq, and olhei fionls of lhe gIolaI
jihad. The Chechen and lhen Caucasus nujahedins
opeialionaI conneclions vilh, and inuence on lhe
noie cenliaI fionls of lhe gIolaI jihad aie evidenl.
Hovevei, lhese conneclions aie Iess lhan iolusl and
of Iiniled slialegic signihcance, vilh lhe caveal lhal
a snaII nunlei of veII-funded and capalIe leiioiisls
can do gieal danage, as ve sav on 9/11. Neilhei lhe
ChRI noi lhe CL evei decIaied lhenseIves AQ in lhe
Caucasus oi Noilh Caucasus. ul lhe cIose lies lhal
deveIoped lelveen lhe ChRI and AQ leginning in lhe
25
inlei-vai peiiod neanl lhal lhe ChRI unils and canps
of foieign hghleis and lheii IocaI aIIies Ied ly Khal3
lal and asaev lecane AQs de faclo, unofhciaI Noilh
Caucasus afhIiale and a key, if ieIaliveIy veak, fionl
in lhe gIolaI jihad. The AQ-lied foieign hghleis, nany
of vhon sellIed dovn and even naiiied in Chechnya
and olhei Noilh Caucasus iepulIics aflei lhe second
vai, veie in Iaige pail iesponsilIe foi lhe gioving
inuence of jihadisl ideoIogies in lhe iegion and fun3
danenlaIIy aIleied lhe naluie of vhal legan as a se3
cessionisl sliuggIe foi Chechen independence, lhis is
pieciseIy vhal AQ had counled on vhen il inhIlialed
lhe ChRI.
AQs inleivenlion and lhe gioving inuence of lhe
gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl Ied lhe iadicaI
Chechen nalionaI sepaialisl novenenl dovn a palh
liaveised ly nany such novenenls acioss lhe Mus3
Iin voiId in iecenl decades. In lhe Caucasus, especiaI3
Iy Dageslan, lhey nixed vilh lhe veiy Iiniled indig3
enous hisloiy of SaIhsn and signihcanl conlenpoiaiy
ood of young Caucasus MusIins lo sludy alioad in
lhe MiddIe Lasl and Soulh Asia, on lhe one hand, and
of Wahhali and olhei SaIah leachings fion lheie lo
lhe Caucasus lhiough lhe Inleinel on lhe olhei. In lhe
18lh and ceilainIy ly lhe 19lh cenluiies, SaIahsn vas
lioughl in fion alioad ly Caucasians Iike Mukha3
nad AI-Kuduki aflei liaveIs in Lgypl and Yenen in3
lioduced hin lo schoIais Iike SaIikh aI-Yanani.
64
!"#
ievivaI of lhis ieIaliveIy iecenl, if lhin, SaIah IsIanisl
usalIe pasl, aIong vilh lhe nalionaI nylhs duiing lhe
pcrcs|rci|a 0-, */(.3pcrcs|rci|a *#+&/,(9 5&#6,#, ."#
iehaliIilalion and of lhe 19lh cenluiy inans and ie3
Iigious leacheis vho Ied lhe gazata|s againsl Russian
iuIe leacheis.
65
ul lhe nalionaIisl ideas and cadies
veie giaduaIIy dispIaced ly jihadisl eIenenls, lians3
26
foining lhe secuIai novenenl inlo a jihadisl one. This
piocess vas incieasingIy Iegilinized and gained no3
nenlun as IsIanic eIenenls veie incoipoialed inlo
lhe ChRI piolo-slale and foieign SaIahsls, Wahallis,
and olhei IsIanic exlienisls conlinued lo inhIliale
lhe novenenl lhioughoul lhe 199Os and eaiIy 2OOOs,
liinging hnances, gueiiiIIa and leiioiisl liaining and,
nosl inpoilanlIy, a nev jihadisl ideo-lheoIogicaI oii3
enlalion. The SaIahsl hisloiicaI nylh and ieIaled his3
loiicaI hguies seived as nodeIs foi sone IocaI SaIaf3
isls, vho pIayed key ioIes in lhe ChRIs inconpIele
IsIanizalion even lefoie 2OO7.
66
The conlinalion of AQ and olhei foieign SaIah in3
leivenlion, a usalIe indigenous SaIah hisloiicaI nylh,
and IocaIs sludying IsIan alioad inuenced a snaII
lul highIy nolivaled gioup of IsIanisl and uIlinaleIy
jihadisl Ieadeis acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus. eginning
in lhe eaiIy 199Os, lhousands of MusIins fion Rus3
sia liaveIed alioad lo ieceive IsIanic educalion in
IsIanic schooIs vhich veie expeiiencing lhe iise of
a signihcanl gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl.
They ieluined hone vilh Wahhalisl and olhei foins
of SaIahsl zeaI foi jihad and a sliong sense of kinship
vilh iadicaI IsIanisls and nujahedin in Afghanislan,
Lelanon, Iiaq, and eIsevheie. Thiee young, foieign-
educaled MusIins~SefuIIah Anzoi Asleniiov,
Sheikh Said Alu Saad uiyalskii (AIeksandi Tik3
honiiov), and SeifuIIah Culdenskii MagonedaIi
Vagalov~joined lhe ChRIs jihadi ving oi Ialei lhe
CL and iose quickIy up lhe CLs ianks, diiving ils ex3
panding jihad on lhiee nain fionls oulside Chechnya:
Dageslan, Ingushelia, and KR.
In lhe eaiIy 199Os, lhe foieign-educaled Dageslani
SaIahsl Ahnad-Kadi Akhlaev laughl lhe hisl inpoi3
lanl posl-Soviel Dageslani jihadi lheo-ideoIogisls, Ma3
27
goned Tegaev and agauldin Magonedov (Keledov),
and lhe lvo Ieading elhnic Kalaid jihadisls, Musa
Mukozhev and SeifuIIah Anzoi Asleniiov, lolh of
vhon sludied alioad as veII. Asleniiov vouId pIay
a key ioIe in lhe foinalion of a snaII cadie of jihadi
hghleis in lhe KR, in Unaiovs decision lo foin lhe
CL and jellison lhe ChRI Chechen nalionaIisl piojecl,
and in lhe deveIopnenl of lhe CLs ieIalionship vilh
}oidanian Sheikh Maqdisi and lhus lhe gIolaI jihadi
ievoIulionaiy novenenl. In lhe nid-199Os, as one of
lhe Ieading sludenls al a nadiassah iun ly lhe ofhciaI
MusIin SpiiiluaI Adninislialion (DUM) of lhe KR,
Asleniiov vas one anong nany senl ly lhe DUM lo
sludy IsIan alioad in an unknovn highei educalion
ieIigious schooI in Saudi Aialia.
67
!"&( (#. "&8 0-,
nany olhei young MusIins fion lhe KR on lhe palh
of IsIanisn and uIlinaleIy jihadisn.
68
In sunnei
2OO5 Mukozhev and Asleniiov nel vilh asaev, and
lhey agieed lhal lhey vouId liansfoin lheii IsIanisl
}anaal of KR inlo lhe ChRI Noilh Caucasus Iionls
Kalaidino-aIkaiia Secloi (KS) on lhe condilion lhal
SaduIaev and asaev sav lhiough lo lhe end lhe foi3
nalion of a pan-Caucasus jihadi oiganizalion Iike lhe
fuluie CL lased on a sliicl lakhiisl inleipielalion of
Shaiiah Iav. In addilion lo lhis and his alovenen3
lioned ioIe as CL qadi, Asleniiovs oiganizalionaI ef3
foils as anii of lhe CLs OVKK iesuIled in ils lecon3
ing lhe CLs second nosl opeialionaIIy aclive viIaiyal
in 2O1O, ahead of Chechnyas NV and Ingushelias
CV.
69
Sheikh uiyalskii is iepiesenlalive of an even
noie disluiling liansfoinalion vhich shovs lhal one
does nol need lo le a viclin of Russian liulaIily and
lad goveinance oi lhe pioducl of lhe Caucasus liadi3
lions of nailiaI vioIence and lIood ievenge lo join lhe
28
Caucasus jihad and lhal lhe jihadisl lheo-ideoIogy is
ly ilseIf a sulslanliaI diivei of jihadisn in lhe iegion.
?( "&( 4&"0,& ncn dc gucrrc suggesls, uiyalskii vas
pail elhnic uiyal, a MongoI and liadilionaIIy ud3
dhisl elhnic gioup, and pail elhnic Russian. oin as
AIeksandi Tikhoniiov in 1982, he Iived in fai avay
UIan-Ude, lhe capiloI of Russias iepulIic of uiya3
lia. His nolhei vas Russian and Oilhodox Chiislian,
his falhei vas an elhnic uiyal and uddhisl.
7O
uiy3
alskii sludied al a uddhisl da|san, lul al age 15 he
conveiled lo IsIan. He noved lo Moscov and lhen lo
uguisIan, Oienluig vheie he sludied al lhe Sunni
nadiasah, RasuI Akian. uiyalskii lhen sludied
Aialic al lhe Saudi-suppoiled Iaji Ianguage cenlei
in 2OO2-O5 lefoie liaveIing lo Lgypl lo sludy IsIanic
lheoIogy al Caiios AI-Azhai Univeisily as veII as
undei seveiaI aulhoiilalive sheikhs in Lgypl, Kuvail
and, accoiding lo Russian pioseculois, Saudi Aialia.
71

uiyalskii hinseIf ieveaIs vhal his educalion in lhe
coie of an unna pIagued ly gIolaI jihadi ievoIulion3
aiy ideoIogy laughl hin:
Al one line vhen I vas in Lgypl al lhe Iecluie of one
of lhe schoIais, vho openIy said lo us: Do you ie3
aIIy lhink lhal you can so sinpIy spiead lhe AIIahs
ieIigion vilhoul lhe lIood of nailyis`! The discipIes
of AIIahs piophel spiIl lhe lIood of nailyis on nany
Iands, and IsIan lIooned on lheii lIood!
72

Running afouI of lhe Lgypls seciel seivices, uiy3
alskii ieluined lo Russia.
73
uiyalskii Iefl foi lhe Cau3
casus jihad in May 2OO8.
74
Assigned ly Unaiov lo lhe CLs CV in Ingushelia,
lhe feivenl uiyalskii lecane a ieciuiling diav. In
2OO9, uiyalskii vas lhe CLs nain, if falaI, alliaclion
and ils nosl effeclive piopagandisl and opeialive,
29
shoving shades of lhe chaiisna and iulhIessness foi
vhich ShaniI asaev lecane infanous. His ailicIes
delaiIing his nenloiing of RSM suicide lonleis and
his video Iecluies piopagandizing jihadisn and lhe
inpoilance of islshkhad diev nev foices lo lhe CLs
once ieIaliveIy quiel Ingush nujahedin. uiyalskiis
aclivily vas peihaps lhe nain facloi naking lhe CLs
CV lhe nosl opeialionaIIy capacious of ils viIaiyals in
2OO8-O9, Ieading in lhe nunlei of allacks lolh yeais.
75

Thus, lheie is a diiecl Iine lelveen uiyalskiis Is3
Ianic conveision and sludy alioad lo lhe expIosion of
leiioiisn in Ingushelia duiing 2OO8-O9. uiyalskii is
lul one of seveiaI elhnic Russian and SIavic conveils
lo IsIan fion oulside Russias MusIin iepulIics vho
have lecone pioninenl CL leiioiisls in iecenl yeais,
incIuding IaveI KosoIapov, VilaIii Razdoludko, Ma3
iia Khoisheva, and Vikloi Dvoiakovskii.
76
In conliasl lo Asleniiov and uiyalskii, Vagalov
vas inuenced ly Iakislani SaIahsn. Aflei sludying
IsIan IocaIIy in Dageslan, he legan lo voik vilh nis3
sionaiies of lhe peacefuI Iakislan-lased inleinalionaI
SaIahsl secl TalIigh }anaal in Dageslan. His nalive
Culden Disliicl vas decIaied lhe TalIighisls cenlei
foi lhe caII lo lhe TalIigh in Russia. Vagalov lhen
liaveIed in 1994 lo Raivand, Iakislan, lhe cenlei of
lhe TalIigh }anaal novenenl, and sludied lheie foi
seveiaI nonlhs in a nadiassah Ieaining lhe Koian ly
heail and ieceiving lhe dipIona of a |najz. TiaveIing
on lo Kaiachi, he sludied lhe fundanenlaIs of Shaiiah
Iav appaienlIy lolh al univeisily and piivaleIy vilh
sheikhs and lecane an adheienl of SaIahsn and lhe
viilings of inan AluI Hasan AI-Ashaii, AI-Ilana,
and RisaIyalu iIa AgIyu Sagi-VilaliI Alval. Vagalov
ieluined hone in 1997, opened lhe SchooI of Khahz
in Culden lo couises on lhe hadilhs, and liaveIed lo
3O
Chechnya vheie he nel vilh Khallal and undeivenl
niIilaiy liaining in lhe AQ-funded canps. He foughl
foi lhe SaIahs, vho decIaied an independenl IsIanic
slale in Kaianakhi and lvo olhei Dageslani viIIages
in 1998, and in lhe 1999 Khallal-asaev invasion of
Dageslan lhal kicked off lhe second Chechen vai.
77
In
lhe 2OOOs, Vagalov iose up lhe ianks of lhe ChRIs
Dageslani Iionl and lhen lhe CLs DV. He pIayed a
Iead ioIe in luiIding up lhe DVs doninanl CenliaI
Secloi, vhich has nade Dageslan lhe Iocus of lhe
highesl nunlei of allacks of any Russian iegion since
ApiiI 2O1O. Vagalov aIso oiganized lhe pivolaI Maich
2O1O Moscov sulvay suicide lonlings caiiied oul ly
."# +#(*#7.&%# '&%#( /1 "&( *+#,#7#((/+ 0-, (277#((/+
as DV anii. In }une 2O1O, Unaiov appoinled hin as
lhe DVs anii, and Asleniiovs successoi as lhe CLs
qadi.
78
Vagalovs liogiaphy diavs a diiecl Iine fion
lhe unnas gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl and
iadicaI Iakislani nadiassahs, nosques, and univeisi3
lies lo lhe iise of lhe Dageslani jihad vilhin lhe oveiaII
CL and lo leiioiisn in Moscov ilseIf vilh lhe Moscov
sulvay lonling anong olheis. AIlhough Asleniiov,
Vagalov, and uiyalskii veie kiIIed in 2O1O, ly lhen
each had Iefl lheii naik on lhe CLs expansion acioss
lhe Caucasus and liansfoinalion inlo a vialIe jihadisl
piojecl aIIied vilh lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aI3
Iiance inspiied ly AQ and ils lakhiisl lheo-ideoIogy.
As AQ and lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance
have evoIved inlo a noie decenliaIized nelvoik of
jihadi gioups, inleiacling incieasingIy foi lheo-ideo3
IogicaI suslenance, funding, liaining, and opeialionaI
pIanning lhiough lhe Inleinel ialhei lhan diieclIy,
lhe CL inlegialed inlo lhe AQs videi nelvoik of
jihadi velsiles. In lhis vay, il deveIoped ieIalion3
("&*( '&." 4&"0,& 6#0,#+( 0-, *"&6/(/*"#+( (27" 0(
31
Maqdisi, nenlioned eaiIiei, and AQ in lhe Aialian
IeninsuIa (AQAI) and Anvai AI-AvIaki. The AQ-
afhIialed velsile, Ansar a|-Mujanidccn (uuu.ansar1.
infc/), is used lo ieciuil hghleis and iaise funds foi lhe
CL ly lhose invoIved in lhe eIgian pIol uncoveied
Iasl aulunn and is cIoseIy Iinked lo AQ. The Ansar
a|-Mujanidccn nelvoik is lypicaIIy iegaided as a seIf-
slailed jihadi and pio-AQ sile lhal heIps piopagan3
dize and ieciuil foi lhe gIolaI jihad and AQ.
79
Ansar a|
Mujanidccns LngIish-Ianguage foiuns (AMLI) Iead3
ing peisonaIily vas Alu Risaas Sanii Khan unliI
nid-2O1O vhen he luined up voiking vilh AvIaki in
AQAI.
8O
The Viiginian Zachaiy Adan Chassei, aIias
Alu TaIhah aI-Aniiki, in piison foi assisling lhe So3
naIian AQ afhIiale AI-Shalaal, aIso pailicipaled in
AMLI.
81
Ansar a| Mujanidccns Ceinan-Ianguage sis3
lei sile is cIoseIy associaled vilh lhe CIolaI IsIanic
Media Iionl (CIMI), vhich aIso has pioduced seveiaI
opeialives aiiesled foi invoIvenenl in AQ leiioiisn
pIols.
82
The TaIilan has aulhoiized lhe Ansar a|-Muja-
nidccn nelvoik as one of lhiee enlilies lhal nay pul3
Iish ils ofhciaI slalenenls, and Ansar a|-Mujanidccns
foundei noled ve have liolheis fion Chechnya and
Dageslan.
83

In Decenlei 2O1O, Ansar a|-Mujanidccn 0--/2-7#,
lhe Slail of a Nev Canpaign in Suppoil of lhe Cau3
casus Lniiale, signaIing a iequesl foi hghleis and
funds foi lhe CL and enphasizing: We ask AIIah lo
nake lhis yeai a yeai of conslanl discoid and incieas3
ing ennily foi lhe enenies of lhe IsIanic Lniiale of
lhe Caucasus. The announcenenl veIconed eneig3
ing signs of jihadisn in Talaislan and ashkoiloslan,
asking AIIah foi a nev geneialion of schoIais lo ie3
pIace Asleniiov, uiyalskii, and AQ opeialive Onai
aI-Sayif, aII nenlioned ly nane.
84
Ansar a|-Mujancdccn
32
soon pailneied vilh Asleniiovs and lhe CL OVKKs
|s|andin.ccn lo cieale a nev Russian-Ianguage gIolaI
jihadi velsile (a|-ansar.infc) no Ialei lhan }uIy 2O1O.
85

In Augusl, lhe velnaslei of Ansar a|-Mujanidccn9 0-
elhnic Moioccan naned IaisaI Liiai, vas aiiesled in
Spain. Spanish aulhoiilies aIso iepoiled lhal lhe vel3
sile vas aIieady iaising noney foi leiioiisls in Chech3
nya and Afghanislan.
86
The Russian-Ianguage A|-An-
sar.infc vas sel up lo highIighl nevs sunnaiies of
lhe }ihad on aII fionls, lolh in lhe Caucasus and in
aII olhei Iands of lhe hghl and pulIish oId and nev
voiks of schoIais of lhe ahIi sunny uaI janaa. The
facl lhal il conlains piinaiiIy Russian-Ianguage lul
aIso LngIish-Ianguage conlenl suggesls, aIong vilh
olhei faclois, lhal AQAIs AvIaki nay le a diiving
foice lehind lhe Ansar a|-Mujanidccn nelvoik of vhich
A|-Ansar.infc is a pail. Thus, |s|andin.ccns announce3
8#-. /1 ."# 4/&-. *+/4#7. '&." ."# Ansar a|-Mujanidccn
nelvoik exlensiveIy quoles AvIaki (vho olheivise
ielains a high piohIe on CL siles) on lhe vaIue of le3
ing a jihadisl of lhe inleinel.
87
|s|andin.ccn */(.#,
lhe hisl pail of AvIakis AI-}anna lhe day aflei lhis
announcenenl, and CL velsiles conlinue lo posl Av3
Iakis voiks.
88
Wilh lhe CL lied inlo lhe gIolaI jihadi
ievoIulionaiy aIIiance and once again pIugged inlo
lhe AQ-afhIialed Inleinel nelvoik, il vas jusl a nallei
of line lefoie il deveIoped a noie inleinalionaI ioIe.
DOME5TIC AND INTERNATIONAL 5ECURITY
IMPLICATION5
The CLs noie expansive aspiialions and giov3
ing lies vilh lhe gIolaI jihad ievoIulionaiy novenenl
have leen acconpanied ly cIosei piopaganda and op3
eialionaI lies lo jihadisls in olhei iegions of Russia, lhe
33
foinei Soviel Union, olhei fionls in lhe gIolaI jihad
and, pei Maqdisis caII, even Luiope. Moieovei, lheie
aie even lioadei slialegic inpIicalions inpinging on
lolh inleinalionaI and U.S. nalionaI secuiily.
Tn thc Vn!ga and Bcynnd.
Aside fion lhe alovenenlioned liain, sulvay,
and aiipoil allacks in and aiound Moscov, lhe CL
is invoIved in seveiaI piojecls inside Russia fai le3
yond lhe viiluaI eniiales supposed loideis. ul lhe
CL aIso has pIans lo expand opeialions leyond Rus3
sia. AIieady in }anuaiy 2OO6, asaev vained lhal ly
sunnei, lhe ChRIs conlal janaal nelvoik vouId
cioss lhe VoIga, suggesling expansion lo Talaislan,
ashkoiloslan, and IikeIy leyond.
89
In }une 2OO6, lhen
ChRI anii Unaiov issued a deciee ciealing VoIga
and UiaIs Iionls, hoping lo expand opeialions lo
Talaislan, ashkoiloslan, and olhei elhnic Talai and
ashkii connunilies acioss Russia.
9O
Thiough 2OO9
lheie vas nuch CL piopaganda laigeling Talais and
ashkiis lul fev jihadi deeds. A gioup caIIed IsIan3
ic }anaal vas uncoveied in 2OO7, lul lheie vas no
evidence lhal il had CL lies.
91
Ralhei, lhe gioup nay
have leen lhe piedecessoi of lhe aIIegedIy CL-lied
so-caIIed Oklyaliskii }anaal uncoveied in 2O1O, lolh
of vhich couId have leen connecled lo lhe so-caIIed
Uighui-uIgai }anaal (U}), vhich nay le one and
lhe sane as lhe alovenenlioned uIgai }anaal, hghl3
ing vilh lhe TaIilan and aI-Qaeda in Afghanislan and
Iakislan.
92
The U}, Iike lhe uIgai }anaal, is Talai-
doninaled and adheies lo lhe ideoIogy of iesellIing
in oidei lo hghl lhe inhdeI (al-Takhi VaI Khidzhia).
SeveiaI aIIeged opeialives fion lhe U} veie aiiesled
in ashkoiloslan in Augusl 2OO8 aflei a shooloul vilh
34
ashkii poIice in SaIaval, ashkoiloslan. They venl
on liiaI in ApiiI 2OO9 foi aIIegedIy pIanning leiioiisl
allacks in lhe iepulIic. Accoiding lo ashkii aulhoii3
lies, lhe U} vas founded ly ashkiiiya nalive IaveI
Doiokhov, vho undeivenl liaining in aI-Qaeda and
TaIilan canps.
93

Moie iecenlIy, duiing 2O1O and eaiIy 2O11, seveiaI
aiiesls of aIIeged nujahedin vilh lies lo lhe CL have
leen nade and lhe hisl appaienl jihadi allacks oc3
cuiied in Talaislan, ashkoiloslan, and Asliakhan.
94

This suggesls lhal lhe CL nay indeed le expanding
opeialions lo lhese key MusIin connunilies. In addi3
lion, lhis pasl vinlei a gioup fion Talaislan and/oi
ashkoiloslan appeaIed lo Unaiov lo iecognize lheii
seIf-decIaied IdeI-UiaI ViIaiyal (IUV) and piovide
hnanciaI and olhei assislance in selling up liaining
canps in lhe soulhein UiaI Mounlains and in oiganiz3
ing allacks.
95
As of nid-sunnei 2O11, lheie had leen
no pulIic iesponse ly Unaiov, lhough cIandesline as3
sislance cannol le iuIed oul. The U}/uIgai }anaal
aIso couId le pIaying a ioIe in lhese possilIe effoils ly
lhese Talais and ashkiis. iinging Talaislan, ash3
koiloslan, and Asliakhan vouId heIp foin a liidge3
head lo Sileiia, lhe Iai Lasl, and CenliaI Asia. Cain3
ing a foolhoId in elhnic ashkii and especiaIIy Talai
connunilies in lhese iegions vouId vaslIy expand lhe
CLs pooI of polenliaI ieciuils and geogiaphicaI ieach
inlo lolh Russia and CenliaI Asia, since Talai connu3
nilies can le found in aInosl aII of Russias piovinciaI
capilaIs, incIuding Moscov and Sl. Ieleisluig, and
in CenliaI Asia. Lxpansion aIong lhese Iines vouId
fuilhei lax Russian iesouices, aIieady luidened ly
nassive fedeiaI sulsidies lo lhe Noilh Caucasus. AI3
lhough il is unIikeIy lhal lhe CL viII achieve sulslan3
liaI piogiess in expanding lo a peinanenl piesence in
35
lhe VoIga, UiaIs, oi Sileiian iegions, lhe ChRIs and
CLs iecoid in expanding opeialions acioss lhe Noilh
Caucasus aigues againsl conpIacency. Iev expecled
lhal Ingushelia ialhei lhan Chechnya vouId le lhe
cenlei of giavily of lhe jihadi in 2OO8 and 2OO9, oi lhal
Dageslan and KR vouId supeisede lolh Vainakh
iepulIics in lhe nunlei of jihadi opeialions in 2O1O.
Lven a snaII IUV enleipiise couId signihcanlIy con3
pIicale Moscovs cooidinalion piolIens, given sone
7+#0.&%&.5 0-, 8/,#(. +#(/2+7#( /- ."# *0+. /1 ."# 823
jahedin.
Moie disluiling is lhe lhieal posed ly lhe CL nu3
jahedin lo lhe 2O14 OIynpic Canes lo le heId in lhe
Noilh Caucasus iesoil cily of Sochi, Kiasnodai. The
aiea cones undei lhe CLs NSV, vhich is iesponsilIe
foi Russias Kiasnodai and SlaviopoI iegions lul il
"0( -/. ,#8/-(.+0.#, 827" /1 0- #)&(.#-7# -/ 6#(( 703
pacily, vilh a caveal: Recenl suicide opeialions, faiIed
and successfuI, have invoIved elhnic Russian IsIanic
conveils fion SlaviopoI. The advanlage lhal Iess con3
spicuous elhnic Russian nujahedin nighl offei in an
opeialion laigeling Sochi iaises ied ags. These sane
elhnic Russian nujahedins lies lo lhe nosl capacious
of lhe CLs viIaiyals, lhe DV, iaise noie conceins.
96

Nol onIy have lhe Dageslani nujahedin caiiied oul
lhe highesl nunlei of opeialions each nonlh since
ApiiI 2O11, lul lhe DV has aIso Ied in lhe nunlei of
suicide lonlings and ciealed ils ovn Riyadus Sa3
Iikhiin }anaal (RS}).
97
In Augusl 2O1O, Dageslani nu3
jahedin issued an expIicil pionise of opeialions in
Sochi and acioss Russia and noie 'suipiises fion lhe
hoiioi of vhich you viII lIacken.
98
The CLs OVKK
nujahedin aIso nighl le invoIved in an allack on lhe
Sochi Canes. Ils heId of opeialions, lhe iepulIics of
KR and Iessei so Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya (KChR),
36
aie geogiaphicaIIy cIosei lo Sochi lhan is Dageslan.
99

In Ieliuaiy 2O11, lhe OVKK caiiied oul a seiies co3
oidinaled allacks againsl lhe vinlei ski iesoil aiea
aiound Ml. LIlius. The enliie opeialion iesenlIed
a liaining opeialion foi an allack on Sochi, and lhe
OVKK vained il vouId conlinue lo hghl inhdeI Rus3
(&0- ,#%#6/*8#-. #11/+.( 0-, &-.#+-0.&/-06 726.2+# &-
lhe iegion.
1OO
Thus, CL pIans foi Sochi couId incIude
a joinl DV-OVKK opeialion oi sepaiale ones ly lhe
DV and OVKK vilh luiIl-in iedundancy, uliIizing
elhnic Russian suicide lonleis. The possiliIily lhal
lhe CL nighl sliike al lhe Sochi Canes, an inleina3
lionaI laigel, is slienglhened ly ils aclive suppoil foi
lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiances goaIs.
Thc EurasIan HnrIznn.
Theie aIieady aie conneclions lelveen lhe CL
and olhei posl-Soviel jihadisls. Al lhe nosl geneiaI
IeveI, nujahedin fion CenliaI Asian slales, Azeilai3
jan, and even Ceoigia, have luined up anong lhe CL
nujahedin, lul lhe ieveise has nol leen liue, pulling
aside lhe CLs use of Ceoigias Iankisi Coige as a ieai
lase. The CL has decIaied nol onIy aII MusIin Iands
in Russia, lul aIso lhe enliie Caucasus as ils iighlfuI
donain.
1O1
In lhe Caucasus viil Iaige, Azeilaijan, loi3
deiing and having sone elhnic and IsIanic oveiIap
vilh Dageslan, lhe piesenl speaihead of lhe CLs ac3
livily, is nosl vuIneialIe lo CL penelialion. Ils IsIanic
popuIalion incIudes nalionaIilies such as lhe Lezgins,
vho sliaddIe lhe Azeilaijani-Dageslan loidei and aie
an inpoilanl nalionaIily in Dageslan. As noled alove,
lhe ChRI, AQ, and ils afhIialed chaiily socielies used
Azeilaijan as a liansil poinl foi funneIing funds, cad3
ies, and veapons lo Chechnya in lhe 199Os. The CL aIso
37
seens lo le laking nole. Recenl incuisions soulh ly
IikeIy CL nujahedin inlo noilhein Azeilaijan as veII
as jihadisl aclivily in aku suggesl nujahedin couId
lhiealen lhis slialegicaIIy inpoilanl slale.
1O2
RecenlIy,
lhe DV added an Azeilaijan }anaal vilh unidenlihed
IocaIe and goaIs.
1O3
The CLs capacious vanguaid DV
puls Unaiov vilhin sliiking iange of inleinalionaI
and U.S. inleiesls in Azeilaijan such as oiI conpany
headquaileis, iehneiies, and lhe aku-TliIisi-Ceyhan
pipeIine caiiying oiI lo Luiope. CIeaiIy, a CL oi olhei
signihcanl jihadi piesence in Azeilaijan vouId have
(#72+&.5 &8*6&70.&/-( 1/+ ."# #-.&+# !+0-(70270(2( 0-,
lhe Ieisian CuIf iegion.
The lad lIood lelveen Moscov and TliIisi ciealed
ly lhe 2OO8 Ceoigian-Russian 5-day vai is leginning
lo inuence lhe silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus. To
le suie, lheie is IillIe evidence of lhe elhno-nalionaIisl
noliIizalionaI effecl on Russias Ciicassian nalionaIi3
lies lhal nany piedicled vouId le a iesuIl of Russias
iecognilion of lhe independence of Alkhazia. Hov3
evei, Ceoigia has leen specuIaling on lhe silualion in
lhe iegion, especiaIIy lhe Ciicassian genocide issue,
as lhe Sochi OIynpics appioach. Il has opened up a
leIevision and iadio conpany lhal lioadcasls pio3
paganda lo lhe iegion, vaived visa iequiienenls foi
Noilh Caucasus iesidenls, and adopled a paiIianen3
laiy iesoIulion caIIing foi a loycoll of lhe Sochi OIyn3
pics and Russian and inleinalionaI iecognilion of lhe
Russians ioul and pailiaIIy foiced exiIe of Ciicassians
in lhe 186Os as a genocide. Sone Ceoigian opposilion
hguies and one foinei U.S. ofhciaI cIain lhal Iiesi3
denl MikheiI SaakashviIis goveinnenl is pioviding
hnanciaI and liaining assislance lo lhe CL.
1O4
>#/+3
gias poIicies couId iadicaIize sone Ciicassians and
lhus inpiove lhe CL OVKKs and NSVs piospecls
foi ieciuilnenl.
38
Consislenl vilh lhe inleiieIaled goaIs of ieciealing
lhe caIiphale and exlending lhe CL lhiough lhe VoIga
and soulhein UiaIs iegions as a liidge lo CenliaI Asia,
lhe CL nainlains ieIalions vilh CenliaI Asian jihadi
oiganizalions lied lo AQ and lhe TaIilan in AfIak
such as lhe IsIanic Movenenl of Uzlekislan (IMU)
and lhe IMU spIinlei gioup, lhe IsIanic }ihad Union
(I}U). olh lhe IMU and I}U have hghleis in Afghani3
slan, liain in Iakislan, and hghl in lolh as veII as in
CenliaI Asia. In a May 2OO7 slalenenl, I}U anii Llu
Yahya Muhannad Ialih slaled lhal lhe I}U had aIso
leen voiking on oui connon laigels logelhei vilh
Caucasian nujahedeens.
1O5
In Maich 2O11, lhe I}Us
nedia depailnenl, adi Al-Tavhid, senl a 7-ninule
video nessage lo lhe CL nujahedin fion lhe I}Us
aniis in lhe Iand of Hoiosan, Afghanislan.
1O6
Il
piaised lhe CL nujahedin foi joining lhe gIolaI jihad
and noled: In oui janaal, lheie aie nany liolheis
vho veie liained oi foughl on lhe Iands of lhe Cauca3
sus Lniiale.
1O7
The CL DV ceII uncoveied in lhe Czech
RepulIic discussed leIov couId have leen liaining
vilh lhe I}U oi IMU. CL velsiles ieguIaiIy covei and
piovide al Ieasl piopaganda suppoil lo CenliaI Asias
Ieading jihadi oiganizalions, incIuding lhe IMU and
I}U. Thus, lhe CL iepoiled exlensiveIy on lhe seiies of
suicide, inpiovised expIosive devices (ILDs), and an3
lush allacks and skiinishes caiiied oul ly lhe IMU,
I}U, and/oi a possilIe sulunil lheieof, lhe }anaal
'AnsaiuIIah in Tajikislan, duiing aulunn 2O1O in
Hujand, Sogdo OlIasl and eIsevheie in Tajikislan.
1O8
The CL Ingush CVs velsile Hunafa.ccn9 1/2-,3
ed ly uiyalskii, has shovn a speciaI inleiesl in lhe
eneigence of jihadisn in Kazakhslan, caiiying pio3
paganda naleiiaIs fion a Kazakhslan jihadi janaal
Ansaiu-d-din, caIIing Kazakhslans MusIins lo
39
jihad and a falva issued ly Sheikh AluI-Mundhii
AI-Shinkili, asseiling lhe Shaiiah IegaIily of allacking
poIice and hghling jihad in Kazkahslan, even lhough
lhe MusIins lheie aie veak and snaII in nunlei.
1O9

Il is uncIeai vhelhei lhe CL, CV independenlIy, oi
Alsaiu-d-din pIayed a ioIe in iecenl lonlings and al3
lacks on poIice lhis yeai.
11O
The CLs nain velsile Ka-
t|az |scn|r aIso iepoiled in Maich 2O11 lhe layal lo lhe
IsIanic Lniiale of Afghanislan, MuIIah Muhannad
Onai Mujahid, lhe IsIanic gioup laken ly a gioup of
Kyigyzslan nujahedin, }aish }anaal aI-Mahdi (Anii-
uI-Muninin), and lheii caII lo lhe Kyigyz lo lake up
jihad.
111
ThInkIng G!nba!!y: Thc CE and JIhad In Eurnpc.
The CLs ialid anli-inhdeIisn is nol nev, lhe ChRIs
velsiles veie iepIele vilh anli-Weslein, anli-Senilic,
and anli-Aneiican ailicuIalions as fai lack as 2OO5.
112

The CLs gioving lies vilh AQ and lhe gIolaI jihadi
ievoIulionaiy aIIiance pioduced in 2O1O vhal appeais
lo have leen lhe hisl CL-lied aclivily in Luiope: lhe
pIol ly Shaiiah4eIgiun lioken up in Novenlei
2O1O, and lhe DV-lied Czech ceII uncoveied in ApiiI
2O11. On Novenlei 23, 11 suspecls lied lo lhe jihadi
Shaiiah4eIgiun gioup veie aiiesled in eIgiun, lhe
NelheiIands, Ceinany, Spain, Moiocco, and Saudi
Aialia on suspicion of pIanning leiioiisl allacks in eI3
giun, ieciuiling jihadisl candidales and hnancing
lhe CL. LaiIiei in 2O1O, Shaiiah4eIgiun Ieadei Alou
Inian decIaied lhal lhe While House vouId le con3
queied, and Luiope viII le doninaled ly IsIan.
113

The eIgian-lased delainees incIuded six Moioccan
eIgian cilizens delained in Anlveip, lhiee Moioccan
eIgian cilizens aiiesled in lhe NelheiIands, and lvo
4O
Chechens appiehended in lhe Ceinan cily of Aachen
neai lhe eIgian loidei.
114
?66 ."# (2(*#7.( "#6, ,206
cilizenship and leIonged lo lhe Anlveip-lased Sha3
iiah4eIgiun.
115
eIgian poIice said lhe Shaiiah4eI3
giun ceII had lies lo a IocaI IsIanic Cenlei and had
leen undei invesligalion since al Ieasl 2OO9. One of
lhe Russian nalionaIs vas a 31-yeai-oId Chechen ai3
iesled in Aachen, Ceinany, undei a Luiopean aiiesl
vaiianl issued ly eIgiun vho vas suspecled of hav3
ing ieciuiled young peopIe lo hghl in Chechnya. ?66
lhe delainees, incIuding lhe lvo Chechens, veie said
lo have leen invoIved in lolh ieciuiling and hnanc3
ing foi lhe CL and pIanning allacks in eIgiun.
116
?
lhiid Chechen suppoilei of Doku Unaiov aIIegedIy
invoIved in lhe Shaiiah4eIgiun pIol vas aiiesled on
Decenlei 1 al Viennas Schvechal aiipoil on lhe lasis
of one of nine inleinalionaI aiiesl vaiianls issued ly
lhe eIgian goveinnenl.
117
The 32-yeai oId AsIanlek
I., as he vas idenlihed ly lhe aulhoiilies, vas delained
upon his ieluin fion lhe hajj lo Mecca in conneclion
vilh an inleinalionaI pIol lo allack a NATO faciIily
in eIgiun.
118
AsIanlek I. iepoiledIy Iived in lhe
Ausliian lovn of Neunkiichen vilh lhis faniIy and
vas pIanning lo lonl a liain caiiying NATO lioops.
LaiIiei, he iepoiledIy Iosl lolh his hands in a gienade
allack in Chechnya and had leen aiiesled in Sveden
foi snuggIing veapons, vas ieIeased, and lhen Iefl
foi Mecca.
119
Il ienains uncIeai vhelhei lhis CL-connecled pIol
vas pail of lhe iepoiled AQ pIan lo caiiy oul a seiies
of Chiislnas leiioiisl allacks in lhe Uniled Slales and
Luiope Iasl hoIiday season..
12O
esides lhe Chechen oii3
gins of lhiee nenleis of lhe eIguin4Shaiiah ceII and
lheii assislance lo lhe CL, lheie vas olhei evidence
of lhe pIols conneclion sinuIlaneousIy lo lhe CL,
41
AQ, and lhe gIolaI jihad. On }une 2O, lhe OVKKs
|s|andin.ccn posled an appeaI fion eIgian MusIins
lo Maqdisi, undeiscoiing once again lhe vay in vhich
lhe CLs lie lo Maqdisi uniles il vilh lhe Iaigei gIolaI
jihadi ievoIulion.
121
Moie signihcanlIy, lhe aiiesled
Shaiiah4eIgiun suspecls veie said lo have leen us3
ing lhe jihadi velsile Ansar a|-Mujanidin in caiiying
oul lheii aclivily.
122
As noled alove, lhe CL OVKKs
|s|andin.ccn 7/3(*/-(/+#, '&." Ansar a|-Mujanidin ."#
Russian-Ianguage foiun A|-Ansar.infc.
In ApiiI 2O11, counleileiioiisn ofhciaIs in lhe
Czech RepulIic uncoveied an inleinalionaI ceII in
ohenia connecled lo lhe CLs DV. Accoiding lo lhe
chief of lhe Czech Unil foi Conlaling Oiganized
Ciine (UOOZ) Roleil SIachla, lhe gioup incIuded
one Chechen, lvo oi lhiee Dageslanis, lvo oi lhiee
MoIdovans, and lvo uIgaiians, vho aie accused
vaiiousIy of veapons possession, docunenl faIsihca3
lion, hnancing and suppIying leiioiisl oiganizalions,
specihcaIIy lhe DVs nev nenleis, vilh veapons
and expIosives.
123
Docunenls ieIaling lo lhe Dageslan
nujahedin in lolh Aialic and Russian veie found
duiing lhe aiiesls. The apailnenl of lhe Chechen
invoIved in lhe Czech ceII vas iepoiled lo have con3
lained signihcanl quanlilies of ains and annunilion.
Six of lhe eighl accused veie aiiesled in lhe Czech
RepulIic, vilh lvo nenleis sliII al Iaige in Ceinany.
Theie vas aIso an unidenlihed ninlh nenlei. Iiof3
ils nade fion lhe faIsihcalion of passpoils and olhei
docunenls veie senl lo Dageslan as veie veapons
and expIosives puichased ly lhe ceII. None of lhose
aiiesled veie suspecled of pIanning leiioiisl allacks
in lhe Czech RepulIic.
124
Hovevei, one piess iepoil
cIained lhal lhe uIgaiian nenleis of lhe gioup veie
invoIved in pIanning leiioiisl allacks in unidenlihed
42
olhei slales.
125
In }une 2O11, lvo noie unidenlihed
Russian cilizens veie aiiesled in Ceinany engaging
in lhe sane aclivily foi lhe DV and peihaps voiking
vilh lhe alovenenlioned DV Czech ceII.
126
The CL-
and DV-lied Czech RepulIic ceII iepiesenls gIolaI ji3
hadi lhinking and suggesls lhe CL and ils DV as cIeai
and piesenl dangeis lo lhe Sochi Canes.
On }uIy 5, 2O1O, Iiench poIice and secuiily caiiied
oul a counleileiioiisn opeialion aiiesling hve Chech3
ens, lhiee nen aged 21 lo 36, and lvo vonen, in sev3
eiaI disliicls acioss lhe cily of Le Mans. One of lhe
lhiee naIes vas desciiled as an inan and falhei of
hve. RepoiledIy, Iiench counleileiioiisn vas lipped
off ly Russian secuiily aflei lhey aiiesled a Chechen
cilizen in Moscov in possession of veapons, expIo3
sives, pIans foi naking lonls, and a iesidence pei3
nil issued ly Iiances Iiefecluie de Ia Sailhe. Rus3
sian invesligalois aIso discoveied lhal lhe vife of lhe
aiiesled Chechen Iives in Le Mans. The lhiee naIes
veie aiiaigned on }uIy 9 and chaiged on suspicion of
ciininaI associalion in ieIalion vilh a leiioiisl enlei3
piise.
127
The CL aIso couId le connecled diieclIy oi
indiieclIy lo seveiaI Chechens aiiesled individuaIIy
in Luiope in iecenl yeais, foi exanpIe Lois Doukaev,
vho vas senlenced in May 2O11 lo 12 yeais in piison
foi pIanning an allack on lhe ofhces of lhe nevspapei
]q||ands-Pcs|cn, vhich pulIished lhe fanous 12 caiica3
luies of lhe Iiophel Mohannad in 2OO5.
128
In sun, lhe
CL and peihaps Ione voIf leiioiisls inspiied ly il aie
posing a nev lhieal lo Luiope and lhe Wesl.
43
PntcntIa! Thrcats tn U.5. Intcrcsts.
The CL aIso poses a polenliaI lhieal lo U.S. inleiesls
and cilizens, if nol lhe honeIand. Il nay le signihcanl
lhal lolh lhe Nevskii Lxpiess and Donodedovo Aii3
poil allacks laigeled lianspoil infiasliucluie vheie
foieigneis, in pailicuIai Aneiicans, aie oflen piesenl.
The polenliaI lhieal lo U.S. inleiesls and even peison3
neI is suggesled ly lhe Nevskii Lxpiess allack. The
Moscov-Sl. Ieleisluig iaiI ioule is Iocaled vilhin 1OO
niIes of lhe noilhein slielch of lhe Noilhein Disliilu3
lion Roule (NDR) suppIying U.S. and NATO lioops in
Afghanislan. eginning in Lalvia, il liaveises lhiough
noilheasl Russia on ils vay lo CenliaI Asia and Af3
ghanislan. If lhe Shaiiah4eIgiun pIol vas inlended
lo laigel NATO lianspoil, lhen a siniIai piojecl lo
one lhal vouId laigel lhe NDR has aIieady leen on
lhe CL-lied jihadisls agenda. IinaIIy, aside fion lhe
nuneious piopaganda allacks on lhe U.S. exlanl on
CL velsiles, in 2O1O lvo siles laken logelhei lhiice
pulIished lhe infanous aI-Iahd falva caIIing foi lhe
use of veapons of nass desliuclion (WMD) againsl
lhe Aneiicans.
129
To le suie, in conliasl lo lhe ChRI,
lheie is onIy Iiniled evidence lo suggesl lhal CL op3
eialives inlend oi have allenpled lo acquiie chenicaI,
lioIogicaI, iadioIogicaI, oi nucIeai naleiiaIs.
13O
Hov3
evei, lhe CLs jihadizalion and lhe aI-Iahd posling
suggesl a lheo-ideoIogicaI oiienlalion lhal couId so
incIine CL opeialives lo enpIoy such laclics, and Rus3
sian IedeiaI Secuiily Seivice (IS) Diiecloi AIeksandi
oilnikovs cIain in }une 2O1O lhal leiioiisls conlinue
lo allenpl lo acquiie nucIeai, lioIogicaI, and cheni3
caI conponenls acioss lhe foinei Union of Soviel
SociaIisl RepulIics (USSR) undeiscoies lhe poinl.
131
44
RU55IAN COUNTER-JIHADI5M POLICY
Hov is Moscov deaIing vilh lhe CL insuigency
and ils aIIiance vilh lhe gIolaI jihad` Il nusl le noled
lhal lhe deiision lhal nany in lhe Wesl devoled lo Rus3
sian Iiesidenl VIadinii Iulins cIains lhal Russia vas
deaIing vilh inleinalionaI leiioiisn vas nispIaced.
Iulin vas exaggeialing his cIain lul nol invenling il
oul of vhoIe cIolh, as lhe discussion alove of AQs
lies lo lhose ChRI eIenenls invoIved in lhe 1999 in3
vasion of Dageslan cIeaiIy shovs. Theie is piolalIy
sone liulh lo lhe assunplion lhal Iulins cIain vas
inlended lo seive as a juslihcalion foi Russias heavy-
handed laclics in deaIing vilh lhe ChRI and CL. Rus3
(&0- 8&6&.0+59 */6&7#9 0-, (*#7&06 (#72+&.5 1/+7#( "0%#
connilled and, lo a nuch Iessei degiee, conlinue lo
connil aliocilies. Hovevei, lhe Iasl fev yeais have
seen a consideialIe shifl in lhe Russian slialegy and
.07.&7( ./ &-762,# 8/+# #6#8#-.( /1 (/1. */'#+ &- &.(
oveiIapping counleiinsuigency and counleileiioiisn,
incIuding allenpls lo conlal jihadisn lheo-ideoIogi3
caIIy and lhiough giealei inveslnenl in lhe socioeco3
nonic deveIopnenl of lhe Noilh Caucasus.
Fcdcra! Pn!Icy.
AIieady duiing Iulins second lein, lheie vas a
shifl lo incIude nonniIilaiy neans: (1) lellei inleIIi3
gence galheiing and disseninalion and lellei inlei3
opeialionaI cooidinalion anong lhe siIoviki vilh lhe
ciealion of fedeiaI and iegionaI anli-leiioiisn con3
nillees foi seaiching oul and deslioying CL aniis
and opeialives, (2) lhe ienovaI fion ofhce of lhe oId3
esl, Iongesl-seiving, and nosl odious of lhe Noilh
Caucasus iepulIics piesidenls, vilh lhe exceplion of
45
Chechenyas Ranzan Kadyiov and Ingushelias Mu3
ial Zyazikov, and, (3) diaining lhe pond of nujahe3
din lhiough a fouilh annesly in 2OO6 vhich lioughl
in 6OO nujahedin fion lhe foiesl.
132
Russian secuiily
and IocaI poIice foices have lecone quile efhcienl al
eIininaling lop CL Ieadeis, vilh lhe exceplion of CL
anii Unaiov.
133
On }une 9, 2OO9, lhe IS nanaged foi
lhe hisl line lo capluie ialhei lhan kiII a najoi CL
anii, lhe CLs niIilaiy anii, and lhe CL CVs anii and
vaIi Magas AIi Taziyev (a.k.a. Akhned YevIoyev).
His capluie IikeIy Ied lo aclionalIe inleIIigence lhal
has faciIilaled nany of lhe incieasing nunlei of CL
aniis kiIIed since lhen. AIso duiing his second lein,
Iulin undeilook a nassive ieconsliuclion effoil foi
Chechnya, vhich aflei yeais of sIov piogiess hnaIIy
achieved consideialIe iesuIls. Cioznyi has leen aI3
nosl conpIeleIy ieluiIl, and Chechnyas second cily,
Cudeines, is aIso naking piogiess. The ieconsliuc3
lion effoils piovided sone enpIoynenl foi Chechen
youlh, lul unenpIoynenl ienains high, and Kadyiov
has leen ciilicized foi funneIing voik lo his enoi and
poIilicaI cIans. Iulin-eia anli-exlienisn Iavs ienain
in foice and fai loo lioad, aIIoving Minisliy of Inlei3
naI Affaiis (MVD) and IS opeialives lo appIy lhen
occasionaIIy againsl jouinaIisls, nodeiale MusIins,
and ceilain IsIanic lexls.
Undei lhe Medvdev piesidency, Russia has noved
fuilhei in conpIinenling haid povei vilh a iolusl
sofl povei conponenl in allenpling lo lackIe jihad3
isn in lhe Caucasus. In his hisl annuaI piesidenliaI
addiess lo Russias IedeiaI AssenlIy in Novenlei
2OO9, Iiesidenl Dniliy Medvedev caIIed lhe Noilh
Caucasus Russias nosl seiious doneslic poIilicaI
piolIen and announced a fedeiaI piogian lo invesl
8OO liIIion iulIes in Ingushelia, vhich since lhe sun3
46
nei of 2OO7 had leen lhe cenlei of giavily of lhe jihad,
vilh lhe Iaigesl nunlei of CL allacks of any Noilh
Caucasus iegion.
134
Medvedev aIso hied lhe exlieneIy
unpopuIai, inconpelenl, and vioIence-pione Ingush3
eliyan piesidenl Muial Zyazikov, vho, IaigeIy on
lhe slienglh of his IS caieei, had leen ensconced in
povei ly Iulin lhiough a seiies of eIecloiaI nanipu3
Ialions. Undei Zyazikov, Ingushelia sav alduclions
skyiockel, vilh nany suspecling Zyazikovs cousin,
vho headed lhe secuiily foices, of oiganizing lhe al3
duclions. The hnaI sliav foi Zyazikov cane vhen In3
gushelias lop opposilion Ieadei Magoned YevIoyev
vas shol vhiIe in lhe cuslody of lhe Ingushelias MVD
chief, aflei aiguing vilh Zyazikov on a pIane ighl
in Augusl 2OO8. Zyazikovs ienovaI and lhe secuiily
foices kiIIing of uiyalskii and CV anii Taziyev veie
foIIoved since Maich 2O1O ly a faII lolh in allacks ly
lhe CL and alduclions in lhe iepulIic. Medvedevs
fedeiaI assislance piogian foi Ingushelia has nade il
since 2OO9 lhe nosl highIy sulsidized iegion in Rus3
sia, vilh 91 peicenl of lhe iepulIics ludgel leing
fedeiaIIy funded. Iion 2OO8 lo 2O1O, expendiluies in3
7+#0(#, 1/+ (#7./+( 7+27&06 ./ (/7&/#7/-/8&7 ,#%#6/*3
nenl and jols: ly 282 peicenl foi housing, 11O peicenl
foi econonic deveIopnenl, 1O3 peicenl foi educalion,
vilh sIighlIy Iovei incieases foi slale agency expendi3
luies, cuIluie, heaIlh, and spoil.
135
Medvedev aIso noved lo inciease, lellei laigel,
and ensuie piopei use of funding foi lhe Noilh Cau3
casus as a vhoIe ly ciealing lhe Noilh Caucasus Ied3
eiaI Disliicl (SKIO) and appoinling as ils piesidenliaI
envoy and as fedeiaI goveinnenl depuly pieniei,
lhe foinei lusinessnan and Kiasoyaisk Coveinoi
AIeksandi KhIoponin. Il is pIanned lo foId lhe fedeiaI
laigeled piogians foi lhe Noilh Caucasus, Chechnya,
47
and Ingushelia inlo a singIe piogian, vilh one-lhiid
of lhe unihed piogian designaled foi lhe nosl jihad-
pIagued iepulIic, Dageslan.
136
Medvedevs }une 2O11
pioposaI lo decenliaIize aspecls of goveinnenl lo lhe
iegions and nunicipaIilies appeais lo le diclaled in
pail ly lhe silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus, as SKIO
envoy KhIoponin has leen assigned lo diafl lhe delaiIs
foi lhe decenliaIizalion of inleiludgelaiy ieIalions
aIong vilh his feIIov vice pieniei Dniliii Kozak.
137

Since 2OO8, fedeiaI expendiluies have incieased in aII
lhe SKIOs iegions, excepl foi Chechnya. This has Ied
lo sone nodesl econonic giovlh foi lhe SKIO as a
vhoIe, vilh sone iepulIics econonic giovlh oulpac3
ing lhe fedeiaI aveiage. Hovevei, unenpIoynenl ie3
nains high, especiaIIy youlh unenpIoynenl.
138

In Iine vilh Medvedevs oveiaII IileiaIizalion
*/6&7&#( 0-, "&( .2+- ./ 8/+# 2(# /1 (/1. */'#+ &- ."#
Noilh Caucasus, Iiine Minislei Iulin announced a
iadicaI depailuie in KienIin poIicy in lhe Caucasus,
unveiIing an anlilious econonic deveIopnenl pio3
gian foi lhe iegion lhal vas Iong oveidue. He aIso
caIIed foi lhe Noilh Caucasus goveinnenls lo open
2* &- /+,#+ ./ 0..+07. *+&%0.# &-%#(.8#-.9 ./ *05 8/+#
allenlion lo lhe vievs of hunan iighls aclivisls, lo en3
couiage lhe deveIopnenl of civiI sociely, and lo aii
noie fedeiaI lioadcasls offeiing oljeclive and hon3
esl sloiies aloul Iife in lhe Noilh Caucasus and nol an
ailihciaIIy diavn sofl and pIeasing picluie. The
nev deveIopnenl slialegy delaiIed in Iulins speech
is lo inlegiale lhe Noilh Caucasus inlo lhe Russian
and gIolaI econonies and lo cieale 4OO,OOO nev jols
in lhe iegion ly 2O2O ly: (1) pIugging lhe iegion inlo
."# inleinalionaI Noilh-Soulh liansil coiiidoi Iinking
Russia and Luiope vilh CenliaI Asian and CuIf slales,
(2) oiganizing seveiaI najoi pulIic voiks and con3
48
sliuclion piojecls lovaid lhal end, lo incIude luiIding
a najoi oiI iehneiy in Chechnyas capilaI, (3) cieal3
ing a nodein louiisn indusliy incIuding a syslen of
ski and olhei ieciealionaI iesoils, and, (4) incieasing
Noilh Caucasians access lo univeisily educalion.
139
SpecihcaIIy, lhese goaIs aie lo le achieved ly
luiIding a nelvoik of highvays, ienovaling aiipoils,
and deveIoping eneigy piojecls and ieciealion iesoil
aieas acioss lhe iegion. The consliuclion and iesuIling
iesoil-ieIaled lusinesses viII heIp soIve lhe iegions
unenpIoynenl piolIen. The goveinnenl is aIieady
consliucling highvays aiound and lelveen cilies
such as Mozdok in RepulIic of Ingushelia, NaIchik
(lhe capilaI of lhe KR), and SlaviopoI (capilaI of Slav3
iopoI Kiai oi Teiiiloiy). A highvay is leing designed
foi Chechnyas second Iaigesl cily, Cudeines, and an3
olhei foi esIan, Noilh Osselia, viII le connissioned
ly 2O15. Anolhei appioxinaleIy 15O-kiIonelei high3
vay viII Iink Cheikassk vilh Sukhun, lhe capilaI of
Ceoigias lieakavay iepulIic of Alkhazia, lhiough
a six-kiIonelei lunneI lo le consliucled lhiough
lhe nounlains. The aiipoils in Magas (Ingushelia),
esIan, and SlaviopoIs Shpakovskoye and MineiaI3
ny Vody aiipoils viII le nodeinized. In lhe heId of
eneigy, he announced nev hydioeIecliicily piojecls
foi lhe nounlainous iegion and lhe consliuclion of
a Rosnefl oiI iehneiy in Chechnyas capilaI, Ciozny,
lo le connissioned in 2O14. The lolaI sun of invesl3
nenls foi lhese anlicipaled econonic piojecls viII le
3.4 liiIIion iulIes, accoiding lo Iulin. The goveinnenl
is ieady lo covei iisk foi piivale inveslois guaianlee3
ing up lo 7O peicenl of piojecl cosls. The goveinnenl
viII choose inveslois and disliilule noney lhiough
a nev Noilh Caucasian lianch of Russias DeveIop3
nenl ank. This yeai, lhiee fedeiaI piogians~one
49
foi lhe enliie iegion and one each foi Chechnya and
Ingushelia~viII invesl 2O liIIion iulIes (sone $7OO
niIIion) in sociaI and econonic deveIopnenl piojecls
in lhe Noilh Caucasus. Iulin aIso announced pIans
lo deveIop lhe educalion infiasliucluie in lhe Noilh
Caucasus. A nev pioposaI is lo iequiie lhal Russias
Ieading univeisilies adnil 1,3OO sludenls fion Noilh
Caucasian iepulIics annuaIIy. A piojecl lo luiId one
of lhe eighl fedeiaI univeisilies in lhe Noilh Cauca3
sian Disliicl vas announced in }anuaiy.
14O
Iulin aIso pioposed aIpine skiing, elhnogiaphic,
oi faniIy louiisn. SpecihcaIIy, he pioposed ciealing
a nelvoik of ski iesoils acioss lhe iegion slielching
fion lhe Caspian lo Iack Seas luiIding on lhe LIlius
ski iesoil in KR. Ml. LIlius is lhe highesl nounlain in
Luiope. This iesoil aiea vas laigeled ly lhe OVKK in
Ieliuaiy 2O11, vhich issued an expIicil slalenenl lhal
il vouId hghl lo pievenl any iesoil deveIopnenl and
keep oul Russian and foieign inhdeI inuence.
141
!"#
*60--#, ./2+&(8 762(.#+ viII incIude iesoils in Dages3
lan, Noilh Osselia, KR, Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya and
Adygeya. The iesoils shouId acconnodale 1OO,OOO
louiisls and cieale 16O,OOO jols. Iulin aIso announced
pIans lo upgiade lhe MineiaInyi Vody hol spiings
and spa iesoil in SlaviopoI inlo a hi-lech iesoil and
."# -276#2( /1 ."# "#06."70+# 0-, ./2+&(8 &-,2(.+&#( /1
lhe iegion. He pionised eighl liIIion iulIes in invesl3
nenls lo kick slail lhe louiisn indusliy conponenl
of lhe deveIopnenl slialegy.
142
Al lhe }une 2O11 Sl.
Ieleisluig InleinalionaI Lcononic Ioiun, Medvedev
endoised KhIoponins addilionaI pioposaI lo alliacl
foieign diiecl inveslnenl of sone 3OO liIIion iulIes
on lhe lasis of a 6O liIIion iulIes iniliaI inveslnenl lo
Iay dovn infiasliucluie in lhe hisl 4 yeais foIIoved
ly 24O liIIion iulIes in lax lieaks and inveslnenl.
143

5O
Ciedil Suisse and lhe Uniled Aial RepulIics (UAR)
Alu Dhali Inveslnenl Conpany (Invesl AD) have aI3
ieady decIaied lheii ieadiness lo invesl in lhe piojecl.
IncIuded anong lhese pIans is lhe KRs 2OO8 pIan foi
hve najoi inveslnenl piojecls lhal vouId le alIe lo
enleilain 25,OOO visilois al any one line and piovide
2O,OOO jols. In 2OO9 lhe Soulh Koiean conpany Ha3
nok and Russias OIinp agieed lo invesl 6OO niIIion
euios in LIlius lo luiId 3OO kiIoneleis of liaiIs, eighl
Iifls lolaIing 1OO kiIoneleis, a skaling iink, holeI, and
spoils conpIexes.
144
IoIIoving a joinl slalenenl on de3
veIopnenl of lhe Noilh Caucasus ly Iiesidenl Med3
vedev and Iiench Ieadei NicoIas Saikozy duiing lhe
C8 sunnil in DeauviIIe, Iiances Caissc dcs Dcpc|s c|
Ccnsigna|icns hoIding conpany signed an inveslnenl
agieenenl al lhe }une 2O11 Sl. Ieleisluig Lcononic
Ioiun.
145
Lnca! Pn!Icy.
Lach MusIin iepulIic vheie lhe CL has a peina3
nenl nelvoik~Chechnya, Dageslan, Ingushelia, and
lhe KR~has ils ovn slyIe and counleiinsuigency
and counleileiioiisn (anli-jihadisn) poIicies. Undei
Ranzan Kadyiovs liulaI iuIe, Chechnya nainlains
lhe haishesl iegine, vhiIe Ingushelia and lhe KR
have laken a soflei Iine vilh lhe aiiivaI of nev piesi3
denls, and Dageslan faIIs in lhe niddIe lelveen Ran3
zan Kadyiovs haish iuIe and lhe noie conciIialoiy
Iine in Ingushelia and lhe KR. Kadyiov has nade
sone gains in ieducing insuigenl and leiioiisl acliv3
ily in Chechnya, vhich ly 2O1O vas lhe Ieasl aclive
of lhe CLs foui nain viIaiyals in leins of lhe nun3
lei of jihadi allacks and ieIaled casuaIlies. This iesuIl
has leen achieved lhiough a nixluie of lhe caiiol and
51
lhe slick, vilh a cIeai enphasis on lhe Iallei lul vilh
fai Iess vioIence lhan lhal inicled ly lhe nujahedin.
LocaIized counleileiioiisl opeialions aie caiiied oul
iulhIessIy, on occasion vilh casuaIlies anong civiIians
oi innocenl faniIy nenleis of nujahedin. Alduc3
lions, lhough fevei and sonelines diiven ly lIood
ievenge ialhei lhan jihad-ieIaled piolIens, conlinue
al a sonevhal Iovei IeveI in seveiaI of lhe Caucasus
iepulIics. Kadyiovs poIicy lovaids lhe faniIies of
nujahedin diffeis signihcanlIy fion lhal of his Noilh
Caucasus counleipails. The faniIies of knovn oi sus3
*#7.#, 8240"#,&- 0+# /1.#- "0+0((#,9 ,#.0&-#,9 0-,
lealen, and lheii hones aie occasionaIIy denoIished.
Such poIicies negale any piogiess Kadyiov has nade
in lhe lallIe foi heails and ninds ly allenpling lo
co-opl lhe lannei of IsIan cIained ly lhe CL. This co-
oplalion effoil has leen luiIl aiound lhe consliuclion
of Luiopes Iaigesl nosque and an IsIanic univeisily
and nodeialeIy enfoicing sone IsIanic hoIidays and
cuslons, incIuding iesliiclions on fenaIe diess. Al lhe
sane line, Kadyiov, Iike his Caucasus counleipails,
has suppoiled lhe liadilionaI Suh cIeiics undei lheo-
ideoIogicaI and physicaI allack fion lhe lakhiisl nu3
40"#,&-9 0-, "# "0( .+&#, ./ #-6&(. 76#+&7( &- #11/+.( ./
counlei lhe CLs incieasingIy sophislicaled and effec3
live piopaganda.
Ingushelia Iiesidenl Yunuslek Yevkuiov has
enpIoyed a veiy diffeienl poIicy~lhe nosl IileiaI
poIicy of any Noilh Caucasus Ieadei~inilialing a sea
change fion Zyazikovs liulaI iegine and shoving
enoinous couiage in lhe piocess. Upon assuning
ofhce in 2OO8, he ieached oul lo lhe nalionaIisl and
denocialic opposilion, offeiing lhen posilions in his
goveinnenl, and ciealed an advisoiy lody of socielaI
and opposilion oiganizalions. Yevkuiov aIso noved
52
aggiessiveIy lo laIk young MusIins oul of joining lhe
jihad and inlo Ieaving il, voiking vilh faniIies, coun3
ciIs of viIIage eIdeis, and |cip oi cIan counciIs.
146
?73
coiding lo Yevkuiov, 16 nujahedin veie convinced
lo luin lhenseIves in duiing 2OO9 and 36 in 2O1O, and
lheie veie onIy 15 nujahedin aclive in lhe iepulIic ly
eaiIy 2O1O.
147
In sone cases, lhe couils appIied no pun3
&("8#-. ./ ."/(# '"/ (2++#-,#+#,9 0-, 80-5 '#+#
piovided voik oi educalion.
148
Yevkuiov vas laigeled ly uiyalskii in a cai
lonl assassinalion allenpl in }une 2OO9 lhal Iefl lhe
Ingush Iiesidenl seveieIy vounded. NeveilheIess, af3
lei iehaliIilalion, Yevkuiov ieluined lo voik vilhin
2 nonlhs, pulIicIy foigave his allackeis, and conlin3
ued lo voik vilh faniIies of nujahedin lo convince
lhen lo Ieave lhe jihad. In Ieliuaiy 2O1O, Yevkuiov
+#&.#+0.#, ."# 7/+-#+(./-# /1 "&( 0-.&34&"0,&(8 */6&75
of shoving good viII lovaids lhose vho have de3
vialed fion lhe Iav and even offeied nujahedin an
annesly of soils, pionising lhal if nujahedin luined
."#8(#6%#( &-9 ."#5 '/26, +#7#&%# (/1. (#-.#-7#( 0-,
vouId le eased lack inlo sociely:
Today a unique oppoilunily has leen ciealed, and a
chance lo lecone a fuIIy engaged cilizen of sociely in3
cIuded in lhe piocess of lhe econonic ieliilh of oui
Ingushelia, appIying youi slienglh and knovIedge in
ciealive pIaces of voik and shoving youiseIves favoi3
alIy in any of lhe spheies of sociaI and pulIic poIilicaI
Iife, is sliII leing pieseived foi each of you |nujahe3
dinj.
149

Tvo days aflei uiyalskiis denise in Maich 2O1O,
Yevkuiov nel vilh lhe ieIalives of lhose vho had
sheIleied uiyalskii and lhe olhei nujahedin vho
veie pIanning a najoi leiioiisl allack in Ingushelia.
53
Yevkuiov loId lhese faniIies and, ly exlension, aII
Ingushelias faniIies, lhal lhey shouId knov vho is
coning inlo lheii hones. He added lhal lhe aulhoii3
lies vouId conlinue his poIicy of liying lo peisuade
nujahedin lo alandon jihad, lul lhal lhe secuiily in3
fiasliucluie vouId go inlo aclion foi lhose vho couId
nol le peisuaded.
15O
SiniIaiIy, Yevkuiov has Ied in
ieducing vioIenl oulcones of lhe noloiiousIy vioIenl
Caucasus liadilion of lIood feuds lhal conliilule lo
lolh jihadi and non-jihadi vioIence in lhe iegion. In
a 2-yeai peiiod, lhe Ingush aulhoiilies ieconciIed 15O
faniIies, accoiding lo Yevkuiov, in pail ly iaising lhe
ianson foi iesoIving lhen fion 1OO lhousand iulIes
lo one niIIion iulIes.
151
Conpaied lo his coIIeagues in lhe Noilh Caucasus,
vhich is pIagued noie ly coiiuplion lhan any olhei
iegion, Yevkuiov has caiiied oul lhe nosl aggiessive
anli-coiiuplion canpaign. Ciealei sociaI expendiluies
and econonic inveslnenl pIus Yevkuiovs sliuggIe
againsl coiiuplion and cIean lookkeeping is inpiov3
ing lhe silualion, lul sIovIy. Yevkuiov poIicies have
aIIoved Ingushelia lo doulIe ils ievenues fion 81O
niIIion iulIes in 2OO8 lo 1.744 liIIion iulIes in 2O1O!
152

This is nol lo say lhal Yevkuiov has ignoied lhe slick.
In eaiIy }anuaiy, iunois cIained lhal Yevkuiov had
iequesled 2O unils of addilionaI niIilaiy inleIIigence
(CRU) foices foi lhe iepulIic.
153
Hovevei, vheieas
Kadyiov has oveienphasized lhe slick of haid
povei, Yevkuiov has heaviIy favoied lhe caiiol of
sofl povei. Yevkuiovs poIicies have coiiesponded
vilh a signihcanl decIine in lhe nunlei of allacks in
Ingushelia, accoiding lo ny ovn eslinales, fion sone
138 in 2OO8 and 175 in 2OO9, lo onIy 99 in 2O1O and ap3
pioxinaleIy 4O in lhe hisl 6 nonlhs of 2O11.
154
Hov3
evei, il ienains uncIeai vhelhei Yevkuiovs poIicies
54
aie iesponsilIe foi lhe decIine, facloiing in lhe kiIIing
of uiyalskii and lhe capluie of CL niIilaiy anii and
CV anii Magas AIi Taziyev.
Since Iulins ienovaI of lhe aiIing VaIeiii Kokov
(lhe KRs ancienl Soviel-eia connunisl paily hisl
secielaiy) fion lhe KR piesidency in 2OO5, lhe iepul3
Iic has adopled poIicies cIosei lo Yevkuiovs. Like Zy3
azikov, Kokov had leen haishIy ciilicized ly ofhciaI
IsIanic cIeigy, lhe geneiaI popuIace, young MusIin
IsIanisls, and jihadisls. He vas iepIaced ly lhe enei3
gelic 48-yeai-oId elhnic Kalaidin lusinessnan Aisen
Kanokov. He innedialeIy noved lo addiess lhe con3
ceins of MusIins as veII as lhe elhnic aIkai ninoi3
ily. Kanokov iepIaced lhe iepulIics pieniei vilh an
elhnic aIkai and ils haid-Iine MVD chief Khachin
Shogenov vilh an elhnic Russian, Yuiii Tonchak.
Shogenov had leen shaipIy ciilicized ly aInosl ev3
eiyone in lhe iepulIic, incIuding lhe KRs DUM, foi
his heavy-handed and lioad-liushed ciackdovn on
MusIins in 2OO3-O4 in an effoil lo conlain lhe lui3
geoning jihadi novenenl in lhe iepulIic. Tonchak
look innediale sleps lo assuage lhe KRs MusIins,
especiaIIy lhe noie voIaliIe young geneialion, incIud3
ing lhe incIusion of KR DUM iepiesenlalives on lhe
MVDs pulIic counciI. The ninisliy aIso signed a co3
opeialion agieenenl vilh lhe DUM and olhei confes3
sions pulIic oiganizalions.
155
Nol a singIe jihadi al3
lack vas caiiied oul in lhe KR in 2OO6.
156
KR DUM
chaiinan, nufli Anas Ishikhachev, quickIy acknovI3
edged lhe MVDs effoils undei Tonchak lo addiess
lhe DUMs giievances lul vained lhal lhe lhieal of
IsIanic exlienisn peisisls in lhe KR.
157
In addilion,
Kanokov sel aside 4.5 niIIion iulIes in ApiiI 2OO7 foi
lhe consliuclion of lvo nev nosques in lhe capilaI
NaIchik. The cIosing of nosques ly lhe aulhoiilies in
55
2OO4 had heIped spaik lhe iise of lhe jihadisl conlal
janaal Yainuk in 2OO4 and iiiilaled nodeiale Mus3
Iins and ofhciaI cIeigy aIike. Kanokov aIso alliacled
nev inveslnenls foi deveIoping louiisn in lhe LIlius
Disliicl iesoil aiea.
Hovevei, ialhei lhan seeing a decIine in jihadi
allacks, Kanokov piesided ovei a naiked inciease:
28 in 2OO8, 23 in 2OO9, and 113 in 2O1O, despile anii
Asleniiovs denise in Maich 2O1O.
158
In }anuaiy 2O11,
OVKK nujahedin kiIIed chief nufli of lhe KRs
DUM, Anas Ishikhachev, in lhe iepulIics capilaI of
NaIchik. The KR pIunged inlo a slale of despeialion.
In Ieliuaiy, lhe CounciI of LIdeis of lhe aIkai peopIe
7066#, 1/+ ."# &-.+/,27.&/- /1 ,&+#7. 1#,#+06 +26# 0-,
Kanokovs iesignalion. Kanokov, speaking lefoie
lhe KR paiIianenl, appeaIed lo lhe fedeiaI aulhoii3
lies foi addilionaI assislance in conlaling jihadisn
in lhe iepulIic, adding lhal lhe nujahedin aie nol
afiaid.
159
Al lhe end of Ieliuaiy, lhe OVKK caiiied
oul lhe noled seiies of allacks acioss lhe LIlius iesoil
aiea. In May, lhe OVKK allenpled lo assassinale
Kanokov in lhe Iaigesl allack in lhe KR since a3
saevs and Asleniiovs Oclolei 2OO5 NaIchik iaid ly
expIoding a lonl undei lhe VII ievieving sland al a
hoise iacing liack duiing NaIchiks May Day feslivi3
lies. The allack kiIIed al Ieasl one civiIian, a 97-yeai-
oId Cieal Ialiiolic Wai veleian, and vounded sone
4O civiIians and ofhciaIs. Anong lhe vounded veie
lhe KRs CuIluie Minislei RusIan Iiiov and foinei
MVD chief Khachin Shogenov.
16O
Al lhis poinl, Kano3
kov oi soneone in lhe KR nay have adopled Kady3
iovs appioach of foining speciaI unils lo hghl lhe
nujahedin. A gioup caIIing ilseIf lhe Iack Havks
(cheinyie yasliely) decIaied vai on lhe OVKK, lul
nolhing nuch seens lo have cone of lhe gioup. In
56
ApiiI, secuiily foices kiIIed Asleniiovs successoi,
OVKK anii AlduIIah Askei Dzhappuev, aIong
vilh his nails and seveiaI olhei lop OVKK aniis.
Since lhen, lheie has leen a sIighl decIine in lhe iale
of allacks in lhe KR.
In Dageslan, loday lhe CLs speaihead, a nev
piesidenl and his lean, have loiioved noie eIenenls
fion Yevkuiov lhan fion Kadyiov. UnIike Chechnya,
lhe oiigins of jihadisn in Dageslan aie diiven enliieIy
ly inlia-confessionaI lensions ciealed ly lhe enei3
gence of a signihcanl SaIah connunily al odds vilh
liadilionaI Suhs. Successive Ieadeis have faiIed lo ie3
soIve lhe ieIigious lensions. In Ieliuaiy 2OO6, Iulin
iepIaced Iong-slanding elhnic Daigin Dageslan Iiesi3
denl MagonedaIi Magonedov vilh lhe elhnic Avai
chaiinan of Dageslans LegisIalive AssenlIy, Mukhu
AIiev. His lenuie sav a sleady inciease in jihadi ac3
livily and no peiceplilIe inpiovenenl in lhe civiIily
of counleiinsuigency and counleileiioiisn poIices in
lhe iegion. AIiev vas iepIaced in 2O1O vilh Magone3
dovs son, MagonedsaIen Magonedov, vho endeav3
oied lo engage lhe SaIah connunily in Dageslan, co3
oidinaling lhe foinalion of a counciI of SaIah IsIanic
schoIais (uIena), vhich diafled a seiies of denands
foi lhe goveinnenl lo neel. Accoiding lo lhe Russian
hunan iighls gioup MenoiiaI, a goveinnenl iepie3
senlalive vas aulhoiized lo neel vilh lhe counciI, lul
lhe diaIogue has nol pioduced nolalIe iesuIls olhei
lhan lhe ieguIai appeaiance of SaIah iepiesenlalives
al pulIic ceienonies. Magonedov has aIso endeav3
oied lo iepIicale Yevkuiovs effoils in Ingushelia ly
succeeding in enlicing sone young nujahedin fion
lhe foiesl and lack lo civiIian Iife, and inslilulionaI3
izing lhe piocess in Novenlei 2O1O in lhe foin of an
adaplalion connission. The connission incIudes lhe
57
inan of Dageslans CenliaI Mosque and lhe head of
lhe SaIahsl unlieIIa oiganizalion, AkhIyu-s-sunna,
A. K. Keledov and is chaiied ly Rizvan Kuilanov,
depuly pieniei in chaige of lhe povei ninisliies in
lhe iepulIic vho peisonaIIy Ied laIks vilh piospec3
live defeclois fion lhe nujahedin. Kuilanov vas
desciiled ly MenoiiaI as open lo iepiesenlalives
/1 7&%&6 (/7&#.59 +#07.#, '&."/2. 10&69 *#+(/-06659 0-,
innedialeIy lo iepoils aloul lhe ciudesl vioIalions of
hunan iighls . . . nel vilh lhe ieIalives of alduclees,
|andj coopeialed vilh Iavyeis in specihc cases.
161

Magonedov has aIso voiked on lhe econony. Dages3
lans goveinnenl has deveIoped a joinl piojecl vilh
lhe najoiily slale-ovned Russian Coppei Conpany
lo deveIop lhe Noilh Caucasuss Iaigesl oie deposil of
KiziI-Deie in soulhein Dageslans Ahlynsky Disliicl.
The nining piojecl pIus lhe acconpanying deveIop3
8#-. /1 .+0-(*/+. &-1+0(.+27.2+# 0-, 2.&6&.&#( ("/26,
piovide consideialIe enpIoynenl.
162
?-/."#+ &-%#(.3
nenl piojecl foi lhe iegion is Dageslani oIigaich Su3
Ieinan Keiinovs puichase of lhe iepulIics Anzhi
MakhachkaIa (AM) pieniei soccei lean. This is leing
foIIoved up ly fuilhei inveslnenls of $1.4 liIIion ly
Keiniov inlo AMs sladiun and MakhachkaIa holeIs
and AMs iecenl $3O niIIion puichase of gIolaI soc3
cei supeislai SanueI Lloo in Augusl 2O11. Keiinov
is aIso invesling in lhe Noilh Caucasus louiisl iesoil
cIuslei piojecl.
163
Duiing his sliII shoil lenuie, Magonedovs nev
7/2+(# "0( 5&#6,#, 1#' +#(26.( 2-6#(( /-# 70- ("/'
lhal jihadi vioIence vouId le even noie pievaIenl
vilhoul his poIicies. The CLs DV has leen alIe lo slep
up ils vioIence, lhiealening Magonedov and kiIIing
nuneious goveinnenl ofhciaIs. Since ApiiI 2O1O, lhe
DV has leen lhe nosl pioIihc of lhe CLs viIaiyals in
58
leins of nunlei of allacks, incIuding suicide lonl3
ings, vilh appioxinaleIy 267 lolaI allacks (incIuding
six suicide allacks) in 2O1O and 2OO allacks (incIud3
ing lhiee suicide allacks) duiing lhe hisl 6 nonlhs of
2O11, conpaied lo 144 lolaI allacks, incIuding one sui3
cide lonling, in 2OO9.
164
Noi is lheie a denonslialIe
inpiovenenl in lhe iepulIics hunan iighls iecoid,
eilhei.
165
5I!nvIkI.
A key piolIen is lhal neilhei lhe iepulIic piesi3
denls noi SKIO envoy KhIoponin exeicise nuch, if
any, conlioI ovei lhe siIoviki as lhe Iallei conlinue lo
vioIale MusIin cilizens hunan, civiI, and poIilicaI
iighls. Hov nuch Moscov oi lhe civiIian Ieadeiship
conlioIs fedeiaI foices in lhe Noilh Caucasus aIso ie3
nains a queslion, lhough nol lheii iesponsiliIily foi
iighls vioIalions. olh fedeiaI foices and IocaI poIice,
oflen voiking joinlIy in counlei-leiioiisl opeialions,
conlinue lo enpIoy delenlion on lhe lasis of neie
suspicion and faIsihed evidence, lealings, and loiluie
duiing delenlions, and exliajudiciaI punishnenls, in3
cIuding alduclions and kiIIings. The Luiopean Couil
foi Hunan Righls conlinues lo hand dovn judgnenls
againsl Russian aulhoiilies iegaiding such vioIa3
lions.
166
IedeiaI foices sliII depIoyed in lhe iegion incIude
niIilaiy, IS speciaIIy designaled foices (spelsnaz),
and CRU. MVD foices, vhich accoiding lo fedeiaI Iav
aie supposed lo le undei fedeiaI conlioI, aie oflen
an oljecl of conleslalion in nuneious iegions acioss
Russia. Kadyiov appeais lo conlioI nol onIy his ovn
foices lul lhe MVD and peihaps ils InleinaI Tioops in
Chechnya, lolh of vhich have nade incuisions inlo
59
Ingushelia sonelines cooidinaled vilh Ingushelias
MVD and sonelines nol. MiIilaiy foices, incIuding
nev nounlain hghling foices ciealed a fev yeais ago
and lased in olIikh (Dageslan) and ZeIenchukskaya
(Kaiachaevo-Cheikessia), nainlain a Iov piohIe, ie3
naining on lheii lases. In iaie cases vhen niIilaiy
unils aie caIIed upon lo lake pail in counleileiioiisl
/*#+0.&/-(9 8&6&.0+5 "#6&7/*.#+(9 0-, 8/+# +0+#65 0+3
liIIeiy aie caIIed in lo laigel nujahedin uncoveied in
nounlainous aieas. Ioi exanpIe, CL anii Unaiovs
nail Supyan AlduaIIev vas kiIIed in Maich 2O11 in an
opeialion lhal used heIicopleis and ailiIIeiy. MiIilaiy
and olhei convoys occasionaIIy cone undei anlush
ly nujahedin in aII foui of lhe nain iepulIics vheie
lhe CL nainlains a peinanenl piesence. The ciealion
of lhe NalionaI Anli-Teiioiisn Connillee (NAK) and
iegionaI counleipails appeais lo have inpioved cooi3
dinalion and inleIIigence-shaiing lelveen lhe vaiious
povei ninisliies. Secuiily and poIice foices have le3
cone piohcienl in liacking and kiIIing Ieading aniis,
lul lhey have leen Iess successfuI in capluiing high
vaIue laigels lhal vouId piovide invaIualIe addilion3
aI inleIIigence. The onIy such case vas lhe }uIy 2O1O
capluie of CV anii and CL niIilaiy anii Magas AIi
Taziyev, evei since, lhe Ingushelia nujahedins foi3
lunes have leen in sleady decIine.
Chechnyas Kadyiov nainlains consideialIe con3
lioI ovei MVD foices in his iepulIic and depIoys his
ovn piesidenliaI guaids, vhich in lhe pasl have cone
inlo conicl vilh speciaI lallaIions suloidinaled lo
fedeiaI povei ninisliies and Ied ly lhe Ieadeis of fan3
iIies and leips oi cIans in conpelilion vilh Kadyiov
as a counleiveighl lo Kadyiovs povei. In 2O1O lhe
1#,#+06 02."/+&.&#( ,#7&,#, ."0. ."# ,&+# (&.20.&/- &-
Dageslan iequiied a nev appioach. Il vas decided lo
6O
iepIicale lhe Chechenizalion of lhe conicl in Chech3
nya undei Kadyiov vilh lhe foinalion of speciaI lal3
laIions undei lhe conlioI of vaiious fedeiaI oigans
of coeicion, and ly eslalIishing undei lhe Dageslan
MVD a sepaiale voIunleei speciaI noloiized lallaIion
of nalive Dageslanis foi caiiying oul counleiinsuigen3
cy opeialions. The hisl 3OO voIunleeis veie liained ly
Novenlei 2O1O, vilh anolhei 4OO inlended lo con3
pIele lhe 7OO-nan foice.
167
!"#+# &( -/ #%&,#-7# ."0.
lhis neasuie has pioduced any appiecialIe iesuIls.
In sun, Russian and Noilh Caucasus aulhoiilies
conlinuing iighls vioIalions IaigeIy, if nol enliieIy,
negale lhe posilive deveIopnenl of an incieased use
of sofl povei nelhods in hghling jihadisn pushed ly
Medvedev, Yevkuiov, and Kanokov. Hovevei coun3
leiinluilive il nay le, lhe sleepesl decIine in jihadi
aclivily has occuiied in lhe iepulIics vilh lhe haish3
esl poIicy Iine, Kadyiovs Chechnya, and lhe soflesl,
Yevkuiovs Ingushelia.
THEORETICAL AND POLICY IMPLICATION5
The iise of lhe CL, and allendanl lheoielicaI con3
7#*.(9 "0%# 7/-7+#.# (#72+&.5 */6&75 &8*6&70.&/-( 1/+
Russia, lhe Uniled Slales, and gIolaIIy. The CLs iise
iefules nany videspiead assunplions, liases, hy3
*/."#(#(9 0-, ."#/+&#( #).0-. &- ."# (7"/60+659 0-03
IylicaI, aclivisl, and poIicynaking connunilies ie3
gaiding lhe vioIence in lhe Noilh Caucasus and lhe
oiganizalion and causaIily of leiioiisn and jihadisn
in geneiaI. The CLs conlinuing capaliIily lo ieciuil
and allack is nol sinpIy a iesponse lo Russian liulaI3
ily and pooi goveinance, lul is aIso a consequence of
lhe CLs effeclive depIoynenl of jihadi piopaganda,
liaining, Ieadeiship, and sulslanliaI lies lo AQ, as
61
veII as lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance, and an
unna in lhe lhioes of iadicaIisn and ievoIulion. The
CLs Iong-slanding lhough evoIving ieIalionship vilh
AQ and lhe Iaigei gIolaI novenenl and ils oiganiza3
lion and sliucluie do nol conhin lhe IeadeiIess jihad
hypolhesis vhich aigues lhal AQ has Iosl nuch of ils
ieIevance and lhe gIolaI jihadi novenenl is devoIv3
ing inlo a diffusion of alonized Ione voIves.
168
Sini3
IaiIy, lhe CLs ovn decenliaIized nelvoik sliucluie
and funclioning and lhe naluie of ils ieIalionship vilh
AQ and lhe gIolaI jihadi aIIiance suppoils a noie
liadilionaI viev of a nelvoik inspiied and IooseIy
giouped aiound AQ and ils afhIiales. The CL, Iike lhe
inspiialionaI, if nol inslilulionaI, AQ hul and noie
nodaI eIenenls anong lhe gIolaI jihads innuneialIe
gioups, is Iikevise decenliaIized, lul il ielains a hul
consisling of Unaiov and lop aniis and qadis and
IooseIy cooidinaling inleiconnecled nodes oi viIaiyals
voiking IaigeIy independenlIy lul lovaids one and
lhe sane sel of goaIs: The ciealion of an IsIanisl CL
slale and a confedeialed gIolaI caIiphale.
If one iegaids AQ as lhe inspiialionaI coie, if nol
lhe oiganizalionaI Ieadei, of a highIy decenliaIized
gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl, lhen a con3
cepluaIizalion of lhe CLs pIace vouId hnd il seveiaI
degiees ienoved fion lhe coie, conpiised of AQ cen3
liaI and afhIiales Iike AQAI and AQ in lhe Maghiel
(AQIM). Cioups Iike lhe TaIilan and Lashkai-e-Toila
conpiise lhe hisl concenliic ciicIe aiound lhe AQ coie
lecause of lolh lheii invoIvenenl in inleinalionaI
allacks and lheii deep invoIvenenl vilh, and geo3
giaphicaI pioxinily lo AQ cenliaI. The CLs posilion
is siniIai lo lhal of as-Shalaal in SonaIi and olhei
gioups in lhe second concenliic ciicIe, since lhey aie
-/. 6/70.#, -#0+ 0-, ,/ -/. 7//*#+0.# 0( 76/(#65 '&."
62
AQ cenliaI, aie onIy jusl leginning lo pailicipale in
inleinalionaI opeialions, and piefei lo, oi lecause of
iesouice shoilages nusl, focus IaigeIy on eslalIishing
lheii IocaI eniiale. The lhiid concenliic ciicIe vouId
le Ione voIves inspiied ly lul having no lies lo a foi3
naI jihadi gioup. The fouilh, nosl oulei concenliic
ciicIe Iies oulside lhe aIIiance lul vilhin lhe nove3
nenl. Il consisls of gioups lhal asciile lo lhe vioIenl
eslalIishnenl of lheii ovn IsIanisl goveinnenl lul
iejecl lhe goaI of ciealing a caIiphale and coopeialion
vilh olhei gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy gioups.
Noi do palleins in lhe CL coiieIale vilh lhe con3
cIusion pul foivaid ly Roleil Iape lhal suicide leiioi3
isn is IaigeIy a iesponse lo foieign occupalion, having
IillIe oi no conneclion lo jihadi ideoIogy oi goaIs.
169

Leaving aside lhe facl lhal suicide leiioiisn is aInosl
#)762(&%#65 0 4&"0,&(. *"#-/8#-/-9 ."&( 8/-/3702(06
#)*60-0.&/- &( (&8*6&(.&79 #(*#7&0665 '"#- &. 7/8#(
lo any jihadi oiganizalion, incIuding lhe Noilh Cau3
casus. CL suicide lonleis videolaped nailyidon
.#(.08#-.( (.0.# #)*6&7&.65 ."0. ."#&+ 8/.&%0.&/- &( ./
iaise lhe lannei of AIIah alove aII olheis. The CLs
chief piopagandisl and oiganizei of suicide leiioiisn
fion nid-2OO8 lo eaiIy 2O1O, Sheikh Said Alu Saad
uiyalskii vas an elhnic uiyal-Russian, conveiled lo
IsIan, and nevei sel fool in lhe Caucasus unliI spiing
2OO8 aflei he ieluined fion alioad lo sludy IsIan in
Lgypl and Kuvail. The goaIs and slialegy of lhe CL
and olhei gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy gioups aie nol
sinpIy IocaI oi defensive, seeking neieIy lo diive oul
occupieis, lul aie expIicilIy offensive and expansion3
isl. Thus, lhe CLs expansionisl goaIs ained al seizing
aII of Russia and lhe Tianscaucasus and ieciealing lhe
IsIanisl caIiphale defuse Iapes lheoiy.
63
!"#(# ."#/+#.&706 7/-762(&/-( "0%# */6&75 &8*6&703
lions: Iiisl, lhe CLs lies lo AQ, ils ovn sophislicaled
oiganizalion and decenliaIized funclioning, and ils
ieIigious ialhei lhan nalionaIisl nolives aie lians3
foining il fion a IocaI lo an inleinalionaI acloi and
eneiging lhieal. Second, even if il veie, Iike lhe ChRI,
onIy a lhieal lo Russian nalionaI secuiily, lhis lhieal
'/26, (.&66 "0%# &-.#+-0.&/-06 (#72+&.5 &8*6&70.&/-(9
since Russia ienains an inpoilanl Luiasian povei
and is eneiging as a usefuI aIIy of lhe Uniled Slales
and lhe Wesl in lhe vai againsl jihadisn. Thiid, lhe
CLs eneigence as a liansnalionaI lhieal vilh giov3
ing iadicaIizalion, capacily, and aspiialions naiks a
nevIy eneiging lhieal lo U.S. nalionaI and inleina3
lionaI secuiily. Iouilh, lhe CLs liansfoinalion and
inlegialion inlo lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIi3
ance denonsliale lhe aliIily of AQ and ils afhIialed
novenenls lo evoIve, adapl, and ouiish in iesponse
lo Weslein counlei-jihadisn effoils. Iiflh, lhe gIolaI
jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiances aliIily lo evoIve and
adapl is faciIilaled ly lhe exislence of lhe Iaigei jihadi
and IsIanisl sociaI novenenls eneiging fion a pie-
ievoIulionaiy MusIin voiId lhal incIudes denocialic,
nalionaIisl, connunisl, IsIanisl, and jihadisl foices.
Sixlh, excepl in lhe nosl faiIed slales Iike Yenen and
SonaIia, lhe gioups lhal nake up lhe gIolaI jihadi
ievoIulionaiy aIIiance aie unIikeIy lo seize povei pie3
ciseIy lecause of lhe Iiniled appeaI of lheii naiiov
and sliicl ideoIogicaI oiienlalion. Sevenlh, given lhis
Iaigei ievoIulionaiy and iadicaIizing conlexl, inlei3
nalionaI, Weslein, Luiasian, Aneiican, and Russian
secuiily aie IikeIy lo le lhiealened ly lhis ievoIulions
inlended and uninlended deslaliIizing and vioIenl ef3
fecls foi decades lo cone, lhe nosl viiuIenl of vhich
aie lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance and ils in3
64
dividuaI gioups. IinaIIy, lhe jihadi ievoIulionaiy aI3
Iiances gIolaIisn diclales a gIolaI and coopeialive
iesponse on lhe pail of lhose vhon il laigels.
OpeialionaIIy, Caucasus jihadisls aie nov ieciuils
foi najoi leiioiisl allacks againsl lhe Wesl. Sheikh aI-
Maqdisi has designaled lhe CL as lhe gIolaI jihads
liidgehead inlo Laslein Luiope, as evidenced ly lhe
CL inseiled ceIIs inlo eIgiun and lhe Czech RepulIic
and ils appaienl invoIvenenl in ils hisl inleinalionaI
leiioiisl pIol in eIgiun. The CL ilseIf couId allenpl
lo allack U.S. laigels in Russia oi eIsevheie, incIud3
ing lhe noilhein suppIy ioule foi U.S. and NATO
lioops hghling in Afghanislan. Ils nosl capacious DV
and ils Azeilaijan }anaal pul Unaiov vilhin sliiking
iange of inleinalionaI and U.S. inleiesls in Azeilaijan
such as oiI conpany headquaileis, iehneiies, and lhe
aku-TliIisi-Ceyhan pipeIine caiiying oiI lo Luiope.
CIeaiIy, a CL oi olhei signihcanl jihadi piesence in
Azeilaijan vouId have secuiily inpIicalions foi lhe
enliie Tianscaucasus and lhe Ieisian CuIf iegion. In
addilion, lhe CL is a ieciuiling giound of nujahedin
foi olhei fionls in lhe gIolaI jihad. Moieovei, Rus3
sia has lhe Iaigesl slockpiIes of chenicaI, lioIogicaI,
iadioIogicaI, and nucIeai naleiiaIs and WMD in lhe
voiId. The CL adds polenliaI denand lo lhis suppIy.
In lhe pasl, lheie have leen iepoils of Chechen sepa3
ialisl and Caucasus jihadi allenpls lo acquiie WMD
in Russia, and lhe CL velsiles posling of lhe fanous
2OO3 AI-Iahd falva lhiee lines in 2O1O suggesls lhal
sone in lhe CL nay vish lo ollain lhen.
Civen lhe eneiging CL lhieal, lhe U.S. Covein3
nenl shouId naxinize coopeialion acioss Luiasia lo
incIude Russia, lhe CoIIeclive Secuiily Tiealy Oigani3
zalion (CSTO), and lhe Shanghai Coopeialion Oigani3
zalion (SCO) in lhe vai againsl jihadisn. The Uniled
65
Slales and Luiope shouId aIso allenpl lo slaliIize
lhe Caucasus ly iesoIving lhe Azeii-Ainenian con3
icl ovei Nagoino-Kaialakh and al Ieasl nininizing
Russian-Ceoigian lensions, so lhese do nol pIay inlo
lhe hands of CL oi olhei jihadisls. One goaI nighl le
lo iein in Ceoigian effoils lo vhip up lioulIe in lhe
Noilh Caucasus, especiaIIy anong lhe MusIin Ciicas3
sian elhnic gioups. TliIisi has opened up a leIevision
and iadio conpany lhal lioadcasls anli-Russian pio3
paganda lo lhe iegion, and sone Ceoigian opposilion
hguies and one foinei U.S. ofhciaI have cIained lhal
Iiesidenl MikheiI SaakashviIis goveinnenl is piovid3
ing hnanciaI and liaining assislance lo lhe CL.
17O
Spec3
uIaling on lhe Ciicassian genocide issue as lhe Sochi
OIynpics appioach, TliIisi adopled a paiIianenlaiy
iesoIulion caIIing foi a loycoll of lhe Sochi ganes and
foi Russian and inleinalionaI iecognilion of lhe Tsai3
isl foices ioul and exiIe of lhe Ciicassians in lhe 186Os
as a genocide. Ceoigias poIicies couId iadicaIize
sone Ciicassians and lhus inpiove lhe CL piospecls
foi ieciuilnenl and allacking lhe Sochi ganes. TliIisi
aIso vaived visa iequiienenls foi Iianians and Noilh
Caucasus iesidenls, vhich couId faciIilale lhe nove3
nenl of gIolaI jihadisls fion Soulh Asia and lhe Iei3
sian CuIf iegion lo lhe Noilh Caucasus and Luiope.
IinaIIy, Weslein-Luiasian (NATO-CSTO) coop3
eialion can le used lo nudge Luiasias aulhoiilaiian
iegines, incIuding Moscov, lo conducl lheii anli-ji3
hadisn and olhei poIicies vilh a giealei eye lovaids
cilizens hunan, civiI and poIilicaI iighls, and lhe
inpIicalions of aII of lhe alove foi lhe vai againsl ji3
hadisn. OnIy vilh lioad and effeclive iegionaI coop3
eialion invoIving aII of lhe posl-Soviel slales viII lhe
Uniled Slales and lhe Wesl le alIe lo defeal lhe gIolaI
jihadi lhieal.
66
ENDNOTE5 - CHAPTER 1
1. Inleiviev vilh asaev in OIeg Iolskii, Teiioiisly pioni3
kayul v Rossiyu za dengi, Nczatisinaqa gazc|a, Maich 12, 1996,
ciled in }anes Hughes, Cnccnnqa. |rcn Na|icna|isn |c ]inad, IhiIa3
deIphia, IA: Univeisily of IennsyIvania Iiess, 2OO7, pp. 1O1, 154.
2. Coidon M. Hahn, Russias |s|anic Tnrca|, Nev Haven, CT,
and London, UK: YaIe Univeisily Iiess, 2OO7.
3. AsIan Maskhadov: 'My sozdadin poInolsennoe IsIans3
koe Cosudaislvo, Kat|az |scn|r, Maich 8, 2O1O, 15:55, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/03/08/71101.sn|n|,
AldaIIakh ShaniI Alu-Idiis: 'My odeizhaIi slialegicheskuyu
poledu, Kat|az-Tscn|r, }anuaiy 9, 2OO6, O8:47:1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.nc|/russ/ccn|cn|/2006/01/09/40869.sn|n|, Iiezi3
denl ChRI Sheik AlduI-KhaIin. Klo On` Kat|az-Tscn|r, Maich
12, 2OO5, OO:59:O7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2005/03/12/31285.sn|n|, AIeksandi Ignalenko, Vakhkhal3
ilskoe kvazigosudaislvo, Russ|ii Znurna|, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
russ.ru/puo|isn/96073701, ciling lhe Chechen niIilanls velsile,
Kat|az-Tscn|r, Seplenlei 1O, 2OO2, IauI Muiphy, Tnc lc|tcs cf |s-
|an. Russia and |nc |accs cf Cnccncn Tcrrcrisn, DuIIes, VA: iasseys
Inc., 2OO4, pp. 171-75, and Hahn, Russias |s|anic Tnrca|, pp. 4O-64.
4. AvaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn
|cn|cticu=ca|cgcrqcid=4c||cnid=28. The audios aie avaiIalIe fion
uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ca|cgcrq
cid=33c||cnid=31. The videos aie avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.
ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ca|cgcrqcid=7c||cnid=8.
5. Ioi exanpIe, see Usana lin Laden ol yasnael khadis
Kala lin MaIika, Kat|az |scn|r, ApiiI 12, 2O11, O1:O8, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/04/12/80669.
sn|n|, AL-kaida: Sheikh Usana lin Laden olialiIsya k fianl3
suzskonu naiodu, Kat|az |scn|r, }anuaiy 21, 2O11, 21:44, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/01/21/78402.
sn|n|, Sheikh Ainan az-Zavakhiii: 'Dageslan~osvozhde3
nie posIe olchayaniya, Unna Ncus, }anuaiy 2O, 2O11, OO:O7,
avaiIalIe fion unnancus.ccn/ninoar/359-----|----r.n|n|, Iii3
soediniyailes k Kaiavanu, |s|andin.ccn, Ieliuaiy 19, 2OO9,
12:O9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_
67
ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=278.2009-02-19-12-11-52cca|id=4.2009-
02-04-14-07-09c||cnid=28, Iliakhin Alu UleiduIakh, Zashchila
Usany in Ladena ol napadok nuidzhiilov, necheslivlsev!,
|s|andin.ccn, }anuaiy 4, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/
indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=609.2010-01-04-
23-52-10cca|id=8.2009-02-04-22-51-14c||cnid=26, Sheikh Usana
in Laden-Inan Mudzhakhidov Nashei Lpokhi, ]anaa| Snaria|9
}anuaiy 7, 2O1O, 12:53, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/
ccn|cn|/ticu/414/29/, Hunafa.ccns video conpiIalion Oh, He
Who Reliukes Me, lin Laden and lhe CLs Sheikh Said Alu
Saad uiyalskii, O, upiekayushchii nenya, avaiIalIe fion
Hunafa.ccn.
6. Sone of lhe olhei jihadi sheiks, schoIais, and piopagan3
disls pioninenl on CL velsiles incIude: nedievaI souice of jihadi
lhoughl Taki aI-Din Ahnad Iln Tainiyya, lhe Lgyplian schoIai
and MusIin iolheihood Ieading hguie, Sayyid Qull, lhe Iaki3
slani SaIahsl and jihadi ievoIulionaiy, Sayed AluI AIa Maududi,
lhe London-lased Syiian sheikh, Sheikh Alu asyi Al-Tailusi,
Sheikh and Inan, AlduIIah lin Aldu-Rakhnan lin }iliin, Ilia3
hin Muhannad AI-HukaiI, Iiaqi Sheikh and nujahed, AdduIIah
Iln Muhannad Ai-Rashud, Sheikh Muhannad SaIih aI-Muna3
jid, and Sheikh Alduiiakhnan AI-aiiak.
7. ZhuinaI 'VdokhnovIai: 'SdeIai lonlu v Maninoi kukhne,
|s|andin.ccn, Decenlei 3, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.
ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=992.2010-12-
03-10-29-08cca|id=43.2010-11-25-17-50-11c||cnid=33, ZhuinaI
'VdokhnovIyai: Opeialsiya 'Kiovolechenie, |s|andin.ccn, De3
cenlei 8, 2O1O, 11:51, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.
pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=999.2010-12-08-11-56-
36cca|id=27.2009-02-09-17-38-17c||cnid=16, V inleinele iaspios3
lianen vloioi nonei zhuinaIa 'AI-Kaidy, |nspirc, Vdokhnove3
-&#9 Kat|az |scn|r, Oclolei 12, 2O1O, 12:O7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/10/12/75767.sn|n|, and Coidon
M. Hahn, |s|an, |s|anisn, and Pc|i|ics in |urasia Rcpcr|, Inleina3
lionaI Inslilule of IiofessionaI Lducalion and Reseaich (IIILR),
No. 4O, May 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/23115/
crigina|/|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_40_naq_2011.pdf.
68
8. Lxeculive Repoil, Mi|i|an| |dcc|cgq A||as, Wesl Ioinl, NY:
U.S. MiIilaiy Acadeny, Conlaling Teiioiisn Cenlei, Novenlei
2OO6, pp. 7-8.
9. Anii SaifuIIakh o knige sheikha Alu Mukhannada aI
Makdisi 'MiIIeli Iliakhin, |s|andin.ccn, Ieliuaiy 18, 2O1O,
O8:O3, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_
ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=656.-q-q-cca|id=7.2009-02-04-15-45-
20c||cnid=8, and Anii SaifuIIakh: 'O Tavkhide~1 chasl,
|s|andin.ccn, Ieliuaiy 15, 2O1O, O1:37:27, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=651.-
q-q-1-cca|id=7.2009-02-04-15-45-20c||cnid=8.
1O. See, foi exanpIe, A nessage fion Sheikh aI-Maqdisi lo
lhe Mujahedeen of lhe Caucasus Lniiale, Kat|az |scn|r, Sep3
lenlei 18, 2OO9, 16:55, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/cng/
ccn|cn|/2009/09/18/11018.sn|n|, hisl pulIished in Aialic on aI-
Maqdisis sile A|naqdcsc.nc|, 15 Ranadan 143O, avaiIalIe fion
a|naqdcsc.nc|/r?i=07090901. See aIso NaslavIenie nudzhakhi3
dan ol sheikh Alu Mukhannada aI Makdisi, |s|andin.ccn9
Maich 13, 2O11, 23:37, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.
pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=1077.2011-03-14-00-00-
13cca|id=4.2009-02-04-14-07-09c||cnid=28, Iisno ol Sheikha
Alu Mukhannad AI-Makdisi, Kat|az |scn|r, Ieliuaiy 5,
2O11, 13:5O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|
/2011/02/05/78885.sn|n|, and RaznyshIeniya, inan Alu Muk3
hannad AI-Makdisi, Hunafa.ccn, Decenlei 11, 2OO9, 12:OO,
avaiIalIe fion nunafa.ccn/?p=2530.
11. A nessage fion Sheikh aI-Maqdisi lo lhe Mujahedeen of
lhe Caucasus Lniiale, Kat|az |scn|r, Seplenlei 18, 2OO9, 16:55,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/cng/ccn|cn|/2009/09/18/11018.
sn|n|, hisl pulIished in Aialic on aI-Maqdisis sile, A|naqdcsc.nc|9
15 Ranadan 143O, avaiIalIe fion a|naqdcsc.nc|/r?i=07090901.
12. Ialva Sheikha Alu Mukhannada aI-Makdisi, da ykiepil
ego AIIakh, Kat|az |scn|r, Seplenlei 1O, 2O1O, 2O:55, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/09/10/75149.sn|n|.
13. Anii SeifuIIah o piolsesse podgolovki k piovogIash3
eniyu Kavkazskogo Lniiala, Kat|az |scn|r, Novenlei 2O, 2OO7,
23:15, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2007/
11/20/54479.sn|n|.
69
14. On Asleniiovs viev of lhe aniis uniIaleiaI poveis, see
Anii SeifuIIah o piolsesse podgolovki k piovogIasheniyu Kavka3
zskogo Lniiala, Kat|az |scn|r, Novenlei 2O, 2OO7, 23:15, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2007/11/20/54479.
sn|n|. Ioi lhe sane ly Asleniiovs successois, see Anii Sei3
fuIIakh Culdenskii, ia: Ol logo, chlo ny zdes voyuen, ny
nichego ne vyigiaen, ]anaa|Snaria|.ccn, Novenlei 12, 2O1O,
O5:17, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/-nainncnu-29/14-
fac|q/1345-2010-11-12-02-18-12.n|n|, and Kadii IK AIi Alu
MukhIannad o piavIenii, dzhikhade, o poIozhenii shakhidov
i nnogon diugon, Guraoa.infc, }une 28, 2O11, 1O:57, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.guraoa.infc/2011-02-27-17-59-21/30-tidcc/1107--i-.n|n|.
15. CL qadi Asleniiov passed dovn a dealh senlence againsl
London exiIe and foinei ChRI foieign ninislei Akhned Zakaev
vhen he lioke vilh lhe CL upon ils ciealion in Oclolei 2OO7.
See Shaiialskii sud vynes ieshenie po deIy Zakaeva, Kat|az
|scn|r, Augusl 25, 2OO9, O2:45, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.
ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2009/08/25/67586.sn|n| 0-, uuu.is|andin.ccn/in-
dcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=467.2009-08-24-21-
30-20cca|id=10.2009-02-06-21-56-11c||cnid=26. The CLs Dages3
lan ViIaiyal (DV) qadis have even passed dovn, and lhe DV
nujahedin have consequenlIy caiiied oul, lvo knovn dealh sen3
lences againsl Dageslani cilizens. In }uIy 2O1O, lhen DV qadi and
soon-lo-le CL qadi Alu Muhanad aI-Dagislani issued a dealh
senlence againsl SaIinhan Shagidkhanov, condenned foi aduI3
leiy and iaping a MusIin vonan. AI-Dagislani issued a second
dealh falva againsl Ialinal Magonedova, a fenaIe headnaslei
accused of kicking schooI giiIs oul of cIass foi veaiing lhe nijao.
?1.#+ #07" /1 ."# 0772(#, '0( #)#72.#,9 ."# %#+,&7.( '#+# */(.#,
/- ]anaa|Snaria|.ccn as a vaining lo lhose vho vouId daie non3
conpIiance vilh Shaiiah. V ViIaiyale Dageslan piogovoien Shai3
ialskon sudon i unichlozhen viag AIIakha Shagidkhanov SaIin3
khan, ]anaa|Snaria|.ccn, Augusl 1O, 2O1O, 13:56, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/ncu/15-ncu/1095-2010-08-10-10-58-30.n|n|,
and ZayavIenie SpelsiaInoi opeialivnoi giuppy nudzhakhi3
dov dageslanskogo fionla: Iiigovoi piiveden v ispoInenie,
]anaa| Snaria|.ccn, Seplenlei 25, 2O1O, 15:24, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
janaa|snaria|.ccn/ncu/15-ncu/1298-2010-09-25-12-47-36.n|n|.
16. Olvely na vopiosy kadiya Inaiala Kavkaz, aniia
Oledinennogo ViIaiyala Kalaidy, aIkaiii i Kaiachya, SaifuI3
7O
Iakha, |s|andin.ccn, Decenlei 12, 2O1O, 14:54, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|c
cid=594.2009-12-12-14-58-15cca|id=27. 2009-02-09-17-38-
17c||cnid=16.
17. Anii SaifuIIakh o knige sheikha Alu Mukhannada aI
Makdisi 'MiIIeli Iliakhin, and Olvely na vopiosy kadiya Ina3
iala Kavkaz, aniia Oledinennogo ViIaiyala Kalaidy, aIkaiii i
Kaiachaya, SaifuIIakha.
18. See, foi exanpIe, lhe viilings of Said Alu Saad uiy3
alskii, AIeksandi Tikhoniiov, lhe CLs Ieading piopagandisl
and opeialive foi suicide lonlings in 2OO8 and 2OO9, especiaIIy:
Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi
Isliny i Izhi, Hunafa.infc, May 3O, 2OO9, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion
nunafa.ccn??p=1534, and Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na
Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi isliny i Izhi, Chasl 2, Hunafa.infc, }une
24, 2OO9, 4:O4, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.infc/?p=1715. See aIso lhe hnaI
islishkhad leslanenl of his sludenl, Zaveshchanie AlduI-MaIika:
'Ya ukhozhu na Islishkhad, chloly pozheilvoval svoei dushoi vo
inya AIIakha!, Kat|az |scn|r, }uIy 29, 2O1O, 12:O4, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/07/29/74167.sn|n|.
19. In 2OO2, lhe ChRIs jihadisl ving had convinced
Maskhadov of lhe need lo jihadize lhe ChRIs conslilulion and
expand lheii opeialions acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus and Russia.
Anii Inaiala Kavkaz Doku Alu Usnan: 'Mudzhakhidy Iio3
vozgIasiIi Inaial Kavkaz i ya goizhus elin, Kat|az|nfcrn.ccn9
May 27, 2O1O, O5:13, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azinfcrn.ccn/2011-
05-27-02-00-06/3-2011-05-27-05-14-31.n|n|. The hisl iesuIl vas lhe
Oclolei 2OO2 Duliovka Thealie hoslage laking. Accoiding lo a
CL liogiaphy of lhe Iale Dageslan anii and CL Shaiiah Couil
qadi (chief nagisliale) MagonedaIi Vagalov, a.k.a. SeifuIIah
Culdenskii, in aulunn 2OO3 Vagalov and his feIIov nujahedin
vanled lo go lo Chechnya and lo hghl lul veie oideied lo ie3
nain neai Khasavyuil, Dageslan, in conneclion vilh a decision
of Maskhadov and asaev |c sprcad ccnoa| |c |nc cn|irc |crri|crq cf
|nc Caucasus (ny ilaIics), Anii Dageslanskogo Iionla i Kadii
Inaiala Kavkaz SaifuIIakh. Chasl 2~Dzhikhad, ]anaa| Snaria|.
ccn, Augusl 13, 2O1O, O2:5O, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/-
nainncnu-29/14-fac|q/1105--2-.n|n|. Ioi lhe inleiviev of Ichkeiia
RepulIic Iiesidenl AsIan Maskhadov and Chaiinan of lhe Shai3
71
ial Connillee of Ichkeiia RepulIics Slale Defense Connillee
AlduI-KhaIin, SaduIaev, see My peienosin voinu na leiiilo3
iiyu viaga. . . ., Kat|az-Tscn|r, Augusl 1, 2OO4, 13:O9:21, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2004/08/01/24101.sn|n|. In
an Augusl 1, 2OO4, inleiviev Maskhadov poiliayed hinseIf as a
devoul MusIin lul puieIy nalionaIisl fieedon hghlei, lul he aIso
pulIicIy suppoiled lhe ciealion of a lioad MusIin cohoil of in3
suigenls foi aclions lhioughoul lhe Noilh Caucasus, and indeed
aII of Russia. Sealed nexl lo his designaled successoi and ChRI
Shaiiah Couil Chaiinan AlduI-KhaIin SaduIaev foi a joinl inlei3
viev, Maskhadov vained: We aie capalIe of caiiying oul such
opeialions in Ichkeiia, Ingusheliya and Russia, and ve viII piove
il. See My peienosin voinu na leiiiloiiyu viaga. . ., Kat|az-
Tscn|r, Augusl 1, 2OO4, 13:O9:21, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.
ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2004/08/01/24101.sn|n|. Aflei Maskhadovs dealh
in Maich 2OO5, nev ChRI piesidenl SaduIaev ciealed lhe Noilh
Caucasus and Dageslan Iionls in May 2OO5, denonslialing his
inlenl lo spiead lhe jihad acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus. The Noilh
Caucasus Iionl incIuded Ingushelia and Kalaidino-aIkaiia Sec3
lois. See ukazon Iiezidenla ChRI SaduIaeva sozdan Kavkazskii
fionl, Kat|az |scn|r, May 16, 2OO5, OO:54:35, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2005/05/16/33965.sn|n|. Upon his
succession of SaduIaev in }une 2OO6, Unaiov ciealed lhe VoIga
and UiaIs Iionls in oidei lo laigel Talaislan, ashkoiloslan, and
olhei Russian Iedeialion iegions vilh signihcanl MusIin Talai
and ashkii popuIalions. See Iiezidenl ChRI podpisaI ukazy
o sozdanii UiaIskogo i IovoIzhskgo fionlov, Kat|az-Tscn|r9
}uIy 9, 2OO7, 14:34, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2006/07/09/45779.sn|n|. In }anuaiy 2OO6, asaev, encoui3
aged ly Kalaidin nujahedin Iike Anzoi Asleniiov and Musa
Mukozhev, convinced ChRI piesidenl SaduIaev lo cieale a coun3
ciI of uIena, IsIanic schoIais, in piepaialion foi lhe decIaialion of
lhe Caucasus Lniiale (CL), lul SaduIaev and asaev veie kiIIed
in }une and }uIy, iespecliveIy, Ieaving lhe lask lo Unaiov. Anii
Inaiala Kavkaz Doku Alu Usnan: 'Mudzhakhidy IiovozgIasiIi
Inaial Kavkaz i ya goizhus elin.
2O. Ioi lhe fuII decIaialion, see OhlsiaInyi ieIiz zayav3
Ieniya Aniia Dokki Unaiova o piovozgIashenii Kavkazskogo
Lniiala, Kat|az |scn|r, Novenlei 21, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2007/11/21/54480.sn|n|, and Konu
vygodna piovokalsiay pod nazvanien 'Kavkazskii Lniial,
72
Cnccncnprcss.crg, Oclolei 29, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.cnccncn-
prcss.crg/ctcn|s/2007/10/29/04.sn|n|.
21. Anii Dokku Alu Usnan o lin Ladene, Inaiale Ka3
vkaz I poleiyakh nodzhakhedov, Kavkaz lsenli, May 17,
2O11, OO:O1, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/
2011/05/17/81607.sn|n|. The LngIish liansIalion is avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/cng/ccn|cn|/2011/05/17/14313.sn|n|.
22. See, foi exanpIe, Teslinony of Miiian Lanskoy, Hu3
nan Righls in lhe Noilh Caucasus, Ton Lanlos Hunan Righls
Connission, U.S. Congiess, ApiiI 15, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion ||nrc.
ncusc.gct/dccs/|ranscrip|s/2011_04_15_Ncr|n_Caucasus/|ans|cq_
Tcs|incnq.pdf, Miiian Lanskaya o leiakle v Donodedovo i no3
nenle isliny, Caucasus Tincs, Ieliuaiy 2, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.caucasus|incs.ccn/ar|ic|c.asp?id=20748, Roleil Iape, Lindsey
ORouike, and }enna McDeinil, Whal Makes Chechen Wonen
So Dangeious` Ncu Ycr| Tincs, Maich 31, 2O1O, and Maiilek
Valchagaev, Aiiesls in Luiope IIace 1OO,OOO Menlei Chechen
Diaspoia in lhe SpolIighl, }aneslovn Ioundalion |urasia Dai|q
Mcni|cr, VoI. 7, Issue 215, Decenlei 2, 2O1O, O1:13, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.jancs|cun.crg/sing|c/?nc_cacnc=1c|x_||ncus58||_ncus
5D=37230c|x_||ncus58oac|Pid5D=7ccHasn=85a84a8365.
23. OhlsiaInyi ieIiz zayavIeniya Aniia Dokki Unaiova
o piovozgIashenii Kavkazskogo Lniiala, and Oliashchenie
aniia IK Dokku Alu Usnan k nusuInanan Lgipla i Tunis, ]a-
naa|Snaria|.ccn, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn.
24. Razyasnenie Aniia IK Dokku Alu Usnan v svy3
azi s hlnoi siedi nodzhakhedov, Kat|az |scn|r, Oclolei 18,
2O1O, 12:51, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|
/2010/10/18/75902.sn|n|.
25. Alu-l-Tanvii Kavkazskii, Vcheia, segodnya, zavlia . . . ,
Hunafa.ccn, ApiiI 24, 2O1O, 11:23, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.
ccn/?p=3451.
26. Slennogianna video: Kadii IK Alu Mukhannad~
'Olvely na vopiosy~1 chasl, Guraoa.infc, }uIy 8, 2O11, OO:18,
avaiIalIe fion guraoa.infc/2011-02-27-17-59-21/30-tidcc/1117--
i-q-q-1-.n|n|, and VDageslan.info, }uIy 8, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion
73
tdagcs|an.infc/2011/07/08/d0oad0o0d0o4d0o
8d0o9-d0o8d0oa-d0o0d0o1d183-d0
ocd183d185id0o0d0ocd0ocd0o0d
0o4-d0ocd182d0o2d0o5d182d18o-
d0odd0o0-d0o2d0ocd0ofd180d0oc/.
27. The CLs DV nujahedin piovided a sonevhal expIicil de3
sciiplion of lhis slialegy in Ieiekhval inilsialivy, ]anaa| Snaria|9
}une 2, 2O1O, O3:29, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/-
nainncnu-29/14--/834-2010-06-02-03-05-02.n|n|.
28. Anii Inaiala Kavkaz Dokku Alu Usnan: 'My osvo3
lodin Kiasnodaiskii kiai, Asliakhan i IovoIzhskii zenIi . . .,
Kat|az |scn|r, Maich 8, 2O1O, 11:38, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.
ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/03/08/71087.sn|n|.
29. These incIude, accoiding lo ny ovn eslinale, sone 3O in
lhe Iasl 2 nonlhs of 2OO7, 373 in 2OO8, 511 in 2OO9, 583 in 2O1O, and
sone 3OO in lhe hisl 5 nonlhs of 2O11.
3O. Coidon M. Hahn, The Caucasus Lniiales 'Yeai of lhe
Offensive in Iiguies: Dala and AnaIysis of lhe Caucasus Lnii3
ales Teiioiisl Aclivily in 2OO9, |s|an, |s|anisn, and Pc|i|ics in |ur-
asia Rcpcr| (hencefoilh ||P|R), No. 7, }anuaiy 18, 2O1O, Coidon M.
Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus Lniiale Teiioiisl Acliv3
ily in 2OO8 and 2OO9, ||P|R, No. 8, Ieliuaiy 5, 2O1O, Coidon M.
Hahn, Tiends in }ihadisl VioIence in Russia Duiing 2O1O in Slalis3
lics, ||P|R, No. 33, }anuaiy 26, 2O11, and Coidon M. Hahn, CL-
AfhIialed Welsile Repoils Nunlei of }ihadi Allacks and ResuIl3
ing CasuaIlies fion }anuaiy Thiough }une 2O11, ||P|R, No. 44,
Augusl 12, 2O11, aII avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/acadcnics/facu||q
/gnann/rcpcr|.
31. IalaIilies ly Yeai and Monlh as Iail of Opeialion 'Ln3
duiing Iieedon in AII Thealies of Opeialion, |casu|a|ics.crg9
avaiIalIe fion icasua||ics.crg/ccf/8qMcn|n.aspx, Opeialion Ln3
duiing Iieedon: U.S. Wounded TolaIs, |casua||ics.crg, avaiIalIe
1+/8 icasua||ics.crg/O||/USCasua||ics8qS|a|c.aspx.
32. See lhe video MajIis aI-Shuia of lhe Caucasus Lniiale~25
ApiiI 2OO9, Ycu Tuoc9 uuu.qcu|uoc.ccn/ua|cn?t=DQQKPNfnc1U.
Ioi lhe LngIish liansIalion of Unaiovs posl-Shuia decIaialion
74
vilh a Iink lo his dovnIoadalIe video slalenenl in Russian, see
Anii Dokka Alu Usnan: 'This Yeai WiII e Oui Offensive
Yeai, Kat|az |scn|r, May 17, 2OO9, 15:17, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|az.|t/cng/ccn|cn|/2009/05/17/10700.sn|n|.
33. See, foi exanpIe, Said Alu Saad, uiyalskii, Islishkhad
nezhdu piavdoi i Iozhyu, Hunafa.ccn, Decenlei 9, 2OO9, 1:O1,
avaiIalIe fion nunafa.ccn/?p=2514, Said alu Saad. Ol iezuI3
lalakh opeialsii v Naziani 17 avgusla 2OO9g, Hunafa.ccn, Sep3
lenlei 7, 2OO9, 11:23, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.ccn/?p=1984, Said
Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi Isli3
ny i Izhi, Hunafa.infc, May 3O, 2OO9, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.
ccn??p=1534, Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad
iznulii: Ceioi isliny i Izhi, Chasl 2, Hunafa.infc, }une 24, 2OO9,
4:O4, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.infc/?p=1715, and Said Alu Saad.
VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi Isliny i Izhi, Chasl 3,
Hunafa.ccn, }uIy 24, 2OO9, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.ccn??p=1855.
34. Unaiov appeaied in a videolape ieIeased shoilIy aflei
lhe lonling aIong vilh lhe Riyadus SaIikhiin Mailyis iigade's
(RSM) anii Khanzal and lhe suicide lonlei, Magoned Yev3
Ioev, lefoie lhe Iallei vas dispalched lo Moscov. See Video:
Anii Inaiala Kavkaz Dokku Alu Usnan poseliI lazu iigady
Shakhidov Riyadus SaIikhin i sdeIaI zayavIenie, Kat|az |scn|r9
Ieliuaiy 4, 2O11, 23:18, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2011/02/04/78877.sn|n|, and Oliashchenie aniia Inaiala
Kavkaz Dokku Alu Usnan v svyazi s Shakhidskoi opeialsiei v
Moskve 24 yanvaiya 2O11 goda al Anii Dokku Alu Usnan:
'Spelsopeialsiya v Moskve lyIa piovedena po noenu piikazu,
Kat|az |scn|r, Ieliuaiy 7, 2O11, 22:58, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|a-
zccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/02/07/78967.sn|n|.
35. Then U.S. Slale Depailnenl Depuly Chief foi C.I.S. Af3
faiis Slephen Seslanovich loId lhe Senale Ioieign ReIalions Con3
nillee in his Novenlei 1999 leslinony: Chechen insuigenls aie
ieceiving heIp fion iadicaI gioups in olhei counliies, incIuding
Osana lin Ladens nelvoik and olheis vho have allacked oi
lhiealened Aneiicans and Aneiican inleiesls. See Texl: Sesla3
novich Slalenenl on Chechnya lo Senale Connillee, Novenlei
4, G|coa|Sccuri|q.ccn, USIS Washinglon IiIe, Novenlei 4, 1999,
0-, uuu.g|coa|sccuri|q.crg/ni|i|arq/|iorarq/ncus/1999/11/991104-
cnccncn-usia1.n|n. See aIso lhen U.S. NalionaI Secuiily CounciI
75
advisei Richaid CIaikes connenls iegaiding ChRI-AQ lies on
lhe ChaiIie Rose Shov, IS, Novenlei 3O, 1999, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.cnar|icrcsc.ccn/ticu/in|crticu/3968, and lhen U.S. Congies3
sionaI Task Ioice on Teiioiisn and UnconvenlionaI Waifaie Di3
iecloi }oseph odanskys connenls on ChRI-AQ lies in }oseph
odansky, Chechnya: The Mujahedin Iacloi, |rccnan.crg, 1999,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.frccnan.crg/n_cn|inc/ocdans|q/cnccnnqa.n|n.
36. Defense InleIIigence Agency DecIassihed Suif| Knign|
Rcpcr|, Docunenl No. 3O95345, no dale, ]udicia| la|cn, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.judicia|ua|cn.crg/cascs/102/dia.pdf.
37. |oid., p. 4.
38. |oid.
39. |oid., pp. 3-4.
4O. |oid., p. 5.
41. On AI-Haianain, see AI-Haianain IsIanic Ioundalion
v. Uniled Slales Depailnenl of lhe Tieasuiy, Heaiing No. 1O-
35O, Ninlh Ciicuil Couil, Maich 9, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.ca9.
usccur|s.gct/ncdia/ticu_suopagc.pnp?p|_id=0000007126, 0-, ."#
U.S. goveinnenls senlencing nenoiandun, evidenliaiy exhil3
ils, and a Russian IS ofhceis leslinony aloul aI-Haianians
assislance lo Chechen and Dageslani nujahedin in Uniled
Slales of Aneiica v. Ieiouz Sedaghaly, Case No. O5-CR-6OOO8-
HO, Uniled Slales Disliicl Couil foi lhe Slale of Oiegon, No3
venlei 23, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion lhe Invesligalive Iiojecl, uuu.
intcs|iga|itcprcjcc|.crg/dccuncn|s/casc_dccs/1422.pdf#pagc=65.
42. See IedeiaI uieau of Invesligalion SpeciaI Agenl Rol3
eil WaIkeis Afhdavil in Suppoil of ConpIainl enevoIence In3
leinalionaI Ioundalion, Inc. and Lnnan M. Ainoul, a.k.a. Alu
Mahnood, a.k.a. AldeI Sania, ApiiI 29, 2OO2, in lhe 2OO2 case,
The Uniled Slales of Aneiica v. enevoIence InleinalionaI Ioun3
dalion, Inc. and Lnnan M. Ainoul, |ntcs|iga|itc Prcjcc|, p. 3,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.intcs|iga|itcprcjcc|.crg/dccuncn|s/casc_dccs/94.
pdf (hencefoilh WaIkei Affadavil).
76
43. Tieasuiy Designales enevoIence InleinalionaI Iounda3
lion and ReIaled Lnlilies as Iinancieis of Teiioiisn, Iiess Re3
Iease, U.S. Depailnenl of Tieasuiys Ofhce of IulIic Affaiis, IO-
3632, Novenlei 19, 2OO2, avaiIalIe fion uuu.intcs|iga|itcprcjcc|.
crg/dccuncn|s/casc_dccs/1176.pdf.
44. WaIkei Afhdavil, p. 3.
45. WaIkei Afhdavil, pp. 3, 24-28.
46. One disc of videos vas vieved ly lhe aulhoi and depos3
iled ly hin in lhe aichives al lhe Hoovei Inslilulion, Slanfoid
Univeisily.
47. Indiclnenl in Uniled Slales of Aneiica v. alai Ahnad,
aka alai Ahned, and Azzan IulIicalions, |ntcs|iga|itc Prcj-
cc|, no dale, pp. 1, 5-9, and 12-13, avaiIalIe fion uuu.intcs|iga|itc
prcjcc|.crg/dccuncn|s/casc_dccs/96.pdf.
48. WaIkei Afhdavil, pp. 24-28.
49. Rohan Cunaialna, |nsidc A| Qacda. G|coa| Nc|ucr| cf Tcr-
rcr, Nev Yoik: CoIunlia Univeisily Iiess, 2OO2, p. 18O, and S.
Iiyganov, V|crzncnic t Rcssiqu, Moscov, Russia: Lkspiinl, 2OO3,
pp. 189-9O.
5O. Chechen connandei asayev vovs noie allacks, C
Moniloiing, in }ohnsons Russia Lisl, Novenlei 2, 2OO4, ciling
Kat|az |scn|r, see aIso Tnc G|coc and Mai|, Novenlei 2, 2OO4, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|ncg|cocandnai|.ccn/scrt|c|/Ar|ic|cNcus/TPS|crq/
|AC/20041102/CH|CH|N02/TP|n|crna|icna|/?qucrq=oasaqct.
51. MiIilanls Taigel Aials in Massive Iundiaising Canpaign
foi Chechen Insuigenls, Transna|icna| Sccuri|q |ssucs Rcpcr|, De3
cenlei 13, 2OO7, and Anii SeifuIIakh Culdenskii, (ia): Ol logo,
chlo ny zdes voyuen, ny nichego ne vyigiaen, ]anaa|Snaria|.
ccn, Novenlei 12, 2O1O, O5:17, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.
ccn/-nainncnu-29/14-fac|q/1345-2010-11-12-02-18-12.n|n|.
52. Svifl Knighl Repoil, p. 3.
53. |oid., p. 5.
77
54. Cunaialna, |nsidc A| Qacda, p. 179.
55. RILRL NevsIine, VoI. 7, No. 6O, Maich 28, 2OO3, RILRL
Russian Iedeialion Repoil, VoI. 4, No. 14, ApiiI 17, 2OO2, Rus3
sias 'TaIilan Iaces Uneasy Iuluie aflei Cuanlanano Toinenl,
A|P, Augusl 1, 2OO4, and Rcgicns.ru, Maich 27, 2OO3, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.rcgicns.ru.
56. The accounl does nol nake il pieciseIy cIeai vhelhei Vag3
alov hinseIf venl lo Afghanislan. Anii Dageslanskogo Iionla
i K adii Inaiala Kavkaz SaifuIIakh. Chasl 2~Dzhikhad. ]anaa|
Snaria|, Augusl 13, 2O1O, O2:5O, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/
ru/-nainncnu-29/14-fac|q/1105--2-.n|n|.
57. Czech IoIice Aiiesl Suspecled Russias Noilh Caucasus
Teiioiisls, 8NO Ncus, May 3, 2O11, 2:27, avaiIalIe fion uircup-
da|c.ccn/uircs/17128/czccn-pc|icc-arrcs|-suspcc|cd-russias-ncr|n-cau-
casus-|crrcris|s/.
58. The uIgai }anaals Russian-Ianguage velsile is avaiI3
alIe fion |auoa.infc /+ janaa|ou|gar.narcd.ru. Ioi lhe caII foi ji3
had againsl Russia, see Oliashchenie Dzhanaala uIgai k
MusuInanan Rossii, }annal uIgai, Ieliuaiy 28, 2OO9, avaiI3
alIe fion janaa|ou|gar.narcd.ru/s|a|iq/t1_28-02-09.n|n. See aIso
Lailh AIkhouii, }anaal uIgai Welsile~'Aloul Us Seclion~
Iiovides ackgiound Infoinalion on Ties lo TaIilan, Taclics,
||asnpcin| |n|c|, ApiiI 29, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.asnpcin|-in|c|.
ccn/inagcs/dccuncn|s/pdf/0410/asnpcin|_janaa|ou|garaocu|us.pdf.
59. iian CIynn WiIIians, Shalleiing lhe AI-Qaeda-Chechen
Mylh, }aneslovn Ioundalion Cnccncn lcc||q, VoI. 4, No. 4O, No3
venlei 6, 2OO3, iian CIyn WiIIians, AIIahs Iool SoIdieis: An
Assessnenl of lhe RoIe of Ioieign Iighleis and AI-Qa-ida in lhe
Chechen Insuigency, in Moshe Cannei, ed., ||nnc-Na|icna|isn,
|s|an and |nc S|a|c in |nc Caucasus. Pcs|-Sctic| Discrdcr, London,
UK: RoulIedge, 2OO7, pp. 156-78, and iian CIynn WiIIians, Key3
nole Lecluie, InleinalionaI Confeience, The Noilhein Caucasus:
Russias Tindeilox, Washinglon, DC: Cenlei foi Slialegic and
InleinalionaI Sludies, Novenlei 3O-Decenlei 1, 2O1O.
78
6O. This is accoiding lo Iiaqi Inleiioi Minislei IaIah aI-Naqil.
See Iiaqs AI-Naqil~'Teiioiisls Iion Chechnya, Sudan, and
Syiia KiIIed Aiiesled, 8ciru| |8C SAT Tc|ctisicn, 13OO CMT, }an3
uaiy 3O, 2OO5.
61. See Cunaialna, |nsidc A| Qacda, p. 292.
62. The foui veie 18-yeai-oId Seigey Vikloiovich Vysolskiy,
2O-yeai-oId Tinui VIadiniiovich Khozkov, 2O-yeai-oId AsIan Yei3
ikovich Inkodzhayev, and a 2O-yeai-oId Dageslani nalionaI vho
caIIs hinseIf Alu AlduI. VIasli Livana olvinyayul v leiioiizne
chelyiekh giazhdan Rossii, Kat|az uzc|, Oclolei 5, 2OO7, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|az.ncnc.ru/ncus|cx|/ncus/id/1198805.n|n|,
and Ioui Russian Cilizens Accused of Teiioiisn in Lela3
non, Rc|ua.crg, Oclolei 5, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rc|ua.crg/
ncnc.cfn?ar|ic|c|d=4834, ciling Kat|az uzc|, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|az-uzc|.ru.
63. Luiza Oiazaeva, NAK: ulilyi v Kalaidino-aIkaiii lo3
evik oluchaIsya v Livane, Kat|az-uzc|.ru, Maich 16, 2O11, 21:45,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/182411/.
64. Dageslani nujahed Yasin RasuIov has viillen convinc3
ingIy aloul lhis in Yasin RasuIov, Dzni|nad na Sctcrncn Kat|azc.
s|crcnni|i i prc|itni|i9 Kat|az |scn|r, pp. 18-29 and 55-59, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/is|an/jinad_in_ncaucasus/
PD|_tcrsicn.pdf. RasuIov vas kiIIed ly Russian foices in 2OO7, he
uses ieIialIe pie-connunisl Russian MusIin schoIaiIy souices lo
docunenl his cIains.
65. The exlenl lo vhich lhe Russian conquesl and lhe Cau3
casus, especiaIIy Dageslani iesislance in lhe 19lh cenluiy, veie
naiked ly an inlia-Caucasus sliuggIe lelveen gazata|is|s9 ,#3
fending IocaI soveieignly and lhe cuslons of ada| and Suhsn, and
pio-Shaiiah quasi-IsIanisls Iike Inan ShaniI, Cazi Mukhannad,
and KuiaIy-Magona, sonelines lacked ly lhe Iianian Shah, is
oflen oveiIooked. See, foi exanpIe, N. I. Iokiovskii, Kat|azs|ic
Vcinq i |nana| Snani|qa, Moscov, Russia: ROSSILN, 2OO9.
66. RasuIov, Dzni|nad na Sctcrncn Kat|azc. s|crcnni|i i prc|itni|i.
79
67. OIga oliova, Inaial Kavkaz: Cosudaislvo koloio3
go nel, Nctaqa gazc|a, No. 27, Maich 17, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.nctaqagazc|a.ru/da|a/2010/027/18.n|n|, and OIeg Cuseinov,
Slioileslvo khiana Maiii MagdaIiny piioslanovIena iz-za olsu3
lsviya siedslv, Gazc|a quga, ApiiI 21, 2OO5, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
gazc|aquga.ru/arcnitc/2005/16.n|n.
68. AIeksandi Zhukov, Kaoardinc-8a||ariqa. Na pu|i | |a|as|cfc9
LegaI Defense Cenlei 'MenoiiaI, Kat|az uzc|, Appendix 9, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ana|q|ics|cx|/ana|q|ics/id/1231255.
n|n|, Hahn, Russias |s|anic Tnrca|, pp. 152-65, Anii SeifuIIah o
piolsesse podgolovki k piovogIasheniyu Kavkazskogo Lniiala,
Coidon M. Hahn, IiohIe of 'SeifuIIah Anzoi Asleniiov, Iail 3:
Asleniiov and lhe Caucasus Lniiale, ||P|R, No. 23, Seplenlei
13, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/21434/crigina|/
|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_23_scp|_2010.pdf, Anii SeifuIIah: 'Io3
leda ol AIIakha, lak zhe kak i poiazhenie, Kat|az-Tscn|r, May
29, 2OO6, O3:34, and May 3O, 2OO6, O4:34, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.nc|/russ/ccn|cn|/2006/05/29/44895, AIeksandi Zhukov,
ReIigioznyi iaskoI i poIilicheskoe ieshenie, Pc|i|.ru, May 18,
2OO6, O8:25, avaiIalIe fion uuu.pc|i|.ru/ana|q|ics/2006/05/18/
|anc|ct.n|n|.
69. Anii SeifuIIah o piolsesse podgolovki k piovogIash3
eniyu Kavkazskogo Lniiala, Hahn, IiohIe of 'SeifuIIah Anzoi
Asleniiov, Iail 3: Asleniiov and lhe Caucasus Lniiale, and
ShaniI spiosiI nenya: 'Kogda slanesh Aniion, ly ol yavish
Inaial`, Kat|az |scn|r, Augusl 3O, 2O11, O2:19, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/08/30/84755.sn|n|.
7O. AIeksandi Tikhoniiov, Sheikh Said Alu Sadd aI-uiy3
alii-Said uiyalskii, Kat|az uzc|, Augusl 17, 2OO9, 17:O2, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/158565, and Kadyiov naz3
vaI Saida uiyalskogo 'ideoIogon leiakla, nakachivayushchin
sneilnikov lalIelkani, }uIy 3O, 2OO9, 11:39, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2009/07/30/67080.sn|n|, and Said Alu
Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi Isliny
i Izhi, Hunafa.infc, May 3O, 2OO9, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.
ccn??p=1534.
8O
71. |oid. One souice iepoils lhal uiyalskii supposedIy vis3
iled lhe Noilh Caucasus as eaiIy as lhe Iale 199Os and al lhal line
decIaied his IoyaIly lo lhe nujahedin lefoie he liaveIed lo Lgypl
and olhei counliies in lhe MiddIe Lasl lo ieceive a Wahhalisl
educalion. AIena Laiina, IosIednii speklakI, Rcssiis|aqa gazc|a9
Maich 5, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rg.ru/2010/03/05/said-our-si|c.
n|n|. uiyalskiis conveision and iadicaIizalion nighl have leen
connecled lo his ieIalionship vilh akhliyai Unaiov, no ieIalion
lo lhe CLs anii, a IocaI inan in UIan-Ude foineiIy fion Uz3
lekislan. In Novenlei 2OO8, akhliyai Unaiov vas aiiesled in
Russia, chaiged vilh having lies lo lhe iadicaI inleinalionaI Is3
Ianisl paily, 'Hizl ul-Tahiii IsIani, and had his iecenlIy gianled
Russian passpoil conhscaled. The CL-afhIialed sile Kat|az |scn|r
cIained IocaIs veie suie inan Unaiovs aiiesl vas a conse3
quence of his associalion vilh uiyalskii. uiyaliya. Aieslovan
znakonyi Sheikha Saida uilaskogo inan akhliyai Unaiov,
Kat|az |scn|r, Novenlei 21, 2OO8, O7:53, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2008/11/21/62314.sn|n|.
72. Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii:
Ceioi isliny i Izhi, Chasl 2, Hunafa.infc, }une 24, 2OO9, 4:O4, avaiI3
alIe fion nunafa.infc/?p=1715.
73. AIeksandi Tikhoniiov, Sheikh Said Alu Sadd aI-uiy3
alii~Said uiyalskii.
74. uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi isliny
i Izhi, Chasl 2, Video Hov I venl lo }ihad and Whal I have
seen heie (LngIish sullilIes)~Sheikh Sayeed of uialia 1, 'i24
sisnan |scnc|scncnicn jinad is|an nasnccd qcqaz |au|asus, Ycu Tuoc9
}une 17, 2OO9, uuu.qcu|uoc.ccn/ua|cn?t=Xg|19xcas|g, Said Alu
Saad, uiyalskii, Said uiyalskii: 'VzgIyad na dzhikhad isnu3
lii, po piosheslvii goda, |nan TV, May 18, 2OO9, n||p.//inan|t.
ccn/ncus-18-05-1009.n|n ci|ing Hunafa.ccn, and AIeksandi Tik3
honiiov, Sheikh Said Alu Saad aI-uiyalii~Said uiyalskii.
75. Hahn, The Caucasus Lniiales 'Yeai of lhe Offensive in
Iiguies: Dala and AnaIysis of lhe Caucasus Lniiales Teiioiisl
Aclivily in 2OO9, and Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus
Lniiale Teiioiisl Aclivily in 2OO8 and 2OO9.
81
76. On lhese elhnic SIav CL opeialives and lheii leiioiisl al3
lacks and pIols, see Coidon M. Hahn, AIIeged Russian }ihadi
Suicide onlei Vikloi Dvoiakovskii Capluied, ||P|R, No. 43,
}uIy 21, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/21196/
crigina|/KAVKAZ]|HAD_McnTR|P_||P|R_20_Aug2010.pdf, Coi3
don M. Hahn, KosoIapov Re-eneiges Ahead of Ieak }ihadi
Iighling Season, ||P|R, No. 41, May 27, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/23146/crigina|/|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_
iipcr_41_junc_2011.pdf, and Coidon M. Hahn, Tvo Moie Suicide
onlings, ||P|R, No. 35, Ieliuaiy 18, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/22492/crigina|/|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_35_
fco_2011.pdf.
77. Anii Dageslanskogo Iionla i Kadii Inaiala Kavkaz
SaifuIIakh. Chasl 1~Do Dzhikhada, ]anaa| Snaria|, Augusl
8, 2O1O, 21:58, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/fa||q/29-
fac|q/1089-2010-08-08-21-40-39.n|n|.
78. Anii Dageslanskogo Iionla i Kadii Inaiala Kavkaz
SaifuIIakh. Chasl 2~Dzhikhad, ]anaa| Snaria|, Augusl 13,
2O1O, O2:5O, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/-nainncnu-29/14-
fac|q/1105--2-.n|n|.
79. Leading jihadisn expeil Lvan KohInann desciiles Ansai
as seIf-seIecling foin of inleinel-lased leiioiisn, pionoling
lhe nission of aI-Qa`ida and IoyaI lo AQ. Lvan KohInann, A
eacon foi Lxlienisls: The Ansai aI-Mujahideen Wel Ioiun,
CTC Scn|inc|, VoI. 3, Issue 2, Ieliuaiy 2O1O, pp. 1-4, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.c|c.usna.cdu/pcs|s/a-ocaccn-fcr-cx|rcnis|s-|nc-ansar-a|-
nujanidccn-uco-fcrun.
8O. Hannei Tine: Ansai aI-Mujahideen Welnaslei Ai3
iesled!, ]aua Rcpcr|, Augusl 31, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion nqpc|jaua.
nu.nu/arcnitcs/203766.pnp.
81. Iaiifax Counly Man Accused of Iioviding MaleiiaI Sup3
poil lo Teiioiisls, U.S. Alloiney CeneiaIs Ofhce, }uIy 21, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.jus|icc.gct/usac/tac/Prcssrc|cascs/07-]u|qPD|A
rcnitc/10/20100721cncsscrnr.n|n|, and Hannei Tine: Ansai aI-
Mujahideen Welnaslei Aiiesled!
82
82. Hannei Tine: Ansai aI-Mujahideen Welnaslei Ai3
iesled!
83. KohInann, A eacon foi Lxlienisls: The Ansai aI-Muja3
hideen Wel Ioiun.
84. Announcing lhe Slail of a Nev Canpaign in Suppoil of
lhe Caucasus Lniiale, A|qinnan.nc|, Decenlei 5, 2O1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.a|qinnan.nc|/sncu|nrcad.pnp?|=21139cgc|c=ncx|c|dcs|.
85. V gIolaInoi seli inleinela olkiyIsya novyi foiun v
poddeizhku Dzhikhada, |s|andin, }uIy 2O, 2O1O, 16:18, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu
=ar|ic|ccid=849.2010-07-20-16-49-47cca|id=32.2009-03-05-23-19-
06c||cnid=29.
86. Accoiding lo lhe Spanish CiviI Cuaid, Liiai iegisleied
and paid foi lhe hosling of lhe sile foi puiposes of spieading ji3
hadi piopaganda and indocliinaling and ieciuiling synpalhizeis
lo iadicaI IsIanisn and jihad. Anolhei OnIine }ihadi Aiiesled in
Spain, ]aua Rcpcr|, Augusl 31, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion nqpc|jaua.
nu.nu/arcnitcs/203757.pnp.
87. AvIaki pioposes ciealion of fee-fiee and uncensoied dis3
cussion foia, Iisls of e-naiI addiesses so MusIins inleiesled in jihad
can conlacl each olhei and exchange infoinalion, onIine pulIica3
lions and disliilulion of Iileialuie and nevs of lhe jihad, and siles
vhich focus on sepaiale aspecls of lhe jihad. He uiges MusIins lo
foIIov lhe evenls of lhe jihad lecause il enIivens oui conneclion
lo lhe jihad, slienglhens oui leIongingness lo lhe Unna, ap3
pioves oui joining lhe jihad, inanes oui desiie lo ieceive nai3
lyidon, aIIovs MusIins lo see hov AIIah defends his sIaves
and Ieads lhen lo vicloiy, piovides piaclicaI exanpIes on hov
oui liolheis aie appIying lheoiy in conlenpoiaiy condilions,
and slienglhens oui allenlion lo lhe Koian, lo vhich slienglh3
ened lies |ieach lheiij peak vhen ve ouiseIves pailicipale in lhis
conicl, jihad, enleiing lhe ianks of lhe nujahedin. V gIolaInoi
seli inleinela olkiyIsya novyi foiun v poddeizhku Dzhikhada,
|s|andin.ccn, }uIy 2O, 2O1O, 16:18, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.
ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=849.2010-07-
20-16-49-47cca|id=32.2009-03-05-23-19-06c||cnid=29.
83
88. Inan Anuai aI AuIyaki: AI-Dzhanna~Chasl 1,
|s|andin.ccn, }uIy 25, 2O1O, O6:O9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=854.-
q-q-1cca|id=4.2009-02-04-14-07-09c||cnid=28, and Anvai AI-Av3
Iaki, Akhiia: Sudnyi den i Ognennyi ad, |s|andin.ccn, Maich
25, 22:45, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_
ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=1084.2011-03-25-22-51-31cca|id=4.2009-
02-04-14-07-09c||cnid=28.
89. AldaIIakh ShaniI Alu-Idiis, My odieizhaIi sliale3
gicheskyu poledu, Kat|az-Tscn|r, }anuaiy 9, 2OO6, O8:47:1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.nc|/russ/ccn|cn|/2006/01/09/40869.
sn|n|.
9O. Iiezidenl ChRI podpisaI ukazy o sozdanii UiaIskogo i
IovoIzhskgo fionlov, Kat|az-Tscn|r, }uIy 9, 2OO7, 14:34, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2006/07/09/45779.sn|n|.
91. A gioup of Talai gaiage jihadisls, lhe so-caIIed IsIanic
}anaal, vas aIIegedIy foined in Talaislan ly elhnic Talais le3
foie il vas uncoveied and ils nenleis liied, convicled, and sen3
lenced lo vaiious piison senlences in 2OO8. Hovevei, lheie vas
no evidence of lies lo lhe CL. Iiina oiogan, Dzhanaal v dva
khoda, Nctaqa gazc|a, No. 9, Ieliuaiy 7, 2OO8, p. 1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.nctaqagazc|a.ru/da|a/09/10.n|n|.
92. Maial Caieev and LIviia Miigaziyanova, Kiupnyie lei3
akly goloviIis i v ashkiiii, Kcnscnc|s|aqa Pratda, Maich 29,
2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|p.ru/dai|q/24463.5/624739/.
93. V ashkiiii 'shyul deIo 'Uiguio-uIgaiskogo dzhanaa3
la, |s|an.ru, ApiiI 29, 2OO9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|an.ru/rus/2009-
04-29/. Doiokhov vas kiIIed vhen he aIIegedIy offeied iesislance
duiing a seaich of his iesidence. His coIIeague, Ruslen Zainagul3
dinov vas senlenced lo 15 yeais foi pIanning lo lIov up a laiiiei
sepaialing a valei suppIy lank and an annonia lank, allack a
liafhc poIice posl and seize veapons, and seize lhe SaIaval cilys
IS luiIding. SlanisIav Shakhov and Ivan IanhIov, KI: V ash3
kiiii olezviezhen leiioiislicheskii Uiguio-uIgaiskii dzhanaal,
Tscn|rAzii, Maich 29, 2O1O, O9:3O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.ccn|rasia.ru/
ncusA.pnp?s|=1269840600.
84
94. In Maich 2O1O, aflei a gioup of ained nen allacked a
food sloie in Oklyaliskii Disliicl, ashkoiloslan, vounding lvo
seiiousIy, lhe ashkoiloslan Minisliy of InleinaI Affaiis (MVD)
nounled an opeialion, evenluaIIy capluiing a gioup of 1O ash3
kii and lvo Ingush nujahedin said lo le pioviding funds lo lhe
CL and Ied ly one ashii AIIauldinovich IIiev (loin 1966) fion
Ingushelia. V ashkiiii zadeizhany 8 chIenov ieIigiozno-eks3
lienislckogo landpodpoIya, Rcgnun.ru, Maich 29, 2O1O, 1O:27,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcgnun.ru/ncus/1267599.n|n|, and Ud3
eizhan esho odin uchaslnik eksliinislskogo landpodpoIya,
Rcgnun.ru, ApiiI 1, 2O1O, 19:O4, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcgnun.ru/
ncus/fd-tc|ga/oasn/1269348.n|n|. In }uIy anolhei jihadi janaal vas
aIIegedIy invoIved in a seiies of allacks on poIice and pIanning
sone 18 noie, incIuding on gas pipeIines, in ashkoiloslan, and
pein OlIasl. OlslieIyavshikh posl DIS ishchel poIk niIilsii,
|ifcncus.ru, }uIy 4, 2O1O, 16:55, and }uIy 5, 2O1O, 2O:O6, |ifcncus.
ru/ncus/30293, O8:25, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2010/07/05/73590.sn|n|, V ashkoiloslane alakovan lIok-
posl okkupalsionnoi landy DIS, Kat|az |scn|r, }uIy 5, 2O1O,
OO:2O, Vikloi IaIagin: 'Lkslienislov vovse ne shef IS piidun3
aI, McdiaKcrSc|, Decenlei 16, 2O11, 21:43, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
n|sc|.ru/ncus/pcrscn/13353/, and Talyana Maioiov, V ashkiii
ninuvshin Ielon piedolvialiIi neskoIko leiaklov, Rcssiis|aqa
gazc|a, Decenlei 17, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rg.ru/2010/12/17/
rcg-oasn|cr|cs|an/fso-ancns.n|n|. In Ieliuaiy 2O11, anolhei gioup
of foui nujahedin vas uncoveied in lhe Oklyaliskii Disliicl of
ashkiiiya. Ils nenleis veie chaiged vilh iIIegaI veapons pos3
session and iIIegaI pioduclion of and inlenl lo use expIosives.
They veie said lo have exlienisl Iileialuie, and lhe ofhciaI ai3
+#(. +#*/+. (.0.#, ."0. /-# /1 ."# 0++#(.##( '0( ."# 08&+ /1 ."#
Oklyaliskii }anaal and lhal lhe janaal vas pail of lhe CL. AI3
Ieged IsIanic Lxlienisls Delained In Russias ashkoiloslan,
R||R|, Ieliuaiy 8, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rfcr|.crg/ccn|cn|/
oasn|cr|cs|an_is|anis|s/2301430.n|n|. In Talaislan, a jihadisl ceII
aIIegedIy lied lo Hizo u|-Tanrir |s|ani '0( 2-7/%#+#, 0-, ,#3
slioyed in Novenlei 2O1O. Likvidiiovannnyie v Talaislane lei3
ioiisly lyIi isIanislani, Rcgnun.ru, Novenlei 25, 2O1O, 14:48,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcgnun.ru/ncus/fd-tc|ga/|a|ars|an/1350137.
n|n|. A seiies of incidenls invoIving aIIeged nujahedin oc3
cuiied in Asliakhan in Iale 2O1O and eaiIy 2O11. See Coidon M.
85
Hahn, Moie Lvidence of }ihadisn in Asliakhan, ||P|R, No.
41, May 27, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/23146/
crigina|/|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_41_junc_2011.pdf, and Coidon
M. Hahn, Is Theie an Asliakhan }anaal`, ||P|R, No. 36, Maich
11, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/22714/crigina|/
|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_36_nar_2011.pdf.
95. ZayavIenie o gianilsakh viIaiyal IdeI-UiaI, Kat|az |scn|r9
}anuaiy 26, 2O11, 21:12, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2011/01/26/78553.sn|n|, and Iisno v iedaklsiyu: Ol3
iashchenie nodzhakhedov IdeI-UiaI k nodzhakhedan Inaiala
Kavkaz, Kat|az |scn|r, Ieliuaiy 1, 2O11, OO:O3, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/02/01/78726.sn|n|.
96. The faiIed 2O1O Nev Yeais Lve Moscov pIol invoIved
seveiaI SlaviopoI iesidenls, vho, in luin, veie fiiends oi acquain3
lances vilh seveiaI elhnic Russian nujahedin vho conveiled lo
IsIan, incIuding lhe alovenenlioned elhnic Russian, IsIanic-con3
veil coupIe, VilaIii Razdoludko and Maiina Khoiosheva, vho
caiiied oul sepaiale suicide lonlings in Culden, Dageslan, on
Ieliuaiy 14, 2O11, and Vikloi Dvoiakovskii, vho vas vanled foi
5 nonlhs and hnaIIy capluied in }uIy 2O11.
97. Video Shuia aniiov Dageslana. ayal Aniia Dageslana
Khasana, Oclolei 19, 2O1O, ]anaa|Snaria|.ccn, Decenlei 1, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru, and Kat|az |scn|r, De3
cenlei 1, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn.
98. Iiess-SIuzhla Aniia DI: My goidy uchasli nashikh
lialev, nashi ulilyie~v Rayu, vashi~c Adu, ]anaa| Snaria|9
Augusl 22, 2O1O, 17:53, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/-nain-
ncnu-29/14-fac|q/1152-2010-08-22-17-00-31.n|n|.
99. Sochi and lhe soulhein Kiasnodai aie nalive Iands of
elhnic Ciicassian Adygs, lhe Kalaids, and Cheikess of lhe Re3
pulIic of Kalaidino-aIkaiia (KR) and Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya
(KChR) iespecliveIy, aie aIso Ciicassian elhnic gioups. The Iocus
foi nuch of lhe OIynpic Canes is Iocaled on Red HiII, knovn as
lhe spol of lhe Iasl lallIe of lhe Ciicassians againsl lhe Russians,
'"&7" #-,#, &- ."#&+ ,#1#0. 0-, #%#-.206 ,#*/+.0.&/- 0-, #)&6# /1
nany Ciicassians alioad.
86
1OO. The allacks incIuded a liuck lonl laigeling a iesoil ho3
leI lhal vas uncoveied and disained and lhe lonling of sup3
poil piIIais foi a ski Iifl lhal lioughl dovn ovei 4O of ils calins
and necessilaled cIosuie of lhe iesoil foi seveiaI days. See Coi3
don M. Hahn, The OVKKs Sochi Vecloi, ||P|R, No. 36, Maich
11, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/22714/crigina|/
|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_36_nar_2011.pdf.
1O1. CL naps depicl lhe fuluie eniiales leiiiloiy as conpiis3
ing lhe enliie Noilh Caucasus, incIuding piedoninanlIy elhnic-
Russian popuIaled iegions Iike lhe alovenenlioned Kiasnodai
and SlaviopoI Teiiiloiies. ul lolh Russian leiiiloiy noilh of lhe
CLs Noilh Caucasus and lhe Tianscaucasus soulh of lhe Noilh
Caucasus~lhal is, Ceoigia, Ainenia, and Azeilaijan~aie Ia3
leIed occupied MusIin Iands. See Ideyu oldeIeniya Kavkaz esl
snysIi olsuzhdal, chloly Iishil isIanislov znaneni loily . . .!,
Kat|az |scn|r, Ieliuaiy 12, 2O11, 11:15, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/02/12/79121.sn|n|, and IosoI
SShA v Moskve o neizlezhnon oledinenie nusuInan Sevei3
nogo Kavkaza, Kat|az |scn|r, Decenlei 6, 2O1O, O9:18, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/12/06/77052.sn|n|.
1O2. LikeIy CL nujahedin fion Dageslan have leen ciossing
Azeilaijans loidei iecenlIy, engag ing lallIe in lhe noilh vilh
akus ainy and poIice. A iecenl indigenous jihadisl allack on
akus Shiile-Ied }una nosque undeiscoies lhe poinl. An ained
Wahhali gioup Ied ly a foinei Azeii ainy ofhcei Kyanian Asa3
dov vas uncoveied in Oclolei 2OO7 pIolling lo allack slale insli3
lulions and lIov up U.S. and olhei Weslein enlassies in Azei3
laijan. In 2OO8, a jihadisl gioup pieviousIy aclive in Chechnya
and Dageslan vas uncoveied in aku ly Azeii inleIIigence.
1O3. Video, Shuia aniiov Dageslana, ayal Aniia Dages3
lana Khasana, Oclolei 19, 2O1O.
1O4. Rose ievoIulion Ieadeis and foinei SaakashviIi aI3
Iies, such as lhe foinei paiIianenl speakei Nino uijanadze
and foinei Defense Minislei IiakIy OkiuashviIi, have cIained
lhal TliIisi has leen liaining Ingush nujahedin and lhal Ceoi3
gian lanks have faciIilaled noney liansfeis lo lhe Caucasus
nujahedin. uijanadze TaIks Aloul Dangei of one noie Wai
87
fion Russia, Gccrgian ]curna|, Oclolei 21, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
gccrgianjcurna|.gc/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|cci
d=664.ourjanadzc-|a||s-aocu|-dangcr-cf-cnc-ncrc-uar-frcn-russia-
cca|id=9.ncusc||cnid=8, and uijanadze SIans Visa Iiovo3
calions, |n|crfax, Oclolei 21, 2O1O, 19:O1, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
in|crfax.ccn/ncusinf.asp?pg=2cid=197175. Ioinei U.S. Ioieign
Seivice ofhcei and U.S. Senale RepulIican IoIicy Connillee foi3
eign poIicy anaIysl, }anes Ceoige }alias cIains lhal in Decenlei
2OO9, a seciel neeling look pIace in TliIisi vilh iepiesenlalives
of nuneious jihad gioups lased in vaiious IsIanic and Luiopean
counliies foi lhe puipose of cooidinaling lheii aclivilies on Rus3
sias soulhein ank. Accoiding lo }alias, lhe neeling vas oi3
ganized undei lhe auspices of high ofhciaIs of lhe Ceoigian gov3
einnenl. AIlhough SaakashviIi did nol allend, Ceoigian MVD
ofhciaIs and olheis acled as hosls and cooidinalois, and lhe
Ceoigian anlassadoi lo Kuvail puipoiledIy faciIilaled lhe
pailicipanls liaveI fion lhe MiddIe Lasl. IinaIIy, |Ijn addilion
lo niIilaiy opeialions (i.e., allacks in soulhein Russia) speciaI
allenlion vas given lo ideoIogicaI vaifaie, foi exanpIe, Iaunch3
ing of lhe Russian-Ianguage TV slalion 'Iiisl Caucasus. }anes
}alias, The Ceoigian InliogIio~And a Choice foi lhe Uniled
Slales, Ancrica-Russia Nc|, Ieliuaiy 14, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.ancrica-russia.nc|/cng/facc/236661338?uscr_scssicn=4827c878c
0267ddodd6cc738f8212f1d.
1O5. Saoud Mekhennel and MichaeI Moss, Luiopeans Aie
eing Tiained in Iakislani Teiioiisn Canps, OfhciaIs Ieai, Ncu
Ycr| Tincs, Seplenlei 1O, 2OO7, p. A8.
1O6. I}U: Message fion lhe Mujahideen of lhe Khoiasan lo lhe
Caucasus Lniiale, Kat|az ]inad 8|cgspc|, Maich 14, 2O11, avaiI3
alIe fion |at|az-jinad.o|cgspc|.ccn/2011/03/ncssagc-cf-nujanidccn-
frcn-|ncrasan-|c.n|n|, and Video adi al-Tavheed 'Mensaje de
Ios nujahidines deI }oiasn aI Lniialo deI Cucaso, ]inad-c-|n-
fcrnacicn, Maich 2O11, avaiIalIe fion jinad-c-infcrnacicn.o|cgspc|.
ccn/2011/03/tidcc-oadr-a|-|aunccd-ncnsajc-dc-|cs.n|n|.
1O7. |oid.
1O8. Tadzhikislan: Shakhid alakovaI lazu RUOI Sog3
diiskii olIasli, Kat|az |scn|r, Seplenlei 3, 2O1O, 11:39, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/09/03/75000.
88
sn|n|, and Tadzhikislan: Olvelslvennosl za Shakhidskuyu
alaku v Khudzhande vzyaIa na selya oiganizaisiya 'Dzhanaal
AnsaiuIIakh, Kat|az |scn|r, Seplenlei 8, 2O1O, 12:23, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/09/08/75108.sn|n|.
On lhese allacks, see aIso MVD Tadzhikislana: Iii vziyve u
zdaniya ROOI v Khudzhande pogil niIilsionei, sneilnikov
lyIo neskoIko, |crgnana.ru, Seplenlei 3, 2O1O, 14:26, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.fcrgnana.ru/ncus.pnp?id=15461cncdc=sncus, Iei3
eslieIka s legIyni zakIyuchennyni pioizoshIo v Tadzhikislane,
iossiiskie voennyie v opeialsii ne uchaslvuyul, Maleiik, Sep3
lenlei 8, 2O1O, 11:21:16, avaiIalIe fion na|cri|.ru/ruoric/dc|ai|.
pnp?|D=10653, Tadzhikislan: Io faklu vziyva v nochnon kIule
v Dushanle zadeizhany dvoe podzievaenykh, |crgnana.ru9
Seplenlei 6, 2O1O, 1O:14, avaiIalIe fion uuu.fcrgnana.ru/ncus.
pnp?id=15470cncdc=sncus, and CKN Tadzhikislana: Nochnoi
vziyv v disko-kIule 'Dusli~khuIiganslvo, a ne leiakl, |crgnana.
ru, Seplenlei 6, 2O1O, 13:57, avaiIalIe fion uuu.fcrgnana.ru/ncus.
pnp?id=15475cncdc=sncus.
1O9. Oliaschenie Kazakhslanskogo dzhanaala 'Ansaiu-d-
din, Hunafa.ccn, Novenlei 1O, 2O1O, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion nu-
nafa.ccn/?p=3839, and Vopios o zakonnosli voennikh deislvii v
Kazakhslane, Hunafa.ccn, Maich 18, 2O11, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion
nunafa.ccn/?p=4831#ncrc-4831, and Vopios o zakonnosli
voennikh deislvii v Kazakhslane, Kat|az |scn|r, Maich 19,
2O11, 12:16, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/
2011/03/19/80081.sn|n|.
11O. Kazakhslan has pIayed dovn lhe leiioiisl and ieIi3
gious naluie of lhe May 17, 2O11 suicide lonling and May 24
cai lonling in AIna-Ala oi lhe kiIIing of seveiaI poIicenen
on }uIy 7 in Aqlole. Vakhkhalily VeIikoi Slepi, Nczatisna-
qa gazc|aRc|igii, }uIy 2O, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion rc|igicn.ng.ru/
prco|cns/2011-07-20/4_tannaoi|q.n|n|, Kazakhslan Suicide onl3
ing Iuls SpolIighl on Weslein Regions, |urasianc|.crg, May
24, 2O11, 2:1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.curasianc|.crg/ncdc/63549,
Tvo die in Kazakhslan cai lIasl, AII, May 24 2O11, avaiIalIe
1+/8 ncus.snn.ccn.au/orca|ing-ncus-ucr|d/|uc-dic-in-|aza|ns|an-
car-o|as|-20110524-1f1z|.n|n|, Suicide onlei has Shahid eIl in
Iasl in Kazakhslan, R|TlA, May 17, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
rc|ua.ccn/ncnc.cfn?ar|ic|c|d=11372, Kazakh Cily Hil y Suicide
Iasl, Iiisl Knovn Allack Of Ils Kind, Radic |rcc |urcpc/Radic
89
|iocr|q, May 17, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rfcr|.crg/ccn|cn|/|aza|n-
s|an_suicidc_ocnocr/24177028.n|n|, Suicide lonlei allacks Ka3
zakh seciel poIice HQ , Tc|cgrapn, May 17, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|c|cgrapn.cc.u|/ncus/ucr|dncus/asia/|aza|ns|an/8518895/Sui-
cidc-ocnocr-a||ac|s-Kaza|n-sccrc|-pc|icc-HQ.n|n|, and Iasl KiIIs
Tvo Oulside Kazakh Secuiily Seivice uiIding, Radic |rcc |u-
rcpc/Radic |iocr|q, May 24, 2O11 O9:O2, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
rfcr|.crg/ccn|cn|/o|as|_cu|sidc_sccuri|q_scrticc_oui|ding_|aza|n_
capi|a|/24184422.n|n|.
111. Modzhahedi Kyigyzslana piisyagnuIi Aniiy Is3
Ianskogo Lniiala Afghanislan MyIIo Onaiy, Kat|az |scn|r,
Maich 22, 2O11, 12:51, avaiIaIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2011/03/22/80140.sn|n|.
112. See Hahn, Russias |s|anic Tnrca|, pp. 221-25, and Coidon
M. Hahn, Anli-Aneiicanisn, Anli-Wesleinisn, and Anli-Seni3
lisn Anong Russias MusIins, Dcnc|ra|iza|siqa, VoI. 16, No. 1,
Winlei 2OO8, pp. 49-6O.
113. eIgian IsIanisl Alou Inian, of Shaiiah4eIgiun: We
WiII Conquei lhe While House, Luiope WiII e Doninaled ly
IsIan, M|MR|, #2695, Novenlei 9, 2O1O, O9:42, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.ncnri|t.crg/c|ip/cn/2695.n|n.
114. Slephen CaslIe, IoIice Aiiesl Suspecls in IIol Againsl
eIgiun, Ncu Ycr| Tincs, Novenlei 23, 2O1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.nq|incs.ccn/2010/11/24/ucr|d/curcpc/24oc|giun.n|n|,
IhiIippe Siuleiski, IoIice aiiesl 11 ovei eIgiun 'leiioi pIol,
Agcncc |rancc Prcssc, Novenlei 23, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion ncus.
qancc.ccn/s/afp/20101123/u|_afp/oc|giunnc|ncr|andsgcrnanq
sccuri|qa||ac|s/prin|, and IhiIippe Siuleiski, eIgiun aiiesls 26
in iaids againsl leiioi, NincMSN, Novenlei 24, 2O1O, O6:13,
avaiIalIe fion ncus.nincnsn.ccn.au/ucr|d/8168623/10-nc|d-ctcr-
|crrcr-p|c|-in-oc|giun.
115. VaIenlina Iop, Chechen Teiioi Suspecls usled in eI3
gian Raid, |U Ooscrtcr, Novenlei 24, 2O1O, O9:29, avaiIalIe fion
cucoscrtcr.ccn/9/31341, and OIesya Khanlsevich, Chechenskoe
podpoIe iaskiylo v eIgii, Nczatsisnaqa gazc|a, Novenlei 25,
2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.ng.ru/ucr|d/2010-11-25/1_oc|giun.n|n|.
9O
116. CaslIe, IoIice Aiiesl Suspecls in IIol Againsl eIgiun,
Siuleiski, IoIice aiiesl 11 ovei eIgiun 'leiioi pIol, Siuleiski,
eIgiun aiiesls 26 in iaids againsl leiioi, Iop, Chechen Teiioi
Suspecls usled in eIgian Raid, and Khanlsevich, Chechens3
koe podpoIe iaskiylo v eIgii.
117. Ausliia aiiesls Chechen fugilive in eIgiun pIol, AP9
Decenlei 4, 2O1O, 8:51:46, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|ncncsccu|incs.
ccn/ncus/ar|ic|c/aus|ria-arrcs|s-cnccncn-in-oc|gian-na|c-p|c|/425658.
n|n|.
118. Ausliian poIice aiiesl Chechen ovei possilIe jihad
allack on eIgian NATO faciIily, ]inad la|cn, Decenlei 4, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.jinadua|cn.crg/2010/12/aus|rian-pc|icc-arrcs|-
cnccncn- ctcr- pcssi o| c- j i nad- a| | ac|- cn- oc| gi an- na| c- oasc.
n|n|, and Ausliian poIice hoId Chechen in eIgian allack
piole, |xpa|ica, Decenlei 4, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.cxpa|ica.
ccn/oc/ncus/oc|gian-ncus/aus|rian-pc|icc-nc|d-cnccncn-in-oc|giun-
a||ac|-prcoc_115126.n|n|, ciling Ausliian poIice hoId Chechen in
eIgian allack piole, Agcncc |rancc Prcss, Decenlei 4, 2O1O.
119. Suspecled Teiioiisl: A Chosl in Neunkiichen, Dic
Prcssc, Decenlei 5, 2O1O, 18:19, avaiIalIe fion dicprcssc.ccn/ncnc/
pancrana/ccs|crrcicn/616045/Mu|nass|icncr-Tcrrcris|_|in-Pnan|cn-
in-Ncun|ircncn?dircc|=611111c_t|_oac||in|=/ncnc/pc|i|i|/inncn-
pc|i|i|/indcx.dccsc|Cnannc|=100.
12O. Qaeda IIans US, UK Chiislnas Allacks: Iiaq OfhciaI,
Rcu|crs, Decenlei 16, 2O1O, 3:35, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcu|crs.ccn/
ar|ic|c/2010/12/16/us-iraq-qacda-idUSTR|68|3CR20101216.
121. Oliashchenie nusuInan eIgii k inanu Alu
Mukhanannadu aI-Makdisi za nazlavIenien, |s|andin.ccn9
}une 22, 2O1O, 19:O1, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.
pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=814.2010-06-22-19-09-
08cca|id=25.2009-02-09-17-15-12c||cnid=17.
122. CaslIe, IoIice Aiiesl Suspecls in IIol Againsl eIgiun,
Siuleiski, IoIice aiiesl 11 ovei eIgiun 'leiioi pIol, and Siu3
leiski, eIgiun aiiesls 26 in iaids againsl leiioi.
91
123. Czech IoIice Aiiesl Suspecled Russias Noilh Caucasus
Teiioiisls, 8NO Ncus, May 3, 2O11, 2:27, avaiIalIe fion uircupda|c.
ccn/uircs/17128/czccn-pc|icc-arrcs|-suspcc|cd-russias-ncr|n-caucasus-
|crrcris|s/.
124. IoIicie sliha pel Iidi z podpoiy leioiisnu, |qdct|i9
Iiague, May 3, 2O11, 11:19 and 16:15, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|idct|q.
cz/|is|ni.asp?r=|n_dcnctcc=A110503_111957_|n_dcnct_apc, and
Chiislian IaIvey, IoIice uncovei hisl case of a leiioiisl nel3
voik opeialing in lhe Czech RepulIic, eighl chaiged vilh aiding
Dageslani Shaiial }anaal, Radic Prana, May 4, 16:24, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.radic.cz/cn/scc|icn/curraffrs/pc|icc-uncctcr-jrs|-casc-cf-a-
|crrcris|-nc|ucr|-cpcra|ing-in-|nc-czccn-rcpuo|ic-cign|-cnargcd-ui|n-
aiding-dagcs|ani-snaria|-janaa|.
125. Czech IoIice Aiiesl Suspecled Russias Noilh Caucasus
Teiioiisls.
126. Nenelskaya poIilsiya aieslovaIa giazhdanina RI po
podozieniyu v piichaslnosli k leiaklan v Chechne i Dageslane,
Kat|az uzc|, }une 24, 2O11, 7:1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/
ar|ic|cs/187809/.
127. DoulIe anli-leiioiisl opeialion in Le Mans, |cnans
Mati||c, }uIy 5, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|cnans.nati||c.ccn/ac|u/
ac|udc|_-Dcuo|c-cpcra|icn-an|i|crrcris|c-au-Mans-_dcp-1440912_
ac|u.H|n.
128. Doukaev fai 12 ai foi leiioi, Atiscn.d|, May 31, 2O11,
11:32, avaiIalIe fion atiscn.d|/dcu|act-faar-12-aar-fcr-|crrcr_
147226.aspx?u|n_scurcc=atiscncu|n_ncdiun=frcn|pagccu|n_
canpaign=|a|cs|Ncus8cx. In Decenlei 2O1O, Danish aulhoiilies
lioughl chaiges againsl lhe elhnic Chechen, Lois Doukaev, foi
invoIvenenl in a leiioiisl pIol. Doukaev, vho Iosl a Ieg al age
12 due lo an expIosion in his nalive Chechnya, vas aiiesled in
Seplenlei in a Copenhagen holeI aflei appaienlIy he acciden3
laIIy delonaled an expIosive device he vas piepaiing. He vas
found vilh a nap on vhich vas lhe Iocalion of lhe ofhces of lhe
-#'(*0*#+ ]q||ands-Pcs|cn, vhich pulIished lhe fanous caiica3
luies of lhe Iiophel Mohannad in 2OO5. Uiozhenlsu Chechni
Dukaevu v Danii piedyavIeno olvinenie v leiioiizne, Kat|az
uzc|, Decenlei 21, 2O1O, 19:O9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/
ar|ic|cs/178729/.
92
129. See, foi exanpIe, IssIedovanie o piavovon sla3
luse ispoIzovaniya oiuzhiya nassovogo poiazheniya pioliv
neveinykh, |s|andin.ccn, }anuaiy 9, 2O1O.
13O. Coidon M. Hahn, The ioleiioiisn Thieal in lhe Rus3
sian Iedeialion, in Relecca Kalz and Raynond A. ZiIinskas,
eds., |ncqc|cpcdia cf 8ic|crrcrisn Dcfcnsc, 2nd Ld., Holoken, N}:
}ohn WiIey and Sons, Inc., 2O11, pp. 581-584.
131. IS Has Info On Teiioiisls Allenpls To Seize IissiIe
MaleiiaIs, ||ar-Tass, }une 2, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.i|ar-|ass.
ccn, and Russia says leiioiisl seeking nucIeai naleiiaIs, Rcu|crs9
}une 2, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcu|crs.ccn/ar|ic|c/2010/06/02/
us-russia-sccuri|q-nuc|car-idUSTR|6512RQ20100602.
132. Ioi noie delaiIs, see Coidon M. Hahn, The ]inadi In3
suigency and lhe Russian Counleiinsuigency in lhe Noilh Cau3
casus, Pcs|-Sctic| Affairs, VoI. 24, No. 1, }anuaiy-Ieliuaiy 2OO8,
pp. 1-39.
133. A shoil Iisl of lop CL aniis kiIIed ovei lhe Iasl fev yeais
incIudes: al Ieasl six successive DV aniis (Vagalov, kiIIed on
Augusl 1O, 2O1O, 'AI-aia UnaIal Magonedov, }anuaiy 6, 2O1O,
Nali Mediddinov, 2OO9, 'Muaz Onai SheikhuIaev, Maich 1O,
2OO9, 'Muaz IIgai MoIIachiev, Ieliuaiy 5, 2OO9, AlduI Majid, Oc3
lolei 1, 2OO7, lhe AIgeiian anii, Docloi Mohanned, Augusl 31,
2OO9, Aial anii, Seif aI-IsIan aI-Uidani, Ieliuaiy 2, 2O1O, uiy3
alskii, Maich 4, 2O1O, Asleniiov, Maich 24, 2O1O, Asleniiovs suc3
cessoi as OVKK anii, Aisen Talaiov, Maich 31, 2O1O, CaIgaiche
ViIaiyal (CV) nails, Adan Koiigov, ApiiI 9, 2O1O, and 'ShaniI
Akhned TsaIoev, ApiiI 9, 2O1O, Noilh Afiican anii, Yasii Ana3
ial, }une 8, 2O1O, Uius Mailan Secloi anii, 'AlduI MaIik Ching3
iskhan Cishaev, }anuaiy 19, 2O1O, Vedeno Raion Secloi anii, II3
nan Islaniiov, Ieliuaiy 4, 2O1O, CL nail, Supyan AlduaIIayev,
Maich 28, 2O11, lhe }oidanian anii, Alu Anas Muhannad, May
2O11, Cioznyi Iionl anii, Hanzal SheniIev, Augusl 23, 2O1O, CV
anii, IIez Caidanov, Augusl 23, 2O1O, and six lop OVKK aniis,
incIuding lhe OVKKs anii, vaIi Askai Dzhappuev, ApiiI 2O11.
134. IosIanie IedeiaInonu Solianiyu Rossiiskoi Iedeial3
sii, Krcn|in.ru, Novenlei 12, 2OO9, 13:45, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|rcn|in.ru/|ranscrip|s/5979, and Cuy IaIconliidge and Denis
93
Dyonkin, N. Caucasus sliife is Russias lop piolIen-KienIin,
Rcu|crs, Novenlei 12, 2OO9.
135. Andiev C. Kuchins, Mallhev MaIaikey, and Sei3
gey Maikedonov, Tnc Ncr|n Caucasus. Russias Vc|a|i|c |rcn-
|icr, A Repoil of lhe Russia and Luiasia Iiogian, Washinglon,
DC: Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI Sludies, Maich 2O11,
avaiIalIe fion csis.crg/j|cs/puo|ica|icn/110321_Kucnins_Ncr|n-
Caucasus_l|8.pdf, and Ivan Sukhov, Kuda eli dengi deIis`
Mcs|cts|ic nctcs|i, ApiiI 4, 2O11, OO:32, avaiIalIe fion nn.ru/
pc|i|ics/20110404/300841916.n|n|.
136. Talyana Slanovaya, IiolIeny Seveinogo Kavkaza:
Mezhdu Iiezidenlon and IiavileIslvon, Pc|i||cn.ru, Augusl 8,
2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.pc|i|ccn.ru.
137. |oid.
138. Kuchins, MaIaikey, and Maikedonov, Tnc Ncr|n Cau-
casus. Russias Vc|a|i|c |rcn|icr, and Sukhov, Kuda eli dengi
deIis`
139. Na Seveinon Kavkaze ludel sozdano ne nenee 4OO
lysyach ialochikh nesl, MezhiegionaInaya konfeienlsiya
'Yedinoi Rossii 'Razvilie Kavkaza 2O1O-2O12, Yedinaya Ros3
siya Welsile, }uIy 7, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.cdinrcs.ru/|cx|.
sn|n|?14/4565,110040, and Ivan Sukhov, Seneinnyi podiyad,
Vrcnqa nctcs|ci, }uIy 7, 2O1O, uuu.trcnqa.ru/2010/117/4/257340.
n|n|.
14O. |oid.
141. Alu Anin, Inveslilsii v Seveinyi Kavkaz, iIi popylka
pulinskoi svoiy oslanovil piolsess oldeIeniya Seveinogo Kavka3
za ol iusni i slanovIeniya na ego nesle isIanskogo gosudaislva
Inaial Kavkaz, |s|andin.ccn, Ieliuaiy 2O, 2O11.
142. Na Seveinon Kavkaze ludel sozdano ne nenee 4OO
lysyach ialochikh nesl, MezhiegionaInaya konfeienlsiya 'Yedi3
noi Rossii 'Razvilie Kvkaza 2O1O-2O12, and Sukhov, Seneinnyi
podiyad.
94
143. The piojecl is leing oiganized undei a nev open slock
conpany Noilh Caucasus Resoils (Kurcr|q Sctcrncgc Kat|aza)
headed ly Akhned iIaIov.
144. Tinui Sanedov, Musa Muiadov and KhaIin Ani3
nov, oeviki olkiyIi vseiossiiskii kuioil, Kcnncrsan|, Ieliu3
aiy 21, 2O11, pp. 1, 3, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|cnncrsan|.ru/dcc.
aspx?Dccs|D=1589344.
145. Russia, Iiance pIan joinl hoIiday iesoils in luiluIenl
Noilh Caucasus, R|A Nctcs|i, }une 29, 2O11, O8:O2 AM IDT,
avaiIalIe fion cn.rian.ru/russia/20110629/164915641.n|n|.
146. Yevkuiov zapiosiI dopoInileIno 2O podiazdeIenii
spelsnaza CRU, }anuaiy 4, 2O1O, 19:58, avaiIalIe fion |at|azccn|cr.
ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/01/04/69927.sn|n|.
147. Seigei Minenko, AI-Kaida na 'ZhiguIyakh, Vrcnqa
nctcs|ci, Ieliuaiy 4, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.trcnqa.ru/246760.
n|n|, and 36 Iighleis VoIunlaiiIy Suiiendeied in 2O1O, Russia
|urasia Tcrrcrisn la|cn, Novenlei 7, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
rc|ua.ccn/ncnc.cfn?ar|ic|cDa|c=7Nct2010.
148. Yevkuiov piedIagael loevikan v Ingushelii sdalsya
v olnen na nyagkoe nakazanie, Kat|az uzc|, Ieliuaiy 9, 2O1O,
11:3O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/165231/.
149. |oid.
15O. Iiezidenl Ingushelii vslieliIsya s iodslvennikani ukiy3
vavshikh Saida uiyalskogo, Kat|az uzc|, Maich 7, 2O1O, OO:55,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/166249/.
151. Ivan Sukhov, KaIynskii kiai, Vrcnqa nctcs|ci, }uIy 8,
2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.trcnqa.ru/2010/118/4/257507.n|n|.
152. Sukhov, Kuda eli dengi deIis`
153. Yevkuiov zapiosiI dopoInileIno 2O podiazdeIenii
spelsnaza CRU.
95
154. Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus Lniiale Tei3
ioiisl Aclivily in 2OO8 and 2OO9, Hahn, Tiends in }ihadisl Vio3
Ience in Russia Duiing 2O1O in Slalislics, and Hahn, CL-AfhI3
ialed Welsile Repoils Nunlei of }ihadi Allacks and ResuIling
CasuaIlies fion }anuaiy Thiough }une 2O11.
155. RILRL NevsIine, VoI. 11, No. 82, May 4, 2OO7.
156. UIS: v Kalaidino-aIkaiii sokhianyaelsya ugioza
leiaklov, Kavkaz Meno, Maich 15, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|az.ncnc.ru/ncus|cx|/ncus/id/118554.n|n|.
157. RILRL NevsIine, VoI. 11, No. 82, May 4, 2OO7.
158. Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus Lniiale Tei3
ioiisl Aclivily in 2OO8 and 2OO9, Hahn, Tiends in }ihadisl Vio3
Ience in Russia Duiing 2O1O in Slalislics, and Hahn, CL-AfhI3
ialed Welsile Repoils Nunlei of }ihadi Allacks and ResuIling
CasuaIlies fion }anuaiy Thiough }une 2O11.
159. Kanokov enphasized lhal lhe nev yeai vas legin3
ning nuch voise lhan Iasl yeai, a yeai in vhich lhe nujahe3
din kiIIed six lines as nany Iav enfoicenenl peisonneI kiIIed
lhan in pievious yeais. Seigei IoIyakov, Kalaidino-aIkaiiya
spiosil ponoshchi v loile s leiioiislani, |nfcx.ru, Ieliuaiy 3,
2O11, 17:46, avaiIalIe fion infcx.ru/accidcn|/incidcn|/2011/02/03/
Kaoardinc_8a||ariqa_.pn|n|.
16O. Shkhagoshev: leiakl v NaIchike~piyanoe pokushenie
na piezidenla Kalaidino-aIkaiii, Kat|az uzc|, May 4, 2O1O, 17:59,
avaiIalIe fion |aoardinc-oa||ariqa.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/168443/.
161. Novyi kuis Magonedova` Silualsii s piavani cheIove3
ka i popylki konsoIidalsii olshcheslva v RespulIike Dageslan.
IeviaIya 2O1O~nail 2O11 g., Kat|az uzc|, ApiiI 12, 2O11, 11:54,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/183646/?prin|=|ruc,
scc|icns 7.1 and 7.2.
162. Andiey ondaiev, The Iiesidenl of Dageslan neels
vilh lhe deIegalion of ZAO Russian Coppei Conpany, R|A Nc-
tcs|i, May 13, 2O11, 11:32, avaiIalIe fion uuu.riadagcs|an.ccn/
ncus/2011/05/13/6472/.
96
163. Maksin TivkaiIo, Keiinov vIozhil v goslinilsy i sla3
diony Dageslana $1.4 nIid, Vcdcncs|i, }uIy 15, 2O11, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.tcdcncs|i.ru/ccnpanics/ncus/1319006/|crinct_t|czni|_
t_gcs|inicq_i_s|adicnq_dagcs|ana_14_n|rd.
164. Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus Lniiale Tei3
ioiisl Aclivily in 2OO8 and 2OO9, Hahn, Tiends in }ihadisl Vio3
Ience in Russia Duiing 2O1O in Slalislics, and Hahn, CL-AfhI3
ialed Welsile Repoils Nunlei of }ihadi Allacks and ResuIling
CasuaIlies fion }anuaiy Thiough }une 2O11.
165. Wilh iegaid lo alduclions in Dageslan, vhich aie cai3
iied oul nosl oflen lul nol aIvays ly aulhoiilies, lheie veie 15
alduclions, incIuding foui found dead and lvo found in poIice
delenlion on aveiage in lhe 3 yeais piioi lo Magonedov. Dui3
ing Magonedovs hisl yeai, 2O1O, lheie veie 18, incIuding foui
found dead and seven found in poIice delenlion. See TalIe 1 in
Vvedenie of Novyi kuis Magonedova` Silualsii s piavani
cheIoveka i popylki konsoIidalsii olshcheslva v RespulIike
Dageslan. IeviaIya 2O1O~nail 2O11 g.
166. On iecenl vioIalions and Luiopean Couil of Hunan
Righls (LCHR) cases, see, foi exanpIe, lhe Russian hunan iighls
oiganizalion MenoiiaIs iepoils Silualsiya v zone konikla na
Seveinon Kavkaze: olsenka piavozashilnikov. Vesna 2O11 g.,
Kat|az uzc|, }uIy 22, 2O11, OO:OO, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.
ru/ar|ic|cs/189517/#6, and Novyi kuis Magonedova` Silualsii s
piavani cheIoveka i popylki konsoIidalsii olshcheslva v Respul3
Iike Dageslan. IeviaIya 2O1O~nail 2O11 g, seclions 5.1-5.6.
167. V Dageslane sozdadul spelspodiazdeIenie Vnulien3
nykh voisk MVD, Kat|az uzc|, Decenlei 15, 2O1O, 15:45, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/174793/, and Dageslanlsy
dadul dosloiny olpoi landilskonu olielyu, Kat|az ncus, No3
venlei 11, 2O1O, 12:42, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-ncus.infc/
pcr|a|/cnid_122389/a|ias__Caucasus-|nfc/|ang__cn/|aoid__2434/dc-
fau||.aspx.
168. Maic Sagenan, |cadcr|css ]inad. Tcrrcrisn Nc|ucr|s in |nc
Tucn|q-|irs| Ccn|urq, IhiIadeIphia, IA: Univeisily of IennsyIva3
nia Iiess, 2OO8.
97
169. Roleil A. Iape, Dqing |c lin. Tnc S|ra|cgic |cgic cf Sui-
cidc Tcrrcrisn, Nev Yoik: Randon House, 2OO5. See aIso Roleil
A. Iape and }anes K. IeIdnan, Cu||ing |nc |usc. Tnc |xp|csicn cf
G|coa| Suicidc Tcrrcrisn and Hcu |c S|cp ||, Chicago, IL: Univeisily
of Chicago Iiess, 2O1O.
17O. Rose ievoIulion Ieadeis and foinei SaakashviIi aIIies,
foinei paiIianenl speakei Nino uijanadze and foinei Defense
Minislei IiakIy OkiuashviIi, have cIained lhal TliIisi has leen
liaining Ingush nujahedin and lhal Ceoigian lanks have faciIi3
laled noney liansfeis lo lhe Caucasus nujahedin. uijanadze
TaIks Aloul Dangei of one noie Wai fion Russia, Gccrgian
]curna|, Oclolei 21, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion gccrgianjcurna|.gc/indcx.
pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=664.ourjanadzc-|a||s-
aocu|-dangcr-cf-cnc-ncrc-uar-frcn-russia-cca|id=9.ncusc||cnid=8,
and uijanadze SIans Visa Iiovocalions, |n|crfax, Oclo3
lei 21, 2O1O, 19:O1, avaiIalIe fion uuu.in|crfax.ccn/ncusinf.
asp?pg=2cid=197175. Ioinei U.S. Ioieign Seivice ofhcei and
U.S. Senale RepulIican IoIicy Connillee foieign poIicy ana3
Iysl, }anes Ceoige }alias cIains lhal in Decenlei 2OO9 a seciel
neeling look pIace in TliIisi vilh iepiesenlalives of nuneious
jihad gioups lased in vaiious IsIanic and Luiopean counliies foi
lhe puipose of cooidinaling lheii aclivilies on Russias soulhein
ank. Accoiding lo }alias, lhe neeling vas oiganized undei
lhe auspices of high ofhciaIs of lhe Ceoigian goveinnenl. In
addilion lo 'niIilaiy opeialions, (i.e., allacks in soulhein Russia)
speciaI allenlion vas given lo ideoIogicaI vaifaie, foi exanpIe,
Iaunching of lhe Russian-Ianguage TV slalion 'Iiisl Caucasus.
}anes }alias, The Ceoigian InliogIio~And a Choice foi lhe
Uniled Slales, Ancrica-Russia Nc|, Ieliuaiy 14, 2O1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.ancrica-russia.nc|/cng/facc/236661338?uscr_scssicn=4827
c878c0267ddodd6cc738f8212f1d.
99
CHAPTER 2
THE NORTH CAUCA5U5 IN RU55IA
AND RU55IA IN THE NORTH CAUCA5U5:
5TATE APPROACHE5 AND POLITICAL
DYNAMIC5 IN THE TURBULENT REGION
5crgcy Markcdnnnv
Any allenpls lo nake geneiaIizalions aloul Rus3
sian poIicy on lhe Noilh Caucasus face seiious nelh3
odoIogicaI difhcuIlies. In spile of anaIysls peisonaI
allilude lo lhe piolIen, aII olseiveis agiee lhal lhis
aiea is lhe nosl acule one in Russia. Heie lhe piolIen
of Russias leiiiloiiaI inlegiily and suslainaliIily is le3
ing iesoIved.
The giovlh of poIilicaI vioIence (lhe nosl inpies3
sive exanpIe is lhe liagic leiioiisl lonling al Mos3
covs Donodedovo InleinalionaI Aiipoil in }anuaiy
2O11) has lioughl lhe dangei of gioving inslaliIily
in lhe iegion lo lhe allenlion of foieign counliies, es3
peciaIIy on lhe eve of lhe Sochi OIynpics of 2O14 and
WoiId Soccei Cup of 2O18. WhiIe in lhe 199Os vio3
Ience in lhe Noilh Caucasus vas piinaiiIy lased in
Chechnya, ovei lhe Iasl yeais il has incieased foi olhei
iepulIics Iike Dageslan, Ingushelia, and Kalaidino-
aIkaiia (KR). The Noilh Caucasus agenda loday
is exlieneIy lense vilh lhe evenls and chaIIenges of
leiioiisn and counleileiioiisn. In 2OO9, lhe counlei3
leiioiisl opeialion (CTO) iegine in Chechnya vas
canceIIed, lul in 2O1O lheie vas nol onIy a quanlila3
live lul aIso quaIilalive iise in lhe allacks in lhis ie3
pulIic (Iike lhe allack on Tsenloioy, lhe nalive viIIage
of Ranzan Kadyiov, as veII as lhal of lhe Chechen
paiIianenl in Ciozny). Al lhe sane line, vioIence in
1OO
lhe neighloiing iepulIics (Dageslan, Ingushelia, and
KR) has nol decIined eilhei. In 2O1O, KR, vhich had
a iepulalion of leing a SIeeping eauly duiing lhe
199Os suipassed Chechnya in lhe nunlei of acls of
leiioiisn, laking a pIace in lhe lop lhiee, aflei Dages3
lan and Ingushelia, vilh 48 expIosions, 21 shoolings,
and 14 allenpls on lhe Iife of Iav enfoicenenl ofh3
ciaIs and speciaI lioops. Duiing lhe sane peiiod, Io3
caI CTOs veie Iaunched lvice in lhe iepulIic, vilh
lhe opeialion in Tyinauza Iasling fion Oclolei 2O
lhiough Decenlei 25. Ioi lhe hisl line in lhe iecenl
hisloiy of Noilh Caucasus leiioiisn, lheie vas an al3
lack on an indusliiaI faciIily in 2O1O: laigeled al lhe
aksan HydioeIecliic IIanl in KR.
1
?68/(. #%#+5
day, salolage and leiioiisl allacks on iepiesenlalives
of Iav enfoicenenl and niIilaiy peisonneI lake pIace
aIong vilh civiIian nuideis. We can aIso olseive lhe
ievivaI of elhnic nalionaIisn (despile lhe facl lhal iad3
icaI IsIanisn has nol handed ovei ils posilions, ialhei,
on lhe conliaiy, il has giovn), and al lhe sane line,
ve see a fundanenlaIIy inpoilanl slep lo iesoIving
Iong-slanding elhno-poIilicaI confionlalion lelveen
Noilh Osselia and Ingushelia. The sliuggIe foi povei
inside lhe Caucasus consliluencies iepealedIy nakes
ilseIf feIl lhiough coiiupl, aulhoiilaiian, and even oc3
casionaIIy vioIenl neans.
Apail fion lhe gioving vioIence lhal pIagues
lhe iegion, lhe Caucasus has lecone a suljecl of
gieal inpoilance in Russia. This lhesis vas pioven
ly lhe evenls on Manege Squaie in Decenlei 2O1O
and incieasing inleielhnic cIashes lelveen Russians
and Caucasian peopIes (Chechens and Dageslanis).
=

This is leconing a seiious issue. InleieslingIy, lhe
phenonenon of Russian elhnic chauvinisn diiecled
againsl lhe peopIes of lhe Caucasus has iecenlIy as3
1O1
suned a nacio-econonic veneei. In ApiiI 2O11, lhe
Russian CiviI Union novenenl oiganized a iaIIy in
Moscov undei lhe sIogan: Slop feeding lhe Cauca3
sus.
3
Iailicipanls oljecled lo lhe fedeiaI goveinnenl
sulsidizing ils counleipails in Chechnya, Dageslan,
and olhei iepulIics, Iikening lhe Noilh Caucasus lo a
voiacious ciocodiIe vhich denands noie lIood and
noney. This piolIen couId lecone noie seiious if
lhe Russian ofhciaIs allenpl lo expIoil lhese ideas. We
can aIieady see allenpls lo use anli-Caucasus pulIic
opinion lo ollain addilionaI popuIaiily on lhe eve of
lolh paiIianenlaiy and piesidenliaI eIeclions.
4

Hovevei, Russian poIicy in lhe iegion has nol
ieaIIy leen concepluaIized oi even veilaIized, and
lhis ciicunslance cieales nany olslacIes (hisl and
foienosl foi Russian aulhoiilies) foi adequaleIy
conpiehending vhal Moscov vanls lo do. Theie is
a gieal paiadox in lhis silualion. Idenlifying ilseIf as
a guaianloi of Caucasus slaliIily and secuiily and
denonslialing ils viIIingness lo pielend lo le a key
slakehoIdei foi lhe vhoIe iegion, incIuding nevIy
independenl and de faclo slales of lhe Soulh Cauca3
sus, Russia faces chaIIenges inside ils ovn counliy
iegaiding lhe Noilh Caucasus aiea. Moieovei, in 2OO9
lhe silualion lheie vas chaiacleiized as lhe nosl in3
poilanl doneslic poIicy issue ly Iiesidenl Dniliy
Medvedev in his IiesidenliaI Addiess lo lhe IedeiaI
AssenlIy (IaiIianenl).
5
As a iesuIl, lhe KienIin and
lhe fedeiaI goveinnenl lioughl in an ofhciaI posilion
of speciaI pIenipolenliaiy~vilh lioadened funclions
in lhe nevIy ciealed Noilh Caucasus IedeiaI Disliicl.
Ioi lhe hisl line in Russias posl-Soviel hisloiy, lhis
ofhciaI has lhe iank of depuly piine-ninislei.
In lhis chaplei, sone lasic aspecls viII le consid3
eied. To vhal exlenl has iecognilion of lhe syslenic
1O2
and inleinaI naluies of lhe Noilh Caucasus chaIIenges
heIped lo change poIilicaI dynanics in lhe iegion`
<"5 "0( ."# 07.&%&.5 /1 ."# -#' *6#-&*/.#-.&0+5 -/.
leen effeclive and faiIed lo ieach expeclalions` Whal
nev chaIIenges vouId dehne lhe agenda in lhe nosl
luiluIenl aiea of Russia` The puipose of lhis iepoil
&( ./ #)08&-# 804/+ (/7&06 0-, */6&.&706 .+#-,( &- ."#
Noilh Caucasus iegion, vilh an enphasis on lhe Iasl 3
yeais lecause hisloiicaI aspecls (incIuding lhe 199Os)
aie sepaiale lopics foi discussion.
"5OFT POWER": MADE BY ALEXANDER
KHLOPONIN
In lhe eaiIy 2OOOs, lhe Russian aulhoiilies veie
aII loo ieady lo speak aloul lhe Noilh Caucasus. Dis3
cussion cenleied on seveiaI lopics. The hisl vas lhe
Caucasus as a pIalfoin foi inleinalionaI leiioiisn,
vheie Russia vas leing pul lo lhe lesl. The inage of
lhe inleinalionaI leiioiisl changed accoiding lo lhe
poIilicaI silualion of lhe line. Sonelines lhe face had
Ceoigian fealuies, al olhei lines Afghan and sone3
lines even lhe lieacheious Wesl seened lo le in3
voIved. The ioIe of lhe Wesl in affaiis of lhe Noilh
Caucasus vas acluaIIy inleipieled in lvo vays. On
."# /-# "0-,9 ."# <#(. '0( (##- 0( 0 -0.2+06 0665 0.
iisk fion Thiid WoiId inliigues, and on lhe olhei, an
uninaginalive and lolheisone pailnei liying lo in3
pose ils incoiiecl ideas (oi doulIe slandaids) upon
Russia. The second lopic vas lhe sviflIy slaliIizing
Caucasus, an inage lhal effecliveIy cane lo nean
Chechnya undei lhe vise Ieadeiship of Akhnad and
lhen Ranzan Kadyiov, falhei and son. Theie veie
allenpls lo diveisify lhe Noilh Caucasus issue: The
nosl oulslanding exanpIes veie lhe speeches ly
1O3
Dniliy Kozak, lhe Russian Iiesidenls iepiesenlalive
in lhe Soulh (in lhis posilion fion Seplenlei 2OO4 lo
Seplenlei 2OO7). He liied lo focus lhe allenlion of his
innediale supeiiois and sociely on lhe piolIens of
lhe cIan syslen and lhe inefhciency of lhe iegionaI
adninislialions (pailicuIaiIy in condilions of ludgel
dependency on lhe fedeiaI cenlie). Hovevei, Russias
iuIing eIile vas nol conceined vilh lhe iegions do3
neslic silualion, al Ieasl unliI lhe niddIe of 2O11.
The decision lo end CTO in Chechnya in ApiiI
2OO9, diclaled as il vas ly pulIic ieIalions considei3
alions, did nol have lhe effecl of ieducing lhe nunlei
of leiioiisl acls in lhal iepulIic. Diveisionaiy leiioi3
isl aclivily acluaIIy spiead lo lhe neighloiing iepul3
Iics of Dageslan and Ingushelia. Thal sunnei sav a
liazen allenpl lo assassinale Ingushelias piesidenl
Yunus-ek Yevkuiov, vhich lenpoiaiiIy pul hin oul
of aclion. AIdigiiei Magonedlagiiov, Inleiioi Minis3
lei of Dageslan, lhe Iaigesl Noilh Caucasus iepulIic,
vas nuideied. AII lhis iequiied sone coheienl ex3
pIanalion. Il vas inpossilIe jusl lo keep saying lhal
lhe iegion vouId soon le slaliIized, aIlhough sone
peopIe aie voiking againsl lhis.
Medvedevs MakhachkaIa speech on }une 9, 2OO9,
naiked lhe nonenl vhen lhe focus changed fion
exleinaI lo inleinaI lhieals. The Russian Iiesidenl
laIked of syslenic piolIens in lhe Noilh Caucasus
iegion. Ioi lhe hisl line since lhe 199Os, lhe head of
slale vas ofhciaIIy adnilling lhal socio-poIilicaI lui3
luIence in lhe Russian Caucasus vas nol lhe iesuIl of
foieign inleifeience, lul of inleinaI piolIens Iike coi3
iuplion, unenpIoynenl, and poveily. Hovevei, lolh
lhe Iiesidenl and lhe Iiine Minislei sliII kepl laIking
aloul lhe lallIe vilh landils and oiganized ciine
gioups, as if lhe cuiienl piolIens of lhe Caucasus
1O4
couId le conpaied lo lhe silualion in HaiIen, Nev
Yoik, oi Soulheasl Washinglon, DC, in lhe 198Os. The
faiIuies of goveinnenl in lhe Noilh Caucasus veie
nol honeslIy discussed. Iane vas Iaid on lhe iegion3
06 0-, 6/706 02."/+&.&#(9 '"&6# ."# 1#,#+06 02."/+&.&#(
escaped ciilicisn. This vas lhe oiigin of lizaiie ideas
Iike lhe inlioduclion of speciaI juiisdiclion foi nalleis
invoIving leiioiisn. RegaidIess, in his addiess Iasl
yeai, Medvedev caIIed lhe Noilh Caucasus lhe nain
piolIen of Russian doneslic poIilics. Thal vas vhen
anolhei idea eneiged: a nev luieaucialic sliucluie,
lacked ly Medvedev and VIadinii Iulin, enliusled
vilh eslalIishing oidei in lhe Noilh Caucasus.
As a iesuIl, AIexandei KhIoponin aiiived in lhe
Caucasus in }anuaiy 2O1O as Moscovs pIenipolen3
liaiy. This Iooked Iike an innovalion. The nan iespon3
silIe foi Russias nosl unslalIe iegion vas nol one of
lhe siIoviki (nenleis of lhe cenliaI luieauciacy), lul
a nanagei vho had voiked foi NoiiIsk NickeI en3
leipiise and seived as goveinoi of lhe Taynyi Ienin3
suIa and Kiasnoyaisk. The nedia adopled a diffeienl
Ianguage vhen discussing lhe Noilh Caucasus. Apail
fion lhe usuaI iefeience lo leiioiisls and exlien3
isls, lhey legan laIking of cIusleis, inveslnenls,
and innovalions.
ul KhIoponins appoinlnenl had nolhing lo do
vilh nodeinizalion. Il vas a lypicaI lehind-lhe-scenes
advancenenl of a peison Iacking lhe appiopiiale ex3
peiience, nolivaled ly inleinaI luieaucialic Iogic,
ialhei lhan piessing nalionaI inleiesl. In addilion, lhe
funclions of lhis nev head of lhe Caucasus veie veiy
Iiniled. KhIoponin vas lhiovn in lhe deep end of lhe
pooI, vilhoul leing given lhe necessaiy poIilicaI pov3
eis lo keep hinseIf aoal. And hov can lheie le any
ieaI inveslnenl oi innovalion in a iegion so cIose lo
1O5
a slale of vai` In lhe end, lhings did nol luin oul foi
lhe lellei, lul as usuaI, as Vikloi Cheinonyidin so
nenoialIy pul il in 1993: We vanled lhe lesl lul il
cane oul Iike il aIvays does.
The econony and lhe sociaI spheie veie iecog3
nized as inpoilanl. The KienIin and lhe IedeiaI
Coveinnenl pul aII lheii effoils inlo deveIoping lhese
seclois, lul poIilicaI lhenes (elhnic conicls and lhe
ieIalions lelveen lhe diffeienl ieIigions) ienained
laloo. They veie seen as neieIy supeihciaI, a func3
lion of lhe socio-econonic silualion. This has nade
il inpossilIe lo pioduce a Iaige-scaIe slialegy foi lhe
deveIopnenl of lhe Caucasus. When lhe poIilics of lhe
iegion aie as unslalIe as lhey aie, socio-econonic con3
dilions nallei, lul vhiIe unqueslionalIy inpoilanl,
lhey do nol pIay a deleinining ioIe.
SliII, on }uIy 6, 2O1O, Iulin asked foi a slialegy doc3
unenl lo le deIiveied vilhin a peiiod of 2 nonlhs,
a ieasonalIe anounl of line foi a good acadenic ai3
licIe oi a chaplei of a look, lul nol foi a docunenl
vilh a 15-yeai peispeclive. y Seplenlei 6, 2O1O, lhe
diafl of lhe slialegy vas ieady. In Iess lhan a nonlh,
il venl lhiough lhe enliie cycIe fion leing signed lo
pulIicalion ly lhe fedeiaI goveinnenl. The ains and
oljeclives of Slialegy-2O25, as sel oul in lhe iniliaI
CeneiaI Iiovisions, aie skeved fion lhe veiy le3
ginning. We iead lhal:
The Slialegy lakes accounl of:
- The cuiienl slale of lhe econony of Russian
@#,#+0.&/- 0,8&-&(.+0.&%# #-.&.&#( '"&7" 0+# *0+.
of The Noilh Caucasus IedeiaI Disliicl,
- The Russian econony,
- The gIolaI econony,
- Theii polenliaI foi deveIopnenl, and,
- RegionaI and inlei-iegionaI piojecls and lheii oul3
cones.
6
1O6
ul vhal aloul lhe poIilicaI deveIopnenl of lhe
Caucasus` Donl lhe facls of leiioiisn, sulveisive
07.&/-(9 0-, 0- #."-/7+0.&7 6#0,#+("&* 02./80.&3
caIIy nake any lusiness pIan a iisky undeilaking`
ShouIdnl fuluie inveslois le laking lhis inlo accounl
(unIess lhe noney cones fion lhe fedeiaI ludgel,
vhich does nol depend on pulIic opinion)`
The Noilh Caucasus Disliicl offeis favoialIe condi3
lions foi deveIoping lhe agio-indusliiaI conpIex, lhe
(*"#+#( /1 ./2+&(8 0-, "#06." ./2+&(89 #6#7.+&7&.59
nining and nanufacluiing. Il aIso affoids deveIoped
liansil faciIilies. Hovevei, econonic and socio-poIil3
icaI inslaliIily nean lhal naluiaI advanlages ienain
unieaIized and nake lhe Noilh Caucasus IedeiaI Dis3
liicl an unalliaclive enviionnenl foi inveslnenl.
7
The poIilicaI eIenenl is nenlioned in passing, af3
lei lhe econony, and is nol eIaloialed upon in any
vay. Whal does socio-poIilicaI inslaliIily nean` Is il
lhe sepaialisl lhieal oi lhe ieIigious ievivaI vhich is
inconpalilIe vilh lhe conslilulionaI and IegaI ieguIa3
lions and Iavs of lhe Russian Iedeialion` Accoiding
lo Slialegy-2O25, The nain goaI of lhe Slialegy is lo
piovide condilions conducive lo lhe iapid giovlh of
lhe ieaI secloi of lhe econony in Russian Iedeialion
adninislialive unils lhal nake up lhe Noilh Caucasus
IedeiaI Disliicl. AIso lo cieale nev jols, and inpiove
lhe slandaid of Iife. Whal a vondeifuI goaI! ul is lhis
possilIe in an aiea lhal is piaclicaIIy on a vai fooling
(This is lhe feIicilous desciiplion of lhe piesenl silu3
alion given ly lhe head of lhe Iioseculoi CeneiaIs
Ofhce Invesligalive Connillee AIexandei asliykin
in an inleiviev vilh iadio Moscov Lcho)
8
` Il is nol
lhe giey econony, vhich nakes ils Iiving fion iIIegaI
1O7
oi seni-IegaI deaIs, lhal is leing discussed in lhis doc3
unenl. IncidenlaIIy, Slialegy-2O25 does nol sel ilseIf
lo deaI vilh inslilulionaI change, i.e. ciealing a nev
geneialion of nanageis vho couId give lhe econony
lhe chance lo liealhe vilhoul kiIIing il vilh lheii kick3
lacks and pay-offs. The aluse of povei and iIIegaI
nelhods of caiiying oul anli-leiioiisl opeialions give
iise lo a Iack of liusl in lhe aulhoiilies, and even a silu3
alion vheie peopIe slail iegaiding Iav enfoiceis as
enenies. Young peopIe vho aie conslanlIy viclinized
lecone pailicuIaiIy vuIneialIe lo ieciuilnenl ly lhe
ieleIs. Theie is pIenly of evidence lhal lhe aclivily of
lhe ained undeigiound has leen gioving iecenlIy.
The ciisis viII onIy gel voise if lhe slale keeps hghling
lhe insuigenls using nelhods Iike kidnapping and ex3
eculions vilhoul liiaI. Tvo inconpIele sulseclions of
Slialegy-2O25 aie devoled lo elhnic ieIalions, lul lhey
aie Iiniled lo geneiaIilies. Theie is no ieaI infoina3
lion and no anaIysis. The cuiienl socio-poIilicaI and
elhno-poIilicaI silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus Ied3
eiaI Disliicl is chaiacleiized ly seveiaI pionounced
negalive sociaI lendencies, nanifeslalions of elhno-
poIilicaI and ieIigious exlienisn, and a high iisk of
conicl.
9
Any speciaIisl couId piolalIy hnd a gieal nany
negalive lendencies in any pail of lhe Russian Ied3
eialion, if he oi she so desiied. They exisl in Moscov
and Sl. Ieleisluig (Is nol xenopholia a negalive so3
ciaI lendency`), and in lhe VoIga aiea (vheie lheie
is lolh elhnic and ieIigious exlienisn). ul lhe dif3
feience lelveen lhe Caucasus and lhe VoIga aiea is
lhal onIy in lhe Noilh Caucasus is lheie a silualion
akin lo vai. This docunenl of consideialIe slialegic
&8*/+.0-7# /11#+( -/ #)*60-0.&/- 1/+ '"5 #%#-.( ,#3
veIoped as lhey did. The ieadei is Iefl lo guess. The
1O8
Slialegys anaIylicaI seclion does nol even have a sul3
seclion deaIing vilh lhe ieIigious ievivaI, aIlhough
iadicaI IsIan is lhe nain vehicIe foi piolesls in lhe
Caucasus. Anylhing lo do vilh ieIalions lelveen lhe
ieIigions is ieIegaled lo lhe sulseclion Llhnic ReIa3
lionships. The ieasons foi lhe giovlh of iadicaI IsIan
aie sel oul vilh aIaining sinpIicily: RadicaI foins
of IsIan (have leen) inpoiled inlo lhe said IedeiaI
Disliicl. The lexl offeis no expIanalion as lo vhal
lhese inpoiled foins aie, vhy lhey have leen in3
poiled inlo lhe iegion, vhal lhe expeclalions of lhe
&8*/+.#+( 0+#9 /+ ."# #).#-. ./ '"&7" ."# &8*/+.#+(
have gained indigenous suppoil.
1O
In lhe inleiesls of
oljeclivily, one can say, of couise, lhal olhei ieasons
foi lhe disseninalion of exlienisl vievs (lhe Slialegy
nakes no speciaI dislinclion lelveen nalionaIisls and
IsIanisls) incIude videspiead coiiuplion oi ques3
lions ieIaling lo lhe ovning and disposing of Iand,
vhich aie unieguIaled and lhe cause of nosl of lhe
elhnic conicls, incIuding al lhe IeveI of lhe nan in
lhe slieel, and aIso elhnic lension as a iesuIl of iII-
dehned civic idenlily.
11
ul again, none of lhis can le
Iinked lo lhe need foi inslilulionaI change in lhe Cau3
casus. In shoil, lhe oljeclives of Slialegy-2O25 aie
cIeaiIy unachievalIe. Il focuses on econonic giovlh
vilhoul addiessing lhe socio-poIilicaI piecondilions
lhal nake lhe Noilh Caucasus expIosive and unslalIe.
!"&( ,/728#-. (##8( ./ &(/60.# ."# #7/-/85 0-, ."#
sociaI spheie fion lhe iesl of lhe conpIex vhoIe.
1O9
NORTH CAUCA5U5: RADICAL I5LAMI5M
ON THE RI5E
Since lhe esIan liagedy in Seplenlei 2OO4, lhe
nain anli-Russian discouise in lhe Noilh Caucasus
has nol leen undei lhe sIogans of elhno-poIilicaI seIf-
deleininalion lul undei lhe gieen lannei of iadicaI
IsIan. On Oclolei 31, 2OO7, Iiesidenl of lhe so-caIIed
Chechen RepulIic of Icheiia, Doku Unaiov, luiIl
upon his poveis as lhe head of lhe sepaialisl govein3
nenl and piocIained a nev foinalion ~lhe Cauca3
sus Lniiale (CL).
Unaiov piocIained hinseIf as lhe onIy Iegilinale
aulhoiily in aII aieas vheie lheie aie Mujahideen. He
06(/ (0&, ."0. "# ,#-&#( ."# 60'( /1 ."# (#7260+ 02."/+&3
lies lhal exisl in lhe Noilh Caucasus. Il is haid lo de3
hne Unaiov peisonaIIy and nany of his suppoileis as
ieaI IsIanisls in lhe fuIIesl sense of lhe void, lhey Iack
lhe necessaiy lheoIogicaI liaining and, in sone cases,
eIenenlaiy educalion lase. ul foi such unskiIIed Is3
Ianisls lhe ideaIs of puie IsIan aie lhe nain diiv3
eis of piolesl aclivilies againsl lhe Russian Slale. Wilh
."#89 ."#5 "0%# ./ ,#.#+8&-# ."# #11#7.&%#-#(( /1 &.(
polenliaI foi noliIizing exlienisls. To sone exlenl,
leIonging lo a iadicaI IsIanisl cuiienl is a naikei of
iadicaIisn in geneiaI (elhnic nalionaIisn in lhis con3
lexl is iegaided as a nodeiale poIilicaI novenenl lhal
couId incIude diaIogue and ceilain concessions lo lhe
Russian Slale).
Hovevei, al lhe sane line, ve can iepoil lhe pies3
ence in lhe ianks of lhe Noilh Caucasian IsIanisls
.+0&-#, *+#07"#+( '"/ 12665 8##. ."# (.0-,0+,( /1
Mujahedin of lhe fuluie (lhal is conpelenl lheoIo3
gians, vho couId expIoil lolh expIosives and KaIash3
nikovs). The nosl fanous of lhen veie nol elhnic
11O
Chechens ly oiigin. In 2OO9 lhey cane lo lhe foiefionl
in lhe Caucasus iadicaI IsIanisl novenenl. They
lioughl nev chaiacleis inlo lhe anli-Russian sliug3
gIe in lhe Noilh Caucasus. Il is unIikeIy lhal such a
nan as Said uiyalskii (1982-2O1O, a.k.a. AIexandei
Tikhoniiov, on his falheis side a uiyal and on his
nolheis side a Russian) couId inspiie lhe defendeis
of a secuIai nalionaIisl piojecl lo hghl. Ralhei his ap3
peaI vas ieIigious.
In }une 2OO9, Unaiovs suppoileis cIained ie3
sponsiliIily foi lhe nuidei of lhe inleiioi ninislei
of Dageslan, AdiIgeiei Magonedlagiiov as veII as
nuideis of Aza Cazgiieeva, depuly Chaiinan of
lhe Supiene Couil of Ingushelia, and ashii Aus3
hev, foinei Depuly Iiine Minislei of Ingushelia. In
}uIy 2OO9, lhey announced lheii invoIvenenl in lhe
allenpled assassinalion of lhe Iiesidenl of Ingush3
elia, Yunus-ek Yevkuiov. In Augusl, 2OO9, lhey is3
sued a slalenenl saying lhal lhe accidenl al lhe
Sayano-Shushenskaya povei pIanl vas a nallei of
lheii hands. In Novenlei-Decenlei 2OO9, niIilanls
cIained iesponsiliIily foi lhe nuidei of an Oilhodox
piiesl, Ialhei DanieI (Sysoev) and lhe expIosion of
lhe liain Nevsky Lxpiess. On Maich 31, 2O1O, in his
video addiess, Doku Unaiov laIked aloul his ovn oi3
deis foi lhe suicide lonling in lhe Moscov sulvay,
caiiied oul on Maich 29. In }anuaiy 2O11, he cIained
ciedil foi lhe Donodedovo Aiipoil leiioiisl allack.
Lven if lhe iesponsiliIily foi one oi anolhei of
lhese allacks is nol liue, and is pail of a pulIic ieIa3
lions canpaign, lhe sliuggIe foi liue failh is seIIing
and leconing a popuIai poIilicaI connodily. This
pioducl viII le even noie in denand lhan vouId
le lhe IeveI of sociaI injuslice, judiciaI, and adninis3
lialive efhciency. The afoienenlioned uiyalskii is
111
a phenonenon in lhis iegaid. Nol leing a pieachei
fion Iakislan oi Aial counliies, he found a feiliIe
enviionnenl in lhe Caucasian audience as a iesuIl of
his ovn ieIigious and poIilicaI evoIulion. Nole lhal
novadays lhis audience knovs lhe Soviel and Rus3
sian ieaIily fai Iess lhan vhal }okhai Dudayev and
AsIan Maskhadov did. The voiks of Sheikh Anvai
aI-AvIaki, Sheikh Alu Muhanned aI-Maqdisi, and
olheis fealuie pioninenlIy on vaiious vel poilaIs
associaled vilh lhe Caucasus ieleIs. The Caucasus
ieleIs have indeed enliaced lhe poIilicaI Iexicon of
lhe gIolaI jihad, slyIing lheii Ieadeis as aniis
and eslalIishing a Caucasus Lniiale vilh ils ovn
Shaiiah Couil. Il is nuch Iess connecled vilh lhe
nalionvide socio-cuIluiaI enviionnenl. Hovevei,
vhiIe assessing lhe IsIanic facloi il is necessaiy lo
add sone nuances. Oflen nany sloiies iegaiding lhe
inlia-adninislialive-luieaucialic sliuggIe aie hidden
undei lhe Wahhalis (as lhe Russian nedia dehne
iadicaI IsIan). Il vouId seen lhal lhe aulhoiilies lolh
al iegionaI and fedeiaI IeveIs nusl do lheii ulnosl lo
undeisland vheie lheie aie ieIigious iadicaIs oi sin3
pIe ciininaIs, and vheie lheii synlhesis lakes pIace
(lhe Iallei is exlieneIy inpoilanl lo disciedil lhe niIi3
lanls and lheii ideoIogicaI palions). ul inslead of do3
ing lhis, ofhciaIs iepeal piopaganda lheses aloul lhe
agonizing landils.
ETHNIC NATIONALI5M: NEW PER5PECTIVE5?
The Iasl 3 yeais shoved, anong olhei lhings, lhal
lhe hope of seIf-Iiquidalion of nalionaIisn has nol
leen juslihed. RaIIies of aIkais and Ciicassians, in3
leielhnic ieIalions in Dageslan and lensions lelveen
Ossels and Ingushsis foiced lhe aulhoiilies lo pay al3
112
lenlion lo lhe piolIen, vhich ly lhe eaiIy 2OOOs had
seened geneiaIIy lo le cIeaiing up. A ievivaI of elh3
nic nalionaIisn in lhe Noilh Caucasus has laken pIace
since 2OO8. Ioi lhis deveIopnenl, lheie aie lolh inlei3
naI and exleinaI pieiequisiles. The Ciicassian issue ie3
%&%06 "0( /772++#, 01.#+ 0 (#+&#( /1 *#+(/--#6 ,#7&(&/-(
of lhe fouilh piesidenl of Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya
RepulIic (KCR), oiis Llzeev. Russias iecognilion
of Alkhazias independence on Augusl 26, 2OO8, aIso
pIayed a ioIe in lhe ievilaIizalion of Ciicassian elhnic
nalionaIisn as veII as lhe upconing Sochi OIynpic
Canes. Since 2O1O, lhe Ciicassian queslion has le3
cone one of lhe focaI poinls of lhe Ceoigian foieign
poIicy agenda. Tvo confeiences (Maich and Noven3
lei 2O1O), legan lhe discussion al lhe paiIianenlaiy
IeveI of lhe piolIen of lhe so-caIIed Ciicassian geno3
cide in lhe Russian Lnpiie in lhe 19lh cenluiy, and
hnaIIy Ceoigian iecognilion of lhis nassacie as a case
of genocide in May 2O11 ciealed a seiious piecedenl.
efoie il, Russian poIicy in lhe Caucasus vas nol iec3
ognized as genocide ly foieign slales. This chaige
lheiefoie conliilules lo lhe inleinalionaIizalion of
delales aloul lhis lioulIed Russian iegion. Thus il
iequiies fion lhe Russian goveinnenl and sociely
noie lhoughlfuI aclion. Moscov nusl hnd conpelenl
ansveis lo lhis piolIen as soon as possilIe.
Hovevei, lhe nev nalionaIisls in lheii slale3
nenls ienain vilhin lhe Russian poIilicaI-IegaI space.
aIkais, lhe Ingush hunan iighls aclivisls, and Ciicas3
sian aclivisls aie liying lo appeaI lo lhe IedeiaI Rus3
sian goveinnenl, and nol lo lhe CounciI of Luiope,
lhe IaiIianenlaiy AssenlIy of lhe CounciI of Luiope
(IACL), oi lhe Luiopean Union (LU)/Uniled Slales.
In Maich 2O1O, al a neeling dedicaled lo lhe 66lh anni3
veisaiy of lhe Russian depoilalion~of aIkais, Kaia3
113
chais, Chechens, Ingush, and KaInyks lo Sileiia~lhe
iepiesenlalives of lhe CounciI of LIdeis of lhe aIkai
*#/*6# *+#*0+#, 0- 0**#06 ./ ."# *+#(&,#-.&06 #-%/5
in lhe Noilh Caucasus AIexandei KhIoponin.
Il is necessaiy lo nake a dislinclion lelveen na3
lionaIisn in lhe peiiod of lhe paiade of soveieign3
lies in lhe eaiIy 199Os, and lhal of 2OO9-1O. The oId
nalionaIisn vas a poIilicaI iiposle lo lhe Soviel (and
lo a Iessei exlenl lhe inpeiiaI) eia. The cuiienl aIkai
oi Ciicassian novenenls, lhough using lhe hisloiicaI
naleiiaI, have anolhei naluie. This is lhe ieaclion lo
lodays ieaIilies (e.g., Iand issues and lhe allendanl
7/++2*.&/-9 "280- +#(/2+7# */6&7&#(9 0-, &((2#( /1 6/3
caI seIf-goveinnenl). Using quanlilalive appioaches
(and ceilain of lheii nanifeslalions ve see in KR in
lhe foin of conciIialion of lhe nalionaI novenenls)
lhe dangei of nalionaIisns ievivaI can le nininized
(lul nol eIininaled conpIeleIy). Hovevei (and 2OO9-
2O1O have denonslialed il), lheie aie cases vhen lhe
iepulIican aulhoiilies liy lo exlinguish lhe hie of Is3
Ianisl aclivily ly using nalionaIisl keiosene. Such a
looI (pIaying lhe elhnic caid) is exlieneIy dangeious
(as shovn in 1989-91).
The Osselian-Ingush ieconciIialions have inspiied
caulious oplinisn. The lhiid Iiesidenl of Ingush3
elia, Yunus ek Lvkuiov, has pIayed a gieal ioIe in
ils pionolion. Ingushelia nov insisls on lhe ieluin of
dispIaced peisons vho ed lheii hones duiing lhe
conicl in Oclolei-Novenlei 1992, naneIy in lhe
viIIages of lhe Suluilan Disliicl (Iiigoiodnyi iayon)
vheie lhey Iived lefoie lhe conicl, lul lhe Ingush
6#0,#+("&* 76#0+65 +#4#7.( ."# 760&8( 1/+ ."# +#.2+- /1
lhe disliicl ilseIf! Al a neeling on lhe piolIens of dis3
pIaced peisons heId on Oclolei 2, 2OO9, lhe Iiesidenl
of Noilh Osselia, Teinuiaz Mansuiov, said lhal lhe
114
Ingush vouId le fiee lo ieluin lo lhe Suluilan Dis3
liicl and lhe aulhoiilies of his iepulIic, Noilh Osselia,
vouId nol le an olslacIe.
Accoiding lo vaiious souices, appioxinaleIy 15-
2O,OOO dispIaced peopIe (DI) couId ieluin lo lheii
foinei pIaces of iesidence. In lhis case, lolh lhe con3
icling pailies aie dissalished vilh fedeiaI poIicy lo
iesoIve lhis piolIen. The Osselian side said lhal lhe
ieluin of lhe Ingush is leing done al a foiced pace,
vhiIe lhe Ingush aie unhappy vilh lhe Iov inlensily
of lhe ieluin. Sofl apailheid is pieseived. In pailicu3
Iai, on Maich 1, 2OO9, duiing lhe eIeclions of IocaI lod3
ies in lhe Suluilan Disliicl, lhe vole vas conducled in
lhe viIIages sellIed ly lhe Ingushis. The silualion foi
aII lhese yeais is conpIicaled ly lhe conicl lelveen
Ceoigia and Soulh Osselia lecause Noilh Osselia vas
foiced lo pIace Osselian iefugees fion Soulh Osselia
and inleiioi iegions of Ceoigia in ils leiiiloiy. Regaid3
Iess of lhis, on Decenlei 17, 2OO9, lhe Ieadeis of lhe
lvo iepulIics of Ingushelia and Noilh Osselia signed
a liIaleiaI agieenenl.
Ioi lhe hisl line in lhe posl-Soviel eia Ingush DIs
had lhe iighl lo ieluin lo lheii hones in an ofhciaI
docunenl. (IieviousIy lhey veie offeied diffeienl
veisions of aiiangenenls al lhe nev Iocalion.) Hu3
nan and civiI iighls look piecedence ovei lhe iighl
of lIood. IiaclicaIIy foi lhe hisl line since 1992, il
vas iecognized lhal lhe Osselians and lhe Ingush aie
lvo peopIes of lhe Russian nalion-slale piojecl lhal
shouId le noie lhan jusl neighlois, and lecone feI3
Iov cilizens of one counliy.
115
NORTH CAUCA5U5: PUBLIC POLICY
OF LIMITED DURATION
In addilion lo IsIan and elhnic nalionaIisn, lu3
+#027+0.&7 7/8*#.&.&/- 1/+ ,/8&-0-7# &- ."# 1+08#3
voik of a singIe iepulIic has leen a seiious chaIIenge.
This nanagenenl sliuggIe has once again pioved lhal
dispules ovei povei aie nol nainlained in iigid ad3
heience lo an elhnic oi ieIigious afhIialion. This is a
conpIex conhguialion of cIan inleiesls and piessuie
gioups lolh in Moscov and vilhin lhe iegion ilseIf.
Ieihaps lhe nosl exenpIaiy iepulIic in lhis iespecl
is Dageslan, lhe Iaigesl (in leiiiloiy and popuIalion)
of lhe Noilh Caucasian iepulIics. Il is no accidenl le3
cause lhe yeai of 2OO9 vas a piepaialoiy peiiod foi lhe
RepulIican piesidenliaI eIeclions (in Ieliuaiy 2O1O,
lhe IiesidenliaI lein of Mukhu AIiev expiied). In lhe
alsence of diiecl eIeclions of lhe RepulIics piesidenl,
ve vilnessed conpIex luieaucialic hghls vilh veiy
specihc ideas aloul pulIic poIicy.
As a iesuIl, lhe pioceduie foi deleinining a candi3
dale foi lhe piesidency in Dageslan unpiecedenledIy
diagged on fion Novenlei 2OO9 unliI Ieliuaiy 2O1O.
In facl, il look 2 addilionaI veeks leyond lhe IegaI
pioceduie foi Moscov lo announce lhe hnaI decision
on lhe candidacy of lhe head of lhe RepulIic. IinaIIy,
MagonedsaIan Magonedov gol lhe suppoil of lhe
IedeiaI Cenlei. ul as lhe Russian poIilicaI scienlisl
and jouinaIisl Ivan Sukhov juslIy ienaiked, |Thej
appoinlnenl of lhe piesidenl in Dageslan Iooked Iike
lhe nosl piolIenalic one foi lhe enliie peiiod.
12

116
THE NORTH CAUCA5U5 FROM THE
PER5PECTIVE OF THE KREMLIN
Al hisl gIance, lhe liagic evenls al lhe Manege
Squaie on Decenlei 11, 2O1O (and lheii echoes in Sl.
Ieleisluig and Roslov-on-Don), aie nol connecled
diieclIy vilh elhno-poIilicaI and ieIigious dynan3
ics. Aclivily, cIashes, and pogions undei lhe Russian
elhno-nalionaIisl sIogans aie nol a iesponse lo one
oi anolhei acl of leiioiisn, salolage, oi injuslice lo
lhe elhnic Russians in lhe Noilh Caucasus iepulIics.
The Manege incidenl vas piovoked ly lhe nuidei of
Spailak soccei cIul fan Yegoi Sviiidov. In olhei cas3
es, ieasons aie diffeienl, lul lhey do nol iefei lo lhe
Noilh Caucasus iegionaI issues. MeanvhiIe, il vouId
le veiy nave lo considei lhose cIashes as alsoIuleIy
isoIaled piolIens. The Sviiidov case lecane a kind
of liiggei foi anli-Caucasus opinions exisling in lhe
cenliaI pails of Russia. Il aIso shoved lhal Russia
Iacks a coheienl nalionaI poIicy (oi ialhei, il sulsli3
luled foIkIoie and elhnogiaphic consideialions) and
lhal lhe inhalilanls of lhe Caucasus and lhe iesl of
Russia had Iong Iisls of giievances againsl each olhei.
RegaidIess of vhal il vas, il ievilaIized lhe piolIen
of a divided connunily and acluaIized lhe necessily
lo hnd vays foi a civic nalion oplion. Il aIso denon3
slialed lhe chaIIenge of Russian sepaialisn lecause
il dispIayed nuneious gioups of Russian cilizens
vho vouId le ieady lo sepaiale fion lhe Caucasus.
This facl vioIales lhe sleieolype lhal lhe iegion can
onIy le pul leyond Moscovs slialegic inuence ly
neans of a conscious canpaign lo fiee ilseIf of Rus3
sias suzeiainly. ul vhal if lhe uniIaleiaI sepaialion
of lhe Caucasus ly Russian povei look pIace` In lhis
scenaiio, il vouId nallei IillIe vhelhei lhe Noilh
117
Caucasus foIIoved a nalionaIisl oi IsIanisl agenda. Il
does nol nean lhal Russia vouId have gieal lenehls
fion lhe ieaIizalion of lhis scenaiio. ul nov il has
ciealed nev oplions foi Caucasus poIilics as veII as
Russian doneslic poIicy as a vhoIe. The facl lhal lhe
cenliaI goveinnenl on lhe eve of lhe eIeclion yeai de3
cided lo pIay lhe Russian chauvinisl laigaining chip
is aIso dangeious lecause il nakes lvo gioups of lhe
cilizens of one counliy (elhnic Russians and Caucasus
peopIes) confionl each olhei.
Thus, lhe Noilh Caucasus has nol lecone a noie
secuie, and nosl inpoilanlIy, piediclalIe iegion. The
iegion poses foi lhe Russian slale and sociely a vide
vaiiely of chaIIenges, ianging fion IsIanic iadicaIisn
lo sophislicaled cIosed luieaucialic confionlalion and
Russian sepaialisn. Despile lhe facl lhal in 2OO9 lhe
Russian cenliaI goveinnenl had iecognized lhe ciisis
in lhe Noilh Caucasus, lieaklhiough slialegies foi
lhe deveIopnenl of lhe iegion have nol suifaced. The
slale lodies conlinue focusing on luieaucialic nelh3
ods of inpioving lhe silualion, iefuse lo le engaged in
diaIogue vilh lhe civiI sociely, and use sofl povei
(inlegialion piojecls, lhe inlioduclion of eIenenls of
civic idenlily, and allenpls lo iedehne lhe ieIigious
spheie such as Luio-IsIan as an aIleinalive lo iadi3
caI IsIanisn) in pionoling lheii ovn inleiesls. WhiIe
nodeinizalion has leen piocIained as lhe slialegic
goaI of lhe Russian poIicy, lhe Noilh Caucasus has
nol leen neaningfuIIy consideied in lhis conlexl. y
ineilia, il is iegaided ialhei as an undeideveIoped
oulskiil, ialhei lhan an inlegiaI pail of lhe nalionvide
poIilicaI-IegaI space. LncouiagingIy, lheie is sone
safely naigin, lhe iegions popuIalion is inleiesled in
slienglhening lhe Russian slales piesence and lhe ef3
fecliveness of aililialion ly lhe cenliaI goveinnenl,
118
'"&6# ."#+# &( (&826.0-#/2(65 0 8/+# 07.&%# ,#(&+# /1
lhe Russian aulhoiilies lo nake a ciilicaI assessnenl of
lhe iegionaI ieaIilies. Hovevei, an ad hoc silualionaI
iesponse ienains lhe doninanl poIilicaI and nanage3
iiaI slyIe of lhe Russian eIile foi lhe Caucasus iegion.
ENDNOTE5 - CHAPTER 2
1. Seigey Maikedonov, Causes of lhe Cioving InslaliIily in
Kalaidino-aIkaiia and Ways of Oveiconing Il, An|nrcpc|cgq
and Arcncc|cgq cf |urasia, VoI. 49, No. 4, 2O11, pp. 72-81.
2. See oui connenl in Russian Scpara|isn (Russ|ii Scpara-
|izn), Decenlei, 16, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.pc|i|ccn.ru/11193.
n|n|.
3. The Russian CiviI Union is a pulIic oiganizalion founded
in Novenlei 2O1O. IdeoIogicaIIy il is lased on aIIeged nalionaI-
denociacy piincipIes. Il seeks lo give lhe elhnic Russians lhe
iighl of seIf-deleininalion and iepIace lhe fedeialion in lhe Rus3
sian nalionaI denocialic slale.
4. Dniliy Rogozin, Russias envoy lo NATO, in his piesenla3
lion, NalionaI queslion in Russia and in Luiope foi lhe Yaio3
sIavI WoiId Ioiun, Seplenlei 2O11, idenlihed lhe Russian is3
sue as a coie piolIen of Russias doneslic poIicy in lhe Caucuses
and cIained a need lo slop disciininalion of elhnic Russians ly
lhe Caucasus peopIes. VIadinii Iulin (Russian piine-ninislei) in
one of his speeches on Decenlei, 21, 2O1O, said: We viII have lo
deveIop lhe iuIes of iegislialion in Moscov and Sainl Ieleisluig
as veII as olhei lig cilies. Il is voilh noling lhal lhe piaclice of
iegislialion is an unconslilulionaI iequiienenl lecause lhe Rus3
sian Conslilulion gives lo aII cilizens lhe iighl of fiee novenenl.
5. IiesidenliaI Addiess lo lhe IedeiaI AssenlIy, The Kien3
Iin, Moscov, Russia, Novenlei 12, 2OO9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|rcn|in.ru/|ranscrip|s/5979.
6. Slialegy foi lhe Socio-econonic DeveIopnenl of lhe Noilh
Caucasus IedeiaI Disliicl unliI 2O25, }uIy 6, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
prcnicr.gct.ru/ctcn|s/ncus/13920/.
119
7. |oid.
8. This evaIualion vas done in lhe open aii of lhe iadio Mos3
cov Lcho |Lkho Moskvyj, Oclolei, 1O, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.ccnc.ns|.ru/ncus/717094-ccnc.n|n|.
9. Slialegy foi lhe Socio-econonic DeveIopnenl of lhe Noilh
Caucasus IedeiaI Disliicl unliI 2O25.
1O. |oid.
11. |oid.
12. Ciled in KienIin Does nol Connenl on DeIay vilh lhe
Dageslan Iiesidenl appoinlnenl |KienI ne konnenliiuel za3
deizhku naznacheniya Iiezidenla Dageslanaj, }anuaiy, 2O, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/164449/.
121
CHAPTER 3
THE "AFGHANIZATION" OF THE NORTH
CAUCA5U5: CAU5E5 AND IMPLICATION5
OF A CHANGING CONFLICT
5vantc E. Cnrnc!!
The silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus, pailicuIaiIy
in Chechnya, fiequenlIy nade headIines in lhe 199Os
and eaiIy 2OOOs. In facl, il vas a key issue in affecl3
ing Weslein vievs of Russia, a pailicuIai noliIizing
facloi foi lhe denociacy and hunan iighls agenda as
Russia vas conceined. This changed, hovevei, vilh
Iiesidenl VIadinii Iulins successfuI cuilaiIing of
nedia fieedons in Russia, and lhe giaduaI decIine of
vioIence in Chechnya, vilh vioIence sinking lo a Iov
poinl in 2OO6. Ioi lhe pasl 5 yeais, lhe Noilh Caucasus
has haidIy had an effecl on ieIalions lelveen lhe Wesl
and Russia, in facl, lolh lhe nedia and poIicy con3
nunilies in lhe Wesl have IaigeIy ignoied lhe iegion.
Thal has neveilheIess legun lo change in lhe iecenl
pasl, foi lvo nain ieasons: Iiisl, lheie has leen a cIeai
upsuige in vioIence in and ieIaled lo lhe Noilh Cau3
casus since 2OO7, vilh lhe conpIelion of lhe piocess of
liansfoinalion of a Chechen nalionaIisl ieleIIion lo a
iegion-vide IsIanisl insuigency. Il has lecone cIeai
lhal fai fion pacifying lhe iegion, Moscov is faiIing
lo exeil soveieignly lheie. Second, lhe InleinalionaI
OIynpic Connillees decision lo hoId lhe 2O14 OIyn3
pic Canes in Sochi on lhe Russian Iack Sea coasl
adjacenl lo lhe Noilh Caucasus has nade lhe Noilh
Caucasus a nagnel foi allenlion. This chaplei seeks lo
assess lhe cuiienl silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus, lhe
ieasons lehind lhe evoIulion of lhe pasl decade, and
ils inpIicalions foi Russia, lhe iegion, and lhe Wesl.
122
THE NORTH CAUCA5U5 TODAY
The iepulIics of lhe Noilh Caucasus aie piesenl3
Iy chaiacleiized ly a conlinalion of faclois lhal lhe
piesenl aulhoi has Iikened lo Afghanizalion. The
lein evokes lhe deveIopnenl of Afghanislan in lhe
nid-199Os: a conlinalion of vai, hunan suffeiing,
poveily, oiganized ciine, and exleinaIIy sponsoied
IsIanic iadicaIisn conlined lo geneiale an expIosive
silualion, vhich lhe aulhoiilies aie incieasingIy un3
alIe lo iespond lo~and vhich, faiIing lo undeisland
lhe vel of piolIens coiieclIy and suffeiing fion lhe
7/-(.+0&-.( /1 ."#&+ /'- (5(.#89 ."#5 #-, 2* #)07#+3
laling.
DenogiaphicaIIy and econonicaIIy, lhe Noilh
Caucasus is in a deep naIaise. UnenpIoynenl iales
aie sky-high, aveiaging 5O peicenl ly sone eslinales,
vilh 8O peicenl iales of youlh unenpIoynenl leing
connon in nany aieas of lhe iegion.
1
elveen 6O and
9O peicenl of lhe ludgels of lhe iepulIics consisl of
diiecl sulsidies fion Moscov, suggesling lhe veak3
ness of econonic aclivily and of goveinnenl aliIily
lo iaise ievenues. In facl, sulsidies lo lhe Noilh Cau3
casus have legun lo geneiale a lackIash in Russia
ilseIf, vilh gioving popuIai novenenls vanling lo
slop lhe goveinnenl fion feeding lhe Caucasus.
=
?
Ieaked Russian goveinnenl iepoil in 2OO6 ciled lhal
lhe shadov econony consliluled an eslinaled 44 pei3
cenl of Dageslans econony, as opposed lo 17 peicenl
in Russia as a vhoIe, 5O lo 7O peicenl of Dageslanis
vilh sone foin of enpIoynenl veie lhoughl lo voik
in lhe shadov econony.
3
These hguies aie unIikeIy lo
have inpioved since lhen. Llhnic Russians have Iaige3
Iy Iefl lhe iegion, ienoving sone of lhe nosl-skiIIed
123
Ialoi foice. In Chechnya, vheie 2OO,OOO Russians once
Iived, lhey nov nunlei in lhe hundieds. In Ingush3
elia, lhe nunlei of Russians decIined ly a facloi of
ovei six. In olhei iepulIics, lhe decIine lelveen lhe
censuses of 1989 and 2OO2 aie nol as dianalic lul nev3
eilheIess slaik: The peicenlage of Russians feII fion
42 peicenl lo 33 peicenl in Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya,
fion 3O lo 23 peicenl in Noilh Osselia, and fion 1O
lo 5 peicenl in Dageslan. The exodus of Russians has
onIy conlinued since lhen, aIlhough census hguies aie
nol avaiIalIe.
4
MeanvhiIe, lhe educalionaI syslen has
IaigeIy coIIapsed vhiIe lheie is a iapid popuIalion in3
ciease due lo hisloiicaIIy high liilh iales.
Since 2OO4, vilh lhe slienglhening of lhe veilicaI
of povei in Russia, lhe iepulIics aie iuIed incieas3
ingIy ly eIiles vhose nain fealuie is IoyaIly (of an
oflen peisonaI naluie) lo lhe Ieadeiship in Moscov
ialhei lhan, as had leen lhe case, vilh iools in lhe Io3
caI poIilics of lhe iegion. This has leen a souice of ad3
dilionaI fiiclion lelveen Moscov and lhe popuIalions
of lhe Noilh Caucasus. Nol onIy aie lhese popuIalions
no Iongei alIe lo eIecl lheii Ieadeis even on papei, lul
."#&+ 6#0,#+( 0+# +#(*/-(&%# 80&-65 ./ ."# ,#80-,( /1
lhe dislanl capilaI ialhei lhan lheii ovn needs. WhiIe
lhe nosl veII-knovn exanpIe is Chechnya, vheie
Moscov suppoiled lhe eIevalion of lhe Kadyiov cIan
lo Iead lhe iepulIic, lhe nosl egiegious case is In3
gushelia. Theie, a highIy iespecled lul independenl-
ninded Ieadei, CeneiaI RusIan Aushev, nanaged lo
keep lhe iepulIic slalIe and peacefuI duiing lhe hisl
Chechen vai and ils chaolic afleinalh. Deened loo
independenl, he vas iepIaced in 2OO2 ly a IedeiaI
Secuiily Seivice (IS) ofhcei of Ingush descenl lul
vilh IillIe conneclion lo lhe iegion, Muiad Zyazikov.
Zyazikovs sulsequenl nisnanagenenl, insensilivily
124
lo IocaI povei-liokeis, and iepiession aIienaled con3
sideialIe pails of lhe popuIalion and Ied nuneious
young Ingush lo join lhe ained iesislance. Kalaidino-
aIkaiia (KR), Iulin siniIaiIy appoinled a Moscov-
lased lusinessnan vilh iools in lhe iepulIic, Aisen
Kanokov, lo lhe piesidency in 2OO5, vilh lhe expIicil
puipose of appoinling a peison vilhoul Iinks lo lhe
cIan poIilics of lhe iepulIic. Hovevei, Kanokovs
Iack of a popuIai lase in KR Ied lhe silualion lo de3
leiioiale fuilhei.
5

The Noilh Caucasus is no Iongei lhe scene of
Iaige-scaIe vaifaie concenlialed in Chechnya, as
vas lhe case in 1994-96 and 1999-2OO2. Inslead, lhe
+#(&(.0-7# "0( 8/+*"#, &-./ 0 6/'3./38#,&28 6#%#6
insuigency lhal spans lhe enliie iegion. Chechnya is
anong lhe caInei aieas of lhe iegion, vilh lhe epicen3
lei of lhe iesislance having noved hisl lo Ingushelia,
lhen lo Dageslan, vilh spikes of vioIence in KR and
lhe olhei iepulIics as veII. The conicl pils Moscov
and ils IocaI aIIies, such as lhe Kadyiov cIan, againsl
IooseIy cooidinaled nuIlielhnic gioups of insuigenls
lhal IaigeIy ienain Ied ly elhnic Chechens. This in3
suigency no Iongei sees ilseIf as a nalionaIisl nove3
nenl, lul as pail of lhe gIolaI jihadi novenenl. As
such, il seeks lhe eslalIishnenl of a iegion-vide Is3
Ianic slale, dulled lhe Caucasus Lniiale. Inspiied
ly lhe gIolaI jihadi novenenl, lhe insuigency laigels
nol onIy Russian foices lul aIso civiIian aulhoiilies
acioss lhe iegion, as veII as engaging in leiioiisl al3
lacks on civiIians, incIuding in Russia piopei. Thus,
Chechnya has cone lo iesenlIe Kashnii: a foineiIy
nalionaIisl and sepaialisl insuigency noiphed inlo
0 4&"0,& 8/%#8#-. '&." '"/8 7#-.+06 02."/+&.&#(
can no Iongei, ieaIislicaIIy, expecl lo ieach a poIilicaI
conpionise.
125
HOW DID WE GET HERE?
The piesenl condilion of lhe conicl in lhe Noilh
Caucasus is a faiiIy iecenl deveIopnenl, having un3
deigone deep liansfoinalions in lhe pasl decade. An
oveiviev of lhe hisloiy of lhe conicl nakes lhis cIeai.
Indeed, il suggesls lhal in 1989, elhnicily vas incieas3
ingIy poIilicized acioss lhe foinei Soviel Union. The
elhno-nalionaIisl upiisings and novenenls of 1989-94
cIeaiIy piovide coiioloialion foi lhal assessnenl. y
conliasl, ieIigion vas nol poIilicized, and vouId nol
le foi anolhei decade. Anong Noilh Caucasus elh3
nic gioups, onIy lhe Chechens had lolh lhe incenlives
and lhe capacily lo suslain an insuigency againsl lhe
Russian slale, vhiIe a ieIigious ievivaI giaduaIIy gol
undei vay, cenleied on Dageslan. Il vas lhe hisl vai
in Chechnya in 1994-96 lhal alliacled niIilanl IsIanisl
gioups lo lhe Noilh Caucasus, vhose ideoIogy cane
lo spiead acioss lhe iegion, fanning oul fion Chech3
nya and Dageslan lo span lhe Noilh Caucasus.
Thc 5a!Icncc nf thc DcpnrtatInns.
The iesislance of Chechens as veII as olhei Noilh
Caucasian peopIes lo Russian iuIe in lhe 19lh cenluiy
is Iegendaiy. Il is insliuclive lo nole lhal Russia had
annexed Ceoigia ly 18O1, and acquiied conlioI ovei
Ainenia and Azeilaijan giaduaIIy in 1812-13 and
1827-28. y conliasl, lhe aieas noilh of lhe nounlains
veie nol suljugaled unliI 1859-64. Il look Russia 3O
yeais aflei gaining conlioI ovei lhe Soulh Caucasus
lo pacify lhe Noilh. Chechens, Dageslanis, and lhe
Ciicassian peopIes lo lhe vesl foughl an unequaI
lallIe unliI lhe 186Os lo escape Russian iuIe.
6
Undei
126
lhe Iegendaiy Dageslani chieflain, ShaniI, lhe aieas
lhal loday foin soulhein Chechnya and innei Dages3
lan foined a shiinking independenl IsIanic slale,
an Inanale, fion 1824 unliI lhe Russian capluie of
ShaniI in 1859.
7
The Ciicassian ieleIs veie nol de3
fealed unliI lhe nass expuIsion of Ciicassians lo lhe
Ollonan Lnpiie in 1864.
Lven foIIoving lhe incoipoialion of lhe Noilh
Caucasus inlo lhe Russian enpiie, lhe noilheaslein
iegions veie onIy pailiaIIy pacihed, lul nevei ap3
peaied lo lecone inlegialed vilh Russia in vays lhal
olhei ninoiily-doninaled aieas, such as in lhe VoIga
iegion, did. The physicaI expuIsion of lhe najoiily of
lhe Ciicassian popuIalion heIped Russia nanage lhe
noilhveslein Caucasus, lul Chechnya and Dageslan
ienained uniuIy. Whenevei Russia vas al vai oi olh3
eivise veakened, lhese Iands sav ieleIIions of vaiy3
ing Ienglh and slienglh. This occuiied aflei WoiId Wai
I duiing lhe Russian civiI vai 1918-21, and, lhough in
a nuch snaIIei scaIe, duiing lhe coIIeclivizalion of lhe
193Os and WoiId Wai II. In 1944, lhis olslinale iefusaI
lo sulnil had liagic consequences. IaIseIy cIaining
lhal Chechens, Ingush, Kaiachai, and aIkais had coI3
Ialoialed vilh lhe invading Ceinan foices, }oseph
SlaIin in Ieliuaiy 1944 oideied lhe vhoIesaIe depoi3
lalion of lhese peopIes lo CenliaI Asia. Lnliie popuIa3
lions veie Ioaded on callIe vagons and lianspoiled
in lhe niddIe of vinlei lo lhe sleppes of CenliaI Asia,
vheie IillIe piepaialion had leen nade foi lheii aiiiv3
aI. An eslinaled quailei of lhe depoilees died duiing
lianspoil oi shoilIy aflei aiiivaI due lo coId, hungei,
oi epidenics.
8

The Iaigesl nunlei of lhe depoiled peopIes of lhe
Noilh Caucasus vas lhe Chechens. Hovevei, unliI
depoilalion, Chechens piinaiiIy idenlihed vilh lheii
127
Tcip oi cIan, nol as nenleis of a Chechen nalion. Moie
lhan anylhing, depoilalion heIped deveIop nalionaI
consciousness anong lhe Chechens. The denogiaph3
ic consequences of depoilalion and lhe 13-yeai exiIe
of lhe Chechens unliI lhey veie aIIoved lo ieluin in
1957 aie veiy langilIe. elveen 1926-37, lhe Chechen
popuIalion incieased ly 36 peicenl, in anolhei 11-
yeai peiiod, lelveen 1959 and 197O, lhe hguie vas 46
peicenl. ul duiing lhe 2O-yeai peiiod fion 1939-59,
lhe iale of inciease vas onIy 2.5 peicenl, aIlhough lhe
popuIalion vouId aInosl have doulIed undei noinaI
ciicunslances.
9
Thus, il is difhcuIl lo oveislale lhe in3
*/+.0-7# /1 ."# ,#*/+.0.&/-( &- ."# 7/66#7.&%# 8#8/+5
of lhe punished peopIes. Wilh iegaid lo lhe Chech3
ens, il had inpoilanl poIilicaI consequences lhal did
nol innedialeIy naleiiaIize anong lhe nuch snaIIei
Ingush, Kaiachai, and aIkai popuIalions. Mosl Iead3
eis of lhe Chechen novenenl foi independence in
lhe 199Os veie eilhei loin oi giev up in exiIe in Ka3
zakhslan. The depoilalion convinced nany Chechens
."0. ."#+# '0( -/ '05 1/+ ."#8 ./ 6&%# (#72+#65 2-,#+
Russian iuIe, il aIso expIains lhe exlenl of suppoil foi
sepaialion fion Russia anong lhe peopIe and pei3
haps lhe ieadiness anong poilions of lhe popuIalion
lo enliace iadicaI ideoIogies of iesislance.
Aflei lhe Augusl coup in Moscov againsl MikhaiI
Coilachev lhal speIIed lhe end of lhe Soviel Union,
nosl consliluenl iepulIics decIaied lheii indepen3
dence. So did lvo aulononous iepulIics vilhin lhe
Russian Iedeialion: Chechnya and Talaislan. Ta3
laislan, enciicIed ly Russia piopei, legan negolia3
lions on nuluaI ieIalions vilh Moscov lhal evenlu3
aIIy Ied lo a deaI in 1994 lhal gianled Talaislan lioad
aulonony. In Chechnya, hovevei, lhe nalionaIisl
novenenl in povei vas Iess conpionising. Cen3
128
eiaI }okhai Dudayev, vho had seized povei fion
lhe foinei connunisl Ieadeiship in Seplenlei 1991,
vas eIecled Iiesidenl of Chechnya and decIaied ils
independence soon aflei. Chechnya, in lhis conlexl,
slood oul ly leing lhe onIy aulononous iepulIic in
Russia vheie a nalionaIisl novenenl look povei and
ousled lhe connunisl paily Ieadeiship. In lhis sense,
il iesenlIed lhe deveIopnenls in Ceoigia and Aine3
nia noie lhan lhal of lhe CenliaI Asian iepulIics oi
Russias olhei aulononous iepulIics: The Ieadeiship
consisled of liue nalionaIisls, nol foinei Connunisl
eIiles lhal cIoaked a nalionaIisl nanlIe.
WhiIe Russian Iiesidenl oiis YeIlsin nade an
aloilive allenpl lo iein in Dudayev ly sending spe3
ciaI foices lo Chechnya lo iesloie Moscovs iuIe, Du3
dayev had nanaged lo cieale a piesidenliaI guaid lhal
vas enough of a deleiienl lo avoid Russian niIilaiy
aclion. Al lhis poinl, Russia vas ilseIf in a chaolic silu3
alion. YeIlsin vas pieoccupied vilh luiIding Russian
slalehood, and Chechnya vas pul on lhe lack luinei.
Hovevei, ly 1994, YeIlsin had consoIidaled his povei
aflei physicaIIy allacking his paiIianenlaiy opposi3
lion in Oclolei 1993~an aclion lhal indelled hin lo
lhe niIilaiy and secuiily foices. Chechnya hence ie3
nained as a lhoin in lhe eye of a iising Russia. Moie3
ovei, Chechnyas de faclo independence and lhe heav3
iIy anli-Russian iheloiic enanaling fion Dudayev
vas foiIing Russian pIans of asseiling conlioI ovei lhe
Soulh Caucasus slales of Azeilaijan and Ceoigia, in
pailicuIai conlioIIing lhe veslvaid expoil of Caspian
oiI iesouices. Thus, foi lolh inleinaI and exleinaI iea3
sons, lhe Russian goveinnenl vas nov pionpled lo
soIve lhe Chechnya piolIen. Seiious negolialions
lelveen Moscov and Ciozny veie nevei allenpled,
nainIy lecause of lhe peisonaI ennily lelveen Du3
129
dayev and YeIlsin.
1O
Aflei seeking liiey lo use sul3
veision lo oveilhiov Dudayev vilhoul success, lhe
Russian goveinnenl decided lo Iaunch a vhoIesaIe
invasion of Chechnya in Iale 1994.
11

InpoilanlIy, lhe Chechen novenenl foi inde3
pendence vas an aInosl enliieIy secuIai affaii.
12
Ils
chief Ieadeis, such as }okhai Dudayev and AsIan
Maskhadov, veie foinei Soviel ofhceis vilh highIy
secuIai IifeslyIes. This is nol lo say lhal IsIanisl eIe3
nenls veie nol piesenl: They did deveIop anong lhe
Chechen Ieadeiship, nainIy lhiough lhe effoils of
ZeIinkhan Yandailiyev and MovIadi Udugov, high
ofhciaIs in Dudayevs adninislialion. Hovevei, lhey
ienained IaigeIy naiginaI, leing alIe lo asseil lhen3
seIves onIy lepidIy duiing lhe inleinaI ciisis lhal Du3
dayev expeiienced in 1993, in vhich he liiey legan
using incieasingIy ieIigious Ianguage in an allenpl lo
shoie up Iegilinacy vhen faced vilh gioving ciili3
cisn of his nisnanagenenl of Chechnyas econony.
Moieovei, lheie is signihcanl evidence suggesling
lhal Yandailiyev and Uduguov enliaced IsIanisn
in a nainIy insliunenlaI vay.
13
Thc FIrst War.
Conliaiy lo Moscovs expeclalions, lhe Russian
lhieal iaIIied eislvhiIe skeplics aiound Dudayev once
lhe vai slailed. Aided ly lhe disnaI chaiaclei of lhe
Russian niIilaiy canpaign, lhe Chechen foices veie
alIe lo iesisl lhe Russian invasion. Celling logged
dovn in Chechnya, lhe Russian niIilaiy iesoiled lo
liulaI laclics lo suldue an opponenl lhey had lhoi3
oughIy undeieslinaled, and used aii lonling and
ailiIIeiy lo IeveI Ciozny lefoie enleiing il. OnIy af3
lei 2 nonlhs did lhe Russian ainy nanage lo eslal3
13O
Iish conlioI ovei lhe cily~al lhe cosl of lhousands of
Russian casuaIlies, ovei 2O,OOO kiIIed civiIians, a lolaI
,#(.+27.&/- /1 ."# 7&.59 0-, "2-,+#,( /1 ."/2(0-,( /1
iefugees. The vai conlinued, vilh lhe Chechen foices
iegiouping in lhe soulh of Chechnya. MeanvhiIe, Du3
dayev hinseIf vas kiIIed ly Russian foices in ApiiI
1996. Despile lhis sellack, lhe Chechen foices in Au3
gusl 1996 nanaged lo slage a counleioffensive, and
ielake lhe lhiee najoi cilies of Chechnya, incIuding
Ciozny, in 3 days of hghling. This anounled lo a lolaI
huniIialion of lhe Russian foices, and lhe goveinnenl
vas foiced lo end lhe vai and puII oul aII ils foices ly
a cease-hie signed 3 veeks Ialei.
The vai Ied lo lhe lolaI devaslalion of Ciozny and
nany olhei Chechen lovns and viIIages. Accoiding lo
lhe nosl ciedilIe eslinales, lhe dealh loII in lhe hisl
vai vas in lhe iange of 5O,OOO peopIe.
14
Conpaied
vilh lhe vai in Afghanislan, lhe Chechen vai vas
fai noie IelhaI foi lhe Russian ainy. Duiing 1984,
lhe voisl yeai in Afghanislan, aInosl 2,5OO Soviel
soIdieis veie kiIIed. In Chechnya, Russian Iosses sui3
passed lhis nunlei vilhin 4 nonlhs of lhe inleiven3
lion. Al ils highesl, lhe sheIIing of Ciozny, counled
ly lhe nunlei of expIosions pei day, suipassed lhe
sheIIing of Saiajevo in lhe eaiIy 199Os ly a facloi of al
Ieasl 5O. Ciozny vas IileiaIIy IeveIed lo lhe giound in
a desliuclion lhal iecaIIed lhe lallIe of SlaIingiad.
Moieovei, lhe vai vas doninaled ly nassive hu3
nan iighls vioIalions, vhich aie consideied lhe voisl
in Luiope since WoiId Wai II. Russian foices engaged
&- (#%#+06 '#663,/728#-.#, 80((07+#( /1 7&%&6&0-(9
lhe nosl veII-knovn of vhich occuiied in lhe viIIage
of Sanashki in ApiiI 1995. As noled alove, lhe hisl
vai in Chechnya vas vaged aInosl excIusiveIy in lhe
nane of nalionaI independence. ul il is in lhe conlexl
131
of lhe liulaIily of lhe Russian onsIaughl lhal lhe hisl
jihadi eIenenls appeaied in Chechnya. Indeed, il is
aIso lhe conlexl in vhich lhe Chechen Ieadeiship and
hghleis veIconed oi loIeialed lhese foieign ieciuils,
."#+# &( 08*6# #%&,#-7# ."0. ."#+# '0( 6&..6# 6/%# 6/(.
lelveen lhe Chechen Ieadeiship and lhe jihadis~lul
lhe Chechens needed aII lhe heIp lhal lhey couId gel,
0-, '#+# "0+,65 &- 0 */(&.&/- ./ .2+- 0'05 ."#(# -#'3
1/2-, 066&#(9 066 ."# 8/+# (&-7# ."#5 '#+# #)7#*.&/-3
aIIy effeclive in conlal.
SiniIaiIy, lhis is lhe conlexl in vhich leiioiisl lac3
lics enlei lhe Chechen vai. Iiacliced fion lhe oulsel
ly lhe Russian delachnenls, sone of lhe Chechens
connandeis giaduaIIy cane lo enpIoy lhen. Heie,
lhe noloiious ShaniI asayev deseives pailicuIai
nenlion, vhose hoslage-laking iaid on a hospilaI in
lhe soulhein Russian lovn of udyonnovsk in }une
1995 vas lhe hisl Iaige-scaIe use of leiioiisn ly lhe
Chechens. Il occuiied al a line vhen lhe Chechen
cause seened aII lul Iosl, and aigualIy conliiluled
lo luining lhe lide in lhe vai, oi al Ieasl in foieslaIIing
defeal. asayev hinseIf vas in one sense an unIikeIy
leiioiisl: OnIy 3 yeais eaiIiei, he had depIoyed as a
voIunleei lo hghl lhe Ceoigians in Alkhazia, leing
anong lhe Noilh Caucasian voIunleeis lhal ieceived
liaining and assislance foi lhe puipose fion lhe Rus3
sian niIilaiy inleIIigence seivices.
15
The nunlei of foieign hghleis in lhe hisl vai vas
snaII, peihaps a fev hundied al nosl. These veie
nainIy lhe ioving Aial Afghans vho had foughl in
Kashnii, Tajikislan, and osnia-Heizegovina, vhich
vas lhe lig focus of jihadi allenlion in lhe eaiIy 199Os.
TeIIingIy, lhe peison vho acluaIIy decIaied a jihad on
Russia vas none olhei lhan Akhnad Kadyiov, lhen
nufli of Chechnya, vho vouId svilch sides in 1999,
132
and lecane Russias IocaI saliap, a posilion his son,
Ranzan, inheiiled upon his assassinalion in May 2OO4.
Thc Intcr-War PcrInd.
The Augusl 1996 accoids, conpIenenled ly a foi3
naI peace liealy in May 1997, gianled Chechnya de
faclo independence, lhough lhe issue of Chechnyas
slalus vas defeiied unliI Decenlei 31, 2OO1. In piac3
lice, Chechnya had lhe oppoilunily lo luiId vhal in
piaclice anounled lo an independenl slale. Russian
Iav did nol appIy in Chechnya, and no Russian poIice,
ainy, cuslons, oi poslaI seivice opeialed lheie.
Hovevei, foi lolh inleinaI and exleinaI ieasons,
."&( (#7/-, 0..#8*. 0. &-,#*#-,#-7# &- 0 ,#70,# #-,3
ed in a disnaI faiIuie. Russia consislenlIy pievenled
Chechnya fion seeking oulside hnanciaI heIp, and
lhough il connilled funds lo lhe ieconsliuclion of
lhe vai-iavaged iepulIic, $1OO niIIion disappeaied
lefoie lhey even ieached Chechnya. In a ceIelialed
slalenenl, Iiesidenl YeIlsin pulIicIy adnilled onIy
lhe deviI knev vheie lhe noney had gone.
16
Hence
lhe lasis on vhich lhe Chechen goveinnenl couId
cieale a funclioning slale vas shaky indeed.
Yel iniliaI signaIs veie posilive. In a piesidenliaI
eIeclion lhal lhe Oiganizalion foi Secuiily and Coop3
eialion in Luiope (OSCL) leined IaigeIy fiee and faii,
lhe popuIalion of Chechnya oveivheIningIy voled
foi AsIan Maskhadov, Chief of Slaff of lhe Chechen
ained foices and lhe nosl nodeiale anong lhe lhiee
piesidenliaI conlendeis. Thus, Chechnya acquiied a
Iegilinale goveinnenl lhal vas open lo conpionise
and coopeialion, aIlhough il nevei vaveied fion ils
connilnenl lo an independenl Chechnya. SadIy,
lhis iniliaI slaliIily did nol Iasl. Chechnya vas avash
133
vilh young, unenpIoyed vai veleians vilh aisenaIs
of veapons, vhose IoyaIly vas lo individuaI heId
connandeis ialhei lhan lo lhe cenliaI Chechen gov3
einnenl. Wilh lhe econonic depiession deepening,
Maskhadovs aulhoiily ovei Chechnya giaduaIIy di3
ninished, and lhe goveinnenl lecane unalIe lo up3
hoId Iav and oidei. Vaiious ciininaI gioups eneiged
lhal engaged in snuggIing and kidnapping, and lhe
goveinnenl shoved ils inaliIily lo effecliveIy deaI
vilh lhis piolIen. Mosl aIainingIy, vaiIoids ShaniI
asayev and lhe }oidanian-loin Khallal legan pIan3
ning foi lhe unihcalion of Chechnya vilh lhe neigh3
loiing iepulIic of Dageslan, sliII pail of lhe Russian
Iedeialion. Maskhadov vas eilhei unviIIing oi un3
alIe lo iein in lhese vaiIoids, feaiing an inlia-Chech3
en vai. As a iesuIl, asayev and Khallal veie alIe lo
ieciuil hundieds of Dageslanis and olhei Noilh Cau3
casians, incIuding Chechens, inlo vhal lhey leined
an IsIanic iigade lased in Soulheaslein Chechnya.
This liigade vouId evenluaIIy Iaunch lhe incuision
inlo Dageslan in Augusl 1999, vhich piecipilaled lhe
second vai.
Il is insliuclive, al lhis poinl, lo conpaie Chech3
nya lo lhe najoi olhei ained conicl in Luiope of lhe
line: osnia-Heizegovina. In facl, Chechnya vas sin3
iIai lo osnia in leins of lhe IeveI and chaiaclei of lhe
jihadi piesence, vheie il diffeied vas in lhe alsence of
a Daylon-lype inleinalionaIized conicl nanagenenl
nechanisn.
Indeed, nosl jihadis lhal cane lo hghl in Chech3
nya veie veleians of lhe osnian canpaign. This vas
liue foi lhe poslei chiId of Chechen jihadis, lhe Saudi-
loin Anii aI-Khallal. Whal is seIdon iecaIIed is lhe
exlenl of lhe IsIanisl conlagion in osnia al lhe line
of lhe Daylon Accoids. Indeed, lhe Ieadeiship of lhe
134
osnian MusIins in nany vays Ieaned noie lovaid
IsIanisn lhan lhal of lhe Chechens: AIija Izellegovic,
lhe osnian MusIin Ieadei, had a Iong hisloiy of Is3
Ianisl incIinalions daling lack lo his invoIvenenl
in lhe Young MusIin oiganizalions in osnia, M|adi
Mus|inani, duiing WoiId Wai II .
17
Haiis SiIajdzic, his
cIosesl advisoi, ieceived IsIanic educalion in Lilya
and seived as an advisoi lo osnias spiiiluaI Ieadei,
."# Rcis-u|-U|cna. y conliasl, lhe onIy IsIanisl lo Iead
lhe Chechen iesislance vas Yandailiyev, vho onIy
seived as inleiin piesidenl lelveen Dudayevs dealh
in ApiiI 1996 and Maskhadovs eIeclion in }anuaiy
1997. y conliasl, Dudayev and Maskhadov veie con3
sideialIy noie secuIai lhan lhe key osnian Ieadeis.
The jihadi piesence in osnia vas a ieaI piolIen
al lhe cIose of lhe vai. The osnian Ieadeiship vas
spIil lelveen lhose vanling lo iid osnia of lhe foi3
eign iadicaIs, and lhose gialefuI foi lheii suppoil and
vho vanled lo aIIov lhen lo slay. Mosl jihadis veie
neveilheIess evicled shoilIy foIIoving lhe Daylon Ac3
coids, aflei seveiaI aIleicalions vilh Noilh AlIanlic
Tiealy Oiganizalion (NATO) foices lioughl allenlion
lo lheii piesence.
18
Indeed, lhis highIighls lhe nain
diffeience lelveen osnia and Chechnya: Chechnya
had lhe Khasavyuil liealy lhal poslponed lhe key is3
sue in lhe conicl, vas nevei fuIIy inpIenenled, vas
liIaleiaI and Iacked any inleinalionaI guaianloi, and
Iacked inleinalionaI peacekeeping foices. osnia, on
lhe olhei hand, had a ieaI peace liealy, and NATO
foices lo keep lhal liealy. Thus, nosl jihadis veie
giaduaIIy evicled fion osnia foIIoving lhe Daylon
Accoids. Hovevei, snaII nunleis ienained unliI as
Iale as 2OO7, vhen lhe osnian goveinnenl hnaIIy ie3
noved lhe Iasl iennanls.
19
135
In Chechnya, lheie vas no foice capalIe of ienov3
ing lhe jihadi eIenenls. Indeed, lhe Maskhadov ad3
ninislialion vas consideialIy veakei lhan ils osnian
7/2-.#+*0+.9 0-, 7/26, -/. +#65 /- 0- &-.#+-0.&/-06
foice, vhelhei niIilaiy such as lhe NATO InpIenen3
lalion Ioices (IIOR) oi civiIian such as lhe Ofhce of
lhe High Repiesenlalive. UnIike osnia, vhich vas
0'0(" &- &-.#+-0.&/-06 0((&(.0-7# 06+#0,5 0 5#0+ 1/63
Ioving lhe Daylon Accoids, Chechnya ieceived nexl lo
no foieign assislance. Thus, lhe ciippIed Maskhadov
goveinnenl vas in no posilion lo successfuIIy ousl
lhe jihadis. This vas nol foi a Iack of liying: In 1998,
lheie vas even hie exchanged lelveen lhe Chechen
goveinnenl foices and jihadi gioups. ul unIike in
osnia, lhe jihadi foices Ied ly Khallal had found a
poveifuI IocaI aIIy in ShaniI asayev. Maskhadov
vas lhus faced vilh a diie choice. He couId eilhei
7/-1+/-. ."# 4&"0,&( ."0. "0, #-(7/-7#, ."#8(#6%#(
in soulheaslein Chechnya, al lhe cosl of a Chechen
civiI vai, oi he couId loIeiale lheii piesence, pieseiv3
ing peace and liying lo slienglhen slale inslilulions.
In lhe end, he chose lhe Iallei~vhich appeaied lhe
Iessei of lvo eviIs. WhiIe he even soughl a deaI vilh
Moscov in iooling oul lhe iadicaIs, a caII lhal venl
unansveied, his decision conliiluled giealIy lo lhe
faiIuie of Chechen slale-luiIding and Ied diieclIy lo
lhe second vai.
2O
Thus, lhe Chechnya-lased jihadis coaIesced vilh
Wahhali gioups lhal had eneiged independenlIy in
Dageslan in lhe Iale 199Os. Tiaining canps deveIoped
nodeIed on lhose in Afghanislan, vheie snaII nun3
leis of peopIe fion lhe enliie Noilh Caucasus and
leyond ieceived liaining, nany lhen foughl in lhe
second Chechen vai, and sulsequenlIy spiead lhe
niIilanl ideoIogy and laclics lack lo lheii ovn hone
iepulIics.
136
Thc 5ccnnd War.
Duiing lhe couise of lhe second Chechen vai,
vhich legan in Oclolei 1999, concein giev ovei lhe
iadicaIizalion of lhe Chechen iesislance novenenl
and ils Iinks lo exlienisl IsIanic gioups in lhe MiddIe
Lasl. Indeed, aulhois Iike Coidon Hahn have cone lo
concIude lhal lhe key, if nol nain facloi diiving lhe
vioIence in lhe Noilh Caucasus is lhe saIience of Io3
caI cuIluiaI and lhe SaIahsl jihadisl lheo-ideoIogy and
lhe inuence of lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy nove3
nenl.
21
WhiIe lhis chaplei lakes issue vilh lhal cIain,
lhe Chechen iesislance has indeed acquiied a nuch
sliongei IsIanic chaiaclei. The use of IsIanic vocalu3
Iaiy such as jihad (hoIy vai) oi nujahedin (iesislance
hghleis) incieased naikedIy, as did aclive suppoil foi
lhe Chechen cause ly iadicaI IsIanic gioups in lhe
MiddIe Lasl, al Ieasl unliI lhe U.S. invasion of Iiaq Ied
jihadis lo ock lo lhal conicl.
Moscov nanaged lo diive lhis poinl acioss espe3
ciaIIy aflei Seplenlei 11, 2OO1 (9/11). InnedialeIy
aflei lhe leiioiisl allacks on lhe Uniled Slales, lhe Rus3
sian Ieadeiship legan diaving conpaiisons lelveen
lhe allacks and lhe silualion in Chechnya. OnIy houis
aflei lhe coIIapse of lhe WoiId Tiade Cenleis, Rus3
sian Slale leIevision lioadcasl a slalenenl ly Iiesi3
denl VIadinii Iulin expiessing soIidaiily vilh lhe
Aneiican peopIe, lul aIso ieninding lhe audience of
Russias eaiIiei vainings of lhe connon lhieal of Is3
Ianic IundanenlaIisn. This naiked lhe leginning
of a slialegy aining lo capilaIize on lhe liagic allacks
on Aneiica ly highIighling lhe aIIeged paiaIIeIs le3
lveen lhe allacks on lhe Uniled Slales and lhe silu3
alion in Chechnya. The Russian peopIe undeisland
lhe Aneiican peopIe lellei lhan anyone eIse, having
137
expeiienced leiioiisn hisl-hand, Iiesidenl Iulin
said lhe day aflei lhe allacks.
==

This luined oul lo le lhe hailingei of a dipIonalic
canpaign laigeled al Weslein counliies inlended lo
shoie up Iegilinacy, if nol suppoil, foi lhe Russian ai3
nys vioIenl ciackdovn in Chechnya.
23
This canpaign
vas pail and paiceI of a hve-slep slialegy lo ieduce
lhe negalive faIIoul of lhe vai in Chechnya. The hisl
conponenl of lhal slialegy vas lo isoIale lhe conicl
zone and pievenl lolh Russian and inleinalionaI ne3
dia fion iepoiling on lhe conicl independenlIy. The
kidnapping of Andiei alilsky, a iepoilei foi Radio
Lileily, eaiIy on seived as a vaining foi jouinaIisls
of lhe consequences of ignoiing Moscovs iuIes on
iepoiling lhe conicl. Since lhen, onIy a fev jouinaI3
isls have acluaIIy leen alIe lo piovide independenl
iepoiling fion Chechnya. Mosl pioninenl has leen
lhe Iale Russian jouinaIisl, Anna IoIilkovskaya vho
vas nuideied in Moscov in 2OO7, and Iiench viilei,
Anne Nival.
The second piong in lhe slialegy vas lo ienane lhe
conicl: Inslead of a vai, il vas an anli-leiioiisl
opeialion. Thiid, and slenning diieclIy fion lhis,
Russia soughl lo disciedil lhe Chechen sliuggIe and
undeinine ils Ieadeiship ly accusing lhen individu3
aIIy and coIIecliveIy of invoIvenenl vilh leiioiisn.
Russias canpaign againsl Chechen Iiesidenl AsIan
Maskhadovs chief negolialoi, Akhned Zakayev, is
one exanpIe of lhis. This neveilheIess lackhied as
hisl Dennaik and lhen Cieal iilain iefused lo exlia3
dile Zakayev lo Russia, Cieal iilain inslead piovid3
ing hin vilh poIilicaI asyIun. Iouilh, Russia soughl
lo Chechenize lhe conicl and luin il inlo an inlia-
Chechen confionlalion ly selling up and aining a
liulaI lul elhnicaIIy Chechen puppel iegine in Cio3
138
zny undei Kadyiov, lhe foinei Mufli (a piofessionaI
juiisl inleipieling MusIin Iav) of lhe iepulIic. This
vouId ieduce Russian casuaIlies and enalIe hosliIilies
lo le depicled as a vai lelveen Chechen faclions lhal
Russia vas heIping lo slaliIize. Iiflh, aflei lianding
lhe vai as an anli-leiioiisl canpaign, disciediling lhe
ieleI Ieadeiship, and liying lo luin lhe vai inlo a civiI
vai anong Chechens, Russia decIaied lhal lhe vai
vas ovei.
!"# (#7/-, '0+ *+/%#, 0( "#0%5 /- ."# 7&%&6&0-
popuIalion as lhe hisl. In nany vays, Russian aluses
veie noie syslenalic. Ioi exanpIe, lhe Russian Iead3
eiship sel up vhal lhey leined hIlialion canps~
essenliaIIy concenlialion canps lhal galheied naIe
Chechens of hghling age, and in vhich loiluie and
disappeaiances veie ianpanl.
24
Wheieas Luiopean
counliies and lhe Uniled Slales kepl a nodeiale lul
nolicealIe IeveI of ciilicisn againsl Russias nassive
hunan iighls vioIalions in Chechnya duiing lolh lhe
hisl vai in 1994-96 and in 1999-2OO1, Russia succeed3
ed in convincing veslein olseiveis il vas nol hghling
a peopIe, lul leiioiisls. In an alnospheie of incieased
coopeialion lelveen Russia and lhe Wesl, vilh Anei3
ican need foi Russian inleIIigence and coopeialion in
Afghanislan, a haIl lo ciilicisn on Chechnya lecane
lhe foienosl piice Russia nanaged lo exliacl.
A RcgInna! Insurgcncy.
Today, lhe nalionaIisl Chechen Ieadeiship is aI3
nosl excIusiveIy an expaliiale phenonenon. The
Chechen RepulIic of Ichkeiia has foi aII piaclicaI
puiposes ceased lo exisl, inslead, lhe insuigency
liands ilseIf lhe Caucasus Lniiale (CL), oveilIy
loasls of ils leIonging lo lhe gIolaI jihad, and opei3
139
ales acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus. Sludies of vioIenl
incidenls in lhe Noilh Caucasus agiee lhal lhe vio3
Ience peaked in ApiiI 2OO1, 18 nonlhs inlo lhe second
Chechen vai. Iion 2OO2 lo 2OO6, vioIence vas faiiIy
sleady lefoie decIining lo a Iov poinl in 2OO6-O7.
25

Iion 2OO7 onvaids, hovevei, vioIence has leen on
a sleady inciease, aIleil uclualing in lolh inlensily
and iegionaI focus. AIieady in 2OO5, Dageslan and In3
gushelia legan seeing escaIaling vioIence, iivaIing al
lines lhe IeveIs in Chechnya.
26
Since 2OO7, lhe silua3
lion has conlinued lo deleiioiale, vilh lhe nunlei of
vioIenl incidenls iising shaipIy eveiy yeai fion 2OO7
lo 2O1O.
27
In 2OO9 aIone, foi exanpIe, lhe nunlei of
vioIenl incidenls venl fion 795 lo 1,1OO, vilh falaIi3
lies nounling fion 586 lo 9OO.
28
In lhe hisl 11 nonlhs
of 2O1O, fedeiaI pioseculois acknovIedged lhe dealh
of 218 secuiily peisonneI and lhe vounding of 536.
29

Iion 2OO8 onvaid, Dageslan and Ingushelia have
aIleinaled in lhe Iead in lhe fiequency of incidenls.
3O

In 2O1O and 2O11, lhe vioIence escaIaled signihcanlIy
in lhe Weslein iepulIic of KR as veII~naiking lhe
diffusion of Iaige-scaIe and enduiing vioIence leyond
lhe iepulIics loideiing Chechnya. Thus, in 2O1O po3
IilicaI vioIence cIained 79 dealhs and 39 vounded, lhe
hisl 11 nonlhs of 2O11 sav lhose hguies iise lo 98 and
39, iespecliveIy.
31
As if lhis vas nol enough, 2O11 aIso
sav vioIence spiead lo Noilh Osselia, a liadilionaIIy
caIn and najoiily Oilhodox Chiislian iepulIic.
32
RU55IAN POLICIE5
Whal ioIe did Russian poIicies pIay in liansfoin3
ing lhe conicl fion a conlained, nalionaIisl ieleIIion
lo a spiavIing jihadi insuigency` CounleiinluiliveIy
as il nay seen, Russian poIicies have conliiluled di3
14O
ieclIy lo lhis deveIopnenl. In anolhei paiaIIeI lo lhe
osnian conicl, Russian iheloiic niiioied lhal of lhe
Seils: nisundeislood defendeis of Luiope againsl
lhe lhieal of IsIanic iadicaIisn, lhe gieen vave. In3
deed, lhis Iine of ieasoning has leen visilIe in Russian
oulieach effoils since lhe nid-199Os, vilh incieasing
feivoi foIIoving 9/11.
33
ul noie lhan jusl aiguing foi
lheii case, Russian ofhciaIs acliveIy voiked lo nake
lhe ieaIily of lhe conicl confoin lo lheii vision of
il. Thus, lheie vas a ienaikalIe pallein in Russias
piioiilies duiing lhe second vai: lhe piioiily given
lo laigeling lhe nalionaIisl Chechen Ieadeiship ialhei
lhan lhe jihadi eIenenls vilhin il. Theiefoie, on lhe
lallIeheId, Russia laigeled heId connandeis Iike
RusIan CeIayev, as veII as Maskhadov hinseIf, vhon
Russian foices kiIIed in Maich 2OO5. On lhe dipIonalic
fionl, Russian dipIonals and Iavyeis fuiiousIy pios3
eculed and soughl lhe exliadilion of secuIai Ieadeis
Iike Zakayev and Maskhadovs foieign ninislei, IIyas
Akhnadov. y conpaiison, IsIanisl Chechen Ieadeis
have faied nuch lellei. Anong exiIes, MovIadi Udu3
gov ienains aIive, anong lhe fev ienaining nenleis
of lhe hisl geneialion of Chechen Ieadeis lo suivive.
Yandailiyev vas kiIIed in Qalai ly Russian agenls,
lul onIy in 2OO4. SiniIaiIy, lhe cuiienl Ieadei of lhe
CL, Dokka Unaiov, has seived since }une 2OO6. The
nosl noloiious Chechen vaiIoid, ShaniI asayev,
vas kiIIed in 2OO6, lul nol necessaiiIy ly lhe Russians.
Iiench jouinaIisl, Anne Nival, once viole lhal lhe
safesl pIace in Chechnya vas neai ShaniI asayev:
Russian lonls nevei appeaied lo faII lheie. Civen a3
sayevs conneclion vilh Russian speciaI foices (CRU)
lhiough lhe conicl in Alkhazia, nuneious conspiia3
cy lheoiies eneiged of asayevs conlinued ieIalion3
ship vilh Russian slale inslilulions, indeed, nevs ie3
141
poils foIIoving his dealh suggesled lhal he vas kiIIed
accidenlIy ly expIosives in lhe liuck he vas diiving in
nounlain ioads in Ingushelia.
34

WhiIe aIIegalions of asayevs CRU conneclions
duiing lhe Ceoigia-Alkhaz vai aie veII-eslalIished,
35

lhose conceining sulsequenl peiiods aie lased nainIy
on innuendo. CIeaiei evidence is avaiIalIe in lhe case
of Aili aiayev, one of lhe nosl viciousIy niIilanl as
veII as nosl ciininaIized of Chechnyas vaiIoids.
aiayev vas one of lhe key foices seeking lo undei3
nine Maskhadovs Ieadeiship in lhe inleivai eia, il
vas his gioup lhal kidnapped and leheaded foieign
leIeconnunicalions voikeis in 1998, effecliveIy foic3
ing oul lhe snaII inleinalionaI piesence in Chechnya.
SiniIaiIy, il vas aiayevs foices lhal engaged in hie3
hghls vilh Maskhadovs lioops in 1998. IoIIoving lhe
ieneved vaifaie, aiayev Iived fieeIy in lhe lovn of
AIkhan-KaIa, undei Russian conlioI, unliI his dealh
in 2OO1~despile lhe facl lhal he vas iesponsilIe foi
giuesone, video-iecoided nuideis of caplive Rus3
sian seivicenen. As seveiaI olseiveis have noled, his
/*26#-. +#(&,#-7# '0( /-65 0 1#' 8&6#( 0'05 1+/8
0 Russian checkpoinl neai his nalive AIkhan-KaIa,
vhiIe his cai had an IS idenlihcalion vhich aIIoved
hin lo iace lhiough Russian checkpoinls.
36
TeIIingIy,
aiayev vas kiIIed ly a CRU hil squad onIy aflei lhe
ISs lhen-head of counleileiioiisn, CeneiaI Ugiyu3
nov, had died. The appaienl concIusion vas lhal
Ugiyunov piovided a covei foi aiayev, and lhe
foineis dealh nade il possilIe foi lhe CRU lo lake
aiayev oul.
Civen lhe naluie of lhis conicl, evidence can al
lesl le inconcIusive. ul ciicunslanliaI evidence sug3
gesls lvo lhings: Iiisl, lhal duiing lhe second vai
lheie vas no cIeai and unihed chain of connand on
142
eilhei lhe Chechen oi lhe Russian side. Chechen foices
paid noninaI aIIegiance lo Maskhadov lul, in piac3
lice, heId connandeis lehaved independenlIy, and
vilh IillIe cooidinalion. On lhe Russian side, delach3
nenls of lhe ainy, CRU, IS, and Minisliy of Inleiioi
pIayed diffeienl ioIes in lhe conicl, ioIes lhal veie
pooiIy cooidinaled, noieovei, lhey each appeaied
lo keep lies vilh sone Chechen connandeis, vhiIe
conlaling olheis. Second, lhe poIicies of lhe Russian
Ieadeiship ilseIf conliiluled lo change lhe naluie of
lhe conicl fion a nalionaIisl ieleIIion lo one vheie
lhe eneny vas IsIanic jihadis. WhiIe lhis is IikeIy in
lhe Iong iun lo le of giealei dangei lo Russia, il did
succeed in naking lhe conicl hl inlo Moscovs de3
siied naiialive. Aflei aII, Maskhadov and lhe Chechen
-0.&/-06&(. 6#0,#+("&* '0( +#(*#7.#, &- <#(.#+- 7&+3
cIes, leing gianled neelings vilh Weslein ofhciaIs
and nainlaining sliong suppoil anong Weslein ne3
dia, civiI sociely, and hunan iighls oiganizalions. The
4&"0,& #6#8#-.(9 -##,6#(( ./ (059 ,&, -/. 0-, ,/ -/.
enjoy lhis slalus.
In a sense, hovevei, Moscov is nov faced lolh
'&." 0 4&"0,& 8/%#8#-. and a nalionaIisl Chechnya.
Indeed, lhe CL is eveiylhing il is lIaned of leing: a
pail of lhe gIolaI jihad, and a leiioiisl inculaloi on
Luiopes loideis. WhiIe piinaiiIy Ied ly Chechens,
il is nosl aclive in lhe olhei iepulIics of lhe Noilh
Caucasus. ul Moscov aIso is faced vilh a nalionaIisl
Chechen Ieadeiship in Ciozny. Indeed, lhe Kadyiov
adninislialion appoinled ly Moscov has deveIoped
in such a nalionaIislic diieclion lhal lhe secuIai Chech3
en nalionaIisls in exiIe, vho lioke vilh lhe IsIanisl
faclion vilh lhe eslalIishnenl of lhe Lniiale in 2OO7,
legan nending fences vilh Kadyiov, lheii eislvhiIe
foe, ly 2OO9.
37
<"&6# 0 7/2-.#+&-.2&.&%# .2+-9 ."# (#723
143
Iai nalionaIisls concIuded lhal Kadyiov has in piac3
lice achieved vhal lhey faiIed lo achieve lhiough an
ained ieleIIion: a Chechen iepulIic lhal is foi nosl
piaclicaI puiposes lehaving as an independenl enlily.
As eaiIy as 2OO5, Russian anaIysls legan iefeiiing lo
Kadyiovs noves as sepaialisn-Iighl.
38
A PACIFIED CHECHNYA?
IiesenlIy, Chechnya is aigualIy anong lhe Ieasl
vioIence-iidden iepulIics in lhe Noilh Caucasus.
!"# 60(. (#%#+06 5#0+( "0%# (##- '&,#(*+#0, %&/6#-7#
in Dageslan, Ingushelia, and KR, ly conpaiison,
Chechnya has leen ieIaliveIy slalIe. ul lhe Iong-
lein oulIook is cIouded ly lhe fiagiIily on vhich lhis
ieIalive quiel iesls.
The nain ieason foi Chechnyas slaliIily is lhe
doninance lhal Ranzan Kadyiov and his niIilia foic3
es exeil ovei lhe iepulIic. These hghleis, eslinaled al
ovei 5,OOO in nunlei, consisl nainIy of foinei iesis3
lance hghleis. Moscov iniliaIIy soughl lo laIance lhe
Kadyiov cIan vilh olhei poIilicaI hguies. IoIIoving
Akhnad Kadyiovs assassinalion, Ranzan~vho had
nol yel achieved lhe eIigilIe age foi lhe piesidency~
vas appoinled depuly piine ninislei. Chechnya vas
inslead Ied ly caieei poIice ofhcei AIu AIkhanov, vho
had sided vilh Moscov aIieady in lhe hisl vai. y
Maich 2OO6, Ranzan Kadyiov vas eIevaled lo lhe
posl of Iiine Minislei, iepIacing Seigey Alianov.
Less lhan a yeai Ialei, AIkhanov vas disnissed and
Kadyiov appoinled Iiesidenl. Thus, ly 2OO7, any po3
IilicaI laIances lo Kadyiov had leen ienoved, hghl3
ing foices oulside his conlioI neveilheIess ienained:
lhe Zapad and Voslok lallaIions, lhe Iallei con3
nanded ly SuIin Yanadayev, veie neveilheIess dis3
144
landed in Novenlei 2OO8 foIIoving escaIaling len3
sions and acluaI ained cIashes vilh Kadyiovs foices.
Yanadayev IoyaIisls veie evicled fion Chechnya,
SuIin Yanadayev vas assassinaled in Dulai in 2OO9,
vhiIe his liolhei nel lhe sane fale in Moscov, pie3
sunalIy al Kadyiovs oideis.
39
!"&( +#8/%#, ."# (/6#
ienaining check on Kadyiovs povei in Chechnya, lo
lhe chagiin of nany decisionnakeis in Moscov~lul
vilh lhe appaienl lIessing of Iulin and Kadyiovs in3
nediale handIei, lhe Chechen-loin VIadisIav Suikov,
vho seives as Iulins hisl depuly chief of slaff and
chief ideoIogue.
Kadyiov has vaIked a hne Iine lelveen vovs of
alsoIule peisonaI IoyaIly and sulseivience lo VIadi3
nii Iulin, on lhe one hand, and inslilulionaI dislanc3
ing fion Russia. Thus, in 2OO7, he iepealedIy uiged
Iulin lo slay on as piesidenl foi Iife.
4O
In 2OO9, Kady3
iov said if il vas nol foi Iulin, Chechnya vouId nol
exisl.
41
In }anuaiy 2O1O, he added lhal I an con3
pIeleIy VIadinii Iulins nan. I vouId ialhei die 1OO
lines lhan Iel hin dovn.
42
Kadyiov aIso deIiveis
voles foi lhe iuIing paily. In 2OO7, foi exanpIe, ofhciaI
hguies shoved lhal 99.5 peicenl of lhe Chechen eIec3
loiale casl lheii voles, and lhal 99.3 peicenl voled foi
lhe Uniled Russia paily.
On lhe olhei hand, Kadyiov has incieasingIy ap3
peaIed lo Chechen nalionaIisn and soughl lo IsIanize
Chechnya. In Decenlei 2OO6, he pulIicIy soughl lhe
pioseculion of Russian ofhceis iesponsilIe foi civiIian
dealhs in Chechnya.
43
His allilude lovaid lhe Rus3
sian niIilaiy, vhich he soughl lo have expeIIed fion
Chechnya, is lesl iIIuslialed ly his 2OO6 slalenenl
lhal as foi lhe geneiaIs, In nol going lo say lhal I
caie aloul lheii opinion.
44
IoIIoving his appoinl3
nenl as Iiesidenl, Kadyiov noved sliongIy lo asseil
145
Chechnyas econonic and poIilicaI aulonony. Ioi
exanpIe, he has soughl lhe ciealion of a Chechen oiI
conpany lhal vouId keep lhe ievenues of Chechnyas
oiI indusliy inslead of sending lhen lo Moscov, and
canpaigned lo have Chechens convicled eIsevheie
in Russia seive piison line in Chechnya.
45
?6+#0,5 &-
2OO6, Kadyiov legan uiging vonen lo conpIy vilh
IsIanic diess codes, sonelhing lhal vas Ialei ofhciaIIy
pionuIgaled vilh a piogian lo slienglhen fenaIe
viilue.
46
He has aIso spoken favoialIy of Shaiiah in
geneiaI, and of lolh honoi kiIIings and of poIygany
in pailicuIai, and iefeiied lo vonen as nens piop3
eily~aII of vhich aie in vioIalion of Russian Iavs.
47

Adding lo lhis, Kadyiov has nade a halil of di3
veiling lhe enoinous funds coning lo Chechnya fion
lhe fedeiaI cenlei. Indeed, Russian slale audilois have
iepealedIy noled lhe disappeaiance of lhe equivaIenl
of dozens of niIIions of doIIais in slale sulsidies lo
Chechnya, vhich anounl lo 9O peicenl of lhe iepul3
Iics ludgel.
Thus, aII in aII, Kadyiov has slaliIized Chechnya on
lhe suiface. ul lhe slaliIily iesls on a veiy veak foun3
dalion. On lhe one hand, il iesls soIeIy on lhe peisonaI
ieIalionship lelveen Kadyiov and Iulin. As such, lhe
queslion is vhelhei lhe slaliIily of lhe iepulIic vouId
oulIive lhe depailuie fion povei of eilhei nan. Civen
lhe aveiage Iife expeclancy of Chechen poIilicians, lhe
possiliIily of Kadyiov leing assassinaled is veiy ieaI.
If lhal veie lo happen, vouId lhe lhousands of foi3
nei ieleIs nov foining lhe luIk of his niIilia pIedge
6/506.5 ./ 0 -#' 6#0,#+9 /+ '/26, ."#5 +#.2+- ./ ."#
iesislance, usheiing in a lhiid Chechen vai` Lven if
Kadyiov ienains in povei, lhe defeclion of Iaige sec3
lions of his niIilia lo lhe iesislance cannol le excIuded.
SiniIaiIy, Kadyiovs piagnalisn is exhililed ly his
146
decision lo svilch sides fion lhe iesislance lo Russia.
Il is nol inconceivalIe lhal he couId svilch sides again
undei sone scenaiio~foi exanpIe, if Iulin veie lo
6#0%# */'#+ 0-, "&( (277#((/+ '/26, ,&(7/-.&-2# ."#
aiiangenenl vilh Kadyiov. efoie hei dealh, Anna
IoIilkovskaya olseived lhal ly his poIicies in Chech3
nya, Iulin had essenliaIIy guaianleed a lhiid Chechen
vai al sone fuluie poinl. She nay have luined oul lo
le piescienl.
48

CONCLU5ION
The Noilh Caucasus is sinking evei deepei inlo a
piocess of Afghanizalion. WhiIe lhe exleinaI inpelus
of jihadi ideoIogy has pIayed a ioIe in lhis deveIop3
nenl, lhis chaplei has soughl lo shov lhal lhe iool
cause of lhe iegions decIine is lhe Russian govein3
nenls poIicies~in pailicuIai ils pioseculion of lhe
vais in Chechnya, ils ovei-ieIiance on iepiession in
lolh Chechnya and lhe iesl of lhe iegion, ils cenliaI3
izalion of povei, ils unviIIingness lo aIIov lhe Noilh
Caucasus lo open up lo lhe iesl of lhe voiId, ils faiIuie
lo piovide an econonic fuluie foi lhe iegions popuIa3
lion, a poIilicaI discouise lhal is naking Noilh Cau3
casians incieasingIy eslianged fion Russian sociely,
and lhe coiiuplion and ciininaIizalion of lhe Russian
poIilicaI syslen.
This silualion deslaliIizes Russia, and foins ils
nosl acule poIilicaI piolIen. ul il does nol onIy af3
fecl Russia: Il giealIy affecls lhe secuiily and piospei3
ily of lhe Soulh Caucasus, as veII as polenliaIIy aII of
Luiope. The inpacl on lhe Soulh Caucasus is lhiee3
foId. Mosl olviousIy, Azeilaijan and Ceoigia aie di3
ieclIy affecled ly lhe vioIence and econonic voes of
lhe iegion. This is onIy IikeIy lo le exaceilaled in lhe
147
fuluie: WhiIe Azeilaijan expeiiences iapid giovlh
lhanks lo ils oiI and gas indusliy, Ceoigia has nade
gieal sliides in iefoins, nol Ieasl in leins of piacli3
caIIy aloIishing adninislialive coiiuplion. Ovei
line, lhe conliasl lelveen lhese econonies and lhe
Ianguishing Noilh Caucasus viII have consequences,
in leins, foi exanpIe, of nigialion ovs. SecondIy,
lhe soulhein neighlois of lhe Noilh Caucasus aie af3
fecled ly lhe diffusion of lhe conicls in lhe Noilh.
Thus, ovs of iefugees~and hghleis~fion lhe
Noilh Caucasus inlo Ceoigia and Azeilaijan have
leen a iecuiiing phenonenon ovei lhe pasl 2 decades,
vilh deslaliIizing effecls on lolh counliies. Thiid, lhe
Russian goveinnenl has shovn a dislinclive lendency
lo assign lIane lo ils neighlois vhen il has pioven
unalIe lo deaI vilh lhe consequences of ils ovn faiI3
uies in lhe Noilh Caucasus. In lhe leginning of lhe
second Chechnyan vai, lolh Azeilaijan and Ceoigia
veie accused, vilhoul a shied of evidence, of seiving
as conduils foi lhousands of foieign hghleis lo Chech3
nya, evei since, Russian accusalions have focused on
Ceoigia, vilh lhieals of inleivenlion inlo lhe Iankisi
Coige on Ceoigian leiiiloiy in 2OO2, and acluaI in3
slances of Russian lonlings of lhe Coige.
49
IoIIoving
lhe escaIalion of vioIence in 2OO8-11, Russian ofhciaIs
have nade a cuslon of lIaning Ceoigia~and occa3
sionaIIy Weslein poveis~foi acliveIy coIIuding vilh
lhe jihadi ieleIs in lhe Noilh Caucasus. Thus, Russias
lendency lo lIane olheis foi ils faiIuies poses a con3
slanl iisk lo ils neighlois.
This piedicanenl is nosl acule, given lhe upcon3
ing OIynpic Canes in Sochi. Civen cuiienl liends,
Moscov is unIikeIy lo le alIe lo pacify lhe Noilh
Caucasus ahead of lhe Canes, and viII le incieasing3
Iy IikeIy lo lIane olheis foi any leiioiisl allacks lhal
148
vouId lhiealen lhis piesligious evenl. The aIleinalive
oplion, a giganlic secuiily opeialion lo asseil conlioI
ovei lhe iegion, vouId ilseIf veiy IikeIy have a spiII3
ovei effecl on lhe Soulh Caucasus.
eyond lhe Caucasus ilseIf, Russias nisiuIe in lhe
Noilh Caucasus poses a lhieal lo Luiope as a vhoIe.
In facl, vilh lhe Luiopean Union (LU) nov exlended
lo lhe shoies of lhe Iack Sea, il is a diiecl neighloi of
lhe Noilh Caucasus. Thiough lhe Laslein Iailneiship,
Iailneiship foi Ieace, and olhei insliunenls, lhe LU
and NATO aie seeking lo conliilule lo lhe luiIding
of slaliIily, secuiily, and piospeiily in lheii easlein
neighloihood. In spile of lhe uniesoIved conicls
of lhe Soulh Caucasus and MoIdova, and lhe nixed
(7/+#70+, 1/+ ,#8/7+0.&7 ,#%#6/*8#-. 07+/(( ."# +#3
gion, lhe Laslein neighloihood has indeed seen Iaige3
Iy posilive liends ovei lhe pasl decade. ul lhe Noilh
Caucasus is lhe soIe ienaining aiea vheie Luiope
has IillIe lo no aliIily lo inuence deveIopnenls, lul
vhich couId neveilheIess have a consideialIy nega3
live effecl on Luiope. The iegion is aIieady a lians3
shipnenl poinl foi snuggIed goods lo Luiope, and an
inculaloi of jihadi eIenenls fion lhe iegion and le3
yond. Thus fai, lhe IsIanic Lniiale has slayed focused
on laigels in lhe Noilh Caucasus and Russia. ul given
ils lioadei ideoIogicaI oiienlalion and ils peiceplion
of Luiope as a coIIaloialoi vilh Russia in lhe iepies3
sion of MusIins, lhe piospecl of gioups afhIialed vilh
lhe Lniiale laigeling Luiope ilseIf shouId nol le ex3
cIuded. Aflei aII, jihadi eIenenls vilh conneclions lo
CenliaI Asia have aIieady leen inpIicaled in pIanned
leiioiisl allacks in Ceinany and eIsevheie in Luiope.
Thus, Russias faiIuie lo slaliIize lhe Noilh Cauca3
sus has anounled lo lhe ciealion of an Afghanislan-
Iike enviionnenl in Luiope: a faiIed slale vilhin a
149
slale. Moscov is palenlIy unalIe lo ienedy lhe silu3
alion, seening onIy lo design poIicies lhal aie as a
vhoIe counleipioduclive. UnfoilunaleIy, lhe faiIuie
of Russia lo addiess lhe iegions piolIens is ieIaled
diieclIy lo Russias veiy syslen. The sad facl is lhal as
Iong as Russia ilseIf nainlains a poIilicaI syslen lased
on kIeplocialic aulhoiilaiianisn, lhe piospecls of lhe
Noilh Caucasus viII ienain din.
This poses a conundiun foi Weslein poveis. If
."# (&.20.&/- 7/-.&-2#( ./ ,#.#+&/+0.#9 <#(.#+- */'3
eis nay nol le alIe lo affoid sinpIy liealing lhe Noilh
Caucasus as a doneslic Russian issue. Al lhe sane
line, lheii poIicy oplions in designing iesponses lo
lhe silualion in lhe iegion aie highIy Iiniled. WhiIe
effoils couId le undeilake in conjunclion vilh lhe
Soulh Caucasian slales lo conlain lhe deslaliIizalion
enanaling fion lhe Noilh Caucasus, addiessing lhe
iool causes of lhe piolIen viII iequiie a diaIogue
vilh Moscov, lhe piospecls of vhich aie din.
ENDNOTE5 - CHAPTER 3
1. Maiina Kanenev, Has Russia Losl ConlioI of lhe Noilh
Caucasus` Tinc, }une 12, 2OO9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|inc.
ccn/|inc/ucr|d/ar|ic|c/0,8599,1904234,00.n|n|, LniI SouIeinonov,
Dageslan: lhe Lneiging Coie of lhe Noilh Caucasus Insuigen3
cy, Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|, Seplenlei 29, 2O1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/5415.
2. OIof Slaaf, Moscov UnalIe lo Affoid Nev DeveIopnenl
Iiogian foi lhe Noilh Caucasus, Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|9
Augusl 17, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/5614,
Moscov Hosls RaIIy undei lhe Mollo 'Slop Ieeding Caucasus!
Caucasian Knc|, Oclolei 22, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion rf.cng.|at|az-uzc|.
ru/ar|ic|cs/18748.
3. ChaiIes Iandy, Ncr|n Caucasus. On |nc 8rin| cf |ar-Rcacning
Dcs|aoi|isa|icn, Caucasus Seiies, O5/36, Shiivenhan, UK: Uniled
15O
Kingdon Defence Acadeny, Conicl Sludies Reseaich Cenlei,
Augusl 2OO5, p. 6.
4. Seigey Maikedonov, Russkiy Vopios v kavkazskon
izneienii (The 'Russian queslion in lhe Caucasian dinen3
sion), Caucasus Tincs, ApiiI 9, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.cauca-
sus|incs.ccn/ar|ic|c.asp?id=12365, OIga I. Vendina c| a|., The Wais
in Chechnya and lheii Lffecls on Neighloiing Regions, |ur-
asian Gccgrapnq and |ccncnics, VoI. 48, No. 2, 2OO7, pp. 194-195,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.cc|cradc.cdu/ios/uarcu|ccncs/dccs/|G|_2007_
larCnccnnqa_s4.pdf.
5. IauI ColIe, Kalaidino-aIkaiia HighIighls Iulins 'IaiI3
uie in lhe Caucasus, lindcu cn |urasia, }anuaiy 23, 2OO8,
avaiIalIe fion uindcucncurasia.o|cgspc|.ccn/2008/01/uindcu-cn-
curasia-|aoardinc-oa||aria.n|n|.
6. Maiie ennigsen ioxup, ed., Tnc Ncr|n Caucasus 8arricr9
London, UK: C. Huisl, 1992, }ohn DunIop, Russia Ccnfrcn|s Cnccn-
nqa. Rcc|s cf a Scpara|is| Ccnic|, Canliidge, UK: Canliidge Uni3
veisily Iiess, 1998, pp. 1-4O.
7. Moshe Cannei, Mus|in Rcsis|ancc |c |nc Tsar. Snani| and |nc
Ccnqucs| cf Cnccnnia and Dagncs|an, London, UK: RoulIedge, 2OO3.
8. AIeksandi Nekiich, Tnc Punisncd Pccp|cs. Tnc Dcpcr|a|icn
and |a|c cf Sctic| Mincri|ics a| |nc |nd cf |nc Scccnd lcr|d lar, Nev
Yoik: W.W. Noilon, 1981, CaiIolla CaII and Thonas de WaaI,
Cnccnnqa. A Sna|| Vic|cricus lar, asingsloke, UK: Ian ooks,
1997, pp. 56-75.
9. Roleil Conquesl, Tnc Na|icn Ki||crs. Tnc Sctic| Dcpcr|a|icn cf
Na|icna|i|ics, London, UK: MacMiIIan, 197O, p. 16O.
1O. See CaII and de WaaI, Cnccnnqa. A Sna|| Vic|cricus lar.
11. Ioi delaiIs, see Chap. 5, The Wai in Chechnya, in Svanle
L. CoineII, Sna|| Na|icns and Grca| Pcucrs. A S|udq cf ||nncpc|i|ica|
Ccnic| in |nc Caucasus, Richnond, VA: Cuizon Iiess, 2OO1.
12. LniI SouIeinanov, Chechnya, Wahhalisn and lhe Inva3
sion of Dageslan, Midd|c |as| Rcticu cf |n|crna|icna| Affairs, VoI.
9, No. 4, Decenlei 2OO5, pp. 48-71.
151
13. }uIie WiIheInsen, elveen a Rock and a Haid IIace: The
IsIanisalion of lhe Chechen Sepaialisl Movenenl, |urcpc-Asia
S|udics, VoI. 57, No. 1, }anuaiy 2OO5, pp. 38-39.
14. }ohn . DunIop, Hov Many SoIdieis and CiviIians Died
Duiing lhe Russo-Chechen Wai of 1994-96` Ccn|ra| Asian Surtcq9
VoI. 19, No. 3/4, 2OOO, pp. 328-338.
15. oiis KagaiIilsky, Russia undcr Yc||sin and Pu|in. Ncc-|io-
cra| Au|ccracq, London, UK: IIulo Iiess, 2OO2, pp. 229-234. Rus3
(&0- *+#(( +#*/+.( &- Nctaqa Gazc|a, Rcssiqs|aqa Gazc|a, and Vcrsiqa
have aII piovided docunenlalion lo lhis effecl.
16. Ielei Ioid, YeIlsin Adnils Aid Misses Chechnya, Cnris-
|ian Scicncc Mcni|cr, Augusl 19, 1997. OnIy $21 niIIion of lhe $138
niIIion connilled evenluaIIy ieached Chechnya.
17. Ceiaid I. Ioveis, ReIigion, Conicl and Iiospecls foi
Ieace in osnia, Cioalia, and YugosIavia, ]curna| cf |n|crna|icna|
Affairs, VoI. 5O, No. 1, Sunnei 1996, avaiIalIe fion uuu.gccrgcfcx.
cdu/acadcnics/undcrgrad/dcpar|ncn|s/scc-su|/rcc/Pcucrs_Rc|igicn_
Oc|201996.pdf.
18. See Lvan KohInann, A| Qacdas ]inad in |urcpc. Tnc Afgnan-
8csnian Nc|ucr|, Oxfoid, UK: eig IulIicalions, 2OO4, MichaeI
A. Innes, Dcnia| cf Sanc|uarq. Undcrs|anding Tcrrcris| Safc Hatcns9
Weslpoil, CT: Iiaegei, 1997, pp. 55-56.
19. Anes AIic, Ioieign jihadis face Depoilalion in os3
nia-Heizegovina, ]ancs|cun Tcrrcrisn Mcni|cr, VoI. 5, No.
21, 8 Novenlei 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.jancs|cun.crg/
prcgrans/g|a/sing|c/?|x_||ncus58||_ncus5D=4532c|x_
||ncus58oac|Pid5D=182cnc_cacnc=1.
2O. See WiIheInsen, elveen a Rock and a Haid IIace, pp.
46-5O.
21. Coidon M. Hahn, Gc||ing |nc Caucasus |nira|c Rign|9
Washinglon, DC: Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI Sludies,
Augusl 2O11, p. 1.
152
22. RTR (Russian Slale TeIevision), Seplenlei 12, 2OO1, 13OO
CMT. See aIso Iiancesca Meieu, U.S.: Russia Says Chechen Con3
icl Aids 'Undeislanding Of U.S. Tiagedy, RIL/RL, Seplenlei
14, 2OO1.
23. See }anusz ugajski, evaie of Iulin eaiing Cifls, Tnc
lasning|cn Tincs, Oclolei 1O, 2OO1.
24. Hunan Righls Walch, Hundieds of Chechens Delained
in 'IiIlialion Canps, Ieliuaiy 17, 2OOO, avaiIalIe fion uuu.nru.
crg/ncus/2000/02/17/nundrcds-cnccncns-dc|aincd-j||ra|icn-canps.
25. }ohn O'LoughIin and Iiank D. W. Wilnei, The LocaIized
Ceogiaphies of VioIence in lhe Noilh Caucasus of Russia, Anna|s
cf |nc Assccia|icn cf Ancrican Gccgrapncrs, VoI. 1O1, No. 1, 2O11, pp.
178-2O1, hisl pulIished on Decenlei 15, 2O1O.
26. LniI Iain, Moscovs Noilh Caucasus IoIicy ackhies,
Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|, VoI. 6, No. 13, }une 29, 2OO5, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/3151.
27. VaIeiy Dzulsev, Anolhei Losl Yeai foi lhe KienIin in
lhe Noilh Caucasus: 2O1O in Reviev (Iail 1), |urasia Dai|q
Mcni|cr, VoI. 8, No. 8, }anuaiy 12, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
jancs|cun.crg/prcgrans/cdn/sing|c/?|x_||ncus58||_ncus
5 D=3 7 3 5 0 c| x _ | | n c us 5 8o a c | Pi d 5 D=2 7 cc Ha s n =
660c50c38c.
28. Hunan Righls and Secuiily Inilialive, VioIence in
lhe Noilh Caucasus~2OO9: A Ioody Yeai, Washinglon, DC:
Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI Sludies, }anuaiy 14,
2O1O, avaiIalIe fion csis.crg/j|cs/puo|ica|icn/100114_Vic|cncc_
Ncr|nCaucasus_2009cp|inizc.pdf.
29. Sinon Saiadzhyan, Russias Noilh Caucasus: lhe Tei3
ioiisn RevivaI, |SN |nsign|s, Decenlei 23, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.isn.c|nz.cn/isn/Currcn|-Affairs/|SN-|nsign|s/Dc|ai|?|ng=cn
cc|s627=fcc62fc0-528d-4884-9cdf-283c282cf0o2cid=125837c|aoid=
125818cccn|cx|id734=125837cccn|cx|id735=125818.
3O. Hunan Righls and Secuiily Inilialive, VioIence in lhe
Noilh Caucasus~Spiing 2O1O: On lhe iise, Again` Washinglon,
153
DC: Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI Sludies, May 13, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion csis.crg/j|cs/puo|ica|icn/100513_Vic|cncc_in_|nc_
Ncr|n_Caucasus_Spring_2010.pdf.
31. Igoi Rolai, Cioving VioIence in Kalaidino-aIkaiia
Thiealens lo DeslaliIize lhe Noilhvesl Caucasus, |urasia Dai|q
Mcni|cr, VoI. 8, No. 218, Decenlei 1, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
jancs|cun.crg/prcgrans/cdn/sing|c/?|x_||ncus58||_ncus5D=38
732ccHasn=530491ac52389684440c5dcc84c128a7.
32. LniI SouIeinanov, Noilh Osselia: }ihadizalion in lhe
Making` Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|, }une 8, 2O11, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/5573.
33. Ciaene I. Heid, The Russo-Chechen Infoinalion Wai3
faie and 9/11: AI-Qaeda lhiough lhe Soulh Caucasus Looking
CIass, |urcpcan Sccuri|q, VoI. 11, No. 4, 2OO2.
34. asayevs Dealh May Have een an Accidenl, Praguc
la|cndcg, }uIy 1O, 2OO6, asayev Didnl Save Iace, Kcnncr-
san|, }uIy 11, 2OO6, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|cnncrsan|.ccn/pagc.
asp?idr=527cid=689111.
35. KagaiIilsky, Russia undcr Yc||sin and Pu|in, pp. 229-234.
36. Sanolai Sheinalova, The Seciel Wai lelveen Russian
InleIIigence Agencies, Mcsccu Ncus, Augusl 8, 2OOO. AIso see
Khassan aiev, NichoIas DaniIoff, and Rulh DaniIoff, Tnc Oa|n. A
Surgccn Undcr |irc, Nev Yoik: WaIkei & Conpany, 2OO4.
37. Kevin DanieI Leahy, ReconciIialion lelveen Akhned
Zakayev and Ranzan Kadyiov: A Tiiunph of HisloiicaI Iiagna3
lisn` Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|, Ieliuaiy 25, 2OO9, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/5048.
38. Ivan Sukhov, Chechensky Ochag, Agcns|tc Pc|i|icncs|i|n
Nctcs|cq, Augusl 16, 2OO5, avaiIalIe fion uuu.apn.ru/puo|ica|icns/
ar|ic|c1519.n|n.
39. LIIen aiiy and MichaeI Schvailz, KiIIing of Leadeis Ioes
May Tesl KienIins WiII, Ncu Ycr| Tincs, ApiiI 6, 2OO9, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.nq|incs.ccn/2009/04/07/ucr|d/curcpc/07cnccnnqa.n|n|.
154
4O. Andiev Osloin, Ranzan Kadyiov: The Waiiioi King of
Chechnya, Tnc |ndcpcndcn|, }anuaiy 4, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
indcpcndcn|.cc.u|/ncus/pccp|c/prcj|cs/ranzan-|adqrct-|nc-uarricr-
|ing-cf-cnccnnqa-430738.n|n|.
41. Kadyiov Says Iulin Saved Chechnya, R|A Nctcs|i9 ?*+&6
7, 2OO9, avaiIalIe fion cn.rian.ru/russia/20090407/120959179.n|n|.
42. Ranzan Kadyiov: ya slo iaz uniy za Iulina (Ran3
zan Kadyiov: I vouId die a hundied lines foi Iulin), tcrsia.ru9
}anuaiy 11, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion tcrsia.ru/ar|ic|cs/2010/jan/11/
|adqrct_in|crticu.
43. Kadyiov Vovs lo Iiosecule IedeiaI Connandeis foi
Aluses, Cnccnnqa lcc||q, Decenlei 7, 2OO6.
44. Kevin DanieI Leahy, Kadyiovs Iuff, Ccn|ra| Asia-Cau-
casus Ana|qs|, VoI. 8, No. 1O, May 17, 2OO6, p. 7, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/issucs/20060517Ana|qs|.pdf.
45. Kevin DanieI Leahy, Chechnyas Nev Iiesidenl: Ralio3
naI Acloi oi IdeoIogicaI ZeaIol` Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|9
VoI. 9, No. 7, ApiiI 4, 2OO7, p. 6, avaiIalIe fion uuu.caciana|qs|.
crg/j|cs/070404Ana|qs|_0.pdf.
46. See Hunan Righls Walch, Ycu Drcss Acccrding |c Tncir
Ru|cs. |nfcrccncn| cf an |s|anic Drcss Ccdc fcr lcncn in Cnccnnqa9
Nev Yoik: Hunan Righls Walch, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.nru.
crg/si|cs/dcfau||/j|cs/rcpcr|s/cnccnnqa0311ucoucctcr.pdf.
47. See, e.g., OIeg Anlonenko, Chechnya: Cde konchayelsya
konslilulsiya i nachinayelsya shaiial` (Chechnya: vheie does
lhe conslilulion end and shaiia legin`), C Russian Seivice,
Decenlei 26, 2OO8, avaiIalIe fion ncus.ooc.cc.u|/ni/russian/russia/
ncusid_7800000/7800125.s|n.
48. IeisonaI connunicalion, Washinglon, DC, 2OO6.
49. }ean-Chiislophe Ieuch, Ceoigia/Russia: TliIisi Moves
Againsl Iankisi, R||/R|, Augusl 28, 2OO2, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
rfcr|.crg/ccn|cn|/ar|ic|c/1100642.n|n|.
155
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTOR5
STLIHLN }. LANK has seived as lhe Slialegic Slud3
ies Inslilules expeil on lhe Soviel lIoc and lhe posl-
Soviel voiId since 1989. Iiioi lo lhal he vas As sociale
Iiofessoi of Soviel Sludies al lhe Cenlei foi Aeiospace
Docliine, Reseaich, and Lducalion, Max veII Aii Ioice
ase, AL, and laughl al lhe Univeisily of Texas, San
Anlonio, and al lhe Univeisily of CaIi foinia, Rivei3
side. Di. Iank is lhe ediloi of |npcria| Dcc|inc. Russias
Cnanging Pcsi|icn in Asia9 7/#,&./+ /1 Sctic| Mi|i|arq
and |nc |u|urc9 0-, 02."/+ /1 Tnc Scr ccrcr as Apprcn-
|icc. S|a|ins Ccnnissaria| cf Na|icna|i |ics, 1917-1924. He
"0( 06(/ '+&..#- 80-5 0+.&76#( 0-, 7/-1#+#-7# *0*#+(
on Russia, lhe ConnonveaIlh of Independenl Slales,
and Laslein Luiopean secuiily is sues. Di. Ianks cui3
+#-. +#(#0+7" ,#06( '&." *+/6&1#+0 .&/- 0-, ."# +#%/3
Iulion in niIilaiy affaiis, and eneigy and secuiily in
Luiasia. His lvo nosl iecenl looks aie Russc-Cnincsc
|ncrgq Rc|a|icns. Pc|i|ics in Ccnnand, London, UK:
CIolaI Maikels iiehng, 2OO6, and Na| ura| A||ics? Rc-
gicna| Sccuri|q in Asia and Prcspcc|s fcr |ndc-Ancrican
S|ra|cgic Cccpcra|icn, CaiIisIe, IA: Slia legic Sludies In3
slilule, U.S. Ainy Wai CoIIege, 2OO5. Di. Iank hoIds
a .A. in hisloiy fion lhe Univeisily of IennsyIvania,
and an M.A. and Ih.D. in hisloiy fion lhe Univeisily
of Chicago.
SVANTL L. CORNLLL is Reseaich Diiecloi of lhe
CenliaI Asia-Caucasus Inslilule & SiIk Road Sludies
Iiogian, a }oinl TiansalIanlic Reseaich and IoIicy
Cenlei afhIialed vilh lhe SchooI of Advanced Inleina3
lionaI Sludies (SAIS), Washinglon, DC, and lhe Slock3
hoIn-lased Inslilule foi Secuiily and DeveIopnenl
IoIicy. Di. CoineII is an Associale Reseaich Iiofessoi
al SAIS.
156
CORDON M. HAHN is a Senioi Associale (Non-
Residenl) al lhe Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI
Sludies (CSIS) in Washinglon, DC, a Senioi Reseaich3
ei and Adjuncl Iiofessoi in lhe Monleiey Teiioiisn
Reseaich and Lducalion Iiogian al lhe Monleiey
Inslilule foi InleinalionaI Sludies in CaIifoinia, and
an AnaIysl and ConsuIlanl foi Russia~Olhei Ioinls
of Viev (uuu.russiac|ncrpcin|scfticu.ccn). Di. Hahn
is aulhoi of lhe veII-ieceived looks, Russias |s|anic
Tnrca| (YaIe Univeisily Iiess, 2OO7), Russias Rctc|u|icn
|rcn Aoctc, 1985-2000 (Tiansaclion IulIisheis, 2OO2),
0-, -28#+/2( 0+.&76#( &- 070,#8&7 4/2+-06( 0-, /."#+
LngIish and Russian Ianguage nedia. He has laughl
al oslon, Aneiican, Slanfoid, San }ose Slale, and San
Iiancisco Slale Univeisilies and as a IuIliighl SchoIai
al Sainl Ieleisluig Slale Univeisily, Russia. Di. Hahn
viiles and edils lhe linonlhIy IsIan, IsIanisn, and
IoIilics in Luiasia Repoil pulIished undei lhe aus3
pices of CSIS.
SLRCLY MARKLDONOV has leen a visiling feIIov in
lhe CSIS Russia and Luiasia Iiogian since May 2O1O.
He is an expeil on lhe Caucasus, as veII as Iack Sea
iegionaI secuiily, nalionaIisn, inleielhnic conicls,
and de-faclo slales in lhe posl-Soviel aiea. Iion 2OO1
lo 2O1O, he voiked as head of lhe Inleielhnic ReIalions
Cioup and depuly diiecloi al lhe Inslilule foi IoIilicaI
and MiIilaiy AnaIysis in Moscov. He has heId leach3
ing posilions al lhe Russian Slale Univeisily foi lhe
Hunanilies, lhe Moscov Slale Univeisily, and lhe
DipIonalic Acadeny. Di. Maikedonovs pulIicalions
incIude seveiaI looks and iepoils, aloul 1OO acadenic
ailicIes, and noie lhan 5OO piess pieces. RecenlIy pul3
Iished looks and iepoils incIude Dc fac|c S|a|cs cf |nc
157
Pcs|-Sctic| Spacc. Par|icu|ari|ics cf |nc Na|icn-8ui|ding
(Caucasus Inslilule, 2O12), Tnc Turou|cn| |urasia (Aca3
denia, 2O1O), The ig Caucasus: Consequences of lhe
'Iive Day Wai, and Ncu Cna||cngcs and Prcspcc|s (In3
leinalionaI Cenlie foi Iack Sea Sludies, 2OO9).
!"#" %&'( )%& *+,,-.-
'/012 .3432/5 %467148 %" *9:151 ;;;
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'2E" I344BD32 -" A3GB5
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!")*'%!
'+!"'")"%
The Slialegic Sludies Inslilule (SSI) is pail of lhe U.S. Ainy Wai
CoIIege and is lhe slialegic-IeveI sludy agenl foi issues ieIaled lo
nalionaI secuiily and niIilaiy slialegy vilh enphasis on geosliale-
gic anaIysis.
The nission of SSI is lo use independenl anaIysis lo conducl slialegic
sludies lhal deveIop poIicy ieconnendalions on:
- Slialegy, pIanning, and poIicy foi joinl and conlined
enpIoynenl of niIilaiy foices,
- RegionaI slialegic appiaisaIs,
- The naluie of Iand vaifaie,
- Malleis affecling lhe Ainys fuluie,
- The concepls, phiIosophy, and lheoiy of slialegy, and
- Olhei issues of inpoilance lo lhe Ieadeiship of lhe Ainy.
Sludies pioduced ly civiIian and niIilaiy anaIysls concein lopics
having slialegic inpIicalions foi lhe Ainy, lhe Depailnenl of De-
fense, and lhe Iaigei nalionaI secuiily connunily.
In addilion lo ils sludies, SSI pulIishes speciaI iepoils on lopics of
speciaI oi innediale inleiesl. These incIude ediled pioceedings of
confeiences and lopicaIIy-oiienled ioundlalIes, expanded liip ie-
poils, and quick-ieaclion iesponses lo senioi Ainy Ieadeis.
The Inslilule piovides a vaIualIe anaIylicaI capaliIily vilhin lhe
Ainy lo addiess slialegic and olhei issues in suppoil of Ainy pai-
licipalion in nalionaI secuiily poIicy foinuIalion.
5tratcgIc 5tudIcs InstItutc Mnnngraph
RU55IA'5 HOMEGROWN IN5URGENCY:
JIHAD IN THE NORTH CAUCA5U5
5tcphcn J. B!ank
EdItnr
Octnbcr 2012
!"# %&#'( #)*+#((#, &- ."&( +#*/+. 0+# ."/(# /1 ."# 02."/+( 0-,
do nol necessaiiIy ieecl lhe ofhciaI poIicy oi posilion of lhe De3
pailnenl of lhe Ainy, lhe Depailnenl of Defense, oi lhe U.S.
Coveinnenl. Aulhois of Slialegic Sludies Inslilule (SSI) pulIica3
.&/-( #-4/5 1266 070,#8&7 1+##,/89 *+/%&,#, ."#5 ,/ -/. ,&(76/(#
cIassihed infoinalion, jeopaidize opeialions secuiily, oi nis3
iepiesenl ofhciaI U.S. poIicy. Such acadenic fieedon enpov3
#+( ."#8 ./ /11#+ -#' 0-, (/8#.&8#( 7/-.+/%#+(&06 *#+(*#7.&%#(
in lhe inleiesl of fuilheiing delale on key issues. This iepoil is
cIeaied foi pulIic ieIease, disliilulion is unIiniled.
:::::
This pulIicalion is suljecl lo TilIe 17, Uniled Slales Code, Sec3
lions 1O1 and 1O5. Il is in lhe pulIic donain and nay nol le copy3
iighled.
&&
:::::
Connenls peilaining lo lhis iepoil aie inviled and shouId
le foivaided lo: Diiecloi, Slialegic Sludies Inslilule, U.S. Ainy
Wai CoIIege, 47 Ashluin Diive, CaiIisIe, IA 17O13.
:::::
AII Slialegic Sludies Inslilule (SSI) pulIicalions nay le
dovnIoaded fiee of chaige fion lhe SSI velsile. Haid copies of
lhis iepoil nay aIso le ollained fiee of chaige vhiIe suppIies
Iasl ly pIacing an oidei on lhe SSI velsile. SSI pulIicalions nay
le quoled oi iepiinled in pail oi in fuII vilh peinission and ap3
piopiiale ciedil given lo lhe U.S. Ainy Slialegic Sludies Insli3
lule, U.S. Ainy Wai CoIIege, CaiIisIe aiiacks, IA. Conlacl SSI
ly visiling oui velsile al lhe foIIoving addiess: uuu.S|ra|cgic
S|udics|ns|i|u|c.arnq.ni|.
:::::
The Slialegic Sludies Inslilule pulIishes a nonlhIy e-naiI
-#'(6#..#+ ./ 2*,0.# ."# -0.&/-06 (#72+&.5 7/882-&.5 /- ."# +#3
seaich of oui anaIysls, iecenl and foilhconing pulIicalions, and
upconing confeiences sponsoied ly lhe Inslilule. Lach nevsIel3
lei aIso piovides a slialegic connenlaiy ly one of oui ieseaich
anaIysls. If you aie inleiesled in ieceiving lhis nevsIellei, pIease
sulsciile on lhe SSI velsile al uuu.S|ra|cgicS|udics|ns|i|u|c.
arnq.ni|;ncus|c||cr/.
ISN 1-58487-544-5
&&&
CONTENT5
Ioievoid ........................................................................v
1. The Caucasus Lniiale }ihadisls:
The Secuiily and Slialegic InpIicalions ...............1
Gcrdcn M. Hann
2. The Noilh Caucasus in Russia and Russia
in lhe Noilh Caucasus: Slale Appioaches
and IoIilicaI Dynanics in lhe
TuiluIenl Region ...................................................99
Scrgcq Mar|cdcnct
3. The Afghanizalion of lhe Noilh
Caucasus: Causes and InpIicalions
of a Changing Conicl ........................................ 121
Stan|c |. Ccrnc||
Aloul lhe Conliilulois .............................................155
%
FOREWORD
The Uniled Slales has had a lillei sel of expeiiences
vilh insuigencies and counleiinsuigency opeialions,
lul il is ly no neans aIone in having lo confionl such
lhieals and chaIIenges. Indeed, accoiding lo Russian
Iiesidenl Dniliy Medvedev, lhe giealesl doneslic
lhieal lo Russias secuiily is lhe ongoing insuigency
in lhe Noilh Caucasus. This insuigency giev oul of
Russias vais in Chechnya and has gone on foi sevei3
aI yeais, vilh no end in sighl. Yel il is haidIy knovn in
lhe Wesl and laieIy coveied even ly expeils. In viev
of lhis insuigencys slialegic inpoilance and lhe facl
lhal lhe U.S. niIilaiy can and nusl Ieain foi olhei con3
lenpoiaiy vais, lhe Slialegic Sludies Inslilule (SSI)
feIl lhe need lo liing lhis vai lo oui ieadeis allenlion
and shed noie Iighl upon lolh sides, lhe IsIanisl (and
nalionaIisl) ieleIs and Russia, as lhey vage eilhei an
insuigency oi counleiinsuigency canpaign.
<"&6# ."# #%&,#-. 0-, *+&80+5 702(# /1 ."&( 72+3
ienl vai is Russian nisiuIe in lhe Noilh Caucasus in
lhe conlexl of lhe Chechen vais, il aIso is liue lhal
Russia is nov facing a seIf-piocIained fundanenlaI3
isl, SaIah-oiienled, IsIanisl chaIIenge, lhal openIy
piocIains ils Iinks lo aI-Qaeda and vhose avoved
ain is lhe delachnenl of lhe Noilh Caucasus fion lhe
Russian Iedeialion. Theiefoie, ve shouId have a sul3
slanliaI inleiesl in sciulinizing lhe couise of lhis vai
lolh foi ils ieaI-voiId slialegic inpIicalions and foi
lhe Iessons lhal ve can gainei ly cIose anaIysis of il.
The lhiee papeis piesenled heie aie ly veII-knovn
expeils and veie deIiveied al SSIs lhiid annuaI con3
feience on Russia lhal look pIace al CaiIisIe, IA, on
Seplenlei 26-27, 2O11. This confeience, Iike ils piede3
cessois, had as ils goaI lhe assenlIage of Russian, Lu3
iopean, and Aneiican expeils lo engage in a ieguIai,
open, and candid diaIogue on ciilicaI issues in con3
lenpoiaiy secuiily, lhis paneI ieaIized lhal anlilion,
as Di. Hahn is Aneiican, Di. Maikedonov is Russian,
and Di. CoineII is Svedish.
SSI leIieves lhal such ieguIai inleinalionaI dia3
Iogue pIays an inpoilanl ioIe in expanding lhe iepei3
loiie of ideas and polenliaI couise of aclion avaiIalIe
lo Ainy and olhei slialegic Ieadeis, and ve Iook foi3
vaid lo conlinuing lhis piocess in lhe fuluie. eaiing
lhese oljeclives in nind and vilh lhe goaI of infoin3
ing senioi Ainy and olhei slialegic Ieadeis aloul con3
lenpoiaiy slialegic and niIilaiy deveIopnenls, SSI
is pIeased lo piesenl lhis nonogiaph lo oui ieadeis
foi lheii consideialion. We hope lhal il viII slinuIale
fuilhei delale, ieeclion, and Ieaining anong oui
ieadeis, as lhe issues of insuigency and counleiinsui3
gency, as veII as IsIanisl-diiven leiioiisn, viII nol go
avay anyline soon.
DOUCLAS C. LOVLLACL, }R.
Diiecloi
Slialegic Sludies Inslilule
%&
1
CHAPTER 1
THE CAUCA5U5 EMIRATE JIHADI5T5:
THE 5ECURITY AND 5TRATEGIC
IMPLICATION5
Gnrdnn M. Hahn
In 1994, lefoie lhe oullieak of lhe hisl posl-Soviel
Russo-Chechen vai, ShaniI asaev, lhe Ieading op3
eialive of lhe lhen seIf-decIaied independenl Chechen
RepulIic of Ichkeiiya (ChRI), look a gioup of sone 3O
nen fion his lallaIion of Alkhaz hghleis lo Osana
lin Ladens aI-Qaeda (AQ) liaining canps in Khosl,
Afghanislan.
1
Iion lhis eeling lul neveilheIess sen3
inaI conlacl lelveen lhe ChRI and AQ, an incieasing3
Iy cIosei ieIalionship giaduaIIy deveIoped lelveen
Chechen as veII as olhei Caucasus nalionaIisl and
Suh IsIanic insuigenls on lhe one hand, and AQ and
lhe luigeoning gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl
on lhe olhei. Aflei noie lhan a decade of evoIulion,
lhis liend cuIninaled in lhe fuII SaIahzalion oi lak3
hiizalion of lhe ChRIs ideoIogy and lhe jihadizalion
of ils goaIs, opeialions, and laclics.
=
<&." ."# ,&((/623
lion of ChRI ly ils lhen Iiesidenl Dokku Alu Us3
nan Unaiov in Oclolei 2OO7 and his ciealion of lhe
Caucasus Lniiale (CL) in ils pIace, lhe SaIahzalion
and jihadizalion piocesses veie nade ofhciaI.
<# 70- */&-. ./ 0 (#+&#( /1 107./+( ."0. 1/+ 8/+#
lhan a decade diove lhe iadicaIizalion and jihadiza3
lion of lhe Chechen/Caucasus nujahedin. These fac3
lois incIude: lhe inuence of lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIu3
lionaiy novenenl and ideoIogy ieaIized lhiough lhe
Inleinel and olhei neans, liulaI Russian vaihghling
and counleiinsuigency nelhods, lhe Noilh Cauca3
=
suss coIoniaI expeiience al lhe hands of lhe Russians,
lhe iegions ieIaliveIy Iov slandaid of Iiving and so3
cioecononic deveIopnenl, coiiupl and ineffeclive Io3
caI and Russian goveinance, and, Caucasus cuslons
of lIood ievenge and nailiaI couiage. Whal is cIeai
is lhal lhe CL is an expIicilIy seIf-idenlihed gIolaI
jihadisl oiganizalion. Sonevhal leIaledIy in May
2O11, lhe CL vas pIaced on lhe U.S. Slale Depailnenls
Iisl of speciaIIy designaled inleinalionaI leiioiisl
oiganizalions.
SliII, lhe oveivheIning veighl of jouinaIislic,
anaIylicaI, and acadenic voik on lhe vioIence in lhe
Noilh Caucasus lends lo avoid nenlion of lhe gIolaI
jihads ioIe in lhe iegion, lhe alliacliveness of jihad3
&(8 ./ 0 7/-(&(.#-. */+.&/- /1 5/2." 07+/(( ."# #-.&+#
unna, oi lhe inuence of lhese faclois on lhe CLs
ideoIogy, goaIs, slialegy, and laclics. The focus is
aInosl aIvays on faclois ieIaled lo Russian iespon3
siliIily foi lhe geneiicaIIy naned vioIence: lhe foin
of siIoviki liulaIily, pooi goveinance, and econonic
dependence and Iiniled inveslnenl in lhe iegions
deveIopnenl. Civen lhis chapleis puipose of piovid3
ing a slialegic lhieal assessnenl of lhe cuiienl CL in3
suigency in Russias Noilh Caucasus and ils lioadei
iegionaI inpIicalions, il viII focus on lhe CLs lheo-
ideoIogy, goaIs, slialegies, laclics, and capacily lo de3
Iivei vioIence inside Russia. Civen lhe CLs nev pIace
vilhin lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance, I viII
aIso Iook al lhe CLs lioadei slialegic iegionaI and
gIolaI secuiily inpIicalions.
3
THE CAUCA5U5 EMIRATE: THEO-IDEOLOGY,
GOAL5, 5TRATEGY, AND OPERATIONAL
CAPACITY
The CLs ideoIogy and goaIs aie nov dehned en3
liieIy ly lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenls
SaIah lakhiisn and jihadisn. They have lioadened
#)*/-#-.&0665 ./ &-762,# -/. /-65 ."# &-.#+-0.&/-063
isl aspiialions of lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aI3
Iiance lul aIso an expanded vision of lhe CLs lei3
iiloiiaI cIains. Those cIains nov exlend leyond lhe
pan-Caucasus goaI of lhe eniiale lo aII of Russias
MusIin Iands, dehned so lioadIy as lo enconpass aII
of Russia foi aII inlenls and puiposes. OpeialionaIIy,
I discuss lhe CLs vide iange of laclics, incIuding lhe
use of lhe lypicaIIy jihadi islishkhad, lhal is, nailyi3
don oi suicide opeialions.
Thc CE's 5a!ast Thcn-Idcn!ngy.
The SaIahsl lheo-ideoIogy nade seiious inioads
leginning in lhe inlei-vai peiiod and ieached ciili3
caI nass in 2OO2 vhen a ChRI shuia suloidinaled lhe
ChRI conslilulion lo Shaiiah Iav, appioved a slialegy
of liinging jihad lo lhe enliie Noilh Caucasus, and
appoinled lhe IsIanisl-oiienled AlduI KhaIin Sadu3
Iaev as Chaiinan of lolh lhe nev iuIing MadzhIi3
suI Shuias Shaiiah Lav Connillee and lhe Shaiiah
Couil, and designaled hin successoi lo ChRI piesi3
denl and foinei Soviel geneiaI AsIan Maskhadov.
3
Wilh Unaiovs decIaialion of lhe CL in Oclolei 2OO7,
lhe nonopoIy of lhe SaIahsl lheo-ideoIogy and ils vio3
Ienl univeisaI jihadisn ovei lhe Noilh Caucasus nu3
jahedin vas fuIIy secuied and inslilulionaIized. The
4
CLs ideoIogy is nov pieciseIy lhe sane SaIahsl lheo-
ideoIogy as lhal pioseIylized ly AQ and olhei gioups
in lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance (gIolaI ji3
had) and novenenl.
The key eIenenls of lhis lheo-ideoIogy aie lavhid,
lakhi, jihad, and nailyidon. These piincipIes have
leen eIaloialed upon in gieal delaiI ly lhiee succes3
sive CL Shaiiah Couil qadis (judges oi nagisliales).
Of lhe lhiee, il vas lhe CLs hisl Shaiial Couil qadi
SeifuIIah Anzoi Asleniiov, vho nosl effecliveIy
piopagaled lhe piincipIes of |aunid 0-, |a|jr. As3
leniiov, Iike nany of lhe CLs young geneialion of
Ieadeis, sludied IsIan alioad in lhe Iale 199Os le3
foie luining lo SaIahsn and jihadisn. Appoinled
ly CL anii Unaiov as lhe CLs qadi in eaiIy 2OO8,
Asleniiov founded lhe velsile, |s|andin.ccn9 '"&7"
incoipoialed his Iiliaiy of foieign SaIah jihadi lexls,
audiolapes, and videos.
4
y lhen, |s|andin.ccn 0-,
lhe olhei CL viIaiyals velsiles caiiied jihadi Iileia3
luie excIusiveIy, incIuding nuneious liansIalions of
lhe viilings of Ieading iadicaI Saudi, Lgyplian, Iiaqi,
and Iakislani jihadisl lheoIogians, ideoIogisls, and
piopagandisls, incIuding AQs Osana lin Laden and
Aynan aI-Zavahiii,
5
lhe Aneiican Yeneni-lased AQ
in lhe Aialian IeninsuIa (AQAI) Ieadei Anvai AI-
AvIaki, and, lens of olheis.
6
CL siles nov posl Rus3
sian-Ianguage sunnaiies and liansIalions of edilions
of and ailicIes fion AQs LngIish-Ianguage jouinaI |n-
spirc and vilhin days of lin Ladens dealh pulIished
al Ieasl 15 ailicIes, announcenenls, and leslinoniaIs.
7
Anong lhe nosl pioninenl of lhe foieign jihadi
lheo-ideoIogisls vho Asleniiov fealuied on |s|an-
din.ccn vas lhe }oidanian Sheikh Alu Muhannad
Asen aI-Maqdisi. Accoiding lo lhe Uniled Slales
MiIilaiy Acadenys Conlaling Teiioiisn Cenlei
5
(CTC) anong olheis, Maqdisi is lhe nosl inuenliaI
Iiving }ihadi Theoiisl and lhe key conlenpoiaiy
ideoIogue in lhe }ihadi inleIIecluaI univeise, and
his velsile Minoar a|-]inad ua|-Taunid is aI-Qa`idas
nain onIine Iiliaiy and veiy iepiesenlalive of }i3
hadi Iileialuie.
8
Asleniiov and Maqdisi sliuck up a
76/(# (.2,#-.38#-./+ +#60.&/-("&* /1 7/++#(*/-,#-7#
and consuIlalions lhal vouId cenenl lhe CLs aIIiance
vilh AQ and lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy nove3
nenl. Asleniiov liansIaled and geneiousIy ciled
Maqdisis voiks. Asleniiovs key video Iecluie On
Tavhid vas lased on Maqdisis Mi||a| |oranin (Tnc
Rc|igicn cf Aoranan), lolh leconing slapIes on CL and
olhei jihadi velsiles.
9
Maqdisis velsile legan pul3
Iishing ailicIes aloul lhe CL, vhich veie liansIaled
inlo Russian and posled on CL siles.
1O
Maqdisi en3
doised lhe CL in Seplenlei 2OO9 as a feivenl gIolaI
jihadi oiganizalion, piaising Asleniiov foi his IsIanic
knovIedge.
11
In Seplenlei 2O1O Maqdisi uiged Mus3
Iins lo suppoil lhe CL, so lhe Lniiale lecones lhe
dooi lo Laslein Luiope.
12
Since lhen, lhe CL has en3
leied Luiope.
The lheoIogicaI eIenenls of lavhid and lakhi aie
encoded in Shaiiah Iav on lhe lasis of lhe Koian and
Sunna as inleipieled ly liue (and seIf-seIecled) SaIah
Ieadeis. They have piofound poIilicaI, econonic, and
opeialionaI inpIicalions, since lhey dehne jihadisls
poIilicaI ideoIogy and goaIs and lheiely lheii niIilai3
iIy slialegy and laclics.
13
Tauid, /+ (.+&7. 8/-/."#&(89
iequiies lhal MusIins voiship onIy AIIah, even voi3
ship of, oi piayeis lo lhe Iiophel Mohanned aie foi3
lidden. This puls lhe CLs ideoIogy vilhin lhe nain3
sliean of gIolaI jihadisn lul decidedIy al odds vilh
lhe Noilh Caucasuss chief IsIanic lendency, Suhsn,
vhich hoIds a pioninenl pIace foi piayei lo Suh sainls
6
and leacheis, lhe ciealion of shiines al lheii giaves,
and piayeis lo lhe Iiophel Mohanned. Tavhidisns
caII lo iaise lhe void oi iaise lhe ieIigion of AIIah
alove aII olheis inuences eveiy aspecl of lhe jihadi
lheo-ideoIogy and poIilicaI phiIosophy. Il iendeis
aII olhei ideoIogies and idenlilies~denociacy, con3
82-&(89 (/7&06&(89 -0.&/-06&(89 0-, 760(( /+ #."-&7
idenlily~lo le saciiIegious. Ils excIusivisl focus on
lhe Deilys viII foi guidance in aII nalleis, piesup3
poses lhe possiliIily lhal lhis viII is nade piivy lo lhe
novenenls Ieadeis, opening lhe vay lo a lolaIilaiian
nonopoIy ovei lhoughl and povei.
Much as inleinalionaI connunisns paily of pio3
fessionaI ievoIulionaiies veie affoided a vanguaid
ioIe in divining vhal vas lesl foi lhe pioIelaiial,
undei jihadisl lheo-ideoIogy lhe povei lo inleipiel
AIIahs viII devoIves ly defauIl lo a snaII coleiie of
Ieadeis (aniis), lheoIogians (uIena and qadis), and
ideoIogisls anong lhe nujahedin, iegaided as lhe
nosl devoul and connilled of lhe unnas MusIins.
The speciaI knovIedge, failh, and connilnenl of lhe
nujahedin vanguaid~lhe aniis and qadis~juslify
lheii nonopoIy on lhe inleipielalion of lhe Koian and
Sunna. Accoiding lo Asleniiov and olhei jihadisls,
lhe aniis, advised ly Shaiiah couil qadis, possess dic3
laloiiaI poveis lo lake uniIaleiaI decisions on lhe nosl
inpoilanl queslions, such as lhal laken ly Unaiov in
foinalion of lhe CL. The CL anii hoIds lhe uIlinale
ieins in a ciicuIai ov of povei, as he appoinls lhe
aniis and qadis foi each of ils Iaigesl sulsliucluies~
lhe CL viIaiyals (fion lhe Aialic void veIaiyal foi
piovinces oi goveinales). The anii cannol le chaI3
Ienged on any decision unIess he is deened ly a qadi
lo have devialed fion Shaiiah Iav as inleipieled ly
lhe qadi vhon he has appoinled.
14
The qadis aulhoi3
7
ily lo advise and conhin lhe decisions of lhe aniis
gives lhen gieal povei. CL and sone viIaiyal qadis
"0%# *0((#, ,#0." (#-.#-7#(9 (/8# /1 '"&7" "0%#
leen caiiied oul.
15
Nol suipiisingIy lhen, Asleniiov
and olhei jihadi Ieadeis iegaid denocialic inslilu3
lions and piinaiy aIIegiance lo counliy oi nalionaI3
&.5 0( 804/+ ,#%&0.&/-( 1+/8 8/-/."#&(8 0-, ."2(
saciiIege, even nanifeslalions of nonleIief. SiniIaiIy,
aII olhei phiIosophies, aIIegiances oi inleiesls lhal in3
leivene lelveen lhe aII-knoving aniis and qadis and
lheii inleipielalion of lhe hoIy lexls aie foilidden,
since lhey undeinine MusIins unily in lheii hghl
againsl nonleIief and, noie lo lhe poinl, undeinine
lheii nonopoIy ovei inleipielalion of lhe Koian and
Sunna, lhe foundalions of Shaiiah Iav. Thus, nalionaI3
isn is iejecled as a Iegilinale ideoIogicaI lasis and is
iegaided as a nanifeslalion of nonleIief, foi il pIaces
lhe ieIigion of IsIan leIov elhnicily.
16

Anong SaIahsls and jihadisls vioIaling lhe piin3
cipIe of lavhid ly voishipping lhese faIse gods Ieads
lo vhal is lhe second lasic luiIding lIock of lhe gIolaI
jihads and lhe CLs lheoIogy, lakhiisn, a liend in3
foined ly an exlieneIy excIusivisl dehnilion of vhal
conslilules liue IsIan and a ieaI MusIin. The desig3
nalion of lakhi neans lhe exconnunicalion fion lhe
IsIanic ieIigious connunily and is ieseived foi lhose
MusIins vho aie deened lo have vioIaled fundanen3
laI lenels of IsIan, such as lavhid, in accoidance vilh
SaIahsl inleipielalion. Many lakhiisls hoId lhal lhose
iuIed aposlales nay le suljecl lo lhe dealh penaIly.
>&%#- ."# #).+#8&(. -0.2+# /1 ."#&+ 8/-/."#&(89 .0'3
hidisls and jihadisls have a Iov lhieshoId in deciding
vho shouId le designaled lakhi and suljecled lo lhe
haishesl of penaIlies. Ioi Asleniiov and lhe CL, lhose
vho heIp lhe Russian inhdeI and lhose vho piaclice
Suhsn aie al iisk of lakhi denuncialion.
17
8
The iconocIaslic naluie of lhe lallIe lelveen lhose
vho olseive lhe supposedIy liue SaIah veision of Is3
Ian and lhose vho do nol, vhelhei MusIin oi inhdeI,
Ieads lo lhe jihadisls lhiid nain piincipIe: a kinelic
ialhei lhan conlenpIalive dehnilion of jihad and an
offensive ialhei lhan defensive gIolaI jihadisn. Ralh3
ei lhan IsIans liadilionaI enphasis on lhe giealei
jihad of lhe innei seaich foi failh in AIIah, lakhiisls
iequiie lhal aII MusIins suppoil lo lhe lesl of lheii
aliIily an IsIanic vai againsl nonleIieveis, vhelhei
Chiislian, }ev, Hindu, secuIaiisl oi any olhei non-
MusIin ieIigion, as veII as faIIen MusIin aposlales,
olheivise, lhey lhenseIves can le suljecl lo lakhi and
le deened laigels of lhe jihad. The inpIicalion of lak3
hiisn is lhal lhe voiId is divided inlo lvo canps: lhe
lakhii jihadisls and eveiyone eIse. The calhoIic naluie
of lhis schisn conlines vilh lhe geneiaI liend lovaid
gIolaIizalion fosleied ly lechnoIogy lo push SaIahsls
lovaids a gIolaI ialhei lhan a IocaI vision of jihad.
Since neilhei elhnicily noi slale loideis can liunp lhe
piincipIe of iaising IsIans void alove aII olheis, lhe
jihad cannol le conhned lo specihc iegions oi laigel3
ed allacks, il nusl le caiiied oul gIolaIIy. Civen lhe
naxinaIisl, sacied, and lviIighl naluie of lhe sliuggIe
lelveen lhe alode of IsIan and lhe alode of lhe in3
hdeI in lhe lakhiisl jihadis vision, lhe jihadisls pei3
nil lhenseIves ialhei exlienisl nelhods lo naxinize
lheii capacily lo allain lhe goaI. Using IsIanic hoIy
lexls fiequenl piaise foi nailyidon in lallIe vilh lhe
inhdeI duiing lhe eaiIy cenluiies of IsIans expansion
acioss lhe Aialian IeninsuIa and leyond, jihadisls
ioulineIy pioseIylize, liain, and depIoy lhe uIlinale
foin of seIf-saciihciaI nailyidon, (islishkhad)~lhal
is, suicide opeialions. The aliIily lo offei ones Iife foi
lhe jihad is inconlioveililIe evidence of ones puiily
9
and cIoseness lo AIIah.
18
!"# +#80&-,#+ /1 ."&( 7"0*.#+
denonsliales lhal aII of lhese jihadi lenels have le3
cone pail and paiceI of lhe CLs lheo-ideoIogy, le3
havioi and aspiialions.
Thc CE's Gna!s and 5tratcgIc VIsInn.
The ChRIs inpIicilIy expanding pan-Caucasus
anlilions lecane expIicil and inslilulionaIized in Oc3
lolei 2OO7 vilh Dokku Alu Usnan Unaiovs dec3
Iaialion of lhe CL.
19
Unaiovs decIaialion of lhe CL
cIained nol onIy donain ovei lhe enliie Noilh Cau3
casus fion lhe Caspian lo Iack Seas, lul il aIso in3
cIuded a decIaialion of jihad againsl lhe Uniled Slales,
Cieal iilain, IsiaeI, and any counliy hghling Mus3
Iins anyvheie on lhe gIole.
2O
!"# 2-&60.#+06 -0.2+# /1
lhis decision, aIlhough pionpled and suppoiled ly
lolh foieign jihadisls and nany Noilh Caucasus nu3
jahedin as veII as ly lheii IsIanic lexls, denonsliales
lhe lolaIilaiian essence of lhe SaIah lakhiisn. In oi3
dei lo achieve lheii IocaI eniiale, Unaiov divided lhe
Caucasus nujahedin inlo sone hve viIaiyals IooseIy
lased aIong lhe leiiiloiiaI loideis of Russias Noilh
Caucasus iepulIics: lhe Nokchicho (Chechnya) ViIai3
yal (NV), lhe Dageslan ViIaiyal (DV), lhe CaIgaiche
ViIaiyal (CV) coveiing Ingushelia and Noilh Osseliya,
lhe Uniled ViIaiyal of Kalaidiya, aIkaiiya, and Ka3
iachai (OVKK) coveiing lhe iepulIics of Kalaidino-
aIkaiia (KR) and Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya, and, lhe
Nogai Sleppe ViIaiyal (NSV) coveiing Kiasnodai and
SlaviopoI Kiais. Lxcepl foi lhe NSV, vhich has nevei
leen fuIIy deveIoped, each is headed ly an anii vilh
siniIai diclaloiiaI poveis. The chief lheo-ideoIogicaI
hguie is lhe viIaiyals shaiiah couil qadi. Qadis sone3
lines aie aniis sinuIlaneousIy.
1O
In a May 2O11 inleiviev, Unaiov again eIaloialed
on lhe CLs expansive goaIs:
We considei lhe CL and Russia as a singIe lhealei of
vai.
We aie nol in a huiiy. The palh has leen chosen, ve
knov oui lasks, and ve viII nol luin lack, InshaAIIah,
fion lhis palh. Today, lhe lallIeheId is nol jusl Chech3
nya and lhe Caucasus Lniiale, lul aIso lhe vhoIe |ofj
Russia. The silualion is visilIe lo eveiylody vho has
eyes. The }ihad is spieading, sleadiIy and inevilalIy,
eveiyvheie.
I have aIieady nenlioned lhal aII lhose ailihciaI
loideis, adninislialive divisions, vhich lhe Taghul
diev, nean nolhing lo us. The days vhen ve vanled
lo secede and dieaned of luiIding a snaII Chechen
Kuvail in lhe Caucasus aie ovei. Nov, vhen you leII
lhe young Mujahedeen aloul lhese sloiies, lhey aie
(2+*+&(#, 0-, '0-. ./ 2-,#+(.0-, "/' ."/(# *60-(
ieIaled lo lhe Koian and lhe Sunnah.
AIhanduIiIIah! I sonelines lhink lhal AIIah has
caIIed lhese young peopIe lo lhe }ihad, so lhal ve, lhe
oIdei geneialion, couId nol sliay fion lhe iighl palh.
Nov ve knov lhal ve shouId nol le divided, and
nusl unile vilh oui liolheis in failh. We nusl iecon3
quei Asliakhan, IdeI-UiaI, Sileiia~lhese aie indig3
enous MusIin Iands. And lhen, Cod viIIing, ve shaII
deaI vilh |lhej Moscov Disliicl.
21
The evidence of lhe CLs adoplion of lhe gIolaI
jihads univeisaI goaIs as ils veiy ovn is oveivheIn3
ing. Yel, nosl anaIysls and aclivisls appeai unavaie
oi unviIIing lo acknovIedge lhe facl.
==
Unaiov has
iepealedIy associaled lhe CL vilh lhe gIolaI jihad,
fion his announcenenl decIaiing lhe foundalion of
11
lhe CL and ils jihad againsl anyone hghling againsl
MusIins anyvheie acioss lhe gIole lo his nosl iecenl
Ieliuaiy 2O11 AppeaI lo lhe MusIins of Lgypl and
Tunisia.
23
Ioi exanpIe, in Oclolei 2O1O, Unaiov ad3
diessed lhe gIolaI jihad:
Today, I vanl lo desciile lhe silualion in lhe voiId le3
cause, even if lhousands of kiIoneleis sepaiale us, lhose
nujahedin vho aie caiiying oul }ihad in Afghanislan,
Iakislan, Kashnii and nany, nany olhei pIaces, lhey
aie oui liolheis, and ve loday (vilh lhen) aie insisling
on lhe Iavs of AIIah on lhis eailh.
He aIso noled lhal lhe CL nujahedin foIIov lhe
Afghani jihad cIoseIy ly iadio and Inleinel and lhal
lhe TaIilan aie opposed ly Chiislian-Zionisl foices
Ied ly Aneiica. In liadilionaI jihadi fashion, Una3
iov caIIs jihadisns enenies lhe ainy of IlIis oi lhe
ainy of Salan, uniling lhe Aneiicans, vho loday
confess Chiislian Zionisn, and Luiopean alheisls,
vho do nol confess any of lhe ieIigions. IlIis hghl
so lheie viII le no alode foi IsIan (Dai as-SaIan)
anyvheie on eailh.
24
A Ieading ideoIogisl foi lhe CLs
Ingush nujahedin of ils CaIgaiche (Ingushelia) ViIai3
yal, Alu-l-Tanvii Kavkazskii, Iaid oul in delaiI lhe
conneclion lelveen lhe CLs piospeclive eniiale and
lhe giandei gIolaI caIiphale:
In lhe neai fuluie ve can assune lhal aflei lhe Iil3
eialion of lhe Caucasus, }ihad viII legin in IdeI-UiaI
and Weslein Sileiia. And, of couise ve viII le olIi3
galed lo assisl vilh aII oui slienglh in lhe Iileialion
of oui liolheis Iands fion lhe cenluiies-Iong inhdeI
yoke and in lhe eslalIishnenl lheie of lhe Iavs of lhe
RuIei of lhe WoiIds. Il is aIso possilIe lhal oui heIp
viII le veiy nuch needed in Kazakhslan and CenliaI
Asia, and AIIah has oideied us lo iendei il. And ve,
12
AIIah viIIing, viII deslioy lhe Iavs of lhe inhdeI on
lhe CenliaI Asian Iands in Ieague vilh lhe nujahe3
din of Afghanislan. And il is inpossilIe lo foigel oui
liolheis in lhe Ciinea, vhich is aIso Iand occupied ly
non-leIieveis.
25
The CLs lop qadi has pul il noie expIicilIy and
conciseIy: We aie doing eveiylhing possilIe lo luiId
lhe CaIiphale and piepaie lhe giound foi lhis lo lhe
exlenl of oui capaliIilies.
26
DnmcstIc 5tratcgy.
The CL issues fev docunenls indicaling lheii
slialegy. Hovevei, sone inpIicil slialegic appioach3
es can le skelched fion sone of ils slalenenls and
piopaganda ailicIes. LssenliaIIy, lhe CL is allenpling
lo cieale a ievoIulionaiy silualion lhiough lhe eslal3
Iishnenl of a ciedilIe, aIleinalive cIain on lhe sov3
eieign iighl lo iuIe in lhe Noilh Caucasus and eIse3
vheie in Russia. This slale-luiIding poIilicaI slialegy
incIudes: (1) eslalIishing a judiciaI syslen lased on
Shaiiah couils and qadis, (2) enfoicenenl of Shaiiah
Iav lhiough allacks on ovneis, voikeis, and palions
of ganing, pioslilulion, diinking, and aIcohoI-seIIing
eslalIishnenls, (3) lax coIIeclion in lhe foin of lhe Is3
608&7 .&."# /+ za|qa| lo fund CL niIilaiy, poIice, and
judiciaI funclions, and, (4) a noie expanded piopa3
ganda slialegy focused excIusiveIy on pioseIylizing
lhe SaIahsl lheoIogy and jihadisl ideoIogy ly nuIli3
pIying lhe nunlei of CL-afhIialed velsiles.
27
MiIilaiy
slialegy conpIinenls lhis poIilicaI slialegy, veak3
ening lhe inhdeI slale and iegine ly laigeling slale
inslilulions, ofhciaIs, and peisonneI~civiIian, poIice,
niIilaiy, and inleIIigence aIike.
13
Ciealing a ciedilIe aIleinalive soveieignly ie3
quiies nol sinpIy veakening IocaI lianches of lhe
piesenl Russian iegine and slale lul aIso lhe fed3
eiaI goveinnenl in Moscov and ils afhIiales acioss
lhe fedeialion. Conlined vilh lhe lasic honeIand
slialegy focused on ciealing duaI soveieignly in lhe
Caucasus, lheie is an effoil lo expand opeialions and
evenluaIIy noie slale-luiIding effoils acioss Russia,
using concenlialions of MusIin popuIalions in Ta3
laislan, ashkoiloslan, and eIsevheie as pIalfoins
fion vhich lhe nelvoik couId conceivalIy expand.
Thus, CL anii Unaiov pionised lo Iileiale nol jusl
Kiasnodai Kiai~pail of ils sliII veiy viiluaI Nogai
Sleppe ViIaiyal~lul aIso Asliakhan and lhe enliie
VoIga nega-iegion, vhich vouId incIude Talaislan,
ashkoiloslan, and olhei piedoninanlIy MusIin
Talai-popuIaled iegions in Russias VoIga and UiaIs
IedeiaI Disliicls.
28
SinuIlaneousIy, allacks Iike lhose
on lhe Nevskii Lxpiess Sl. Ieleisluig-Moscov liain
in Novenlei 2OO9, lhe Moscov sulvay syslen in
Maich 2O1O, and Moscovs Donodedovo Aiipoil in
}anuaiy 2O11 seive lhe puipose of leiioiizing lhe Rus3
sian eIile and popuIalion, ciealing poIilicaI disunily,
and undeinining lhe Russian viII lo hghl foi lhe ie3
gions conlinued incIusion in lhe fedeialion.
OpcratInna! CapacIty and TactIcs.
AIlhough lhe CL is oveiIooked ly nosl leiioiisn
/+ 4&"0,&(8 #)*#+.(9 &.( /*#+0.&/-06 70*07&.5 *2.( ."#
Noilh Caucasus a dislanl lhiid anong lhe voiIds
vaiious jihadi fionls lehind lhe Afghanislan-Iakislan
(AfIak) lhealie of AQ incIuding lhe TaIilan and lheii
nuneious aIIies in lhe iegion, and Yenen. In iecenl
yeais, jihadi-ieIaled vioIence in lhe Noilh Caucasus
14
has oulsliipped lhal in Iiaq. Iion Iale Oclolei 2OO7
lhiough }une 2O11, CL nujahedin have caiiied oul
oi leen invoIved in appioxinaleIy 1,8OO allacks and
vioIenl incidenls, vilh an inciease in lhe nunlei of
allacks/incidenls each fuII yeai of lhe CLs exislence,
2OO8-1O.
29
Those 1,8OO allacks have kiIIed appioxi3
naleIy 1,3OO and vounded 2,1OO slale agenls (civiI3
ian ofhciaIs and niIilaiy, inleIIigence, and poIice of3
hciaIs and peisonneI) and kiIIed 3OO and vounded
8OO civiIians, foi a lolaI of sone 4,5OO casuaIlies.
3O
!"&(
anounls lo neaiIy lvo allacks/incidenls and noie
lhan lhiee casuaIlies pei day. Ioi conpaiison, foi lhe
peiiod 2OO8-1O, lheie veie 1,527 U.S./Noilh AlIanlic
Tiealy Oiganizalion (NATO) lioops kiIIed and 9,7O3
U.S./NATO casuaIlies in Afghanislan.
31
Like ils aIIies in lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy
novenenl, lhe CL has caiiied oul speclacuIai and hoi3
iidIy effeclive allacks, in pailicuIai lens of islishkhad
opeialions~lhal is, suicide lonling opeialions. Ioi
exanpIe, in Novenlei 2OO9, lhe CL, peihaps ils Ri3
yadus SaIikhiin Mailyis iigade (RSM), vas lehind
lhe lonling of lhe Moscov-Sl. Ieleisluig Nevskii Lx3
piess high speed liain, vhich kiIIed 21 and vounded
74 civiIians. The expIosion of lhe liain vas foIIoved
ly a second as invesligalois aiiived on lhe scene lhal
sIighlIy vounded seveiaI ofhciaIs. In ApiiI 2OO9 anii
Unaiov announced aflei lhe CLs liadilionaI spiing
pIanning shuia lhal lhe CL had ievived vaiIoid and
noloiious leiioiisl ShaniI asaevs RSM in 2OO8, and
."0. &. "0, 06+#0,5 70++&#, /2. .'/ /*#+0.&/-(9 &-762,3
ing lhe Novenlei 2OO8 suicide lonling of a lus in
VIadikavkaz, Ingushelia, lhal kiIIed 14 and vounded
43 civiIians.
32
In }une 2OO9, lhe noloiious elhnic uiyal-
Russian MusIin conveil AIeksandi Tikhoniiov, a.k.a.
Sheikh Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, nasleininded lhe
15
suicide lonling lhal seveieIy vounded and neaiIy
kiIIed Ingushelia Iiesidenl Yunuslek Yevkuiov and
lhe Augusl 2OO9 suicide lonling of lhe Minisliy of In3
leinaI Affaiis (MVD) disliicl headquaileis in Nazian
lhal kiIIed 24 MVD seivicenen and vounded appiox3
inaleIy 26O peopIe, incIuding 11 chiIdien, on lhe veiy
day lhal Yevkuiov ieluined lo Ingushelia aflei nonlhs
of hospilaIizalion. ased vilh lhe CLs CV nujahedin
and RSM, uiyalskii viole pioIihcaIIy aloul lhe in3
poilance of islishkhad opeialions and his piepaialion
vilh RSM suicide lonleis.
33
The equaIIy noloiious
'SeifuIIah Culdenskii MagonedaIi Vagalov, CL DV
anii and CL qadi in 2O1O unliI his denise in Augusl
of lhal yeai, oiganized lhe doulIe suicide lonling of
lhe Moscov MeliopoIilan sulvay in Maich 2O1O lhal
kiIIed 4O and vounded 1O1 civiIians, incIuding sone
1O liaveIing foieigneis. (olh uiyalskii and Vagalov
ieceived IsIanic educalion alioad lefoie luining lo
jihad, lhe foinei~in Lgypl, Yenen and peihaps Sau3
di Aialia, lhe Iallei in Iakislan.) On anii Unaiovs
oideis, lhe CLs RSM piepaied and dispalched 2O-
yeai oId Ingush Magoned YevIoev fion Ingushelia
lo caiiy oul lhe }anuaiy 2O11 suicide allack in lhe in3
leinalionaI leininaI of Moscovs Donodedovo Aii3
poil lhal kiIIed 37 and vounded 18O.
34
In lolaI, lhe CL
has caiiied oul sone 36 suicide allacks since CL anii
Unaiov ievived lhe RSM: 1 in 2OO8, 16 in 2OO9, 14
in 2O1O, and 5 duiing lhe hisl 6 nonlhs of 2O11. Is3
lishkhad lonling opeialions aie a dislincl synplon
of lhe CLs gIolaI jihadisl lheo-ideoIogy and a syn3
loI of ils aIIiance vilh lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy
novenenl.
16
THE CAUCA5U5 EMIRATE AND THE GLOBAL
JIHADI REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
The CLs jihadizalion of lhe Chechen and Noilh
Caucasus insuigency, in pailicuIai ils aIIiance vilh
lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl, inpails il
slialegic inpoilance. The piocess of lhe SaIahzalion
of lhe ChRIs ianks vas a Iong piocess and vas diiven
ly lolh lhe exleinaI inuence of jihadisl gioups and
lhe veak lul neveilheIess exisling SaIahsl eIenenls
in lhe Noilh Caucasus. The conneclions lelveen AQ
and lhe ChRI veie connon knovIedge ly lhe Iale
199Os anong U.S. Coveinnenl ofhciaIs, inleIIigence
anaIysls, and leiioiisn expeils.
35
Il vas veII-knovn
and veII-docunenled as eaiIy as lhe nid-199Os, foi
exanpIe, lhal lhe noloiious Alu Iln aI-Khallal vas
an AQ opeialive and foughl in lhe Noilh Caucasus.
The decIassihed Defense InleIIigence Agencys (DIA)
Suif| Knign| Rcpcr| docunenls nol jusl Khallals deep
invoIvenenl, lul aIso lhal of AQ and Osana lin Lad3
en peisonaIIy vilh lhe ChRI in lhe nid-199Os.
36
Aflei lhe visil ly asaev and his elhnic Ciicassian
oi Akhaz hghleis lo Afghanislan, olhei iadicaI nalion3
aIisl and Suh Chechen and Caucasus Ieadeis foIIoved
vilh visils lo lin Laden. An inpoilanl lul oflen ovei3
Iooked DIA docunenl delaiIs lhe iesuIls of sone of
lhose visils occuiiing in 1997. Thus, seveiaI lines in
1997 in Afghanislan lin Laden nel vilh iepiesenla3
lives of MovIady (MovIadi) Udugovs paily 'IsIanic
Way (IsIanskii Iul) and iepiesenlalives of Chechen
and Dageslani Wahhaliles fion Cudeines, Ciozny,
and Kaianakhi.
37
Udugov vouId lecone lhe chief
ideoIogisl and piopagandisl foi lolh lhe ChRI and
CL foi a decade oi noie. The viIIage of Kaianakhi
vouId le lhe Iocus of one of lhe seIf-decIaied SaIah
17
IsIanic slales lhal popped up inleinillenlIy in lhe Iale
199Os and lhe focaI poinl of Khallals, asaevs, and
agauldins incuisions and uIlinale fuII-scaIe inva3
sion of Dageslan in }uIy and Augusl 1999 lhal kicked
off lhe second posl-Soviel Russo-Chechen vai. The
iesuIl of lhis IocaI-gIolaI nexus iooled in a connon
lheo-ideoIogy, nuluaI liaining canps, and oveiIap3
ping peisonneI vas a giaduaI lul signihcanl spiead
of SaIahsn and excIusionaiy lakhiisn anong young
MusIins acioss lhe Caucasus, ciealing an unpiec3
edenled ieciuilnenl pooI foi lolh lhe IocaI and gIolaI
jihads.
AQ and lhe Caucasus IsIanic sepaialisls agieed lo
cieale a jihadisl novenenl and insuigency acioss Rus3
sia vilh AQ suppIying funding, liaining, and hghleis
lovaids lhe goaI of allacking Russians and Weslein3
eis. AQ noney funded lhe eslalIishnenl of liaining
canps in Chechnya and Ceoigias Iankisi Coige, a
sleady suppIy of liaineis foi lhose canps, and hghl3
eis vho spiead oul acioss Chechnya and lhe Noilh
Caucasus liinging lhe nessage of SaIhsn and gIolaI
jihadisn lo lhe ChRI insuigenls and lheii sliII veiy
fev aIIies in olhei Noilh Caucasus iegions such as lhe
RepulIic of Dageslan and lhe RepulIic of Kalaidino-
aIkaiia (KR).
38
The DIA docunenl delaiIs AQs
pIans foi lhe Noilh Caucasus and Russias MusIins:
|RjadicaI IsIanic (piedoninanlIy Sunni) iegines aie
lo le eslalIished and suppoiled eveiyvheie pos3
silIe, incIuding osnia, AIlania, Chechnya, Dageslan,
lhe enliie Noilh Caucasus fion sea lo sea, CenliaI
Asian iepulIics, Talaislan, ashkoiloslan, aII of Rus3
sia, Afghanislan, Iakislan, Tuikey, Indonesia, MaIay3
sia, AIgeiia, Moiocco, Lgypl, Tunisia, Sudan, and lhe
slales of lhe Ieisian CuIf. Teiioiisl aclivilies aie lo le
conducled againsl Aneiicans and Wesleineis, Isiae3
18
Iis, Russians (piedoninanlIy Cossacks), Seils, Chi3
nese, Ainenians, and disIoyaI MusIins. . . .
SpeciaI allenlion shouId le given lo lhe Noilhein Cau3
casus, and especiaIIy Chechnya since lhey aie iegaid3
ed as aieas unieachalIe ly sliikes fion lhe Wesl. The
inlenl is lo cieale a nevIy deveIoped lase foi liaining
leiioiisls. Anii Khallal and nine olhei niIilanls of
Usan en (sic) Laden veie senl lheie vilh passpoils
of Aial counliies. They voik as niIilaiy insliuclois in
Khallals lhiee schooIs, lhey aIso voik as insliuclois
in lhe ainy of Chechnya. Tvo noie schooIs aie leing
oiganized in Ingusheliya and Dageslan.
39
VoIunleeis fion len Ladens 'chaiily socielies fion
Iakislan and Afghanislan venl lo Chechnya and lhe
Noilhein Caucasus foi a nev iound of jihad againsl
Cossacks and Russia.
4O
These AQ-afhIilaled chaiily socielies ensuied a
sleady ov of AQ funds, SaIahsl Wahhali Iileialuie,
and equipnenl lo lhe iegion. The DIAs Suif| Knign|
Rcpcr|, 0( '#66 0( -28#+/2( .+&06 .+0-(7+&*.(9 ,/728#-.
lhe suppoil iendeied ly lhe AQ-afhIialed enevoIenl
InleinalionaI Ioundalion (II) and AI-Haianain lo
lhe ChRI oi al Ieasl ils iadicaI ving leginning in lhe
eaiIy 199Os.
41
The U.S. ciininaI pioseculion of II
foi suppoiling leiioiisl aclivily ieveaIs nuch aloul
lhe AQ-II-ChRI conneclion. AQ used II foi lhe
novenenl of noney lo fund ils opeialions and lhe
suppoil of peisons liying lo ollain chenicaI and
nucIeai veapons on lehaIf of AQ, and II funded
and suppIied lhe Chechen sepaialisl nujahedin le3
foie, duiing, and aflei lhe hisl Chechen-Russian vai
lefoie Moscov foiced II lo shul dovn ils opeialions
in Russia.
42
AQ iuIing MajIisuI Shuia nenlei Seif
aI-IsIan aI-Masiy vas an ofhcei in IIs Ciozny of3
19
hce, vhich noved lo Ingushelia in 1998.
43
A II of3
hcei had diiecl deaIings vilh iepiesenlalives of lhe
Chechen nujahideen (gueiiiIIas oi fieedon hghleis)
as veII as Hezl i IsIani, a niIilaiy gioup opeialing in
Afghanislan and Azeilaijan.
44
IIs voik vilh Hezl
i IsIani in Azeilaijan vas IikeIy ieIaled lo AQs coi3
iidoi lo lhe Noilh Caucasus noled in lhe DIA docu3
nenl. II voiked lo piovide lhe Chechen nujahedin
vilh ieciuils, doclois, nedicine, noney, an X-iay
nachine, and anli-nine lools, anong olhei lhings.
45
eginning aiound 2OOO, lhe pio-Khallal and IikeIy
AQ-lacked velsile, Qcqaz.nc| (Qoqaz is Aialic foi
Caucasus) soughl fundeis and ieciuils foi lhe Chechen
jihad. Qcqaz.nc|9 Qcqaz.cc.u|9 lcos|cragc.ccn/~azzan9
0-, laaqian.ccn veie ciealed and suppoiled ly lhe
AQ-afhIialed Azzan IulIicalions iun ly alai Ah3
nad, lolh lased in London. Azzan IulIicalions pio3
duced nuneious video discs fealuiing lhe leiioiisl
allacks caiiied oul ly Khallal and asaev as veII as
olhei ChRI opeialions.
46
Accoiding lo lhe U.S. indicl3
nenl of Ahnad, lhiough Azzan he
piovided, lhiough lhe ciealion and use of vaiious
inleinel velsiles, enaiI connunicalion, and olhei
8#0-(9 #)*#+. 0,%&7# 0-, 0((&(.0-7#9 7/882-&703
lions equipnenl, niIilaiy ilens, cuiiency, nonelaiy
insliunenls, hnanciaI seivices, peisonneI designed
lo ieciuil and assisl lhe Chechen Mujahideen and lhe
TaIilan, and iaise funds foi vioIenl jihad in Afghani3
slan, Chechnya, and olhei pIaces.
Azzans vel siles veie ciealed foi connunicaling
vilh: (1) nenleis of lhe TaIilan, Chechen Mujahi3
deen, and associaled gioups, (2) olheis vho soughl
lo suppoil vioIenl jihad ly pioviding naleiiaI sup3
poil, (3) individuaIs vho vished lo join lhese gioups,
2O
soIicil donalions, and aiiange noney liansfeis, and,
(4) lhose vho soughl lo puichase videolapes depicl3
ing vioIenl jihad in Chechnya, osnia, Afghanislan,
and olhei Iands of jihad, and lhe loiluie and kiIIing
of capluied Russian lioops. Videolapes, incIuding
lhose euIogizing dead hghleis, veie inlended lo heIp
0-, &-,##, '#+# 2(#, ./ (/6&7&. ,/-0.&/-( 1/+ ."# 4&"0,
in Chechnya and Afghanislan. ?"80, 06(/ 0((&(.#,
leiioiisls lo secuie lenpoiaiy iesidence in London,
and lo liaveI lo Afghanislan and Chechnya in oidei lo
pailicipale in jihad. He aIso assisled leiioiisls in pio3
cuiing canouage suils, gIolaI posilioning syslen
(CIS) equipnenl, and, olhei naleiiaIs and infoina3
lion. Ahnad even pul ShaniI asaev in louch vilh
an individuaI vho had liaveIed lo lhe Uniled Slales
&- /+,#+ ./ +0&(# 8/-#5 0-, *2+7"0(# 1//.'0+8#+( 1/+
lhe ChRI hghleis.
47
Docunenls found in IIs liash ieveaIed lhal 42
peicenl of ils ludgel vas spenl on Chechnya. Duiing
a 4-nonlh peiiod in 2OOO, II funneIed $685,OOO lo
Chechnya in 19 viie lank liansfeis lhiough lhe Ceoi3
gian ReIief Associalion (CRA) in TliIisi and vaiious
II accounls acioss lhe ConnonveaIlh of Indepen3
denl Slales (CIS), accoiding lo Cililank iecoids inlio3
duced lo lhe couil. The CRA vas acluaIIy a II fionl
oiganizalion and vas iun ly lhe liolhei of Chechen
heId connandei Chansoudin AviaIigov, vho vas
opeialing in AQs liaining canp in Ceoigias Iankisi
Coige.
48
Civen lhal II vas alIe lo funclion in Russia
foi neaiIy a decade, cIains nade ly Russian ofhciaIs
lhal AQ senl lens of niIIions of doIIais lo lhe Noilh
Caucasus nujahedin aie pIausilIe. One expeil cIains
lhal AQ has funneIed $25 niIIion lo lhe Chechen ie3
sislance incIuding a one-line conliilulion in 2OOO of
$2 niIIion, foui Slingei nissiIes, 7OO pIaslic expIosive
21
packs anounling lo ovei 35O kiIogians, ienole delo3
nalois, and nedicaI suppIies.
49
asaev acknovIedged
in a 2OO4 inleiviev ieceiving funds fion inleinalionaI
IsIanisls on a ieguIai lasis, peihaps undeislaling
lhe anounl he ieceived lhal yeai al sone $2O lhou3
sand.
5O
Despile lhe ciackdovn on Saudi-sponsoied
and AQ-lied foundalions Iike lhe II and lhe dealhs
of Khallal in 2OO3 and asaev in 2OO6, lolh lhe ChRI
and lhen ils successoi oiganizalion lhe CL conlinued
lo ieceive foieign funding fion MiddIe Laslein con3
liilulions funneIed lhiough foieign and AQ-lied nu3
jahedin lhiough 2O1O.
51
Theie veie lvo piincipaI hguies invoIved in Iead3
ing AQs voik in Chechnya and lhe Noilh Caucasus:
Khallal, vho luined high-ianking ChRI vaiIoid and
Iiine Minislei ShaniI asaev lo SaIah gIolaI jihadisn
and logelhei vilh hin ian liaining canps and nunei3
ous opeialions, and Alu Sayif, vho headed lhe Saudi
IIs ofhce in Ciozny lefoie lhe second vai and ian
connunicalions and lhe lianspoil of suppIies, hghl3
eis, and funding fion AQ lo lhe Caucasus. Upon ai3
iiving in lhe Caucasus, Khallal Iinked up vilh ShaniI
asaev, a noloiious leiioiisl in Chechnya, and naiiied
lhe sislei of Nadii KhachiIaev, lhe Ieadei of lhe Union
of lhe MusIins of Russia (Scquz nusu|nan Rcssii) and
an elhnic Lak fion Dageslan.
52
y so cenenling his
conneclion lo a pan-Russian IsIanisl oiganizalion and
lo Dageslan, Khallal vas cIeaiIy using a slandaid AQ
appioach of inledding inlo lhe IocaI sociaI faliic in
lhe seivice of highjacking IocaI MusIin nalionaIisl and
IsIanic novenenls foi lhe gIolaI jihadi novenenl.
LxcIuding Khallal, AQ opeialive Alu Sayif, vho
voiked in lhe Chechen Ioieign Minisliy undei Mov3
Iadi Udugov in lhe inlei-vai yeais, pIayed lhe nosl
inpoilanl ioIe in deveIoping AQs piesence in Chech3
==
nya and lhe Noilh Caucasus. Sayif cooidinaled lhe
.+0%#6 +/2.#9 '"&7" '0( 2(#, ./ +/2.# %/62-.##+( 0-,
diug liafhcking, and Sayif and Khallal veie lhe onIy
ones peinilled lo knov lhe ieaI nanes of lhe foieign
voIunleeis. A liaveI ioule fion Iakislan and Afghani3
slan lo Chechnya, via Azeilaijan and Tuikey, vas es3
lalIished. The hisl gioup of sone 25 Afghan Aials
aiiived in Khallals Vedeno canp in }une 1998. Sone
veie lo pass lhiough Talaislan on lheii vay lo Cen3
liaI Asian RepulIics, vheie lhey veie supposed lo
cieale Wahhalile and TaIilan ceIIs, spieading leiioi
againsl U.S., Russian, and olhei Weslein ofhciaIs and
lusinessnen.
53
Il is nov connon knovIedge lhal lhe
Iead peipelialoi of lhe Seplenlei 11, 2OO1 (9/11) al3
lacks, Mohanned Alla, vas on his vay lo Chechnya
vhen he vas senl lo Ceinany and Ialei lhe Uniled
Slales. Rohan Cunaialna cIains lhal aIieady ly 1995,
lheie veie sone 3OO Afghan Aials hghling in Chech3
nya againsl lhe Russians. They veie joined ly nuja3
hedin fion osnia and Azeilaidzhan.
54
!"2(9 ."#+#
veie peihaps as nany as 5OO foieign hghleis in lhe
Noilh Caucasus on lhe eve of lhe Khallal-asaev-Ied
invasion of Dageslan. Indeed, lhe nexus of Dageslan,
Kaianakhi, lin Laden, and Khallals and asaevs
Chechnya liaining canps diavs a sliaighl Iine fion
AQ in Afghanislan lo lhe second posl-Soviel Russo-
Chechen vai and lhe ChRIs expansion of opeialions
acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus.
Nol onIy did AQ nujahedin hghl in lhe Noilh
Caucasus duiing lhe ChRI sliuggIe lul Noilh Cau3
casus nujahedin foughl on olhei fionls in lhe gIolaI
jihad duiing lhe sane line fiane. Tvo elhnic Kalai3
dins fion KR veie anong eighl elhnic MusIins
fion iegions lolh in lhe Noilh Caucasus and VoIga
aiea capluied ly U.S. foices in Afghanislan in 2OO1
23
hghling anong lhe TaIilan and AQ and senl lo lhe
Cuanlanano ay piison canp in 2OO2.
55
A liief of3
hciaI CL liogiaphy of Iale Dageslani anii and CL
qadi Magoned Vagalov (a.k.a. SeifuIIah Culdenskii)
shovs lhal in 2OO1-O2 sone nenleis of his Culden
}anaal venl lo Afghanislan aflei lhe ioul of lhe joinl
Chechen-Dageslani-foieign jihadi foice lhal invaded
Dageslan in Augusl 1999. Anong lhose Culden }a3
naal nenleis vho venl lo Afghanislan vas ils lhen
anii KhaliluIIah, vho lecane lhe anii of a Rus3
sian-speaking janaal of AQ.
56
Moie iecenlIy, sone
nenleis of lhe DV-lied ceII, lhal vas uncoveied in
lhe Czech RepulIic and discussed leIov, veie al one
line lased in Ceinany and undeivenl liaining in Af3
ghanislan and Iakislan.
57
We aIso knov lhal lhe Talai
jihadi uIgai }anaal, nade up noslIy of elhnic Ta3
lais vho nade lhe hijia fion Russia and nov lased
in Waziiislan, Iakislan, has decIaied jihad againsl
Russia and slaled lhal il incIudes Dageslanis, Rus3
sians, Kalaidins and has caiiied oul opeialions in
Afghanislan.
58
If one piefeis lo naiiov lhe issue lo Chechens, iy3
0- >65-- <&66&08( 760&8( ."0. 01.#+ #).#-(&%# .+0%#6
acioss Afghanislan, he vas unalIe lo hnd evidence
lhal even one Chechen hghlei evei foughl lheie.
59
ul
lheie have leen nuneious iepoils of Chechens hghl3
ing nol jusl in Afghanislan, lul aIso in Iiaq againsl
U.S. foices.
6O
In 2OO3, Indian poIice uncoveied an AQ
ceII Ied ly a Chechen pIanning lo assassinale Vice
AdniiaI V. }. Melzgei, connandei-in-chief of lhe
U.S. Sevenlh IIeel, foicing lhe adniiaIs liip lo In3
dia lo le canceIIed.
61
Lveiy ofhcei and junioi ofhcei
vilh vhon I have had lhe pIeasuie of speaking has
cIained lhal he encounleied a Chechen piesence in
lolh Afghanislan and Iiaq. AInosl aII of lhese ofhceis
24
spoke sone Russian. Il is ceilainIy liue lhal sone of
lhese leslinoniaIs aie cases of nislaken idenlily, lak3
ing Russian-speaking CenliaI Asians foi Chechens.
ul il sinpIy sliains cieduIily lo leIieve lhal nol a
singIe Chechen has foughl in Afghanislan, vhen ve
"0%# (##- ."0. ?8#+&70-(9 >#+80-(9 /."#+ <#(.#+-3
eis, CenliaI Asians, Talais, Kalaidins, and Dageslanis
have leen lheie.
These aie a fev exanpIes of CL lies lo olhei fionls
in lhe gIolaI jihad. In lhe sane nonlh lhal lhe CL vas
foined (Oclolei 2OO7), lhe Lelanese goveinnenl ai3
iesled foui Russian cilizens, incIuding lhiee elhnic
Noilh Caucasians (one fion Dageslan), vho veie
chaiged vilh leIonging lo Ialah-eI-IsIan, hghling
in noilhein Lelanon lhal sunnei, and caiiying oul
leiioiisl allacks againsl Lelanese seivicenen vhiIe
pailicipaling in an ained ievoIl in lhe Nahi eI-aiid
IaIeslinian iefugee canp. AIong vilh 16 IaIeslinians,
lhey foined a Ialah ceII.
62
Accoiding lo a iecenl ie3
poil ly Russias NalionaI Anli-Teiioiisn Connillee,
a Kalaidin, vho aIIegedIy vas iecenlIy hghling in
Lelanon, ieluined hone and vas kiIIed in NaIchik.
63

Thus, lheie have leen sone, lul veiy fev Chechen
oi olhei Noilh Caucasus nujahedin vho have foughl
in Afghanislan, Iiaq, and olhei fionls of lhe gIolaI
jihad. The Chechen and lhen Caucasus nujahedins
opeialionaI conneclions vilh, and inuence on lhe
noie cenliaI fionls of lhe gIolaI jihad aie evidenl.
Hovevei, lhese conneclions aie Iess lhan iolusl and
of Iiniled slialegic signihcance, vilh lhe caveal lhal
a snaII nunlei of veII-funded and capalIe leiioiisls
can do gieal danage, as ve sav on 9/11. Neilhei lhe
ChRI noi lhe CL evei decIaied lhenseIves AQ in lhe
Caucasus oi Noilh Caucasus. ul lhe cIose lies lhal
deveIoped lelveen lhe ChRI and AQ leginning in lhe
25
inlei-vai peiiod neanl lhal lhe ChRI unils and canps
of foieign hghleis and lheii IocaI aIIies Ied ly Khal3
lal and asaev lecane AQs de faclo, unofhciaI Noilh
Caucasus afhIiale and a key, if ieIaliveIy veak, fionl
in lhe gIolaI jihad. The AQ-lied foieign hghleis, nany
of vhon sellIed dovn and even naiiied in Chechnya
and olhei Noilh Caucasus iepulIics aflei lhe second
vai, veie in Iaige pail iesponsilIe foi lhe gioving
inuence of jihadisl ideoIogies in lhe iegion and fun3
danenlaIIy aIleied lhe naluie of vhal legan as a se3
cessionisl sliuggIe foi Chechen independence, lhis is
pieciseIy vhal AQ had counled on vhen il inhIlialed
lhe ChRI.
AQs inleivenlion and lhe gioving inuence of lhe
gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl Ied lhe iadicaI
Chechen nalionaI sepaialisl novenenl dovn a palh
liaveised ly nany such novenenls acioss lhe Mus3
Iin voiId in iecenl decades. In lhe Caucasus, especiaI3
Iy Dageslan, lhey nixed vilh lhe veiy Iiniled indig3
enous hisloiy of SaIhsn and signihcanl conlenpoiaiy
ood of young Caucasus MusIins lo sludy alioad in
lhe MiddIe Lasl and Soulh Asia, on lhe one hand, and
of Wahhali and olhei SaIah leachings fion lheie lo
lhe Caucasus lhiough lhe Inleinel on lhe olhei. In lhe
18lh and ceilainIy ly lhe 19lh cenluiies, SaIahsn vas
lioughl in fion alioad ly Caucasians Iike Mukha3
nad AI-Kuduki aflei liaveIs in Lgypl and Yenen in3
lioduced hin lo schoIais Iike SaIikh aI-Yanani.
64
!"#
ievivaI of lhis ieIaliveIy iecenl, if lhin, SaIah IsIanisl
usalIe pasl, aIong vilh lhe nalionaI nylhs duiing lhe
pcrcs|rci|a 0-, */(.3pcrcs|rci|a *#+&/,(9 5&#6,#, ."#
iehaliIilalion and of lhe 19lh cenluiy inans and ie3
Iigious leacheis vho Ied lhe gazata|s againsl Russian
iuIe leacheis.
65
ul lhe nalionaIisl ideas and cadies
veie giaduaIIy dispIaced ly jihadisl eIenenls, lians3
26
foining lhe secuIai novenenl inlo a jihadisl one. This
piocess vas incieasingIy Iegilinized and gained no3
nenlun as IsIanic eIenenls veie incoipoialed inlo
lhe ChRI piolo-slale and foieign SaIahsls, Wahallis,
and olhei IsIanic exlienisls conlinued lo inhIliale
lhe novenenl lhioughoul lhe 199Os and eaiIy 2OOOs,
liinging hnances, gueiiiIIa and leiioiisl liaining and,
nosl inpoilanlIy, a nev jihadisl ideo-lheoIogicaI oii3
enlalion. The SaIahsl hisloiicaI nylh and ieIaled his3
loiicaI hguies seived as nodeIs foi sone IocaI SaIaf3
isls, vho pIayed key ioIes in lhe ChRIs inconpIele
IsIanizalion even lefoie 2OO7.
66
The conlinalion of AQ and olhei foieign SaIah in3
leivenlion, a usalIe indigenous SaIah hisloiicaI nylh,
and IocaIs sludying IsIan alioad inuenced a snaII
lul highIy nolivaled gioup of IsIanisl and uIlinaleIy
jihadisl Ieadeis acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus. eginning
in lhe eaiIy 199Os, lhousands of MusIins fion Rus3
sia liaveIed alioad lo ieceive IsIanic educalion in
IsIanic schooIs vhich veie expeiiencing lhe iise of
a signihcanl gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl.
They ieluined hone vilh Wahhalisl and olhei foins
of SaIahsl zeaI foi jihad and a sliong sense of kinship
vilh iadicaI IsIanisls and nujahedin in Afghanislan,
Lelanon, Iiaq, and eIsevheie. Thiee young, foieign-
educaled MusIins~SefuIIah Anzoi Asleniiov,
Sheikh Said Alu Saad uiyalskii (AIeksandi Tik3
honiiov), and SeifuIIah Culdenskii MagonedaIi
Vagalov~joined lhe ChRIs jihadi ving oi Ialei lhe
CL and iose quickIy up lhe CLs ianks, diiving ils ex3
panding jihad on lhiee nain fionls oulside Chechnya:
Dageslan, Ingushelia, and KR.
In lhe eaiIy 199Os, lhe foieign-educaled Dageslani
SaIahsl Ahnad-Kadi Akhlaev laughl lhe hisl inpoi3
lanl posl-Soviel Dageslani jihadi lheo-ideoIogisls, Ma3
27
goned Tegaev and agauldin Magonedov (Keledov),
and lhe lvo Ieading elhnic Kalaid jihadisls, Musa
Mukozhev and SeifuIIah Anzoi Asleniiov, lolh of
vhon sludied alioad as veII. Asleniiov vouId pIay
a key ioIe in lhe foinalion of a snaII cadie of jihadi
hghleis in lhe KR, in Unaiovs decision lo foin lhe
CL and jellison lhe ChRI Chechen nalionaIisl piojecl,
and in lhe deveIopnenl of lhe CLs ieIalionship vilh
}oidanian Sheikh Maqdisi and lhus lhe gIolaI jihadi
ievoIulionaiy novenenl. In lhe nid-199Os, as one of
lhe Ieading sludenls al a nadiassah iun ly lhe ofhciaI
MusIin SpiiiluaI Adninislialion (DUM) of lhe KR,
Asleniiov vas one anong nany senl ly lhe DUM lo
sludy IsIan alioad in an unknovn highei educalion
ieIigious schooI in Saudi Aialia.
67
!"&( (#. "&8 0-,
nany olhei young MusIins fion lhe KR on lhe palh
of IsIanisn and uIlinaleIy jihadisn.
68
In sunnei
2OO5 Mukozhev and Asleniiov nel vilh asaev, and
lhey agieed lhal lhey vouId liansfoin lheii IsIanisl
}anaal of KR inlo lhe ChRI Noilh Caucasus Iionls
Kalaidino-aIkaiia Secloi (KS) on lhe condilion lhal
SaduIaev and asaev sav lhiough lo lhe end lhe foi3
nalion of a pan-Caucasus jihadi oiganizalion Iike lhe
fuluie CL lased on a sliicl lakhiisl inleipielalion of
Shaiiah Iav. In addilion lo lhis and his alovenen3
lioned ioIe as CL qadi, Asleniiovs oiganizalionaI ef3
foils as anii of lhe CLs OVKK iesuIled in ils lecon3
ing lhe CLs second nosl opeialionaIIy aclive viIaiyal
in 2O1O, ahead of Chechnyas NV and Ingushelias
CV.
69
Sheikh uiyalskii is iepiesenlalive of an even
noie disluiling liansfoinalion vhich shovs lhal one
does nol need lo le a viclin of Russian liulaIily and
lad goveinance oi lhe pioducl of lhe Caucasus liadi3
lions of nailiaI vioIence and lIood ievenge lo join lhe
28
Caucasus jihad and lhal lhe jihadisl lheo-ideoIogy is
ly ilseIf a sulslanliaI diivei of jihadisn in lhe iegion.
?( "&( 4&"0,& ncn dc gucrrc suggesls, uiyalskii vas
pail elhnic uiyal, a MongoI and liadilionaIIy ud3
dhisl elhnic gioup, and pail elhnic Russian. oin as
AIeksandi Tikhoniiov in 1982, he Iived in fai avay
UIan-Ude, lhe capiloI of Russias iepulIic of uiya3
lia. His nolhei vas Russian and Oilhodox Chiislian,
his falhei vas an elhnic uiyal and uddhisl.
7O
uiy3
alskii sludied al a uddhisl da|san, lul al age 15 he
conveiled lo IsIan. He noved lo Moscov and lhen lo
uguisIan, Oienluig vheie he sludied al lhe Sunni
nadiasah, RasuI Akian. uiyalskii lhen sludied
Aialic al lhe Saudi-suppoiled Iaji Ianguage cenlei
in 2OO2-O5 lefoie liaveIing lo Lgypl lo sludy IsIanic
lheoIogy al Caiios AI-Azhai Univeisily as veII as
undei seveiaI aulhoiilalive sheikhs in Lgypl, Kuvail
and, accoiding lo Russian pioseculois, Saudi Aialia.
71
uiyalskii hinseIf ieveaIs vhal his educalion in lhe
coie of an unna pIagued ly gIolaI jihadi ievoIulion3
aiy ideoIogy laughl hin:
Al one line vhen I vas in Lgypl al lhe Iecluie of one
of lhe schoIais, vho openIy said lo us: Do you ie3
aIIy lhink lhal you can so sinpIy spiead lhe AIIahs
ieIigion vilhoul lhe lIood of nailyis`! The discipIes
of AIIahs piophel spiIl lhe lIood of nailyis on nany
Iands, and IsIan lIooned on lheii lIood!
72

Running afouI of lhe Lgypls seciel seivices, uiy3
alskii ieluined lo Russia.
73
uiyalskii Iefl foi lhe Cau3
casus jihad in May 2OO8.
74
Assigned ly Unaiov lo lhe CLs CV in Ingushelia,
lhe feivenl uiyalskii lecane a ieciuiling diav. In
2OO9, uiyalskii vas lhe CLs nain, if falaI, alliaclion
and ils nosl effeclive piopagandisl and opeialive,
29
shoving shades of lhe chaiisna and iulhIessness foi
vhich ShaniI asaev lecane infanous. His ailicIes
delaiIing his nenloiing of RSM suicide lonleis and
his video Iecluies piopagandizing jihadisn and lhe
inpoilance of islshkhad diev nev foices lo lhe CLs
once ieIaliveIy quiel Ingush nujahedin. uiyalskiis
aclivily vas peihaps lhe nain facloi naking lhe CLs
CV lhe nosl opeialionaIIy capacious of ils viIaiyals in
2OO8-O9, Ieading in lhe nunlei of allacks lolh yeais.
75
Thus, lheie is a diiecl Iine lelveen uiyalskiis Is3
Ianic conveision and sludy alioad lo lhe expIosion of
leiioiisn in Ingushelia duiing 2OO8-O9. uiyalskii is
lul one of seveiaI elhnic Russian and SIavic conveils
lo IsIan fion oulside Russias MusIin iepulIics vho
have lecone pioninenl CL leiioiisls in iecenl yeais,
incIuding IaveI KosoIapov, VilaIii Razdoludko, Ma3
iia Khoisheva, and Vikloi Dvoiakovskii.
76
In conliasl lo Asleniiov and uiyalskii, Vagalov
vas inuenced ly Iakislani SaIahsn. Aflei sludying
IsIan IocaIIy in Dageslan, he legan lo voik vilh nis3
sionaiies of lhe peacefuI Iakislan-lased inleinalionaI
SaIahsl secl TalIigh }anaal in Dageslan. His nalive
Culden Disliicl vas decIaied lhe TalIighisls cenlei
foi lhe caII lo lhe TalIigh in Russia. Vagalov lhen
liaveIed in 1994 lo Raivand, Iakislan, lhe cenlei of
lhe TalIigh }anaal novenenl, and sludied lheie foi
seveiaI nonlhs in a nadiassah Ieaining lhe Koian ly
heail and ieceiving lhe dipIona of a |najz. TiaveIing
on lo Kaiachi, he sludied lhe fundanenlaIs of Shaiiah
Iav appaienlIy lolh al univeisily and piivaleIy vilh
sheikhs and lecane an adheienl of SaIahsn and lhe
viilings of inan AluI Hasan AI-Ashaii, AI-Ilana,
and RisaIyalu iIa AgIyu Sagi-VilaliI Alval. Vagalov
ieluined hone in 1997, opened lhe SchooI of Khahz
in Culden lo couises on lhe hadilhs, and liaveIed lo
3O
Chechnya vheie he nel vilh Khallal and undeivenl
niIilaiy liaining in lhe AQ-funded canps. He foughl
foi lhe SaIahs, vho decIaied an independenl IsIanic
slale in Kaianakhi and lvo olhei Dageslani viIIages
in 1998, and in lhe 1999 Khallal-asaev invasion of
Dageslan lhal kicked off lhe second Chechen vai.
77
In
lhe 2OOOs, Vagalov iose up lhe ianks of lhe ChRIs
Dageslani Iionl and lhen lhe CLs DV. He pIayed a
Iead ioIe in luiIding up lhe DVs doninanl CenliaI
Secloi, vhich has nade Dageslan lhe Iocus of lhe
highesl nunlei of allacks of any Russian iegion since
ApiiI 2O1O. Vagalov aIso oiganized lhe pivolaI Maich
2O1O Moscov sulvay suicide lonlings caiiied oul ly
."# +#(*#7.&%# '&%#( /1 "&( *+#,#7#((/+ 0-, (277#((/+
as DV anii. In }une 2O1O, Unaiov appoinled hin as
lhe DVs anii, and Asleniiovs successoi as lhe CLs
qadi.
78
Vagalovs liogiaphy diavs a diiecl Iine fion
lhe unnas gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl and
iadicaI Iakislani nadiassahs, nosques, and univeisi3
lies lo lhe iise of lhe Dageslani jihad vilhin lhe oveiaII
CL and lo leiioiisn in Moscov ilseIf vilh lhe Moscov
sulvay lonling anong olheis. AIlhough Asleniiov,
Vagalov, and uiyalskii veie kiIIed in 2O1O, ly lhen
each had Iefl lheii naik on lhe CLs expansion acioss
lhe Caucasus and liansfoinalion inlo a vialIe jihadisl
piojecl aIIied vilh lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aI3
Iiance inspiied ly AQ and ils lakhiisl lheo-ideoIogy.
As AQ and lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance
have evoIved inlo a noie decenliaIized nelvoik of
jihadi gioups, inleiacling incieasingIy foi lheo-ideo3
IogicaI suslenance, funding, liaining, and opeialionaI
pIanning lhiough lhe Inleinel ialhei lhan diieclIy,
lhe CL inlegialed inlo lhe AQs videi nelvoik of
jihadi velsiles. In lhis vay, il deveIoped ieIalion3
("&*( '&." 4&"0,& 6#0,#+( 0-, *"&6/(/*"#+( (27" 0(
31
Maqdisi, nenlioned eaiIiei, and AQ in lhe Aialian
IeninsuIa (AQAI) and Anvai AI-AvIaki. The AQ-
afhIialed velsile, Ansar a|-Mujanidccn (uuu.ansar1.
infc/), is used lo ieciuil hghleis and iaise funds foi lhe
CL ly lhose invoIved in lhe eIgian pIol uncoveied
Iasl aulunn and is cIoseIy Iinked lo AQ. The Ansar
a|-Mujanidccn nelvoik is lypicaIIy iegaided as a seIf-
slailed jihadi and pio-AQ sile lhal heIps piopagan3
dize and ieciuil foi lhe gIolaI jihad and AQ.
79
Ansar a|
Mujanidccns LngIish-Ianguage foiuns (AMLI) Iead3
ing peisonaIily vas Alu Risaas Sanii Khan unliI
nid-2O1O vhen he luined up voiking vilh AvIaki in
AQAI.
8O
The Viiginian Zachaiy Adan Chassei, aIias
Alu TaIhah aI-Aniiki, in piison foi assisling lhe So3
naIian AQ afhIiale AI-Shalaal, aIso pailicipaled in
AMLI.
81
Ansar a| Mujanidccns Ceinan-Ianguage sis3
lei sile is cIoseIy associaled vilh lhe CIolaI IsIanic
Media Iionl (CIMI), vhich aIso has pioduced seveiaI
opeialives aiiesled foi invoIvenenl in AQ leiioiisn
pIols.
82
The TaIilan has aulhoiized lhe Ansar a|-Muja-
nidccn nelvoik as one of lhiee enlilies lhal nay pul3
Iish ils ofhciaI slalenenls, and Ansar a|-Mujanidccns
foundei noled ve have liolheis fion Chechnya and
Dageslan.
83

In Decenlei 2O1O, Ansar a|-Mujanidccn 0--/2-7#,
lhe Slail of a Nev Canpaign in Suppoil of lhe Cau3
casus Lniiale, signaIing a iequesl foi hghleis and
funds foi lhe CL and enphasizing: We ask AIIah lo
nake lhis yeai a yeai of conslanl discoid and incieas3
ing ennily foi lhe enenies of lhe IsIanic Lniiale of
lhe Caucasus. The announcenenl veIconed eneig3
ing signs of jihadisn in Talaislan and ashkoiloslan,
asking AIIah foi a nev geneialion of schoIais lo ie3
pIace Asleniiov, uiyalskii, and AQ opeialive Onai
aI-Sayif, aII nenlioned ly nane.
84
Ansar a|-Mujancdccn
32
soon pailneied vilh Asleniiovs and lhe CL OVKKs
|s|andin.ccn lo cieale a nev Russian-Ianguage gIolaI
jihadi velsile (a|-ansar.infc) no Ialei lhan }uIy 2O1O.
85
In Augusl, lhe velnaslei of Ansar a|-Mujanidccn9 0-
elhnic Moioccan naned IaisaI Liiai, vas aiiesled in
Spain. Spanish aulhoiilies aIso iepoiled lhal lhe vel3
sile vas aIieady iaising noney foi leiioiisls in Chech3
nya and Afghanislan.
86
The Russian-Ianguage A|-An-
sar.infc vas sel up lo highIighl nevs sunnaiies of
lhe }ihad on aII fionls, lolh in lhe Caucasus and in
aII olhei Iands of lhe hghl and pulIish oId and nev
voiks of schoIais of lhe ahIi sunny uaI janaa. The
facl lhal il conlains piinaiiIy Russian-Ianguage lul
aIso LngIish-Ianguage conlenl suggesls, aIong vilh
olhei faclois, lhal AQAIs AvIaki nay le a diiving
foice lehind lhe Ansar a|-Mujanidccn nelvoik of vhich
A|-Ansar.infc is a pail. Thus, |s|andin.ccns announce3
8#-. /1 ."# 4/&-. *+/4#7. '&." ."# Ansar a|-Mujanidccn
nelvoik exlensiveIy quoles AvIaki (vho olheivise
ielains a high piohIe on CL siles) on lhe vaIue of le3
ing a jihadisl of lhe inleinel.
87
|s|andin.ccn */(.#,
lhe hisl pail of AvIakis AI-}anna lhe day aflei lhis
announcenenl, and CL velsiles conlinue lo posl Av3
Iakis voiks.
88
Wilh lhe CL lied inlo lhe gIolaI jihadi
ievoIulionaiy aIIiance and once again pIugged inlo
lhe AQ-afhIialed Inleinel nelvoik, il vas jusl a nallei
of line lefoie il deveIoped a noie inleinalionaI ioIe.
DOME5TIC AND INTERNATIONAL 5ECURITY
IMPLICATION5
The CLs noie expansive aspiialions and giov3
ing lies vilh lhe gIolaI jihad ievoIulionaiy novenenl
have leen acconpanied ly cIosei piopaganda and op3
eialionaI lies lo jihadisls in olhei iegions of Russia, lhe
33
foinei Soviel Union, olhei fionls in lhe gIolaI jihad
and, pei Maqdisis caII, even Luiope. Moieovei, lheie
aie even lioadei slialegic inpIicalions inpinging on
lolh inleinalionaI and U.S. nalionaI secuiily.
Tn thc Vn!ga and Bcynnd.
Aside fion lhe alovenenlioned liain, sulvay,
and aiipoil allacks in and aiound Moscov, lhe CL
is invoIved in seveiaI piojecls inside Russia fai le3
yond lhe viiluaI eniiales supposed loideis. ul lhe
CL aIso has pIans lo expand opeialions leyond Rus3
sia. AIieady in }anuaiy 2OO6, asaev vained lhal ly
sunnei, lhe ChRIs conlal janaal nelvoik vouId
cioss lhe VoIga, suggesling expansion lo Talaislan,
ashkoiloslan, and IikeIy leyond.
89
In }une 2OO6, lhen
ChRI anii Unaiov issued a deciee ciealing VoIga
and UiaIs Iionls, hoping lo expand opeialions lo
Talaislan, ashkoiloslan, and olhei elhnic Talai and
ashkii connunilies acioss Russia.
9O
Thiough 2OO9
lheie vas nuch CL piopaganda laigeling Talais and
ashkiis lul fev jihadi deeds. A gioup caIIed IsIan3
ic }anaal vas uncoveied in 2OO7, lul lheie vas no
evidence lhal il had CL lies.
91
Ralhei, lhe gioup nay
have leen lhe piedecessoi of lhe aIIegedIy CL-lied
so-caIIed Oklyaliskii }anaal uncoveied in 2O1O, lolh
of vhich couId have leen connecled lo lhe so-caIIed
Uighui-uIgai }anaal (U}), vhich nay le one and
lhe sane as lhe alovenenlioned uIgai }anaal, hghl3
ing vilh lhe TaIilan and aI-Qaeda in Afghanislan and
Iakislan.
92
The U}, Iike lhe uIgai }anaal, is Talai-
doninaled and adheies lo lhe ideoIogy of iesellIing
in oidei lo hghl lhe inhdeI (al-Takhi VaI Khidzhia).
SeveiaI aIIeged opeialives fion lhe U} veie aiiesled
in ashkoiloslan in Augusl 2OO8 aflei a shooloul vilh
34
ashkii poIice in SaIaval, ashkoiloslan. They venl
on liiaI in ApiiI 2OO9 foi aIIegedIy pIanning leiioiisl
allacks in lhe iepulIic. Accoiding lo ashkii aulhoii3
lies, lhe U} vas founded ly ashkiiiya nalive IaveI
Doiokhov, vho undeivenl liaining in aI-Qaeda and
TaIilan canps.
93

Moie iecenlIy, duiing 2O1O and eaiIy 2O11, seveiaI
aiiesls of aIIeged nujahedin vilh lies lo lhe CL have
leen nade and lhe hisl appaienl jihadi allacks oc3
cuiied in Talaislan, ashkoiloslan, and Asliakhan.
94
This suggesls lhal lhe CL nay indeed le expanding
opeialions lo lhese key MusIin connunilies. In addi3
lion, lhis pasl vinlei a gioup fion Talaislan and/oi
ashkoiloslan appeaIed lo Unaiov lo iecognize lheii
seIf-decIaied IdeI-UiaI ViIaiyal (IUV) and piovide
hnanciaI and olhei assislance in selling up liaining
canps in lhe soulhein UiaI Mounlains and in oiganiz3
ing allacks.
95
As of nid-sunnei 2O11, lheie had leen
no pulIic iesponse ly Unaiov, lhough cIandesline as3
sislance cannol le iuIed oul. The U}/uIgai }anaal
aIso couId le pIaying a ioIe in lhese possilIe effoils ly
lhese Talais and ashkiis. iinging Talaislan, ash3
koiloslan, and Asliakhan vouId heIp foin a liidge3
head lo Sileiia, lhe Iai Lasl, and CenliaI Asia. Cain3
ing a foolhoId in elhnic ashkii and especiaIIy Talai
connunilies in lhese iegions vouId vaslIy expand lhe
CLs pooI of polenliaI ieciuils and geogiaphicaI ieach
inlo lolh Russia and CenliaI Asia, since Talai connu3
nilies can le found in aInosl aII of Russias piovinciaI
capilaIs, incIuding Moscov and Sl. Ieleisluig, and
in CenliaI Asia. Lxpansion aIong lhese Iines vouId
fuilhei lax Russian iesouices, aIieady luidened ly
nassive fedeiaI sulsidies lo lhe Noilh Caucasus. AI3
lhough il is unIikeIy lhal lhe CL viII achieve sulslan3
liaI piogiess in expanding lo a peinanenl piesence in
35
lhe VoIga, UiaIs, oi Sileiian iegions, lhe ChRIs and
CLs iecoid in expanding opeialions acioss lhe Noilh
Caucasus aigues againsl conpIacency. Iev expecled
lhal Ingushelia ialhei lhan Chechnya vouId le lhe
cenlei of giavily of lhe jihadi in 2OO8 and 2OO9, oi lhal
Dageslan and KR vouId supeisede lolh Vainakh
iepulIics in lhe nunlei of jihadi opeialions in 2O1O.
Lven a snaII IUV enleipiise couId signihcanlIy con3
pIicale Moscovs cooidinalion piolIens, given sone
7+#0.&%&.5 0-, 8/,#(. +#(/2+7#( /- ."# *0+. /1 ."# 823
jahedin.
Moie disluiling is lhe lhieal posed ly lhe CL nu3
jahedin lo lhe 2O14 OIynpic Canes lo le heId in lhe
Noilh Caucasus iesoil cily of Sochi, Kiasnodai. The
aiea cones undei lhe CLs NSV, vhich is iesponsilIe
foi Russias Kiasnodai and SlaviopoI iegions lul il
"0( -/. ,#8/-(.+0.#, 827" /1 0- #)&(.#-7# -/ 6#(( 703
pacily, vilh a caveal: Recenl suicide opeialions, faiIed
and successfuI, have invoIved elhnic Russian IsIanic
conveils fion SlaviopoI. The advanlage lhal Iess con3
spicuous elhnic Russian nujahedin nighl offei in an
opeialion laigeling Sochi iaises ied ags. These sane
elhnic Russian nujahedins lies lo lhe nosl capacious
of lhe CLs viIaiyals, lhe DV, iaise noie conceins.
96
Nol onIy have lhe Dageslani nujahedin caiiied oul
lhe highesl nunlei of opeialions each nonlh since
ApiiI 2O11, lul lhe DV has aIso Ied in lhe nunlei of
suicide lonlings and ciealed ils ovn Riyadus Sa3
Iikhiin }anaal (RS}).
97
In Augusl 2O1O, Dageslani nu3
jahedin issued an expIicil pionise of opeialions in
Sochi and acioss Russia and noie 'suipiises fion lhe
hoiioi of vhich you viII lIacken.
98
The CLs OVKK
nujahedin aIso nighl le invoIved in an allack on lhe
Sochi Canes. Ils heId of opeialions, lhe iepulIics of
KR and Iessei so Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya (KChR),
36
aie geogiaphicaIIy cIosei lo Sochi lhan is Dageslan.
99
In Ieliuaiy 2O11, lhe OVKK caiiied oul a seiies co3
oidinaled allacks againsl lhe vinlei ski iesoil aiea
aiound Ml. LIlius. The enliie opeialion iesenlIed
a liaining opeialion foi an allack on Sochi, and lhe
OVKK vained il vouId conlinue lo hghl inhdeI Rus3
(&0- ,#%#6/*8#-. #11/+.( 0-, &-.#+-0.&/-06 726.2+# &-
lhe iegion.
1OO
Thus, CL pIans foi Sochi couId incIude
a joinl DV-OVKK opeialion oi sepaiale ones ly lhe
DV and OVKK vilh luiIl-in iedundancy, uliIizing
elhnic Russian suicide lonleis. The possiliIily lhal
lhe CL nighl sliike al lhe Sochi Canes, an inleina3
lionaI laigel, is slienglhened ly ils aclive suppoil foi
lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiances goaIs.
Thc EurasIan HnrIznn.
Theie aIieady aie conneclions lelveen lhe CL
and olhei posl-Soviel jihadisls. Al lhe nosl geneiaI
IeveI, nujahedin fion CenliaI Asian slales, Azeilai3
jan, and even Ceoigia, have luined up anong lhe CL
nujahedin, lul lhe ieveise has nol leen liue, pulling
aside lhe CLs use of Ceoigias Iankisi Coige as a ieai
lase. The CL has decIaied nol onIy aII MusIin Iands
in Russia, lul aIso lhe enliie Caucasus as ils iighlfuI
donain.
1O1
In lhe Caucasus viil Iaige, Azeilaijan, loi3
deiing and having sone elhnic and IsIanic oveiIap
vilh Dageslan, lhe piesenl speaihead of lhe CLs ac3
livily, is nosl vuIneialIe lo CL penelialion. Ils IsIanic
popuIalion incIudes nalionaIilies such as lhe Lezgins,
vho sliaddIe lhe Azeilaijani-Dageslan loidei and aie
an inpoilanl nalionaIily in Dageslan. As noled alove,
lhe ChRI, AQ, and ils afhIialed chaiily socielies used
Azeilaijan as a liansil poinl foi funneIing funds, cad3
ies, and veapons lo Chechnya in lhe 199Os. The CL aIso
37
seens lo le laking nole. Recenl incuisions soulh ly
IikeIy CL nujahedin inlo noilhein Azeilaijan as veII
as jihadisl aclivily in aku suggesl nujahedin couId
lhiealen lhis slialegicaIIy inpoilanl slale.
1O2
RecenlIy,
lhe DV added an Azeilaijan }anaal vilh unidenlihed
IocaIe and goaIs.
1O3
The CLs capacious vanguaid DV
puls Unaiov vilhin sliiking iange of inleinalionaI
and U.S. inleiesls in Azeilaijan such as oiI conpany
headquaileis, iehneiies, and lhe aku-TliIisi-Ceyhan
pipeIine caiiying oiI lo Luiope. CIeaiIy, a CL oi olhei
signihcanl jihadi piesence in Azeilaijan vouId have
(#72+&.5 &8*6&70.&/-( 1/+ ."# #-.&+# !+0-(70270(2( 0-,
lhe Ieisian CuIf iegion.
The lad lIood lelveen Moscov and TliIisi ciealed
ly lhe 2OO8 Ceoigian-Russian 5-day vai is leginning
lo inuence lhe silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus. To
le suie, lheie is IillIe evidence of lhe elhno-nalionaIisl
noliIizalionaI effecl on Russias Ciicassian nalionaIi3
lies lhal nany piedicled vouId le a iesuIl of Russias
iecognilion of lhe independence of Alkhazia. Hov3
evei, Ceoigia has leen specuIaling on lhe silualion in
lhe iegion, especiaIIy lhe Ciicassian genocide issue,
as lhe Sochi OIynpics appioach. Il has opened up a
leIevision and iadio conpany lhal lioadcasls pio3
paganda lo lhe iegion, vaived visa iequiienenls foi
Noilh Caucasus iesidenls, and adopled a paiIianen3
laiy iesoIulion caIIing foi a loycoll of lhe Sochi OIyn3
pics and Russian and inleinalionaI iecognilion of lhe
Russians ioul and pailiaIIy foiced exiIe of Ciicassians
in lhe 186Os as a genocide. Sone Ceoigian opposilion
hguies and one foinei U.S. ofhciaI cIain lhal Iiesi3
denl MikheiI SaakashviIis goveinnenl is pioviding
hnanciaI and liaining assislance lo lhe CL.
1O4
>#/+3
gias poIicies couId iadicaIize sone Ciicassians and
lhus inpiove lhe CL OVKKs and NSVs piospecls
foi ieciuilnenl.
38
Consislenl vilh lhe inleiieIaled goaIs of ieciealing
lhe caIiphale and exlending lhe CL lhiough lhe VoIga
and soulhein UiaIs iegions as a liidge lo CenliaI Asia,
lhe CL nainlains ieIalions vilh CenliaI Asian jihadi
oiganizalions lied lo AQ and lhe TaIilan in AfIak
such as lhe IsIanic Movenenl of Uzlekislan (IMU)
and lhe IMU spIinlei gioup, lhe IsIanic }ihad Union
(I}U). olh lhe IMU and I}U have hghleis in Afghani3
slan, liain in Iakislan, and hghl in lolh as veII as in
CenliaI Asia. In a May 2OO7 slalenenl, I}U anii Llu
Yahya Muhannad Ialih slaled lhal lhe I}U had aIso
leen voiking on oui connon laigels logelhei vilh
Caucasian nujahedeens.
1O5
In Maich 2O11, lhe I}Us
nedia depailnenl, adi Al-Tavhid, senl a 7-ninule
video nessage lo lhe CL nujahedin fion lhe I}Us
aniis in lhe Iand of Hoiosan, Afghanislan.
1O6
Il
piaised lhe CL nujahedin foi joining lhe gIolaI jihad
and noled: In oui janaal, lheie aie nany liolheis
vho veie liained oi foughl on lhe Iands of lhe Cauca3
sus Lniiale.
1O7
The CL DV ceII uncoveied in lhe Czech
RepulIic discussed leIov couId have leen liaining
vilh lhe I}U oi IMU. CL velsiles ieguIaiIy covei and
piovide al Ieasl piopaganda suppoil lo CenliaI Asias
Ieading jihadi oiganizalions, incIuding lhe IMU and
I}U. Thus, lhe CL iepoiled exlensiveIy on lhe seiies of
suicide, inpiovised expIosive devices (ILDs), and an3
lush allacks and skiinishes caiiied oul ly lhe IMU,
I}U, and/oi a possilIe sulunil lheieof, lhe }anaal
'AnsaiuIIah in Tajikislan, duiing aulunn 2O1O in
Hujand, Sogdo OlIasl and eIsevheie in Tajikislan.
1O8
The CL Ingush CVs velsile Hunafa.ccn9 1/2-,3
ed ly uiyalskii, has shovn a speciaI inleiesl in lhe
eneigence of jihadisn in Kazakhslan, caiiying pio3
paganda naleiiaIs fion a Kazakhslan jihadi janaal
Ansaiu-d-din, caIIing Kazakhslans MusIins lo
39
jihad and a falva issued ly Sheikh AluI-Mundhii
AI-Shinkili, asseiling lhe Shaiiah IegaIily of allacking
poIice and hghling jihad in Kazkahslan, even lhough
lhe MusIins lheie aie veak and snaII in nunlei.
1O9
Il is uncIeai vhelhei lhe CL, CV independenlIy, oi
Alsaiu-d-din pIayed a ioIe in iecenl lonlings and al3
lacks on poIice lhis yeai.
11O
The CLs nain velsile Ka-
t|az |scn|r aIso iepoiled in Maich 2O11 lhe layal lo lhe
IsIanic Lniiale of Afghanislan, MuIIah Muhannad
Onai Mujahid, lhe IsIanic gioup laken ly a gioup of
Kyigyzslan nujahedin, }aish }anaal aI-Mahdi (Anii-
uI-Muninin), and lheii caII lo lhe Kyigyz lo lake up
jihad.
111
ThInkIng G!nba!!y: Thc CE and JIhad In Eurnpc.
The CLs ialid anli-inhdeIisn is nol nev, lhe ChRIs
velsiles veie iepIele vilh anli-Weslein, anli-Senilic,
and anli-Aneiican ailicuIalions as fai lack as 2OO5.
112
The CLs gioving lies vilh AQ and lhe gIolaI jihadi
ievoIulionaiy aIIiance pioduced in 2O1O vhal appeais
lo have leen lhe hisl CL-lied aclivily in Luiope: lhe
pIol ly Shaiiah4eIgiun lioken up in Novenlei
2O1O, and lhe DV-lied Czech ceII uncoveied in ApiiI
2O11. On Novenlei 23, 11 suspecls lied lo lhe jihadi
Shaiiah4eIgiun gioup veie aiiesled in eIgiun, lhe
NelheiIands, Ceinany, Spain, Moiocco, and Saudi
Aialia on suspicion of pIanning leiioiisl allacks in eI3
giun, ieciuiling jihadisl candidales and hnancing
lhe CL. LaiIiei in 2O1O, Shaiiah4eIgiun Ieadei Alou
Inian decIaied lhal lhe While House vouId le con3
queied, and Luiope viII le doninaled ly IsIan.
113
The eIgian-lased delainees incIuded six Moioccan
eIgian cilizens delained in Anlveip, lhiee Moioccan
eIgian cilizens aiiesled in lhe NelheiIands, and lvo
4O
Chechens appiehended in lhe Ceinan cily of Aachen
neai lhe eIgian loidei.
114
?66 ."# (2(*#7.( "#6, ,206
cilizenship and leIonged lo lhe Anlveip-lased Sha3
iiah4eIgiun.
115
eIgian poIice said lhe Shaiiah4eI3
giun ceII had lies lo a IocaI IsIanic Cenlei and had
leen undei invesligalion since al Ieasl 2OO9. One of
lhe Russian nalionaIs vas a 31-yeai-oId Chechen ai3
iesled in Aachen, Ceinany, undei a Luiopean aiiesl
vaiianl issued ly eIgiun vho vas suspecled of hav3
ing ieciuiled young peopIe lo hghl in Chechnya. ?66
lhe delainees, incIuding lhe lvo Chechens, veie said
lo have leen invoIved in lolh ieciuiling and hnanc3
ing foi lhe CL and pIanning allacks in eIgiun.
116
?
lhiid Chechen suppoilei of Doku Unaiov aIIegedIy
invoIved in lhe Shaiiah4eIgiun pIol vas aiiesled on
Decenlei 1 al Viennas Schvechal aiipoil on lhe lasis
of one of nine inleinalionaI aiiesl vaiianls issued ly
lhe eIgian goveinnenl.
117
The 32-yeai oId AsIanlek
I., as he vas idenlihed ly lhe aulhoiilies, vas delained
upon his ieluin fion lhe hajj lo Mecca in conneclion
vilh an inleinalionaI pIol lo allack a NATO faciIily
in eIgiun.
118
AsIanlek I. iepoiledIy Iived in lhe
Ausliian lovn of Neunkiichen vilh lhis faniIy and
vas pIanning lo lonl a liain caiiying NATO lioops.
LaiIiei, he iepoiledIy Iosl lolh his hands in a gienade
allack in Chechnya and had leen aiiesled in Sveden
foi snuggIing veapons, vas ieIeased, and lhen Iefl
foi Mecca.
119
Il ienains uncIeai vhelhei lhis CL-connecled pIol
vas pail of lhe iepoiled AQ pIan lo caiiy oul a seiies
of Chiislnas leiioiisl allacks in lhe Uniled Slales and
Luiope Iasl hoIiday season..
12O
esides lhe Chechen oii3
gins of lhiee nenleis of lhe eIguin4Shaiiah ceII and
lheii assislance lo lhe CL, lheie vas olhei evidence
of lhe pIols conneclion sinuIlaneousIy lo lhe CL,
41
AQ, and lhe gIolaI jihad. On }une 2O, lhe OVKKs
|s|andin.ccn posled an appeaI fion eIgian MusIins
lo Maqdisi, undeiscoiing once again lhe vay in vhich
lhe CLs lie lo Maqdisi uniles il vilh lhe Iaigei gIolaI
jihadi ievoIulion.
121
Moie signihcanlIy, lhe aiiesled
Shaiiah4eIgiun suspecls veie said lo have leen us3
ing lhe jihadi velsile Ansar a|-Mujanidin in caiiying
oul lheii aclivily.
122
As noled alove, lhe CL OVKKs
|s|andin.ccn 7/3(*/-(/+#, '&." Ansar a|-Mujanidin ."#
Russian-Ianguage foiun A|-Ansar.infc.
In ApiiI 2O11, counleileiioiisn ofhciaIs in lhe
Czech RepulIic uncoveied an inleinalionaI ceII in
ohenia connecled lo lhe CLs DV. Accoiding lo lhe
chief of lhe Czech Unil foi Conlaling Oiganized
Ciine (UOOZ) Roleil SIachla, lhe gioup incIuded
one Chechen, lvo oi lhiee Dageslanis, lvo oi lhiee
MoIdovans, and lvo uIgaiians, vho aie accused
vaiiousIy of veapons possession, docunenl faIsihca3
lion, hnancing and suppIying leiioiisl oiganizalions,
specihcaIIy lhe DVs nev nenleis, vilh veapons
and expIosives.
123
Docunenls ieIaling lo lhe Dageslan
nujahedin in lolh Aialic and Russian veie found
duiing lhe aiiesls. The apailnenl of lhe Chechen
invoIved in lhe Czech ceII vas iepoiled lo have con3
lained signihcanl quanlilies of ains and annunilion.
Six of lhe eighl accused veie aiiesled in lhe Czech
RepulIic, vilh lvo nenleis sliII al Iaige in Ceinany.
Theie vas aIso an unidenlihed ninlh nenlei. Iiof3
ils nade fion lhe faIsihcalion of passpoils and olhei
docunenls veie senl lo Dageslan as veie veapons
and expIosives puichased ly lhe ceII. None of lhose
aiiesled veie suspecled of pIanning leiioiisl allacks
in lhe Czech RepulIic.
124
Hovevei, one piess iepoil
cIained lhal lhe uIgaiian nenleis of lhe gioup veie
invoIved in pIanning leiioiisl allacks in unidenlihed
42
olhei slales.
125
In }une 2O11, lvo noie unidenlihed
Russian cilizens veie aiiesled in Ceinany engaging
in lhe sane aclivily foi lhe DV and peihaps voiking
vilh lhe alovenenlioned DV Czech ceII.
126
The CL-
and DV-lied Czech RepulIic ceII iepiesenls gIolaI ji3
hadi lhinking and suggesls lhe CL and ils DV as cIeai
and piesenl dangeis lo lhe Sochi Canes.
On }uIy 5, 2O1O, Iiench poIice and secuiily caiiied
oul a counleileiioiisn opeialion aiiesling hve Chech3
ens, lhiee nen aged 21 lo 36, and lvo vonen, in sev3
eiaI disliicls acioss lhe cily of Le Mans. One of lhe
lhiee naIes vas desciiled as an inan and falhei of
hve. RepoiledIy, Iiench counleileiioiisn vas lipped
off ly Russian secuiily aflei lhey aiiesled a Chechen
cilizen in Moscov in possession of veapons, expIo3
sives, pIans foi naking lonls, and a iesidence pei3
nil issued ly Iiances Iiefecluie de Ia Sailhe. Rus3
sian invesligalois aIso discoveied lhal lhe vife of lhe
aiiesled Chechen Iives in Le Mans. The lhiee naIes
veie aiiaigned on }uIy 9 and chaiged on suspicion of
ciininaI associalion in ieIalion vilh a leiioiisl enlei3
piise.
127
The CL aIso couId le connecled diieclIy oi
indiieclIy lo seveiaI Chechens aiiesled individuaIIy
in Luiope in iecenl yeais, foi exanpIe Lois Doukaev,
vho vas senlenced in May 2O11 lo 12 yeais in piison
foi pIanning an allack on lhe ofhces of lhe nevspapei
]q||ands-Pcs|cn, vhich pulIished lhe fanous 12 caiica3
luies of lhe Iiophel Mohannad in 2OO5.
128
In sun, lhe
CL and peihaps Ione voIf leiioiisls inspiied ly il aie
posing a nev lhieal lo Luiope and lhe Wesl.
43
PntcntIa! Thrcats tn U.5. Intcrcsts.
The CL aIso poses a polenliaI lhieal lo U.S. inleiesls
and cilizens, if nol lhe honeIand. Il nay le signihcanl
lhal lolh lhe Nevskii Lxpiess and Donodedovo Aii3
poil allacks laigeled lianspoil infiasliucluie vheie
foieigneis, in pailicuIai Aneiicans, aie oflen piesenl.
The polenliaI lhieal lo U.S. inleiesls and even peison3
neI is suggesled ly lhe Nevskii Lxpiess allack. The
Moscov-Sl. Ieleisluig iaiI ioule is Iocaled vilhin 1OO
niIes of lhe noilhein slielch of lhe Noilhein Disliilu3
lion Roule (NDR) suppIying U.S. and NATO lioops in
Afghanislan. eginning in Lalvia, il liaveises lhiough
noilheasl Russia on ils vay lo CenliaI Asia and Af3
ghanislan. If lhe Shaiiah4eIgiun pIol vas inlended
lo laigel NATO lianspoil, lhen a siniIai piojecl lo
one lhal vouId laigel lhe NDR has aIieady leen on
lhe CL-lied jihadisls agenda. IinaIIy, aside fion lhe
nuneious piopaganda allacks on lhe U.S. exlanl on
CL velsiles, in 2O1O lvo siles laken logelhei lhiice
pulIished lhe infanous aI-Iahd falva caIIing foi lhe
use of veapons of nass desliuclion (WMD) againsl
lhe Aneiicans.
129
To le suie, in conliasl lo lhe ChRI,
lheie is onIy Iiniled evidence lo suggesl lhal CL op3
eialives inlend oi have allenpled lo acquiie chenicaI,
lioIogicaI, iadioIogicaI, oi nucIeai naleiiaIs.
13O
Hov3
evei, lhe CLs jihadizalion and lhe aI-Iahd posling
suggesl a lheo-ideoIogicaI oiienlalion lhal couId so
incIine CL opeialives lo enpIoy such laclics, and Rus3
sian IedeiaI Secuiily Seivice (IS) Diiecloi AIeksandi
oilnikovs cIain in }une 2O1O lhal leiioiisls conlinue
lo allenpl lo acquiie nucIeai, lioIogicaI, and cheni3
caI conponenls acioss lhe foinei Union of Soviel
SociaIisl RepulIics (USSR) undeiscoies lhe poinl.
131
44
RU55IAN COUNTER-JIHADI5M POLICY
Hov is Moscov deaIing vilh lhe CL insuigency
and ils aIIiance vilh lhe gIolaI jihad` Il nusl le noled
lhal lhe deiision lhal nany in lhe Wesl devoled lo Rus3
sian Iiesidenl VIadinii Iulins cIains lhal Russia vas
deaIing vilh inleinalionaI leiioiisn vas nispIaced.
Iulin vas exaggeialing his cIain lul nol invenling il
oul of vhoIe cIolh, as lhe discussion alove of AQs
lies lo lhose ChRI eIenenls invoIved in lhe 1999 in3
vasion of Dageslan cIeaiIy shovs. Theie is piolalIy
sone liulh lo lhe assunplion lhal Iulins cIain vas
inlended lo seive as a juslihcalion foi Russias heavy-
handed laclics in deaIing vilh lhe ChRI and CL. Rus3
(&0- 8&6&.0+59 */6&7#9 0-, (*#7&06 (#72+&.5 1/+7#( "0%#
connilled and, lo a nuch Iessei degiee, conlinue lo
connil aliocilies. Hovevei, lhe Iasl fev yeais have
seen a consideialIe shifl in lhe Russian slialegy and
.07.&7( ./ &-762,# 8/+# #6#8#-.( /1 (/1. */'#+ &- &.(
oveiIapping counleiinsuigency and counleileiioiisn,
incIuding allenpls lo conlal jihadisn lheo-ideoIogi3
caIIy and lhiough giealei inveslnenl in lhe socioeco3
nonic deveIopnenl of lhe Noilh Caucasus.
Fcdcra! Pn!Icy.
AIieady duiing Iulins second lein, lheie vas a
shifl lo incIude nonniIilaiy neans: (1) lellei inleIIi3
gence galheiing and disseninalion and lellei inlei3
opeialionaI cooidinalion anong lhe siIoviki vilh lhe
ciealion of fedeiaI and iegionaI anli-leiioiisn con3
nillees foi seaiching oul and deslioying CL aniis
and opeialives, (2) lhe ienovaI fion ofhce of lhe oId3
esl, Iongesl-seiving, and nosl odious of lhe Noilh
Caucasus iepulIics piesidenls, vilh lhe exceplion of
45
Chechenyas Ranzan Kadyiov and Ingushelias Mu3
ial Zyazikov, and, (3) diaining lhe pond of nujahe3
din lhiough a fouilh annesly in 2OO6 vhich lioughl
in 6OO nujahedin fion lhe foiesl.
132
Russian secuiily
and IocaI poIice foices have lecone quile efhcienl al
eIininaling lop CL Ieadeis, vilh lhe exceplion of CL
anii Unaiov.
133
On }une 9, 2OO9, lhe IS nanaged foi
lhe hisl line lo capluie ialhei lhan kiII a najoi CL
anii, lhe CLs niIilaiy anii, and lhe CL CVs anii and
vaIi Magas AIi Taziyev (a.k.a. Akhned YevIoyev).
His capluie IikeIy Ied lo aclionalIe inleIIigence lhal
has faciIilaled nany of lhe incieasing nunlei of CL
aniis kiIIed since lhen. AIso duiing his second lein,
Iulin undeilook a nassive ieconsliuclion effoil foi
Chechnya, vhich aflei yeais of sIov piogiess hnaIIy
achieved consideialIe iesuIls. Cioznyi has leen aI3
nosl conpIeleIy ieluiIl, and Chechnyas second cily,
Cudeines, is aIso naking piogiess. The ieconsliuc3
lion effoils piovided sone enpIoynenl foi Chechen
youlh, lul unenpIoynenl ienains high, and Kadyiov
has leen ciilicized foi funneIing voik lo his enoi and
poIilicaI cIans. Iulin-eia anli-exlienisn Iavs ienain
in foice and fai loo lioad, aIIoving Minisliy of Inlei3
naI Affaiis (MVD) and IS opeialives lo appIy lhen
occasionaIIy againsl jouinaIisls, nodeiale MusIins,
and ceilain IsIanic lexls.
Undei lhe Medvdev piesidency, Russia has noved
fuilhei in conpIinenling haid povei vilh a iolusl
sofl povei conponenl in allenpling lo lackIe jihad3
isn in lhe Caucasus. In his hisl annuaI piesidenliaI
addiess lo Russias IedeiaI AssenlIy in Novenlei
2OO9, Iiesidenl Dniliy Medvedev caIIed lhe Noilh
Caucasus Russias nosl seiious doneslic poIilicaI
piolIen and announced a fedeiaI piogian lo invesl
8OO liIIion iulIes in Ingushelia, vhich since lhe sun3
46
nei of 2OO7 had leen lhe cenlei of giavily of lhe jihad,
vilh lhe Iaigesl nunlei of CL allacks of any Noilh
Caucasus iegion.
134
Medvedev aIso hied lhe exlieneIy
unpopuIai, inconpelenl, and vioIence-pione Ingush3
eliyan piesidenl Muial Zyazikov, vho, IaigeIy on
lhe slienglh of his IS caieei, had leen ensconced in
povei ly Iulin lhiough a seiies of eIecloiaI nanipu3
Ialions. Undei Zyazikov, Ingushelia sav alduclions
skyiockel, vilh nany suspecling Zyazikovs cousin,
vho headed lhe secuiily foices, of oiganizing lhe al3
duclions. The hnaI sliav foi Zyazikov cane vhen In3
gushelias lop opposilion Ieadei Magoned YevIoyev
vas shol vhiIe in lhe cuslody of lhe Ingushelias MVD
chief, aflei aiguing vilh Zyazikov on a pIane ighl
in Augusl 2OO8. Zyazikovs ienovaI and lhe secuiily
foices kiIIing of uiyalskii and CV anii Taziyev veie
foIIoved since Maich 2O1O ly a faII lolh in allacks ly
lhe CL and alduclions in lhe iepulIic. Medvedevs
fedeiaI assislance piogian foi Ingushelia has nade il
since 2OO9 lhe nosl highIy sulsidized iegion in Rus3
sia, vilh 91 peicenl of lhe iepulIics ludgel leing
fedeiaIIy funded. Iion 2OO8 lo 2O1O, expendiluies in3
7+#0(#, 1/+ (#7./+( 7+27&06 ./ (/7&/#7/-/8&7 ,#%#6/*3
nenl and jols: ly 282 peicenl foi housing, 11O peicenl
foi econonic deveIopnenl, 1O3 peicenl foi educalion,
vilh sIighlIy Iovei incieases foi slale agency expendi3
luies, cuIluie, heaIlh, and spoil.
135
Medvedev aIso noved lo inciease, lellei laigel,
and ensuie piopei use of funding foi lhe Noilh Cau3
casus as a vhoIe ly ciealing lhe Noilh Caucasus Ied3
eiaI Disliicl (SKIO) and appoinling as ils piesidenliaI
envoy and as fedeiaI goveinnenl depuly pieniei,
lhe foinei lusinessnan and Kiasoyaisk Coveinoi
AIeksandi KhIoponin. Il is pIanned lo foId lhe fedeiaI
laigeled piogians foi lhe Noilh Caucasus, Chechnya,
47
and Ingushelia inlo a singIe piogian, vilh one-lhiid
of lhe unihed piogian designaled foi lhe nosl jihad-
pIagued iepulIic, Dageslan.
136
Medvedevs }une 2O11
pioposaI lo decenliaIize aspecls of goveinnenl lo lhe
iegions and nunicipaIilies appeais lo le diclaled in
pail ly lhe silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus, as SKIO
envoy KhIoponin has leen assigned lo diafl lhe delaiIs
foi lhe decenliaIizalion of inleiludgelaiy ieIalions
aIong vilh his feIIov vice pieniei Dniliii Kozak.
137
Since 2OO8, fedeiaI expendiluies have incieased in aII
lhe SKIOs iegions, excepl foi Chechnya. This has Ied
lo sone nodesl econonic giovlh foi lhe SKIO as a
vhoIe, vilh sone iepulIics econonic giovlh oulpac3
ing lhe fedeiaI aveiage. Hovevei, unenpIoynenl ie3
nains high, especiaIIy youlh unenpIoynenl.
138

In Iine vilh Medvedevs oveiaII IileiaIizalion
*/6&7&#( 0-, "&( .2+- ./ 8/+# 2(# /1 (/1. */'#+ &- ."#
Noilh Caucasus, Iiine Minislei Iulin announced a
iadicaI depailuie in KienIin poIicy in lhe Caucasus,
unveiIing an anlilious econonic deveIopnenl pio3
gian foi lhe iegion lhal vas Iong oveidue. He aIso
caIIed foi lhe Noilh Caucasus goveinnenls lo open
2* &- /+,#+ ./ 0..+07. *+&%0.# &-%#(.8#-.9 ./ *05 8/+#
allenlion lo lhe vievs of hunan iighls aclivisls, lo en3
couiage lhe deveIopnenl of civiI sociely, and lo aii
noie fedeiaI lioadcasls offeiing oljeclive and hon3
esl sloiies aloul Iife in lhe Noilh Caucasus and nol an
ailihciaIIy diavn sofl and pIeasing picluie. The
nev deveIopnenl slialegy delaiIed in Iulins speech
is lo inlegiale lhe Noilh Caucasus inlo lhe Russian
and gIolaI econonies and lo cieale 4OO,OOO nev jols
in lhe iegion ly 2O2O ly: (1) pIugging lhe iegion inlo
."# inleinalionaI Noilh-Soulh liansil coiiidoi Iinking
Russia and Luiope vilh CenliaI Asian and CuIf slales,
(2) oiganizing seveiaI najoi pulIic voiks and con3
48
sliuclion piojecls lovaid lhal end, lo incIude luiIding
a najoi oiI iehneiy in Chechnyas capilaI, (3) cieal3
ing a nodein louiisn indusliy incIuding a syslen of
ski and olhei ieciealionaI iesoils, and, (4) incieasing
Noilh Caucasians access lo univeisily educalion.
139
SpecihcaIIy, lhese goaIs aie lo le achieved ly
luiIding a nelvoik of highvays, ienovaling aiipoils,
and deveIoping eneigy piojecls and ieciealion iesoil
aieas acioss lhe iegion. The consliuclion and iesuIling
iesoil-ieIaled lusinesses viII heIp soIve lhe iegions
unenpIoynenl piolIen. The goveinnenl is aIieady
consliucling highvays aiound and lelveen cilies
such as Mozdok in RepulIic of Ingushelia, NaIchik
(lhe capilaI of lhe KR), and SlaviopoI (capilaI of Slav3
iopoI Kiai oi Teiiiloiy). A highvay is leing designed
foi Chechnyas second Iaigesl cily, Cudeines, and an3
olhei foi esIan, Noilh Osselia, viII le connissioned
ly 2O15. Anolhei appioxinaleIy 15O-kiIonelei high3
vay viII Iink Cheikassk vilh Sukhun, lhe capilaI of
Ceoigias lieakavay iepulIic of Alkhazia, lhiough
a six-kiIonelei lunneI lo le consliucled lhiough
lhe nounlains. The aiipoils in Magas (Ingushelia),
esIan, and SlaviopoIs Shpakovskoye and MineiaI3
ny Vody aiipoils viII le nodeinized. In lhe heId of
eneigy, he announced nev hydioeIecliicily piojecls
foi lhe nounlainous iegion and lhe consliuclion of
a Rosnefl oiI iehneiy in Chechnyas capilaI, Ciozny,
lo le connissioned in 2O14. The lolaI sun of invesl3
nenls foi lhese anlicipaled econonic piojecls viII le
3.4 liiIIion iulIes, accoiding lo Iulin. The goveinnenl
is ieady lo covei iisk foi piivale inveslois guaianlee3
ing up lo 7O peicenl of piojecl cosls. The goveinnenl
viII choose inveslois and disliilule noney lhiough
a nev Noilh Caucasian lianch of Russias DeveIop3
nenl ank. This yeai, lhiee fedeiaI piogians~one
49
foi lhe enliie iegion and one each foi Chechnya and
Ingushelia~viII invesl 2O liIIion iulIes (sone $7OO
niIIion) in sociaI and econonic deveIopnenl piojecls
in lhe Noilh Caucasus. Iulin aIso announced pIans
lo deveIop lhe educalion infiasliucluie in lhe Noilh
Caucasus. A nev pioposaI is lo iequiie lhal Russias
Ieading univeisilies adnil 1,3OO sludenls fion Noilh
Caucasian iepulIics annuaIIy. A piojecl lo luiId one
of lhe eighl fedeiaI univeisilies in lhe Noilh Cauca3
sian Disliicl vas announced in }anuaiy.
14O
Iulin aIso pioposed aIpine skiing, elhnogiaphic,
oi faniIy louiisn. SpecihcaIIy, he pioposed ciealing
a nelvoik of ski iesoils acioss lhe iegion slielching
fion lhe Caspian lo Iack Seas luiIding on lhe LIlius
ski iesoil in KR. Ml. LIlius is lhe highesl nounlain in
Luiope. This iesoil aiea vas laigeled ly lhe OVKK in
Ieliuaiy 2O11, vhich issued an expIicil slalenenl lhal
il vouId hghl lo pievenl any iesoil deveIopnenl and
keep oul Russian and foieign inhdeI inuence.
141
!"#
*60--#, ./2+&(8 762(.#+ viII incIude iesoils in Dages3
lan, Noilh Osselia, KR, Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya and
Adygeya. The iesoils shouId acconnodale 1OO,OOO
louiisls and cieale 16O,OOO jols. Iulin aIso announced
pIans lo upgiade lhe MineiaInyi Vody hol spiings
and spa iesoil in SlaviopoI inlo a hi-lech iesoil and
."# -276#2( /1 ."# "#06."70+# 0-, ./2+&(8 &-,2(.+&#( /1
lhe iegion. He pionised eighl liIIion iulIes in invesl3
nenls lo kick slail lhe louiisn indusliy conponenl
of lhe deveIopnenl slialegy.
142
Al lhe }une 2O11 Sl.
Ieleisluig InleinalionaI Lcononic Ioiun, Medvedev
endoised KhIoponins addilionaI pioposaI lo alliacl
foieign diiecl inveslnenl of sone 3OO liIIion iulIes
on lhe lasis of a 6O liIIion iulIes iniliaI inveslnenl lo
Iay dovn infiasliucluie in lhe hisl 4 yeais foIIoved
ly 24O liIIion iulIes in lax lieaks and inveslnenl.
143
5O
Ciedil Suisse and lhe Uniled Aial RepulIics (UAR)
Alu Dhali Inveslnenl Conpany (Invesl AD) have aI3
ieady decIaied lheii ieadiness lo invesl in lhe piojecl.
IncIuded anong lhese pIans is lhe KRs 2OO8 pIan foi
hve najoi inveslnenl piojecls lhal vouId le alIe lo
enleilain 25,OOO visilois al any one line and piovide
2O,OOO jols. In 2OO9 lhe Soulh Koiean conpany Ha3
nok and Russias OIinp agieed lo invesl 6OO niIIion
euios in LIlius lo luiId 3OO kiIoneleis of liaiIs, eighl
Iifls lolaIing 1OO kiIoneleis, a skaling iink, holeI, and
spoils conpIexes.
144
IoIIoving a joinl slalenenl on de3
veIopnenl of lhe Noilh Caucasus ly Iiesidenl Med3
vedev and Iiench Ieadei NicoIas Saikozy duiing lhe
C8 sunnil in DeauviIIe, Iiances Caissc dcs Dcpc|s c|
Ccnsigna|icns hoIding conpany signed an inveslnenl
agieenenl al lhe }une 2O11 Sl. Ieleisluig Lcononic
Ioiun.
145
Lnca! Pn!Icy.
Lach MusIin iepulIic vheie lhe CL has a peina3
nenl nelvoik~Chechnya, Dageslan, Ingushelia, and
lhe KR~has ils ovn slyIe and counleiinsuigency
and counleileiioiisn (anli-jihadisn) poIicies. Undei
Ranzan Kadyiovs liulaI iuIe, Chechnya nainlains
lhe haishesl iegine, vhiIe Ingushelia and lhe KR
have laken a soflei Iine vilh lhe aiiivaI of nev piesi3
denls, and Dageslan faIIs in lhe niddIe lelveen Ran3
zan Kadyiovs haish iuIe and lhe noie conciIialoiy
Iine in Ingushelia and lhe KR. Kadyiov has nade
sone gains in ieducing insuigenl and leiioiisl acliv3
ily in Chechnya, vhich ly 2O1O vas lhe Ieasl aclive
of lhe CLs foui nain viIaiyals in leins of lhe nun3
lei of jihadi allacks and ieIaled casuaIlies. This iesuIl
has leen achieved lhiough a nixluie of lhe caiiol and
51
lhe slick, vilh a cIeai enphasis on lhe Iallei lul vilh
fai Iess vioIence lhan lhal inicled ly lhe nujahedin.
LocaIized counleileiioiisl opeialions aie caiiied oul
iulhIessIy, on occasion vilh casuaIlies anong civiIians
oi innocenl faniIy nenleis of nujahedin. Alduc3
lions, lhough fevei and sonelines diiven ly lIood
ievenge ialhei lhan jihad-ieIaled piolIens, conlinue
al a sonevhal Iovei IeveI in seveiaI of lhe Caucasus
iepulIics. Kadyiovs poIicy lovaids lhe faniIies of
nujahedin diffeis signihcanlIy fion lhal of his Noilh
Caucasus counleipails. The faniIies of knovn oi sus3
*#7.#, 8240"#,&- 0+# /1.#- "0+0((#,9 ,#.0&-#,9 0-,
lealen, and lheii hones aie occasionaIIy denoIished.
Such poIicies negale any piogiess Kadyiov has nade
in lhe lallIe foi heails and ninds ly allenpling lo
co-opl lhe lannei of IsIan cIained ly lhe CL. This co-
oplalion effoil has leen luiIl aiound lhe consliuclion
of Luiopes Iaigesl nosque and an IsIanic univeisily
and nodeialeIy enfoicing sone IsIanic hoIidays and
cuslons, incIuding iesliiclions on fenaIe diess. Al lhe
sane line, Kadyiov, Iike his Caucasus counleipails,
has suppoiled lhe liadilionaI Suh cIeiics undei lheo-
ideoIogicaI and physicaI allack fion lhe lakhiisl nu3
40"#,&-9 0-, "# "0( .+&#, ./ #-6&(. 76#+&7( &- #11/+.( ./
counlei lhe CLs incieasingIy sophislicaled and effec3
live piopaganda.
Ingushelia Iiesidenl Yunuslek Yevkuiov has
enpIoyed a veiy diffeienl poIicy~lhe nosl IileiaI
poIicy of any Noilh Caucasus Ieadei~inilialing a sea
change fion Zyazikovs liulaI iegine and shoving
enoinous couiage in lhe piocess. Upon assuning
ofhce in 2OO8, he ieached oul lo lhe nalionaIisl and
denocialic opposilion, offeiing lhen posilions in his
goveinnenl, and ciealed an advisoiy lody of socielaI
and opposilion oiganizalions. Yevkuiov aIso noved
52
aggiessiveIy lo laIk young MusIins oul of joining lhe
jihad and inlo Ieaving il, voiking vilh faniIies, coun3
ciIs of viIIage eIdeis, and |cip oi cIan counciIs.
146
?73
coiding lo Yevkuiov, 16 nujahedin veie convinced
lo luin lhenseIves in duiing 2OO9 and 36 in 2O1O, and
lheie veie onIy 15 nujahedin aclive in lhe iepulIic ly
eaiIy 2O1O.
147
In sone cases, lhe couils appIied no pun3
&("8#-. ./ ."/(# '"/ (2++#-,#+#,9 0-, 80-5 '#+#
piovided voik oi educalion.
148
Yevkuiov vas laigeled ly uiyalskii in a cai
lonl assassinalion allenpl in }une 2OO9 lhal Iefl lhe
Ingush Iiesidenl seveieIy vounded. NeveilheIess, af3
lei iehaliIilalion, Yevkuiov ieluined lo voik vilhin
2 nonlhs, pulIicIy foigave his allackeis, and conlin3
ued lo voik vilh faniIies of nujahedin lo convince
lhen lo Ieave lhe jihad. In Ieliuaiy 2O1O, Yevkuiov
+#&.#+0.#, ."# 7/+-#+(./-# /1 "&( 0-.&34&"0,&(8 */6&75
of shoving good viII lovaids lhose vho have de3
vialed fion lhe Iav and even offeied nujahedin an
annesly of soils, pionising lhal if nujahedin luined
."#8(#6%#( &-9 ."#5 '/26, +#7#&%# (/1. (#-.#-7#( 0-,
vouId le eased lack inlo sociely:
Today a unique oppoilunily has leen ciealed, and a
chance lo lecone a fuIIy engaged cilizen of sociely in3
cIuded in lhe piocess of lhe econonic ieliilh of oui
Ingushelia, appIying youi slienglh and knovIedge in
ciealive pIaces of voik and shoving youiseIves favoi3
alIy in any of lhe spheies of sociaI and pulIic poIilicaI
Iife, is sliII leing pieseived foi each of you |nujahe3
dinj.
149

Tvo days aflei uiyalskiis denise in Maich 2O1O,
Yevkuiov nel vilh lhe ieIalives of lhose vho had
sheIleied uiyalskii and lhe olhei nujahedin vho
veie pIanning a najoi leiioiisl allack in Ingushelia.
53
Yevkuiov loId lhese faniIies and, ly exlension, aII
Ingushelias faniIies, lhal lhey shouId knov vho is
coning inlo lheii hones. He added lhal lhe aulhoii3
lies vouId conlinue his poIicy of liying lo peisuade
nujahedin lo alandon jihad, lul lhal lhe secuiily in3
fiasliucluie vouId go inlo aclion foi lhose vho couId
nol le peisuaded.
15O
SiniIaiIy, Yevkuiov has Ied in
ieducing vioIenl oulcones of lhe noloiiousIy vioIenl
Caucasus liadilion of lIood feuds lhal conliilule lo
lolh jihadi and non-jihadi vioIence in lhe iegion. In
a 2-yeai peiiod, lhe Ingush aulhoiilies ieconciIed 15O
faniIies, accoiding lo Yevkuiov, in pail ly iaising lhe
ianson foi iesoIving lhen fion 1OO lhousand iulIes
lo one niIIion iulIes.
151
Conpaied lo his coIIeagues in lhe Noilh Caucasus,
vhich is pIagued noie ly coiiuplion lhan any olhei
iegion, Yevkuiov has caiiied oul lhe nosl aggiessive
anli-coiiuplion canpaign. Ciealei sociaI expendiluies
and econonic inveslnenl pIus Yevkuiovs sliuggIe
againsl coiiuplion and cIean lookkeeping is inpiov3
ing lhe silualion, lul sIovIy. Yevkuiov poIicies have
aIIoved Ingushelia lo doulIe ils ievenues fion 81O
niIIion iulIes in 2OO8 lo 1.744 liIIion iulIes in 2O1O!
152
This is nol lo say lhal Yevkuiov has ignoied lhe slick.
In eaiIy }anuaiy, iunois cIained lhal Yevkuiov had
iequesled 2O unils of addilionaI niIilaiy inleIIigence
(CRU) foices foi lhe iepulIic.
153
Hovevei, vheieas
Kadyiov has oveienphasized lhe slick of haid
povei, Yevkuiov has heaviIy favoied lhe caiiol of
sofl povei. Yevkuiovs poIicies have coiiesponded
vilh a signihcanl decIine in lhe nunlei of allacks in
Ingushelia, accoiding lo ny ovn eslinales, fion sone
138 in 2OO8 and 175 in 2OO9, lo onIy 99 in 2O1O and ap3
pioxinaleIy 4O in lhe hisl 6 nonlhs of 2O11.
154
Hov3
evei, il ienains uncIeai vhelhei Yevkuiovs poIicies
54
aie iesponsilIe foi lhe decIine, facloiing in lhe kiIIing
of uiyalskii and lhe capluie of CL niIilaiy anii and
CV anii Magas AIi Taziyev.
Since Iulins ienovaI of lhe aiIing VaIeiii Kokov
(lhe KRs ancienl Soviel-eia connunisl paily hisl
secielaiy) fion lhe KR piesidency in 2OO5, lhe iepul3
Iic has adopled poIicies cIosei lo Yevkuiovs. Like Zy3
azikov, Kokov had leen haishIy ciilicized ly ofhciaI
IsIanic cIeigy, lhe geneiaI popuIace, young MusIin
IsIanisls, and jihadisls. He vas iepIaced ly lhe enei3
gelic 48-yeai-oId elhnic Kalaidin lusinessnan Aisen
Kanokov. He innedialeIy noved lo addiess lhe con3
ceins of MusIins as veII as lhe elhnic aIkai ninoi3
ily. Kanokov iepIaced lhe iepulIics pieniei vilh an
elhnic aIkai and ils haid-Iine MVD chief Khachin
Shogenov vilh an elhnic Russian, Yuiii Tonchak.
Shogenov had leen shaipIy ciilicized ly aInosl ev3
eiyone in lhe iepulIic, incIuding lhe KRs DUM, foi
his heavy-handed and lioad-liushed ciackdovn on
MusIins in 2OO3-O4 in an effoil lo conlain lhe lui3
geoning jihadi novenenl in lhe iepulIic. Tonchak
look innediale sleps lo assuage lhe KRs MusIins,
especiaIIy lhe noie voIaliIe young geneialion, incIud3
ing lhe incIusion of KR DUM iepiesenlalives on lhe
MVDs pulIic counciI. The ninisliy aIso signed a co3
opeialion agieenenl vilh lhe DUM and olhei confes3
sions pulIic oiganizalions.
155
Nol a singIe jihadi al3
lack vas caiiied oul in lhe KR in 2OO6.
156
KR DUM
chaiinan, nufli Anas Ishikhachev, quickIy acknovI3
edged lhe MVDs effoils undei Tonchak lo addiess
lhe DUMs giievances lul vained lhal lhe lhieal of
IsIanic exlienisn peisisls in lhe KR.
157
In addilion,
Kanokov sel aside 4.5 niIIion iulIes in ApiiI 2OO7 foi
lhe consliuclion of lvo nev nosques in lhe capilaI
NaIchik. The cIosing of nosques ly lhe aulhoiilies in
55
2OO4 had heIped spaik lhe iise of lhe jihadisl conlal
janaal Yainuk in 2OO4 and iiiilaled nodeiale Mus3
Iins and ofhciaI cIeigy aIike. Kanokov aIso alliacled
nev inveslnenls foi deveIoping louiisn in lhe LIlius
Disliicl iesoil aiea.
Hovevei, ialhei lhan seeing a decIine in jihadi
allacks, Kanokov piesided ovei a naiked inciease:
28 in 2OO8, 23 in 2OO9, and 113 in 2O1O, despile anii
Asleniiovs denise in Maich 2O1O.
158
In }anuaiy 2O11,
OVKK nujahedin kiIIed chief nufli of lhe KRs
DUM, Anas Ishikhachev, in lhe iepulIics capilaI of
NaIchik. The KR pIunged inlo a slale of despeialion.
In Ieliuaiy, lhe CounciI of LIdeis of lhe aIkai peopIe
7066#, 1/+ ."# &-.+/,27.&/- /1 ,&+#7. 1#,#+06 +26# 0-,
Kanokovs iesignalion. Kanokov, speaking lefoie
lhe KR paiIianenl, appeaIed lo lhe fedeiaI aulhoii3
lies foi addilionaI assislance in conlaling jihadisn
in lhe iepulIic, adding lhal lhe nujahedin aie nol
afiaid.
159
Al lhe end of Ieliuaiy, lhe OVKK caiiied
oul lhe noled seiies of allacks acioss lhe LIlius iesoil
aiea. In May, lhe OVKK allenpled lo assassinale
Kanokov in lhe Iaigesl allack in lhe KR since a3
saevs and Asleniiovs Oclolei 2OO5 NaIchik iaid ly
expIoding a lonl undei lhe VII ievieving sland al a
hoise iacing liack duiing NaIchiks May Day feslivi3
lies. The allack kiIIed al Ieasl one civiIian, a 97-yeai-
oId Cieal Ialiiolic Wai veleian, and vounded sone
4O civiIians and ofhciaIs. Anong lhe vounded veie
lhe KRs CuIluie Minislei RusIan Iiiov and foinei
MVD chief Khachin Shogenov.
16O
Al lhis poinl, Kano3
kov oi soneone in lhe KR nay have adopled Kady3
iovs appioach of foining speciaI unils lo hghl lhe
nujahedin. A gioup caIIing ilseIf lhe Iack Havks
(cheinyie yasliely) decIaied vai on lhe OVKK, lul
nolhing nuch seens lo have cone of lhe gioup. In
56
ApiiI, secuiily foices kiIIed Asleniiovs successoi,
OVKK anii AlduIIah Askei Dzhappuev, aIong
vilh his nails and seveiaI olhei lop OVKK aniis.
Since lhen, lheie has leen a sIighl decIine in lhe iale
of allacks in lhe KR.
In Dageslan, loday lhe CLs speaihead, a nev
piesidenl and his lean, have loiioved noie eIenenls
fion Yevkuiov lhan fion Kadyiov. UnIike Chechnya,
lhe oiigins of jihadisn in Dageslan aie diiven enliieIy
ly inlia-confessionaI lensions ciealed ly lhe enei3
gence of a signihcanl SaIah connunily al odds vilh
liadilionaI Suhs. Successive Ieadeis have faiIed lo ie3
soIve lhe ieIigious lensions. In Ieliuaiy 2OO6, Iulin
iepIaced Iong-slanding elhnic Daigin Dageslan Iiesi3
denl MagonedaIi Magonedov vilh lhe elhnic Avai
chaiinan of Dageslans LegisIalive AssenlIy, Mukhu
AIiev. His lenuie sav a sleady inciease in jihadi ac3
livily and no peiceplilIe inpiovenenl in lhe civiIily
of counleiinsuigency and counleileiioiisn poIices in
lhe iegion. AIiev vas iepIaced in 2O1O vilh Magone3
dovs son, MagonedsaIen Magonedov, vho endeav3
oied lo engage lhe SaIah connunily in Dageslan, co3
oidinaling lhe foinalion of a counciI of SaIah IsIanic
schoIais (uIena), vhich diafled a seiies of denands
foi lhe goveinnenl lo neel. Accoiding lo lhe Russian
hunan iighls gioup MenoiiaI, a goveinnenl iepie3
senlalive vas aulhoiized lo neel vilh lhe counciI, lul
lhe diaIogue has nol pioduced nolalIe iesuIls olhei
lhan lhe ieguIai appeaiance of SaIah iepiesenlalives
al pulIic ceienonies. Magonedov has aIso endeav3
oied lo iepIicale Yevkuiovs effoils in Ingushelia ly
succeeding in enlicing sone young nujahedin fion
lhe foiesl and lack lo civiIian Iife, and inslilulionaI3
izing lhe piocess in Novenlei 2O1O in lhe foin of an
adaplalion connission. The connission incIudes lhe
57
inan of Dageslans CenliaI Mosque and lhe head of
lhe SaIahsl unlieIIa oiganizalion, AkhIyu-s-sunna,
A. K. Keledov and is chaiied ly Rizvan Kuilanov,
depuly pieniei in chaige of lhe povei ninisliies in
lhe iepulIic vho peisonaIIy Ied laIks vilh piospec3
live defeclois fion lhe nujahedin. Kuilanov vas
desciiled ly MenoiiaI as open lo iepiesenlalives
/1 7&%&6 (/7&#.59 +#07.#, '&."/2. 10&69 *#+(/-06659 0-,
innedialeIy lo iepoils aloul lhe ciudesl vioIalions of
hunan iighls . . . nel vilh lhe ieIalives of alduclees,
|andj coopeialed vilh Iavyeis in specihc cases.
161
Magonedov has aIso voiked on lhe econony. Dages3
lans goveinnenl has deveIoped a joinl piojecl vilh
lhe najoiily slale-ovned Russian Coppei Conpany
lo deveIop lhe Noilh Caucasuss Iaigesl oie deposil of
KiziI-Deie in soulhein Dageslans Ahlynsky Disliicl.
The nining piojecl pIus lhe acconpanying deveIop3
8#-. /1 .+0-(*/+. &-1+0(.+27.2+# 0-, 2.&6&.&#( ("/26,
piovide consideialIe enpIoynenl.
162
?-/."#+ &-%#(.3
nenl piojecl foi lhe iegion is Dageslani oIigaich Su3
Ieinan Keiinovs puichase of lhe iepulIics Anzhi
MakhachkaIa (AM) pieniei soccei lean. This is leing
foIIoved up ly fuilhei inveslnenls of $1.4 liIIion ly
Keiniov inlo AMs sladiun and MakhachkaIa holeIs
and AMs iecenl $3O niIIion puichase of gIolaI soc3
cei supeislai SanueI Lloo in Augusl 2O11. Keiinov
is aIso invesling in lhe Noilh Caucasus louiisl iesoil
cIuslei piojecl.
163
Duiing his sliII shoil lenuie, Magonedovs nev
7/2+(# "0( 5&#6,#, 1#' +#(26.( 2-6#(( /-# 70- ("/'
lhal jihadi vioIence vouId le even noie pievaIenl
vilhoul his poIicies. The CLs DV has leen alIe lo slep
up ils vioIence, lhiealening Magonedov and kiIIing
nuneious goveinnenl ofhciaIs. Since ApiiI 2O1O, lhe
DV has leen lhe nosl pioIihc of lhe CLs viIaiyals in
58
leins of nunlei of allacks, incIuding suicide lonl3
ings, vilh appioxinaleIy 267 lolaI allacks (incIuding
six suicide allacks) in 2O1O and 2OO allacks (incIud3
ing lhiee suicide allacks) duiing lhe hisl 6 nonlhs of
2O11, conpaied lo 144 lolaI allacks, incIuding one sui3
cide lonling, in 2OO9.
164
Noi is lheie a denonslialIe
inpiovenenl in lhe iepulIics hunan iighls iecoid,
eilhei.
165
5I!nvIkI.
A key piolIen is lhal neilhei lhe iepulIic piesi3
denls noi SKIO envoy KhIoponin exeicise nuch, if
any, conlioI ovei lhe siIoviki as lhe Iallei conlinue lo
vioIale MusIin cilizens hunan, civiI, and poIilicaI
iighls. Hov nuch Moscov oi lhe civiIian Ieadeiship
conlioIs fedeiaI foices in lhe Noilh Caucasus aIso ie3
nains a queslion, lhough nol lheii iesponsiliIily foi
iighls vioIalions. olh fedeiaI foices and IocaI poIice,
oflen voiking joinlIy in counlei-leiioiisl opeialions,
conlinue lo enpIoy delenlion on lhe lasis of neie
suspicion and faIsihed evidence, lealings, and loiluie
duiing delenlions, and exliajudiciaI punishnenls, in3
cIuding alduclions and kiIIings. The Luiopean Couil
foi Hunan Righls conlinues lo hand dovn judgnenls
againsl Russian aulhoiilies iegaiding such vioIa3
lions.
166
IedeiaI foices sliII depIoyed in lhe iegion incIude
niIilaiy, IS speciaIIy designaled foices (spelsnaz),
and CRU. MVD foices, vhich accoiding lo fedeiaI Iav
aie supposed lo le undei fedeiaI conlioI, aie oflen
an oljecl of conleslalion in nuneious iegions acioss
Russia. Kadyiov appeais lo conlioI nol onIy his ovn
foices lul lhe MVD and peihaps ils InleinaI Tioops in
Chechnya, lolh of vhich have nade incuisions inlo
59
Ingushelia sonelines cooidinaled vilh Ingushelias
MVD and sonelines nol. MiIilaiy foices, incIuding
nev nounlain hghling foices ciealed a fev yeais ago
and lased in olIikh (Dageslan) and ZeIenchukskaya
(Kaiachaevo-Cheikessia), nainlain a Iov piohIe, ie3
naining on lheii lases. In iaie cases vhen niIilaiy
unils aie caIIed upon lo lake pail in counleileiioiisl
/*#+0.&/-(9 8&6&.0+5 "#6&7/*.#+(9 0-, 8/+# +0+#65 0+3
liIIeiy aie caIIed in lo laigel nujahedin uncoveied in
nounlainous aieas. Ioi exanpIe, CL anii Unaiovs
nail Supyan AlduaIIev vas kiIIed in Maich 2O11 in an
opeialion lhal used heIicopleis and ailiIIeiy. MiIilaiy
and olhei convoys occasionaIIy cone undei anlush
ly nujahedin in aII foui of lhe nain iepulIics vheie
lhe CL nainlains a peinanenl piesence. The ciealion
of lhe NalionaI Anli-Teiioiisn Connillee (NAK) and
iegionaI counleipails appeais lo have inpioved cooi3
dinalion and inleIIigence-shaiing lelveen lhe vaiious
povei ninisliies. Secuiily and poIice foices have le3
cone piohcienl in liacking and kiIIing Ieading aniis,
lul lhey have leen Iess successfuI in capluiing high
vaIue laigels lhal vouId piovide invaIualIe addilion3
aI inleIIigence. The onIy such case vas lhe }uIy 2O1O
capluie of CV anii and CL niIilaiy anii Magas AIi
Taziyev, evei since, lhe Ingushelia nujahedins foi3
lunes have leen in sleady decIine.
Chechnyas Kadyiov nainlains consideialIe con3
lioI ovei MVD foices in his iepulIic and depIoys his
ovn piesidenliaI guaids, vhich in lhe pasl have cone
inlo conicl vilh speciaI lallaIions suloidinaled lo
fedeiaI povei ninisliies and Ied ly lhe Ieadeis of fan3
iIies and leips oi cIans in conpelilion vilh Kadyiov
as a counleiveighl lo Kadyiovs povei. In 2O1O lhe
1#,#+06 02."/+&.&#( ,#7&,#, ."0. ."# ,&+# (&.20.&/- &-
Dageslan iequiied a nev appioach. Il vas decided lo
6O
iepIicale lhe Chechenizalion of lhe conicl in Chech3
nya undei Kadyiov vilh lhe foinalion of speciaI lal3
laIions undei lhe conlioI of vaiious fedeiaI oigans
of coeicion, and ly eslalIishing undei lhe Dageslan
MVD a sepaiale voIunleei speciaI noloiized lallaIion
of nalive Dageslanis foi caiiying oul counleiinsuigen3
cy opeialions. The hisl 3OO voIunleeis veie liained ly
Novenlei 2O1O, vilh anolhei 4OO inlended lo con3
pIele lhe 7OO-nan foice.
167
!"#+# &( -/ #%&,#-7# ."0.
lhis neasuie has pioduced any appiecialIe iesuIls.
In sun, Russian and Noilh Caucasus aulhoiilies
conlinuing iighls vioIalions IaigeIy, if nol enliieIy,
negale lhe posilive deveIopnenl of an incieased use
of sofl povei nelhods in hghling jihadisn pushed ly
Medvedev, Yevkuiov, and Kanokov. Hovevei coun3
leiinluilive il nay le, lhe sleepesl decIine in jihadi
aclivily has occuiied in lhe iepulIics vilh lhe haish3
esl poIicy Iine, Kadyiovs Chechnya, and lhe soflesl,
Yevkuiovs Ingushelia.
THEORETICAL AND POLICY IMPLICATION5
The iise of lhe CL, and allendanl lheoielicaI con3
7#*.(9 "0%# 7/-7+#.# (#72+&.5 */6&75 &8*6&70.&/-( 1/+
Russia, lhe Uniled Slales, and gIolaIIy. The CLs iise
iefules nany videspiead assunplions, liases, hy3
*/."#(#(9 0-, ."#/+&#( #).0-. &- ."# (7"/60+659 0-03
IylicaI, aclivisl, and poIicynaking connunilies ie3
gaiding lhe vioIence in lhe Noilh Caucasus and lhe
oiganizalion and causaIily of leiioiisn and jihadisn
in geneiaI. The CLs conlinuing capaliIily lo ieciuil
and allack is nol sinpIy a iesponse lo Russian liulaI3
ily and pooi goveinance, lul is aIso a consequence of
lhe CLs effeclive depIoynenl of jihadi piopaganda,
liaining, Ieadeiship, and sulslanliaI lies lo AQ, as
61
veII as lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance, and an
unna in lhe lhioes of iadicaIisn and ievoIulion. The
CLs Iong-slanding lhough evoIving ieIalionship vilh
AQ and lhe Iaigei gIolaI novenenl and ils oiganiza3
lion and sliucluie do nol conhin lhe IeadeiIess jihad
hypolhesis vhich aigues lhal AQ has Iosl nuch of ils
ieIevance and lhe gIolaI jihadi novenenl is devoIv3
ing inlo a diffusion of alonized Ione voIves.
168
Sini3
IaiIy, lhe CLs ovn decenliaIized nelvoik sliucluie
and funclioning and lhe naluie of ils ieIalionship vilh
AQ and lhe gIolaI jihadi aIIiance suppoils a noie
liadilionaI viev of a nelvoik inspiied and IooseIy
giouped aiound AQ and ils afhIiales. The CL, Iike lhe
inspiialionaI, if nol inslilulionaI, AQ hul and noie
nodaI eIenenls anong lhe gIolaI jihads innuneialIe
gioups, is Iikevise decenliaIized, lul il ielains a hul
consisling of Unaiov and lop aniis and qadis and
IooseIy cooidinaling inleiconnecled nodes oi viIaiyals
voiking IaigeIy independenlIy lul lovaids one and
lhe sane sel of goaIs: The ciealion of an IsIanisl CL
slale and a confedeialed gIolaI caIiphale.
If one iegaids AQ as lhe inspiialionaI coie, if nol
lhe oiganizalionaI Ieadei, of a highIy decenliaIized
gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy novenenl, lhen a con3
cepluaIizalion of lhe CLs pIace vouId hnd il seveiaI
degiees ienoved fion lhe coie, conpiised of AQ cen3
liaI and afhIiales Iike AQAI and AQ in lhe Maghiel
(AQIM). Cioups Iike lhe TaIilan and Lashkai-e-Toila
conpiise lhe hisl concenliic ciicIe aiound lhe AQ coie
lecause of lolh lheii invoIvenenl in inleinalionaI
allacks and lheii deep invoIvenenl vilh, and geo3
giaphicaI pioxinily lo AQ cenliaI. The CLs posilion
is siniIai lo lhal of as-Shalaal in SonaIi and olhei
gioups in lhe second concenliic ciicIe, since lhey aie
-/. 6/70.#, -#0+ 0-, ,/ -/. 7//*#+0.# 0( 76/(#65 '&."
62
AQ cenliaI, aie onIy jusl leginning lo pailicipale in
inleinalionaI opeialions, and piefei lo, oi lecause of
iesouice shoilages nusl, focus IaigeIy on eslalIishing
lheii IocaI eniiale. The lhiid concenliic ciicIe vouId
le Ione voIves inspiied ly lul having no lies lo a foi3
naI jihadi gioup. The fouilh, nosl oulei concenliic
ciicIe Iies oulside lhe aIIiance lul vilhin lhe nove3
nenl. Il consisls of gioups lhal asciile lo lhe vioIenl
eslalIishnenl of lheii ovn IsIanisl goveinnenl lul
iejecl lhe goaI of ciealing a caIiphale and coopeialion
vilh olhei gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy gioups.
Noi do palleins in lhe CL coiieIale vilh lhe con3
cIusion pul foivaid ly Roleil Iape lhal suicide leiioi3
isn is IaigeIy a iesponse lo foieign occupalion, having
IillIe oi no conneclion lo jihadi ideoIogy oi goaIs.
169
Leaving aside lhe facl lhal suicide leiioiisn is aInosl
#)762(&%#65 0 4&"0,&(. *"#-/8#-/-9 ."&( 8/-/3702(06
#)*60-0.&/- &( (&8*6&(.&79 #(*#7&0665 '"#- &. 7/8#(
lo any jihadi oiganizalion, incIuding lhe Noilh Cau3
casus. CL suicide lonleis videolaped nailyidon
.#(.08#-.( (.0.# #)*6&7&.65 ."0. ."#&+ 8/.&%0.&/- &( ./
iaise lhe lannei of AIIah alove aII olheis. The CLs
chief piopagandisl and oiganizei of suicide leiioiisn
fion nid-2OO8 lo eaiIy 2O1O, Sheikh Said Alu Saad
uiyalskii vas an elhnic uiyal-Russian, conveiled lo
IsIan, and nevei sel fool in lhe Caucasus unliI spiing
2OO8 aflei he ieluined fion alioad lo sludy IsIan in
Lgypl and Kuvail. The goaIs and slialegy of lhe CL
and olhei gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy gioups aie nol
sinpIy IocaI oi defensive, seeking neieIy lo diive oul
occupieis, lul aie expIicilIy offensive and expansion3
isl. Thus, lhe CLs expansionisl goaIs ained al seizing
aII of Russia and lhe Tianscaucasus and ieciealing lhe
IsIanisl caIiphale defuse Iapes lheoiy.
63
!"#(# ."#/+#.&706 7/-762(&/-( "0%# */6&75 &8*6&703
lions: Iiisl, lhe CLs lies lo AQ, ils ovn sophislicaled
oiganizalion and decenliaIized funclioning, and ils
ieIigious ialhei lhan nalionaIisl nolives aie lians3
foining il fion a IocaI lo an inleinalionaI acloi and
eneiging lhieal. Second, even if il veie, Iike lhe ChRI,
onIy a lhieal lo Russian nalionaI secuiily, lhis lhieal
'/26, (.&66 "0%# &-.#+-0.&/-06 (#72+&.5 &8*6&70.&/-(9
since Russia ienains an inpoilanl Luiasian povei
and is eneiging as a usefuI aIIy of lhe Uniled Slales
and lhe Wesl in lhe vai againsl jihadisn. Thiid, lhe
CLs eneigence as a liansnalionaI lhieal vilh giov3
ing iadicaIizalion, capacily, and aspiialions naiks a
nevIy eneiging lhieal lo U.S. nalionaI and inleina3
lionaI secuiily. Iouilh, lhe CLs liansfoinalion and
inlegialion inlo lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIi3
ance denonsliale lhe aliIily of AQ and ils afhIialed
novenenls lo evoIve, adapl, and ouiish in iesponse
lo Weslein counlei-jihadisn effoils. Iiflh, lhe gIolaI
jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiances aliIily lo evoIve and
adapl is faciIilaled ly lhe exislence of lhe Iaigei jihadi
and IsIanisl sociaI novenenls eneiging fion a pie-
ievoIulionaiy MusIin voiId lhal incIudes denocialic,
nalionaIisl, connunisl, IsIanisl, and jihadisl foices.
Sixlh, excepl in lhe nosl faiIed slales Iike Yenen and
SonaIia, lhe gioups lhal nake up lhe gIolaI jihadi
ievoIulionaiy aIIiance aie unIikeIy lo seize povei pie3
ciseIy lecause of lhe Iiniled appeaI of lheii naiiov
and sliicl ideoIogicaI oiienlalion. Sevenlh, given lhis
Iaigei ievoIulionaiy and iadicaIizing conlexl, inlei3
nalionaI, Weslein, Luiasian, Aneiican, and Russian
secuiily aie IikeIy lo le lhiealened ly lhis ievoIulions
inlended and uninlended deslaliIizing and vioIenl ef3
fecls foi decades lo cone, lhe nosl viiuIenl of vhich
aie lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy aIIiance and ils in3
64
dividuaI gioups. IinaIIy, lhe jihadi ievoIulionaiy aI3
Iiances gIolaIisn diclales a gIolaI and coopeialive
iesponse on lhe pail of lhose vhon il laigels.
OpeialionaIIy, Caucasus jihadisls aie nov ieciuils
foi najoi leiioiisl allacks againsl lhe Wesl. Sheikh aI-
Maqdisi has designaled lhe CL as lhe gIolaI jihads
liidgehead inlo Laslein Luiope, as evidenced ly lhe
CL inseiled ceIIs inlo eIgiun and lhe Czech RepulIic
and ils appaienl invoIvenenl in ils hisl inleinalionaI
leiioiisl pIol in eIgiun. The CL ilseIf couId allenpl
lo allack U.S. laigels in Russia oi eIsevheie, incIud3
ing lhe noilhein suppIy ioule foi U.S. and NATO
lioops hghling in Afghanislan. Ils nosl capacious DV
and ils Azeilaijan }anaal pul Unaiov vilhin sliiking
iange of inleinalionaI and U.S. inleiesls in Azeilaijan
such as oiI conpany headquaileis, iehneiies, and lhe
aku-TliIisi-Ceyhan pipeIine caiiying oiI lo Luiope.
CIeaiIy, a CL oi olhei signihcanl jihadi piesence in
Azeilaijan vouId have secuiily inpIicalions foi lhe
enliie Tianscaucasus and lhe Ieisian CuIf iegion. In
addilion, lhe CL is a ieciuiling giound of nujahedin
foi olhei fionls in lhe gIolaI jihad. Moieovei, Rus3
sia has lhe Iaigesl slockpiIes of chenicaI, lioIogicaI,
iadioIogicaI, and nucIeai naleiiaIs and WMD in lhe
voiId. The CL adds polenliaI denand lo lhis suppIy.
In lhe pasl, lheie have leen iepoils of Chechen sepa3
ialisl and Caucasus jihadi allenpls lo acquiie WMD
in Russia, and lhe CL velsiles posling of lhe fanous
2OO3 AI-Iahd falva lhiee lines in 2O1O suggesls lhal
sone in lhe CL nay vish lo ollain lhen.
Civen lhe eneiging CL lhieal, lhe U.S. Covein3
nenl shouId naxinize coopeialion acioss Luiasia lo
incIude Russia, lhe CoIIeclive Secuiily Tiealy Oigani3
zalion (CSTO), and lhe Shanghai Coopeialion Oigani3
zalion (SCO) in lhe vai againsl jihadisn. The Uniled
65
Slales and Luiope shouId aIso allenpl lo slaliIize
lhe Caucasus ly iesoIving lhe Azeii-Ainenian con3
icl ovei Nagoino-Kaialakh and al Ieasl nininizing
Russian-Ceoigian lensions, so lhese do nol pIay inlo
lhe hands of CL oi olhei jihadisls. One goaI nighl le
lo iein in Ceoigian effoils lo vhip up lioulIe in lhe
Noilh Caucasus, especiaIIy anong lhe MusIin Ciicas3
sian elhnic gioups. TliIisi has opened up a leIevision
and iadio conpany lhal lioadcasls anli-Russian pio3
paganda lo lhe iegion, and sone Ceoigian opposilion
hguies and one foinei U.S. ofhciaI have cIained lhal
Iiesidenl MikheiI SaakashviIis goveinnenl is piovid3
ing hnanciaI and liaining assislance lo lhe CL.
17O
Spec3
uIaling on lhe Ciicassian genocide issue as lhe Sochi
OIynpics appioach, TliIisi adopled a paiIianenlaiy
iesoIulion caIIing foi a loycoll of lhe Sochi ganes and
foi Russian and inleinalionaI iecognilion of lhe Tsai3
isl foices ioul and exiIe of lhe Ciicassians in lhe 186Os
as a genocide. Ceoigias poIicies couId iadicaIize
sone Ciicassians and lhus inpiove lhe CL piospecls
foi ieciuilnenl and allacking lhe Sochi ganes. TliIisi
aIso vaived visa iequiienenls foi Iianians and Noilh
Caucasus iesidenls, vhich couId faciIilale lhe nove3
nenl of gIolaI jihadisls fion Soulh Asia and lhe Iei3
sian CuIf iegion lo lhe Noilh Caucasus and Luiope.
IinaIIy, Weslein-Luiasian (NATO-CSTO) coop3
eialion can le used lo nudge Luiasias aulhoiilaiian
iegines, incIuding Moscov, lo conducl lheii anli-ji3
hadisn and olhei poIicies vilh a giealei eye lovaids
cilizens hunan, civiI and poIilicaI iighls, and lhe
inpIicalions of aII of lhe alove foi lhe vai againsl ji3
hadisn. OnIy vilh lioad and effeclive iegionaI coop3
eialion invoIving aII of lhe posl-Soviel slales viII lhe
Uniled Slales and lhe Wesl le alIe lo defeal lhe gIolaI
jihadi lhieal.
66
ENDNOTE5 - CHAPTER 1
1. Inleiviev vilh asaev in OIeg Iolskii, Teiioiisly pioni3
kayul v Rossiyu za dengi, Nczatisinaqa gazc|a, Maich 12, 1996,
ciled in }anes Hughes, Cnccnnqa. |rcn Na|icna|isn |c ]inad, IhiIa3
deIphia, IA: Univeisily of IennsyIvania Iiess, 2OO7, pp. 1O1, 154.
2. Coidon M. Hahn, Russias |s|anic Tnrca|, Nev Haven, CT,
and London, UK: YaIe Univeisily Iiess, 2OO7.
3. AsIan Maskhadov: 'My sozdadin poInolsennoe IsIans3
koe Cosudaislvo, Kat|az |scn|r, Maich 8, 2O1O, 15:55, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/03/08/71101.sn|n|,
AldaIIakh ShaniI Alu-Idiis: 'My odeizhaIi slialegicheskuyu
poledu, Kat|az-Tscn|r, }anuaiy 9, 2OO6, O8:47:1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.nc|/russ/ccn|cn|/2006/01/09/40869.sn|n|, Iiezi3
denl ChRI Sheik AlduI-KhaIin. Klo On` Kat|az-Tscn|r, Maich
12, 2OO5, OO:59:O7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2005/03/12/31285.sn|n|, AIeksandi Ignalenko, Vakhkhal3
ilskoe kvazigosudaislvo, Russ|ii Znurna|, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
russ.ru/puo|isn/96073701, ciling lhe Chechen niIilanls velsile,
Kat|az-Tscn|r, Seplenlei 1O, 2OO2, IauI Muiphy, Tnc lc|tcs cf |s-
|an. Russia and |nc |accs cf Cnccncn Tcrrcrisn, DuIIes, VA: iasseys
Inc., 2OO4, pp. 171-75, and Hahn, Russias |s|anic Tnrca|, pp. 4O-64.
4. AvaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn
|cn|cticu=ca|cgcrqcid=4c||cnid=28. The audios aie avaiIalIe fion
uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ca|cgcrq
cid=33c||cnid=31. The videos aie avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.
ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ca|cgcrqcid=7c||cnid=8.
5. Ioi exanpIe, see Usana lin Laden ol yasnael khadis
Kala lin MaIika, Kat|az |scn|r, ApiiI 12, 2O11, O1:O8, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/04/12/80669.
sn|n|, AL-kaida: Sheikh Usana lin Laden olialiIsya k fianl3
suzskonu naiodu, Kat|az |scn|r, }anuaiy 21, 2O11, 21:44, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/01/21/78402.
sn|n|, Sheikh Ainan az-Zavakhiii: 'Dageslan~osvozhde3
nie posIe olchayaniya, Unna Ncus, }anuaiy 2O, 2O11, OO:O7,
avaiIalIe fion unnancus.ccn/ninoar/359-----|----r.n|n|, Iii3
soediniyailes k Kaiavanu, |s|andin.ccn, Ieliuaiy 19, 2OO9,
12:O9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_
67
ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=278.2009-02-19-12-11-52cca|id=4.2009-
02-04-14-07-09c||cnid=28, Iliakhin Alu UleiduIakh, Zashchila
Usany in Ladena ol napadok nuidzhiilov, necheslivlsev!,
|s|andin.ccn, }anuaiy 4, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/
indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=609.2010-01-04-
23-52-10cca|id=8.2009-02-04-22-51-14c||cnid=26, Sheikh Usana
in Laden-Inan Mudzhakhidov Nashei Lpokhi, ]anaa| Snaria|9
}anuaiy 7, 2O1O, 12:53, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/
ccn|cn|/ticu/414/29/, Hunafa.ccns video conpiIalion Oh, He
Who Reliukes Me, lin Laden and lhe CLs Sheikh Said Alu
Saad uiyalskii, O, upiekayushchii nenya, avaiIalIe fion
Hunafa.ccn.
6. Sone of lhe olhei jihadi sheiks, schoIais, and piopagan3
disls pioninenl on CL velsiles incIude: nedievaI souice of jihadi
lhoughl Taki aI-Din Ahnad Iln Tainiyya, lhe Lgyplian schoIai
and MusIin iolheihood Ieading hguie, Sayyid Qull, lhe Iaki3
slani SaIahsl and jihadi ievoIulionaiy, Sayed AluI AIa Maududi,
lhe London-lased Syiian sheikh, Sheikh Alu asyi Al-Tailusi,
Sheikh and Inan, AlduIIah lin Aldu-Rakhnan lin }iliin, Ilia3
hin Muhannad AI-HukaiI, Iiaqi Sheikh and nujahed, AdduIIah
Iln Muhannad Ai-Rashud, Sheikh Muhannad SaIih aI-Muna3
jid, and Sheikh Alduiiakhnan AI-aiiak.
7. ZhuinaI 'VdokhnovIai: 'SdeIai lonlu v Maninoi kukhne,
|s|andin.ccn, Decenlei 3, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.
ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=992.2010-12-
03-10-29-08cca|id=43.2010-11-25-17-50-11c||cnid=33, ZhuinaI
'VdokhnovIyai: Opeialsiya 'Kiovolechenie, |s|andin.ccn, De3
cenlei 8, 2O1O, 11:51, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.
pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=999.2010-12-08-11-56-
36cca|id=27.2009-02-09-17-38-17c||cnid=16, V inleinele iaspios3
lianen vloioi nonei zhuinaIa 'AI-Kaidy, |nspirc, Vdokhnove3
-&#9 Kat|az |scn|r, Oclolei 12, 2O1O, 12:O7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/10/12/75767.sn|n|, and Coidon
M. Hahn, |s|an, |s|anisn, and Pc|i|ics in |urasia Rcpcr|, Inleina3
lionaI Inslilule of IiofessionaI Lducalion and Reseaich (IIILR),
No. 4O, May 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/23115/
crigina|/|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_40_naq_2011.pdf.
68
8. Lxeculive Repoil, Mi|i|an| |dcc|cgq A||as, Wesl Ioinl, NY:
U.S. MiIilaiy Acadeny, Conlaling Teiioiisn Cenlei, Novenlei
2OO6, pp. 7-8.
9. Anii SaifuIIakh o knige sheikha Alu Mukhannada aI
Makdisi 'MiIIeli Iliakhin, |s|andin.ccn, Ieliuaiy 18, 2O1O,
O8:O3, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_
ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=656.-q-q-cca|id=7.2009-02-04-15-45-
20c||cnid=8, and Anii SaifuIIakh: 'O Tavkhide~1 chasl,
|s|andin.ccn, Ieliuaiy 15, 2O1O, O1:37:27, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=651.-
q-q-1-cca|id=7.2009-02-04-15-45-20c||cnid=8.
1O. See, foi exanpIe, A nessage fion Sheikh aI-Maqdisi lo
lhe Mujahedeen of lhe Caucasus Lniiale, Kat|az |scn|r, Sep3
lenlei 18, 2OO9, 16:55, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/cng/
ccn|cn|/2009/09/18/11018.sn|n|, hisl pulIished in Aialic on aI-
Maqdisis sile A|naqdcsc.nc|, 15 Ranadan 143O, avaiIalIe fion
a|naqdcsc.nc|/r?i=07090901. See aIso NaslavIenie nudzhakhi3
dan ol sheikh Alu Mukhannada aI Makdisi, |s|andin.ccn9
Maich 13, 2O11, 23:37, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.
pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=1077.2011-03-14-00-00-
13cca|id=4.2009-02-04-14-07-09c||cnid=28, Iisno ol Sheikha
Alu Mukhannad AI-Makdisi, Kat|az |scn|r, Ieliuaiy 5,
2O11, 13:5O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|
/2011/02/05/78885.sn|n|, and RaznyshIeniya, inan Alu Muk3
hannad AI-Makdisi, Hunafa.ccn, Decenlei 11, 2OO9, 12:OO,
avaiIalIe fion nunafa.ccn/?p=2530.
11. A nessage fion Sheikh aI-Maqdisi lo lhe Mujahedeen of
lhe Caucasus Lniiale, Kat|az |scn|r, Seplenlei 18, 2OO9, 16:55,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/cng/ccn|cn|/2009/09/18/11018.
sn|n|, hisl pulIished in Aialic on aI-Maqdisis sile, A|naqdcsc.nc|9
15 Ranadan 143O, avaiIalIe fion a|naqdcsc.nc|/r?i=07090901.
12. Ialva Sheikha Alu Mukhannada aI-Makdisi, da ykiepil
ego AIIakh, Kat|az |scn|r, Seplenlei 1O, 2O1O, 2O:55, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/09/10/75149.sn|n|.
13. Anii SeifuIIah o piolsesse podgolovki k piovogIash3
eniyu Kavkazskogo Lniiala, Kat|az |scn|r, Novenlei 2O, 2OO7,
23:15, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2007/
11/20/54479.sn|n|.
69
14. On Asleniiovs viev of lhe aniis uniIaleiaI poveis, see
Anii SeifuIIah o piolsesse podgolovki k piovogIasheniyu Kavka3
zskogo Lniiala, Kat|az |scn|r, Novenlei 2O, 2OO7, 23:15, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2007/11/20/54479.
sn|n|. Ioi lhe sane ly Asleniiovs successois, see Anii Sei3
fuIIakh Culdenskii, ia: Ol logo, chlo ny zdes voyuen, ny
nichego ne vyigiaen, ]anaa|Snaria|.ccn, Novenlei 12, 2O1O,
O5:17, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/-nainncnu-29/14-
fac|q/1345-2010-11-12-02-18-12.n|n|, and Kadii IK AIi Alu
MukhIannad o piavIenii, dzhikhade, o poIozhenii shakhidov
i nnogon diugon, Guraoa.infc, }une 28, 2O11, 1O:57, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.guraoa.infc/2011-02-27-17-59-21/30-tidcc/1107--i-.n|n|.
15. CL qadi Asleniiov passed dovn a dealh senlence againsl
London exiIe and foinei ChRI foieign ninislei Akhned Zakaev
vhen he lioke vilh lhe CL upon ils ciealion in Oclolei 2OO7.
See Shaiialskii sud vynes ieshenie po deIy Zakaeva, Kat|az
|scn|r, Augusl 25, 2OO9, O2:45, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.
ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2009/08/25/67586.sn|n| 0-, uuu.is|andin.ccn/in-
dcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=467.2009-08-24-21-
30-20cca|id=10.2009-02-06-21-56-11c||cnid=26. The CLs Dages3
lan ViIaiyal (DV) qadis have even passed dovn, and lhe DV
nujahedin have consequenlIy caiiied oul, lvo knovn dealh sen3
lences againsl Dageslani cilizens. In }uIy 2O1O, lhen DV qadi and
soon-lo-le CL qadi Alu Muhanad aI-Dagislani issued a dealh
senlence againsl SaIinhan Shagidkhanov, condenned foi aduI3
leiy and iaping a MusIin vonan. AI-Dagislani issued a second
dealh falva againsl Ialinal Magonedova, a fenaIe headnaslei
accused of kicking schooI giiIs oul of cIass foi veaiing lhe nijao.
?1.#+ #07" /1 ."# 0772(#, '0( #)#72.#,9 ."# %#+,&7.( '#+# */(.#,
/- ]anaa|Snaria|.ccn as a vaining lo lhose vho vouId daie non3
conpIiance vilh Shaiiah. V ViIaiyale Dageslan piogovoien Shai3
ialskon sudon i unichlozhen viag AIIakha Shagidkhanov SaIin3
khan, ]anaa|Snaria|.ccn, Augusl 1O, 2O1O, 13:56, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/ncu/15-ncu/1095-2010-08-10-10-58-30.n|n|,
and ZayavIenie SpelsiaInoi opeialivnoi giuppy nudzhakhi3
dov dageslanskogo fionla: Iiigovoi piiveden v ispoInenie,
]anaa| Snaria|.ccn, Seplenlei 25, 2O1O, 15:24, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
janaa|snaria|.ccn/ncu/15-ncu/1298-2010-09-25-12-47-36.n|n|.
16. Olvely na vopiosy kadiya Inaiala Kavkaz, aniia
Oledinennogo ViIaiyala Kalaidy, aIkaiii i Kaiachya, SaifuI3
7O
Iakha, |s|andin.ccn, Decenlei 12, 2O1O, 14:54, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|c
cid=594.2009-12-12-14-58-15cca|id=27. 2009-02-09-17-38-
17c||cnid=16.
17. Anii SaifuIIakh o knige sheikha Alu Mukhannada aI
Makdisi 'MiIIeli Iliakhin, and Olvely na vopiosy kadiya Ina3
iala Kavkaz, aniia Oledinennogo ViIaiyala Kalaidy, aIkaiii i
Kaiachaya, SaifuIIakha.
18. See, foi exanpIe, lhe viilings of Said Alu Saad uiy3
alskii, AIeksandi Tikhoniiov, lhe CLs Ieading piopagandisl
and opeialive foi suicide lonlings in 2OO8 and 2OO9, especiaIIy:
Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi
Isliny i Izhi, Hunafa.infc, May 3O, 2OO9, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion
nunafa.ccn??p=1534, and Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na
Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi isliny i Izhi, Chasl 2, Hunafa.infc, }une
24, 2OO9, 4:O4, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.infc/?p=1715. See aIso lhe hnaI
islishkhad leslanenl of his sludenl, Zaveshchanie AlduI-MaIika:
'Ya ukhozhu na Islishkhad, chloly pozheilvoval svoei dushoi vo
inya AIIakha!, Kat|az |scn|r, }uIy 29, 2O1O, 12:O4, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/07/29/74167.sn|n|.
19. In 2OO2, lhe ChRIs jihadisl ving had convinced
Maskhadov of lhe need lo jihadize lhe ChRIs conslilulion and
expand lheii opeialions acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus and Russia.
Anii Inaiala Kavkaz Doku Alu Usnan: 'Mudzhakhidy Iio3
vozgIasiIi Inaial Kavkaz i ya goizhus elin, Kat|az|nfcrn.ccn9
May 27, 2O1O, O5:13, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azinfcrn.ccn/2011-
05-27-02-00-06/3-2011-05-27-05-14-31.n|n|. The hisl iesuIl vas lhe
Oclolei 2OO2 Duliovka Thealie hoslage laking. Accoiding lo a
CL liogiaphy of lhe Iale Dageslan anii and CL Shaiiah Couil
qadi (chief nagisliale) MagonedaIi Vagalov, a.k.a. SeifuIIah
Culdenskii, in aulunn 2OO3 Vagalov and his feIIov nujahedin
vanled lo go lo Chechnya and lo hghl lul veie oideied lo ie3
nain neai Khasavyuil, Dageslan, in conneclion vilh a decision
of Maskhadov and asaev |c sprcad ccnoa| |c |nc cn|irc |crri|crq cf
|nc Caucasus (ny ilaIics), Anii Dageslanskogo Iionla i Kadii
Inaiala Kavkaz SaifuIIakh. Chasl 2~Dzhikhad, ]anaa| Snaria|.
ccn, Augusl 13, 2O1O, O2:5O, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/-
nainncnu-29/14-fac|q/1105--2-.n|n|. Ioi lhe inleiviev of Ichkeiia
RepulIic Iiesidenl AsIan Maskhadov and Chaiinan of lhe Shai3
71
ial Connillee of Ichkeiia RepulIics Slale Defense Connillee
AlduI-KhaIin, SaduIaev, see My peienosin voinu na leiiilo3
iiyu viaga. . . ., Kat|az-Tscn|r, Augusl 1, 2OO4, 13:O9:21, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2004/08/01/24101.sn|n|. In
an Augusl 1, 2OO4, inleiviev Maskhadov poiliayed hinseIf as a
devoul MusIin lul puieIy nalionaIisl fieedon hghlei, lul he aIso
pulIicIy suppoiled lhe ciealion of a lioad MusIin cohoil of in3
suigenls foi aclions lhioughoul lhe Noilh Caucasus, and indeed
aII of Russia. Sealed nexl lo his designaled successoi and ChRI
Shaiiah Couil Chaiinan AlduI-KhaIin SaduIaev foi a joinl inlei3
viev, Maskhadov vained: We aie capalIe of caiiying oul such
opeialions in Ichkeiia, Ingusheliya and Russia, and ve viII piove
il. See My peienosin voinu na leiiiloiiyu viaga. . ., Kat|az-
Tscn|r, Augusl 1, 2OO4, 13:O9:21, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.
ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2004/08/01/24101.sn|n|. Aflei Maskhadovs dealh
in Maich 2OO5, nev ChRI piesidenl SaduIaev ciealed lhe Noilh
Caucasus and Dageslan Iionls in May 2OO5, denonslialing his
inlenl lo spiead lhe jihad acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus. The Noilh
Caucasus Iionl incIuded Ingushelia and Kalaidino-aIkaiia Sec3
lois. See ukazon Iiezidenla ChRI SaduIaeva sozdan Kavkazskii
fionl, Kat|az |scn|r, May 16, 2OO5, OO:54:35, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2005/05/16/33965.sn|n|. Upon his
succession of SaduIaev in }une 2OO6, Unaiov ciealed lhe VoIga
and UiaIs Iionls in oidei lo laigel Talaislan, ashkoiloslan, and
olhei Russian Iedeialion iegions vilh signihcanl MusIin Talai
and ashkii popuIalions. See Iiezidenl ChRI podpisaI ukazy
o sozdanii UiaIskogo i IovoIzhskgo fionlov, Kat|az-Tscn|r9
}uIy 9, 2OO7, 14:34, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2006/07/09/45779.sn|n|. In }anuaiy 2OO6, asaev, encoui3
aged ly Kalaidin nujahedin Iike Anzoi Asleniiov and Musa
Mukozhev, convinced ChRI piesidenl SaduIaev lo cieale a coun3
ciI of uIena, IsIanic schoIais, in piepaialion foi lhe decIaialion of
lhe Caucasus Lniiale (CL), lul SaduIaev and asaev veie kiIIed
in }une and }uIy, iespecliveIy, Ieaving lhe lask lo Unaiov. Anii
Inaiala Kavkaz Doku Alu Usnan: 'Mudzhakhidy IiovozgIasiIi
Inaial Kavkaz i ya goizhus elin.
2O. Ioi lhe fuII decIaialion, see OhlsiaInyi ieIiz zayav3
Ieniya Aniia Dokki Unaiova o piovozgIashenii Kavkazskogo
Lniiala, Kat|az |scn|r, Novenlei 21, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2007/11/21/54480.sn|n|, and Konu
vygodna piovokalsiay pod nazvanien 'Kavkazskii Lniial,
72
Cnccncnprcss.crg, Oclolei 29, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.cnccncn-
prcss.crg/ctcn|s/2007/10/29/04.sn|n|.
21. Anii Dokku Alu Usnan o lin Ladene, Inaiale Ka3
vkaz I poleiyakh nodzhakhedov, Kavkaz lsenli, May 17,
2O11, OO:O1, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/
2011/05/17/81607.sn|n|. The LngIish liansIalion is avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/cng/ccn|cn|/2011/05/17/14313.sn|n|.
22. See, foi exanpIe, Teslinony of Miiian Lanskoy, Hu3
nan Righls in lhe Noilh Caucasus, Ton Lanlos Hunan Righls
Connission, U.S. Congiess, ApiiI 15, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion ||nrc.
ncusc.gct/dccs/|ranscrip|s/2011_04_15_Ncr|n_Caucasus/|ans|cq_
Tcs|incnq.pdf, Miiian Lanskaya o leiakle v Donodedovo i no3
nenle isliny, Caucasus Tincs, Ieliuaiy 2, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.caucasus|incs.ccn/ar|ic|c.asp?id=20748, Roleil Iape, Lindsey
ORouike, and }enna McDeinil, Whal Makes Chechen Wonen
So Dangeious` Ncu Ycr| Tincs, Maich 31, 2O1O, and Maiilek
Valchagaev, Aiiesls in Luiope IIace 1OO,OOO Menlei Chechen
Diaspoia in lhe SpolIighl, }aneslovn Ioundalion |urasia Dai|q
Mcni|cr, VoI. 7, Issue 215, Decenlei 2, 2O1O, O1:13, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.jancs|cun.crg/sing|c/?nc_cacnc=1c|x_||ncus58||_ncus
5D=37230c|x_||ncus58oac|Pid5D=7ccHasn=85a84a8365.
23. OhlsiaInyi ieIiz zayavIeniya Aniia Dokki Unaiova
o piovozgIashenii Kavkazskogo Lniiala, and Oliashchenie
aniia IK Dokku Alu Usnan k nusuInanan Lgipla i Tunis, ]a-
naa|Snaria|.ccn, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn.
24. Razyasnenie Aniia IK Dokku Alu Usnan v svy3
azi s hlnoi siedi nodzhakhedov, Kat|az |scn|r, Oclolei 18,
2O1O, 12:51, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|
/2010/10/18/75902.sn|n|.
25. Alu-l-Tanvii Kavkazskii, Vcheia, segodnya, zavlia . . . ,
Hunafa.ccn, ApiiI 24, 2O1O, 11:23, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.
ccn/?p=3451.
26. Slennogianna video: Kadii IK Alu Mukhannad~
'Olvely na vopiosy~1 chasl, Guraoa.infc, }uIy 8, 2O11, OO:18,
avaiIalIe fion guraoa.infc/2011-02-27-17-59-21/30-tidcc/1117--
i-q-q-1-.n|n|, and VDageslan.info, }uIy 8, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion
73
tdagcs|an.infc/2011/07/08/d0oad0o0d0o4d0o
8d0o9-d0o8d0oa-d0o0d0o1d183-d0
ocd183d185id0o0d0ocd0ocd0o0d
0o4-d0ocd182d0o2d0o5d182d18o-
d0odd0o0-d0o2d0ocd0ofd180d0oc/.
27. The CLs DV nujahedin piovided a sonevhal expIicil de3
sciiplion of lhis slialegy in Ieiekhval inilsialivy, ]anaa| Snaria|9
}une 2, 2O1O, O3:29, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/-
nainncnu-29/14--/834-2010-06-02-03-05-02.n|n|.
28. Anii Inaiala Kavkaz Dokku Alu Usnan: 'My osvo3
lodin Kiasnodaiskii kiai, Asliakhan i IovoIzhskii zenIi . . .,
Kat|az |scn|r, Maich 8, 2O1O, 11:38, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.
ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/03/08/71087.sn|n|.
29. These incIude, accoiding lo ny ovn eslinale, sone 3O in
lhe Iasl 2 nonlhs of 2OO7, 373 in 2OO8, 511 in 2OO9, 583 in 2O1O, and
sone 3OO in lhe hisl 5 nonlhs of 2O11.
3O. Coidon M. Hahn, The Caucasus Lniiales 'Yeai of lhe
Offensive in Iiguies: Dala and AnaIysis of lhe Caucasus Lnii3
ales Teiioiisl Aclivily in 2OO9, |s|an, |s|anisn, and Pc|i|ics in |ur-
asia Rcpcr| (hencefoilh ||P|R), No. 7, }anuaiy 18, 2O1O, Coidon M.
Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus Lniiale Teiioiisl Acliv3
ily in 2OO8 and 2OO9, ||P|R, No. 8, Ieliuaiy 5, 2O1O, Coidon M.
Hahn, Tiends in }ihadisl VioIence in Russia Duiing 2O1O in Slalis3
lics, ||P|R, No. 33, }anuaiy 26, 2O11, and Coidon M. Hahn, CL-
AfhIialed Welsile Repoils Nunlei of }ihadi Allacks and ResuIl3
ing CasuaIlies fion }anuaiy Thiough }une 2O11, ||P|R, No. 44,
Augusl 12, 2O11, aII avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/acadcnics/facu||q
/gnann/rcpcr|.
31. IalaIilies ly Yeai and Monlh as Iail of Opeialion 'Ln3
duiing Iieedon in AII Thealies of Opeialion, |casu|a|ics.crg9
avaiIalIe fion icasua||ics.crg/ccf/8qMcn|n.aspx, Opeialion Ln3
duiing Iieedon: U.S. Wounded TolaIs, |casua||ics.crg, avaiIalIe
1+/8 icasua||ics.crg/O||/USCasua||ics8qS|a|c.aspx.
32. See lhe video MajIis aI-Shuia of lhe Caucasus Lniiale~25
ApiiI 2OO9, Ycu Tuoc9 uuu.qcu|uoc.ccn/ua|cn?t=DQQKPNfnc1U.
Ioi lhe LngIish liansIalion of Unaiovs posl-Shuia decIaialion
74
vilh a Iink lo his dovnIoadalIe video slalenenl in Russian, see
Anii Dokka Alu Usnan: 'This Yeai WiII e Oui Offensive
Yeai, Kat|az |scn|r, May 17, 2OO9, 15:17, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|az.|t/cng/ccn|cn|/2009/05/17/10700.sn|n|.
33. See, foi exanpIe, Said Alu Saad, uiyalskii, Islishkhad
nezhdu piavdoi i Iozhyu, Hunafa.ccn, Decenlei 9, 2OO9, 1:O1,
avaiIalIe fion nunafa.ccn/?p=2514, Said alu Saad. Ol iezuI3
lalakh opeialsii v Naziani 17 avgusla 2OO9g, Hunafa.ccn, Sep3
lenlei 7, 2OO9, 11:23, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.ccn/?p=1984, Said
Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi Isli3
ny i Izhi, Hunafa.infc, May 3O, 2OO9, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.
ccn??p=1534, Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad
iznulii: Ceioi isliny i Izhi, Chasl 2, Hunafa.infc, }une 24, 2OO9,
4:O4, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.infc/?p=1715, and Said Alu Saad.
VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi Isliny i Izhi, Chasl 3,
Hunafa.ccn, }uIy 24, 2OO9, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.ccn??p=1855.
34. Unaiov appeaied in a videolape ieIeased shoilIy aflei
lhe lonling aIong vilh lhe Riyadus SaIikhiin Mailyis iigade's
(RSM) anii Khanzal and lhe suicide lonlei, Magoned Yev3
Ioev, lefoie lhe Iallei vas dispalched lo Moscov. See Video:
Anii Inaiala Kavkaz Dokku Alu Usnan poseliI lazu iigady
Shakhidov Riyadus SaIikhin i sdeIaI zayavIenie, Kat|az |scn|r9
Ieliuaiy 4, 2O11, 23:18, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2011/02/04/78877.sn|n|, and Oliashchenie aniia Inaiala
Kavkaz Dokku Alu Usnan v svyazi s Shakhidskoi opeialsiei v
Moskve 24 yanvaiya 2O11 goda al Anii Dokku Alu Usnan:
'Spelsopeialsiya v Moskve lyIa piovedena po noenu piikazu,
Kat|az |scn|r, Ieliuaiy 7, 2O11, 22:58, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|a-
zccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/02/07/78967.sn|n|.
35. Then U.S. Slale Depailnenl Depuly Chief foi C.I.S. Af3
faiis Slephen Seslanovich loId lhe Senale Ioieign ReIalions Con3
nillee in his Novenlei 1999 leslinony: Chechen insuigenls aie
ieceiving heIp fion iadicaI gioups in olhei counliies, incIuding
Osana lin Ladens nelvoik and olheis vho have allacked oi
lhiealened Aneiicans and Aneiican inleiesls. See Texl: Sesla3
novich Slalenenl on Chechnya lo Senale Connillee, Novenlei
4, G|coa|Sccuri|q.ccn, USIS Washinglon IiIe, Novenlei 4, 1999,
0-, uuu.g|coa|sccuri|q.crg/ni|i|arq/|iorarq/ncus/1999/11/991104-
cnccncn-usia1.n|n. See aIso lhen U.S. NalionaI Secuiily CounciI
75
advisei Richaid CIaikes connenls iegaiding ChRI-AQ lies on
lhe ChaiIie Rose Shov, IS, Novenlei 3O, 1999, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.cnar|icrcsc.ccn/ticu/in|crticu/3968, and lhen U.S. Congies3
sionaI Task Ioice on Teiioiisn and UnconvenlionaI Waifaie Di3
iecloi }oseph odanskys connenls on ChRI-AQ lies in }oseph
odansky, Chechnya: The Mujahedin Iacloi, |rccnan.crg, 1999,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.frccnan.crg/n_cn|inc/ocdans|q/cnccnnqa.n|n.
36. Defense InleIIigence Agency DecIassihed Suif| Knign|
Rcpcr|, Docunenl No. 3O95345, no dale, ]udicia| la|cn, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.judicia|ua|cn.crg/cascs/102/dia.pdf.
37. |oid., p. 4.
38. |oid.
39. |oid., pp. 3-4.
4O. |oid., p. 5.
41. On AI-Haianain, see AI-Haianain IsIanic Ioundalion
v. Uniled Slales Depailnenl of lhe Tieasuiy, Heaiing No. 1O-
35O, Ninlh Ciicuil Couil, Maich 9, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.ca9.
usccur|s.gct/ncdia/ticu_suopagc.pnp?p|_id=0000007126, 0-, ."#
U.S. goveinnenls senlencing nenoiandun, evidenliaiy exhil3
ils, and a Russian IS ofhceis leslinony aloul aI-Haianians
assislance lo Chechen and Dageslani nujahedin in Uniled
Slales of Aneiica v. Ieiouz Sedaghaly, Case No. O5-CR-6OOO8-
HO, Uniled Slales Disliicl Couil foi lhe Slale of Oiegon, No3
venlei 23, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion lhe Invesligalive Iiojecl, uuu.
intcs|iga|itcprcjcc|.crg/dccuncn|s/casc_dccs/1422.pdf#pagc=65.
42. See IedeiaI uieau of Invesligalion SpeciaI Agenl Rol3
eil WaIkeis Afhdavil in Suppoil of ConpIainl enevoIence In3
leinalionaI Ioundalion, Inc. and Lnnan M. Ainoul, a.k.a. Alu
Mahnood, a.k.a. AldeI Sania, ApiiI 29, 2OO2, in lhe 2OO2 case,
The Uniled Slales of Aneiica v. enevoIence InleinalionaI Ioun3
dalion, Inc. and Lnnan M. Ainoul, |ntcs|iga|itc Prcjcc|, p. 3,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.intcs|iga|itcprcjcc|.crg/dccuncn|s/casc_dccs/94.
pdf (hencefoilh WaIkei Affadavil).
76
43. Tieasuiy Designales enevoIence InleinalionaI Iounda3
lion and ReIaled Lnlilies as Iinancieis of Teiioiisn, Iiess Re3
Iease, U.S. Depailnenl of Tieasuiys Ofhce of IulIic Affaiis, IO-
3632, Novenlei 19, 2OO2, avaiIalIe fion uuu.intcs|iga|itcprcjcc|.
crg/dccuncn|s/casc_dccs/1176.pdf.
44. WaIkei Afhdavil, p. 3.
45. WaIkei Afhdavil, pp. 3, 24-28.
46. One disc of videos vas vieved ly lhe aulhoi and depos3
iled ly hin in lhe aichives al lhe Hoovei Inslilulion, Slanfoid
Univeisily.
47. Indiclnenl in Uniled Slales of Aneiica v. alai Ahnad,
aka alai Ahned, and Azzan IulIicalions, |ntcs|iga|itc Prcj-
cc|, no dale, pp. 1, 5-9, and 12-13, avaiIalIe fion uuu.intcs|iga|itc
prcjcc|.crg/dccuncn|s/casc_dccs/96.pdf.
48. WaIkei Afhdavil, pp. 24-28.
49. Rohan Cunaialna, |nsidc A| Qacda. G|coa| Nc|ucr| cf Tcr-
rcr, Nev Yoik: CoIunlia Univeisily Iiess, 2OO2, p. 18O, and S.
Iiyganov, V|crzncnic t Rcssiqu, Moscov, Russia: Lkspiinl, 2OO3,
pp. 189-9O.
5O. Chechen connandei asayev vovs noie allacks, C
Moniloiing, in }ohnsons Russia Lisl, Novenlei 2, 2OO4, ciling
Kat|az |scn|r, see aIso Tnc G|coc and Mai|, Novenlei 2, 2OO4, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|ncg|cocandnai|.ccn/scrt|c|/Ar|ic|cNcus/TPS|crq/
|AC/20041102/CH|CH|N02/TP|n|crna|icna|/?qucrq=oasaqct.
51. MiIilanls Taigel Aials in Massive Iundiaising Canpaign
foi Chechen Insuigenls, Transna|icna| Sccuri|q |ssucs Rcpcr|, De3
cenlei 13, 2OO7, and Anii SeifuIIakh Culdenskii, (ia): Ol logo,
chlo ny zdes voyuen, ny nichego ne vyigiaen, ]anaa|Snaria|.
ccn, Novenlei 12, 2O1O, O5:17, avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.
ccn/-nainncnu-29/14-fac|q/1345-2010-11-12-02-18-12.n|n|.
52. Svifl Knighl Repoil, p. 3.
53. |oid., p. 5.
77
54. Cunaialna, |nsidc A| Qacda, p. 179.
55. RILRL NevsIine, VoI. 7, No. 6O, Maich 28, 2OO3, RILRL
Russian Iedeialion Repoil, VoI. 4, No. 14, ApiiI 17, 2OO2, Rus3
sias 'TaIilan Iaces Uneasy Iuluie aflei Cuanlanano Toinenl,
A|P, Augusl 1, 2OO4, and Rcgicns.ru, Maich 27, 2OO3, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.rcgicns.ru.
56. The accounl does nol nake il pieciseIy cIeai vhelhei Vag3
alov hinseIf venl lo Afghanislan. Anii Dageslanskogo Iionla
i K adii Inaiala Kavkaz SaifuIIakh. Chasl 2~Dzhikhad. ]anaa|
Snaria|, Augusl 13, 2O1O, O2:5O, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/
ru/-nainncnu-29/14-fac|q/1105--2-.n|n|.
57. Czech IoIice Aiiesl Suspecled Russias Noilh Caucasus
Teiioiisls, 8NO Ncus, May 3, 2O11, 2:27, avaiIalIe fion uircup-
da|c.ccn/uircs/17128/czccn-pc|icc-arrcs|-suspcc|cd-russias-ncr|n-cau-
casus-|crrcris|s/.
58. The uIgai }anaals Russian-Ianguage velsile is avaiI3
alIe fion |auoa.infc /+ janaa|ou|gar.narcd.ru. Ioi lhe caII foi ji3
had againsl Russia, see Oliashchenie Dzhanaala uIgai k
MusuInanan Rossii, }annal uIgai, Ieliuaiy 28, 2OO9, avaiI3
alIe fion janaa|ou|gar.narcd.ru/s|a|iq/t1_28-02-09.n|n. See aIso
Lailh AIkhouii, }anaal uIgai Welsile~'Aloul Us Seclion~
Iiovides ackgiound Infoinalion on Ties lo TaIilan, Taclics,
||asnpcin| |n|c|, ApiiI 29, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.asnpcin|-in|c|.
ccn/inagcs/dccuncn|s/pdf/0410/asnpcin|_janaa|ou|garaocu|us.pdf.
59. iian CIynn WiIIians, Shalleiing lhe AI-Qaeda-Chechen
Mylh, }aneslovn Ioundalion Cnccncn lcc||q, VoI. 4, No. 4O, No3
venlei 6, 2OO3, iian CIyn WiIIians, AIIahs Iool SoIdieis: An
Assessnenl of lhe RoIe of Ioieign Iighleis and AI-Qa-ida in lhe
Chechen Insuigency, in Moshe Cannei, ed., ||nnc-Na|icna|isn,
|s|an and |nc S|a|c in |nc Caucasus. Pcs|-Sctic| Discrdcr, London,
UK: RoulIedge, 2OO7, pp. 156-78, and iian CIynn WiIIians, Key3
nole Lecluie, InleinalionaI Confeience, The Noilhein Caucasus:
Russias Tindeilox, Washinglon, DC: Cenlei foi Slialegic and
InleinalionaI Sludies, Novenlei 3O-Decenlei 1, 2O1O.
78
6O. This is accoiding lo Iiaqi Inleiioi Minislei IaIah aI-Naqil.
See Iiaqs AI-Naqil~'Teiioiisls Iion Chechnya, Sudan, and
Syiia KiIIed Aiiesled, 8ciru| |8C SAT Tc|ctisicn, 13OO CMT, }an3
uaiy 3O, 2OO5.
61. See Cunaialna, |nsidc A| Qacda, p. 292.
62. The foui veie 18-yeai-oId Seigey Vikloiovich Vysolskiy,
2O-yeai-oId Tinui VIadiniiovich Khozkov, 2O-yeai-oId AsIan Yei3
ikovich Inkodzhayev, and a 2O-yeai-oId Dageslani nalionaI vho
caIIs hinseIf Alu AlduI. VIasli Livana olvinyayul v leiioiizne
chelyiekh giazhdan Rossii, Kat|az uzc|, Oclolei 5, 2OO7, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|az.ncnc.ru/ncus|cx|/ncus/id/1198805.n|n|,
and Ioui Russian Cilizens Accused of Teiioiisn in Lela3
non, Rc|ua.crg, Oclolei 5, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rc|ua.crg/
ncnc.cfn?ar|ic|c|d=4834, ciling Kat|az uzc|, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|az-uzc|.ru.
63. Luiza Oiazaeva, NAK: ulilyi v Kalaidino-aIkaiii lo3
evik oluchaIsya v Livane, Kat|az-uzc|.ru, Maich 16, 2O11, 21:45,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/182411/.
64. Dageslani nujahed Yasin RasuIov has viillen convinc3
ingIy aloul lhis in Yasin RasuIov, Dzni|nad na Sctcrncn Kat|azc.
s|crcnni|i i prc|itni|i9 Kat|az |scn|r, pp. 18-29 and 55-59, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/is|an/jinad_in_ncaucasus/
PD|_tcrsicn.pdf. RasuIov vas kiIIed ly Russian foices in 2OO7, he
uses ieIialIe pie-connunisl Russian MusIin schoIaiIy souices lo
docunenl his cIains.
65. The exlenl lo vhich lhe Russian conquesl and lhe Cau3
casus, especiaIIy Dageslani iesislance in lhe 19lh cenluiy, veie
naiked ly an inlia-Caucasus sliuggIe lelveen gazata|is|s9 ,#3
fending IocaI soveieignly and lhe cuslons of ada| and Suhsn, and
pio-Shaiiah quasi-IsIanisls Iike Inan ShaniI, Cazi Mukhannad,
and KuiaIy-Magona, sonelines lacked ly lhe Iianian Shah, is
oflen oveiIooked. See, foi exanpIe, N. I. Iokiovskii, Kat|azs|ic
Vcinq i |nana| Snani|qa, Moscov, Russia: ROSSILN, 2OO9.
66. RasuIov, Dzni|nad na Sctcrncn Kat|azc. s|crcnni|i i prc|itni|i.
79
67. OIga oliova, Inaial Kavkaz: Cosudaislvo koloio3
go nel, Nctaqa gazc|a, No. 27, Maich 17, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.nctaqagazc|a.ru/da|a/2010/027/18.n|n|, and OIeg Cuseinov,
Slioileslvo khiana Maiii MagdaIiny piioslanovIena iz-za olsu3
lsviya siedslv, Gazc|a quga, ApiiI 21, 2OO5, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
gazc|aquga.ru/arcnitc/2005/16.n|n.
68. AIeksandi Zhukov, Kaoardinc-8a||ariqa. Na pu|i | |a|as|cfc9
LegaI Defense Cenlei 'MenoiiaI, Kat|az uzc|, Appendix 9, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ana|q|ics|cx|/ana|q|ics/id/1231255.
n|n|, Hahn, Russias |s|anic Tnrca|, pp. 152-65, Anii SeifuIIah o
piolsesse podgolovki k piovogIasheniyu Kavkazskogo Lniiala,
Coidon M. Hahn, IiohIe of 'SeifuIIah Anzoi Asleniiov, Iail 3:
Asleniiov and lhe Caucasus Lniiale, ||P|R, No. 23, Seplenlei
13, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/21434/crigina|/
|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_23_scp|_2010.pdf, Anii SeifuIIah: 'Io3
leda ol AIIakha, lak zhe kak i poiazhenie, Kat|az-Tscn|r, May
29, 2OO6, O3:34, and May 3O, 2OO6, O4:34, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.nc|/russ/ccn|cn|/2006/05/29/44895, AIeksandi Zhukov,
ReIigioznyi iaskoI i poIilicheskoe ieshenie, Pc|i|.ru, May 18,
2OO6, O8:25, avaiIalIe fion uuu.pc|i|.ru/ana|q|ics/2006/05/18/
|anc|ct.n|n|.
69. Anii SeifuIIah o piolsesse podgolovki k piovogIash3
eniyu Kavkazskogo Lniiala, Hahn, IiohIe of 'SeifuIIah Anzoi
Asleniiov, Iail 3: Asleniiov and lhe Caucasus Lniiale, and
ShaniI spiosiI nenya: 'Kogda slanesh Aniion, ly ol yavish
Inaial`, Kat|az |scn|r, Augusl 3O, 2O11, O2:19, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/08/30/84755.sn|n|.
7O. AIeksandi Tikhoniiov, Sheikh Said Alu Sadd aI-uiy3
alii-Said uiyalskii, Kat|az uzc|, Augusl 17, 2OO9, 17:O2, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/158565, and Kadyiov naz3
vaI Saida uiyalskogo 'ideoIogon leiakla, nakachivayushchin
sneilnikov lalIelkani, }uIy 3O, 2OO9, 11:39, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2009/07/30/67080.sn|n|, and Said Alu
Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi Isliny
i Izhi, Hunafa.infc, May 3O, 2OO9, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion nunafa.
ccn??p=1534.
8O
71. |oid. One souice iepoils lhal uiyalskii supposedIy vis3
iled lhe Noilh Caucasus as eaiIy as lhe Iale 199Os and al lhal line
decIaied his IoyaIly lo lhe nujahedin lefoie he liaveIed lo Lgypl
and olhei counliies in lhe MiddIe Lasl lo ieceive a Wahhalisl
educalion. AIena Laiina, IosIednii speklakI, Rcssiis|aqa gazc|a9
Maich 5, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rg.ru/2010/03/05/said-our-si|c.
n|n|. uiyalskiis conveision and iadicaIizalion nighl have leen
connecled lo his ieIalionship vilh akhliyai Unaiov, no ieIalion
lo lhe CLs anii, a IocaI inan in UIan-Ude foineiIy fion Uz3
lekislan. In Novenlei 2OO8, akhliyai Unaiov vas aiiesled in
Russia, chaiged vilh having lies lo lhe iadicaI inleinalionaI Is3
Ianisl paily, 'Hizl ul-Tahiii IsIani, and had his iecenlIy gianled
Russian passpoil conhscaled. The CL-afhIialed sile Kat|az |scn|r
cIained IocaIs veie suie inan Unaiovs aiiesl vas a conse3
quence of his associalion vilh uiyalskii. uiyaliya. Aieslovan
znakonyi Sheikha Saida uilaskogo inan akhliyai Unaiov,
Kat|az |scn|r, Novenlei 21, 2OO8, O7:53, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2008/11/21/62314.sn|n|.
72. Said Alu Saad uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii:
Ceioi isliny i Izhi, Chasl 2, Hunafa.infc, }une 24, 2OO9, 4:O4, avaiI3
alIe fion nunafa.infc/?p=1715.
73. AIeksandi Tikhoniiov, Sheikh Said Alu Sadd aI-uiy3
alii~Said uiyalskii.
74. uiyalskii, VzgIyad na Dzhikhad iznulii: Ceioi isliny
i Izhi, Chasl 2, Video Hov I venl lo }ihad and Whal I have
seen heie (LngIish sullilIes)~Sheikh Sayeed of uialia 1, 'i24
sisnan |scnc|scncnicn jinad is|an nasnccd qcqaz |au|asus, Ycu Tuoc9
}une 17, 2OO9, uuu.qcu|uoc.ccn/ua|cn?t=Xg|19xcas|g, Said Alu
Saad, uiyalskii, Said uiyalskii: 'VzgIyad na dzhikhad isnu3
lii, po piosheslvii goda, |nan TV, May 18, 2OO9, n||p.//inan|t.
ccn/ncus-18-05-1009.n|n ci|ing Hunafa.ccn, and AIeksandi Tik3
honiiov, Sheikh Said Alu Saad aI-uiyalii~Said uiyalskii.
75. Hahn, The Caucasus Lniiales 'Yeai of lhe Offensive in
Iiguies: Dala and AnaIysis of lhe Caucasus Lniiales Teiioiisl
Aclivily in 2OO9, and Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus
Lniiale Teiioiisl Aclivily in 2OO8 and 2OO9.
81
76. On lhese elhnic SIav CL opeialives and lheii leiioiisl al3
lacks and pIols, see Coidon M. Hahn, AIIeged Russian }ihadi
Suicide onlei Vikloi Dvoiakovskii Capluied, ||P|R, No. 43,
}uIy 21, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/21196/
crigina|/KAVKAZ]|HAD_McnTR|P_||P|R_20_Aug2010.pdf, Coi3
don M. Hahn, KosoIapov Re-eneiges Ahead of Ieak }ihadi
Iighling Season, ||P|R, No. 41, May 27, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/23146/crigina|/|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_
iipcr_41_junc_2011.pdf, and Coidon M. Hahn, Tvo Moie Suicide
onlings, ||P|R, No. 35, Ieliuaiy 18, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/22492/crigina|/|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_35_
fco_2011.pdf.
77. Anii Dageslanskogo Iionla i Kadii Inaiala Kavkaz
SaifuIIakh. Chasl 1~Do Dzhikhada, ]anaa| Snaria|, Augusl
8, 2O1O, 21:58, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/fa||q/29-
fac|q/1089-2010-08-08-21-40-39.n|n|.
78. Anii Dageslanskogo Iionla i Kadii Inaiala Kavkaz
SaifuIIakh. Chasl 2~Dzhikhad, ]anaa| Snaria|, Augusl 13,
2O1O, O2:5O, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru/-nainncnu-29/14-
fac|q/1105--2-.n|n|.
79. Leading jihadisn expeil Lvan KohInann desciiles Ansai
as seIf-seIecling foin of inleinel-lased leiioiisn, pionoling
lhe nission of aI-Qa`ida and IoyaI lo AQ. Lvan KohInann, A
eacon foi Lxlienisls: The Ansai aI-Mujahideen Wel Ioiun,
CTC Scn|inc|, VoI. 3, Issue 2, Ieliuaiy 2O1O, pp. 1-4, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.c|c.usna.cdu/pcs|s/a-ocaccn-fcr-cx|rcnis|s-|nc-ansar-a|-
nujanidccn-uco-fcrun.
8O. Hannei Tine: Ansai aI-Mujahideen Welnaslei Ai3
iesled!, ]aua Rcpcr|, Augusl 31, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion nqpc|jaua.
nu.nu/arcnitcs/203766.pnp.
81. Iaiifax Counly Man Accused of Iioviding MaleiiaI Sup3
poil lo Teiioiisls, U.S. Alloiney CeneiaIs Ofhce, }uIy 21, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.jus|icc.gct/usac/tac/Prcssrc|cascs/07-]u|qPD|A
rcnitc/10/20100721cncsscrnr.n|n|, and Hannei Tine: Ansai aI-
Mujahideen Welnaslei Aiiesled!
82
82. Hannei Tine: Ansai aI-Mujahideen Welnaslei Ai3
iesled!
83. KohInann, A eacon foi Lxlienisls: The Ansai aI-Muja3
hideen Wel Ioiun.
84. Announcing lhe Slail of a Nev Canpaign in Suppoil of
lhe Caucasus Lniiale, A|qinnan.nc|, Decenlei 5, 2O1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.a|qinnan.nc|/sncu|nrcad.pnp?|=21139cgc|c=ncx|c|dcs|.
85. V gIolaInoi seli inleinela olkiyIsya novyi foiun v
poddeizhku Dzhikhada, |s|andin, }uIy 2O, 2O1O, 16:18, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu
=ar|ic|ccid=849.2010-07-20-16-49-47cca|id=32.2009-03-05-23-19-
06c||cnid=29.
86. Accoiding lo lhe Spanish CiviI Cuaid, Liiai iegisleied
and paid foi lhe hosling of lhe sile foi puiposes of spieading ji3
hadi piopaganda and indocliinaling and ieciuiling synpalhizeis
lo iadicaI IsIanisn and jihad. Anolhei OnIine }ihadi Aiiesled in
Spain, ]aua Rcpcr|, Augusl 31, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion nqpc|jaua.
nu.nu/arcnitcs/203757.pnp.
87. AvIaki pioposes ciealion of fee-fiee and uncensoied dis3
cussion foia, Iisls of e-naiI addiesses so MusIins inleiesled in jihad
can conlacl each olhei and exchange infoinalion, onIine pulIica3
lions and disliilulion of Iileialuie and nevs of lhe jihad, and siles
vhich focus on sepaiale aspecls of lhe jihad. He uiges MusIins lo
foIIov lhe evenls of lhe jihad lecause il enIivens oui conneclion
lo lhe jihad, slienglhens oui leIongingness lo lhe Unna, ap3
pioves oui joining lhe jihad, inanes oui desiie lo ieceive nai3
lyidon, aIIovs MusIins lo see hov AIIah defends his sIaves
and Ieads lhen lo vicloiy, piovides piaclicaI exanpIes on hov
oui liolheis aie appIying lheoiy in conlenpoiaiy condilions,
and slienglhens oui allenlion lo lhe Koian, lo vhich slienglh3
ened lies |ieach lheiij peak vhen ve ouiseIves pailicipale in lhis
conicl, jihad, enleiing lhe ianks of lhe nujahedin. V gIolaInoi
seli inleinela olkiyIsya novyi foiun v poddeizhku Dzhikhada,
|s|andin.ccn, }uIy 2O, 2O1O, 16:18, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.
ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=849.2010-07-
20-16-49-47cca|id=32.2009-03-05-23-19-06c||cnid=29.
83
88. Inan Anuai aI AuIyaki: AI-Dzhanna~Chasl 1,
|s|andin.ccn, }uIy 25, 2O1O, O6:O9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=854.-
q-q-1cca|id=4.2009-02-04-14-07-09c||cnid=28, and Anvai AI-Av3
Iaki, Akhiia: Sudnyi den i Ognennyi ad, |s|andin.ccn, Maich
25, 22:45, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_
ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=1084.2011-03-25-22-51-31cca|id=4.2009-
02-04-14-07-09c||cnid=28.
89. AldaIIakh ShaniI Alu-Idiis, My odieizhaIi sliale3
gicheskyu poledu, Kat|az-Tscn|r, }anuaiy 9, 2OO6, O8:47:1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.nc|/russ/ccn|cn|/2006/01/09/40869.
sn|n|.
9O. Iiezidenl ChRI podpisaI ukazy o sozdanii UiaIskogo i
IovoIzhskgo fionlov, Kat|az-Tscn|r, }uIy 9, 2OO7, 14:34, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2006/07/09/45779.sn|n|.
91. A gioup of Talai gaiage jihadisls, lhe so-caIIed IsIanic
}anaal, vas aIIegedIy foined in Talaislan ly elhnic Talais le3
foie il vas uncoveied and ils nenleis liied, convicled, and sen3
lenced lo vaiious piison senlences in 2OO8. Hovevei, lheie vas
no evidence of lies lo lhe CL. Iiina oiogan, Dzhanaal v dva
khoda, Nctaqa gazc|a, No. 9, Ieliuaiy 7, 2OO8, p. 1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.nctaqagazc|a.ru/da|a/09/10.n|n|.
92. Maial Caieev and LIviia Miigaziyanova, Kiupnyie lei3
akly goloviIis i v ashkiiii, Kcnscnc|s|aqa Pratda, Maich 29,
2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|p.ru/dai|q/24463.5/624739/.
93. V ashkiiii 'shyul deIo 'Uiguio-uIgaiskogo dzhanaa3
la, |s|an.ru, ApiiI 29, 2OO9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|an.ru/rus/2009-
04-29/. Doiokhov vas kiIIed vhen he aIIegedIy offeied iesislance
duiing a seaich of his iesidence. His coIIeague, Ruslen Zainagul3
dinov vas senlenced lo 15 yeais foi pIanning lo lIov up a laiiiei
sepaialing a valei suppIy lank and an annonia lank, allack a
liafhc poIice posl and seize veapons, and seize lhe SaIaval cilys
IS luiIding. SlanisIav Shakhov and Ivan IanhIov, KI: V ash3
kiiii olezviezhen leiioiislicheskii Uiguio-uIgaiskii dzhanaal,
Tscn|rAzii, Maich 29, 2O1O, O9:3O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.ccn|rasia.ru/
ncusA.pnp?s|=1269840600.
84
94. In Maich 2O1O, aflei a gioup of ained nen allacked a
food sloie in Oklyaliskii Disliicl, ashkoiloslan, vounding lvo
seiiousIy, lhe ashkoiloslan Minisliy of InleinaI Affaiis (MVD)
nounled an opeialion, evenluaIIy capluiing a gioup of 1O ash3
kii and lvo Ingush nujahedin said lo le pioviding funds lo lhe
CL and Ied ly one ashii AIIauldinovich IIiev (loin 1966) fion
Ingushelia. V ashkiiii zadeizhany 8 chIenov ieIigiozno-eks3
lienislckogo landpodpoIya, Rcgnun.ru, Maich 29, 2O1O, 1O:27,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcgnun.ru/ncus/1267599.n|n|, and Ud3
eizhan esho odin uchaslnik eksliinislskogo landpodpoIya,
Rcgnun.ru, ApiiI 1, 2O1O, 19:O4, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcgnun.ru/
ncus/fd-tc|ga/oasn/1269348.n|n|. In }uIy anolhei jihadi janaal vas
aIIegedIy invoIved in a seiies of allacks on poIice and pIanning
sone 18 noie, incIuding on gas pipeIines, in ashkoiloslan, and
pein OlIasl. OlslieIyavshikh posl DIS ishchel poIk niIilsii,
|ifcncus.ru, }uIy 4, 2O1O, 16:55, and }uIy 5, 2O1O, 2O:O6, |ifcncus.
ru/ncus/30293, O8:25, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2010/07/05/73590.sn|n|, V ashkoiloslane alakovan lIok-
posl okkupalsionnoi landy DIS, Kat|az |scn|r, }uIy 5, 2O1O,
OO:2O, Vikloi IaIagin: 'Lkslienislov vovse ne shef IS piidun3
aI, McdiaKcrSc|, Decenlei 16, 2O11, 21:43, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
n|sc|.ru/ncus/pcrscn/13353/, and Talyana Maioiov, V ashkiii
ninuvshin Ielon piedolvialiIi neskoIko leiaklov, Rcssiis|aqa
gazc|a, Decenlei 17, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rg.ru/2010/12/17/
rcg-oasn|cr|cs|an/fso-ancns.n|n|. In Ieliuaiy 2O11, anolhei gioup
of foui nujahedin vas uncoveied in lhe Oklyaliskii Disliicl of
ashkiiiya. Ils nenleis veie chaiged vilh iIIegaI veapons pos3
session and iIIegaI pioduclion of and inlenl lo use expIosives.
They veie said lo have exlienisl Iileialuie, and lhe ofhciaI ai3
+#(. +#*/+. (.0.#, ."0. /-# /1 ."# 0++#(.##( '0( ."# 08&+ /1 ."#
Oklyaliskii }anaal and lhal lhe janaal vas pail of lhe CL. AI3
Ieged IsIanic Lxlienisls Delained In Russias ashkoiloslan,
R||R|, Ieliuaiy 8, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rfcr|.crg/ccn|cn|/
oasn|cr|cs|an_is|anis|s/2301430.n|n|. In Talaislan, a jihadisl ceII
aIIegedIy lied lo Hizo u|-Tanrir |s|ani '0( 2-7/%#+#, 0-, ,#3
slioyed in Novenlei 2O1O. Likvidiiovannnyie v Talaislane lei3
ioiisly lyIi isIanislani, Rcgnun.ru, Novenlei 25, 2O1O, 14:48,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcgnun.ru/ncus/fd-tc|ga/|a|ars|an/1350137.
n|n|. A seiies of incidenls invoIving aIIeged nujahedin oc3
cuiied in Asliakhan in Iale 2O1O and eaiIy 2O11. See Coidon M.
85
Hahn, Moie Lvidence of }ihadisn in Asliakhan, ||P|R, No.
41, May 27, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/23146/
crigina|/|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_41_junc_2011.pdf, and Coidon
M. Hahn, Is Theie an Asliakhan }anaal`, ||P|R, No. 36, Maich
11, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/22714/crigina|/
|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_36_nar_2011.pdf.
95. ZayavIenie o gianilsakh viIaiyal IdeI-UiaI, Kat|az |scn|r9
}anuaiy 26, 2O11, 21:12, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2011/01/26/78553.sn|n|, and Iisno v iedaklsiyu: Ol3
iashchenie nodzhakhedov IdeI-UiaI k nodzhakhedan Inaiala
Kavkaz, Kat|az |scn|r, Ieliuaiy 1, 2O11, OO:O3, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/02/01/78726.sn|n|.
96. The faiIed 2O1O Nev Yeais Lve Moscov pIol invoIved
seveiaI SlaviopoI iesidenls, vho, in luin, veie fiiends oi acquain3
lances vilh seveiaI elhnic Russian nujahedin vho conveiled lo
IsIan, incIuding lhe alovenenlioned elhnic Russian, IsIanic-con3
veil coupIe, VilaIii Razdoludko and Maiina Khoiosheva, vho
caiiied oul sepaiale suicide lonlings in Culden, Dageslan, on
Ieliuaiy 14, 2O11, and Vikloi Dvoiakovskii, vho vas vanled foi
5 nonlhs and hnaIIy capluied in }uIy 2O11.
97. Video Shuia aniiov Dageslana. ayal Aniia Dageslana
Khasana, Oclolei 19, 2O1O, ]anaa|Snaria|.ccn, Decenlei 1, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.janaa|snaria|.ccn/ru, and Kat|az |scn|r, De3
cenlei 1, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn.
98. Iiess-SIuzhla Aniia DI: My goidy uchasli nashikh
lialev, nashi ulilyie~v Rayu, vashi~c Adu, ]anaa| Snaria|9
Augusl 22, 2O1O, 17:53, avaiIalIe fion janaa|snaria|.ccn/-nain-
ncnu-29/14-fac|q/1152-2010-08-22-17-00-31.n|n|.
99. Sochi and lhe soulhein Kiasnodai aie nalive Iands of
elhnic Ciicassian Adygs, lhe Kalaids, and Cheikess of lhe Re3
pulIic of Kalaidino-aIkaiia (KR) and Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya
(KChR) iespecliveIy, aie aIso Ciicassian elhnic gioups. The Iocus
foi nuch of lhe OIynpic Canes is Iocaled on Red HiII, knovn as
lhe spol of lhe Iasl lallIe of lhe Ciicassians againsl lhe Russians,
'"&7" #-,#, &- ."#&+ ,#1#0. 0-, #%#-.206 ,#*/+.0.&/- 0-, #)&6# /1
nany Ciicassians alioad.
86
1OO. The allacks incIuded a liuck lonl laigeling a iesoil ho3
leI lhal vas uncoveied and disained and lhe lonling of sup3
poil piIIais foi a ski Iifl lhal lioughl dovn ovei 4O of ils calins
and necessilaled cIosuie of lhe iesoil foi seveiaI days. See Coi3
don M. Hahn, The OVKKs Sochi Vecloi, ||P|R, No. 36, Maich
11, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.niis.cdu/ncdia/ticu/22714/crigina|/
|at|azjinad_ncn|rcp_iipcr_36_nar_2011.pdf.
1O1. CL naps depicl lhe fuluie eniiales leiiiloiy as conpiis3
ing lhe enliie Noilh Caucasus, incIuding piedoninanlIy elhnic-
Russian popuIaled iegions Iike lhe alovenenlioned Kiasnodai
and SlaviopoI Teiiiloiies. ul lolh Russian leiiiloiy noilh of lhe
CLs Noilh Caucasus and lhe Tianscaucasus soulh of lhe Noilh
Caucasus~lhal is, Ceoigia, Ainenia, and Azeilaijan~aie Ia3
leIed occupied MusIin Iands. See Ideyu oldeIeniya Kavkaz esl
snysIi olsuzhdal, chloly Iishil isIanislov znaneni loily . . .!,
Kat|az |scn|r, Ieliuaiy 12, 2O11, 11:15, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2011/02/12/79121.sn|n|, and IosoI
SShA v Moskve o neizlezhnon oledinenie nusuInan Sevei3
nogo Kavkaza, Kat|az |scn|r, Decenlei 6, 2O1O, O9:18, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/12/06/77052.sn|n|.
1O2. LikeIy CL nujahedin fion Dageslan have leen ciossing
Azeilaijans loidei iecenlIy, engag ing lallIe in lhe noilh vilh
akus ainy and poIice. A iecenl indigenous jihadisl allack on
akus Shiile-Ied }una nosque undeiscoies lhe poinl. An ained
Wahhali gioup Ied ly a foinei Azeii ainy ofhcei Kyanian Asa3
dov vas uncoveied in Oclolei 2OO7 pIolling lo allack slale insli3
lulions and lIov up U.S. and olhei Weslein enlassies in Azei3
laijan. In 2OO8, a jihadisl gioup pieviousIy aclive in Chechnya
and Dageslan vas uncoveied in aku ly Azeii inleIIigence.
1O3. Video, Shuia aniiov Dageslana, ayal Aniia Dages3
lana Khasana, Oclolei 19, 2O1O.
1O4. Rose ievoIulion Ieadeis and foinei SaakashviIi aI3
Iies, such as lhe foinei paiIianenl speakei Nino uijanadze
and foinei Defense Minislei IiakIy OkiuashviIi, have cIained
lhal TliIisi has leen liaining Ingush nujahedin and lhal Ceoi3
gian lanks have faciIilaled noney liansfeis lo lhe Caucasus
nujahedin. uijanadze TaIks Aloul Dangei of one noie Wai
87
fion Russia, Gccrgian ]curna|, Oclolei 21, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
gccrgianjcurna|.gc/indcx.pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|cci
d=664.ourjanadzc-|a||s-aocu|-dangcr-cf-cnc-ncrc-uar-frcn-russia-
cca|id=9.ncusc||cnid=8, and uijanadze SIans Visa Iiovo3
calions, |n|crfax, Oclolei 21, 2O1O, 19:O1, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
in|crfax.ccn/ncusinf.asp?pg=2cid=197175. Ioinei U.S. Ioieign
Seivice ofhcei and U.S. Senale RepulIican IoIicy Connillee foi3
eign poIicy anaIysl, }anes Ceoige }alias cIains lhal in Decenlei
2OO9, a seciel neeling look pIace in TliIisi vilh iepiesenlalives
of nuneious jihad gioups lased in vaiious IsIanic and Luiopean
counliies foi lhe puipose of cooidinaling lheii aclivilies on Rus3
sias soulhein ank. Accoiding lo }alias, lhe neeling vas oi3
ganized undei lhe auspices of high ofhciaIs of lhe Ceoigian gov3
einnenl. AIlhough SaakashviIi did nol allend, Ceoigian MVD
ofhciaIs and olheis acled as hosls and cooidinalois, and lhe
Ceoigian anlassadoi lo Kuvail puipoiledIy faciIilaled lhe
pailicipanls liaveI fion lhe MiddIe Lasl. IinaIIy, |Ijn addilion
lo niIilaiy opeialions (i.e., allacks in soulhein Russia) speciaI
allenlion vas given lo ideoIogicaI vaifaie, foi exanpIe, Iaunch3
ing of lhe Russian-Ianguage TV slalion 'Iiisl Caucasus. }anes
}alias, The Ceoigian InliogIio~And a Choice foi lhe Uniled
Slales, Ancrica-Russia Nc|, Ieliuaiy 14, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.ancrica-russia.nc|/cng/facc/236661338?uscr_scssicn=4827c878c
0267ddodd6cc738f8212f1d.
1O5. Saoud Mekhennel and MichaeI Moss, Luiopeans Aie
eing Tiained in Iakislani Teiioiisn Canps, OfhciaIs Ieai, Ncu
Ycr| Tincs, Seplenlei 1O, 2OO7, p. A8.
1O6. I}U: Message fion lhe Mujahideen of lhe Khoiasan lo lhe
Caucasus Lniiale, Kat|az ]inad 8|cgspc|, Maich 14, 2O11, avaiI3
alIe fion |at|az-jinad.o|cgspc|.ccn/2011/03/ncssagc-cf-nujanidccn-
frcn-|ncrasan-|c.n|n|, and Video adi al-Tavheed 'Mensaje de
Ios nujahidines deI }oiasn aI Lniialo deI Cucaso, ]inad-c-|n-
fcrnacicn, Maich 2O11, avaiIalIe fion jinad-c-infcrnacicn.o|cgspc|.
ccn/2011/03/tidcc-oadr-a|-|aunccd-ncnsajc-dc-|cs.n|n|.
1O7. |oid.
1O8. Tadzhikislan: Shakhid alakovaI lazu RUOI Sog3
diiskii olIasli, Kat|az |scn|r, Seplenlei 3, 2O1O, 11:39, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/09/03/75000.
88
sn|n|, and Tadzhikislan: Olvelslvennosl za Shakhidskuyu
alaku v Khudzhande vzyaIa na selya oiganizaisiya 'Dzhanaal
AnsaiuIIakh, Kat|az |scn|r, Seplenlei 8, 2O1O, 12:23, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/09/08/75108.sn|n|.
On lhese allacks, see aIso MVD Tadzhikislana: Iii vziyve u
zdaniya ROOI v Khudzhande pogil niIilsionei, sneilnikov
lyIo neskoIko, |crgnana.ru, Seplenlei 3, 2O1O, 14:26, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.fcrgnana.ru/ncus.pnp?id=15461cncdc=sncus, Iei3
eslieIka s legIyni zakIyuchennyni pioizoshIo v Tadzhikislane,
iossiiskie voennyie v opeialsii ne uchaslvuyul, Maleiik, Sep3
lenlei 8, 2O1O, 11:21:16, avaiIalIe fion na|cri|.ru/ruoric/dc|ai|.
pnp?|D=10653, Tadzhikislan: Io faklu vziyva v nochnon kIule
v Dushanle zadeizhany dvoe podzievaenykh, |crgnana.ru9
Seplenlei 6, 2O1O, 1O:14, avaiIalIe fion uuu.fcrgnana.ru/ncus.
pnp?id=15470cncdc=sncus, and CKN Tadzhikislana: Nochnoi
vziyv v disko-kIule 'Dusli~khuIiganslvo, a ne leiakl, |crgnana.
ru, Seplenlei 6, 2O1O, 13:57, avaiIalIe fion uuu.fcrgnana.ru/ncus.
pnp?id=15475cncdc=sncus.
1O9. Oliaschenie Kazakhslanskogo dzhanaala 'Ansaiu-d-
din, Hunafa.ccn, Novenlei 1O, 2O1O, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion nu-
nafa.ccn/?p=3839, and Vopios o zakonnosli voennikh deislvii v
Kazakhslane, Hunafa.ccn, Maich 18, 2O11, 1:O1, avaiIalIe fion
nunafa.ccn/?p=4831#ncrc-4831, and Vopios o zakonnosli
voennikh deislvii v Kazakhslane, Kat|az |scn|r, Maich 19,
2O11, 12:16, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/
2011/03/19/80081.sn|n|.
11O. Kazakhslan has pIayed dovn lhe leiioiisl and ieIi3
gious naluie of lhe May 17, 2O11 suicide lonling and May 24
cai lonling in AIna-Ala oi lhe kiIIing of seveiaI poIicenen
on }uIy 7 in Aqlole. Vakhkhalily VeIikoi Slepi, Nczatisna-
qa gazc|aRc|igii, }uIy 2O, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion rc|igicn.ng.ru/
prco|cns/2011-07-20/4_tannaoi|q.n|n|, Kazakhslan Suicide onl3
ing Iuls SpolIighl on Weslein Regions, |urasianc|.crg, May
24, 2O11, 2:1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.curasianc|.crg/ncdc/63549,
Tvo die in Kazakhslan cai lIasl, AII, May 24 2O11, avaiIalIe
1+/8 ncus.snn.ccn.au/orca|ing-ncus-ucr|d/|uc-dic-in-|aza|ns|an-
car-o|as|-20110524-1f1z|.n|n|, Suicide onlei has Shahid eIl in
Iasl in Kazakhslan, R|TlA, May 17, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
rc|ua.ccn/ncnc.cfn?ar|ic|c|d=11372, Kazakh Cily Hil y Suicide
Iasl, Iiisl Knovn Allack Of Ils Kind, Radic |rcc |urcpc/Radic
89
|iocr|q, May 17, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rfcr|.crg/ccn|cn|/|aza|n-
s|an_suicidc_ocnocr/24177028.n|n|, Suicide lonlei allacks Ka3
zakh seciel poIice HQ , Tc|cgrapn, May 17, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.|c|cgrapn.cc.u|/ncus/ucr|dncus/asia/|aza|ns|an/8518895/Sui-
cidc-ocnocr-a||ac|s-Kaza|n-sccrc|-pc|icc-HQ.n|n|, and Iasl KiIIs
Tvo Oulside Kazakh Secuiily Seivice uiIding, Radic |rcc |u-
rcpc/Radic |iocr|q, May 24, 2O11 O9:O2, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
rfcr|.crg/ccn|cn|/o|as|_cu|sidc_sccuri|q_scrticc_oui|ding_|aza|n_
capi|a|/24184422.n|n|.
111. Modzhahedi Kyigyzslana piisyagnuIi Aniiy Is3
Ianskogo Lniiala Afghanislan MyIIo Onaiy, Kat|az |scn|r,
Maich 22, 2O11, 12:51, avaiIaIe fion uuu.|at|azccn|cr.ccn/russ/
ccn|cn|/2011/03/22/80140.sn|n|.
112. See Hahn, Russias |s|anic Tnrca|, pp. 221-25, and Coidon
M. Hahn, Anli-Aneiicanisn, Anli-Wesleinisn, and Anli-Seni3
lisn Anong Russias MusIins, Dcnc|ra|iza|siqa, VoI. 16, No. 1,
Winlei 2OO8, pp. 49-6O.
113. eIgian IsIanisl Alou Inian, of Shaiiah4eIgiun: We
WiII Conquei lhe While House, Luiope WiII e Doninaled ly
IsIan, M|MR|, #2695, Novenlei 9, 2O1O, O9:42, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.ncnri|t.crg/c|ip/cn/2695.n|n.
114. Slephen CaslIe, IoIice Aiiesl Suspecls in IIol Againsl
eIgiun, Ncu Ycr| Tincs, Novenlei 23, 2O1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.nq|incs.ccn/2010/11/24/ucr|d/curcpc/24oc|giun.n|n|,
IhiIippe Siuleiski, IoIice aiiesl 11 ovei eIgiun 'leiioi pIol,
Agcncc |rancc Prcssc, Novenlei 23, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion ncus.
qancc.ccn/s/afp/20101123/u|_afp/oc|giunnc|ncr|andsgcrnanq
sccuri|qa||ac|s/prin|, and IhiIippe Siuleiski, eIgiun aiiesls 26
in iaids againsl leiioi, NincMSN, Novenlei 24, 2O1O, O6:13,
avaiIalIe fion ncus.nincnsn.ccn.au/ucr|d/8168623/10-nc|d-ctcr-
|crrcr-p|c|-in-oc|giun.
115. VaIenlina Iop, Chechen Teiioi Suspecls usled in eI3
gian Raid, |U Ooscrtcr, Novenlei 24, 2O1O, O9:29, avaiIalIe fion
cucoscrtcr.ccn/9/31341, and OIesya Khanlsevich, Chechenskoe
podpoIe iaskiylo v eIgii, Nczatsisnaqa gazc|a, Novenlei 25,
2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.ng.ru/ucr|d/2010-11-25/1_oc|giun.n|n|.
9O
116. CaslIe, IoIice Aiiesl Suspecls in IIol Againsl eIgiun,
Siuleiski, IoIice aiiesl 11 ovei eIgiun 'leiioi pIol, Siuleiski,
eIgiun aiiesls 26 in iaids againsl leiioi, Iop, Chechen Teiioi
Suspecls usled in eIgian Raid, and Khanlsevich, Chechens3
koe podpoIe iaskiylo v eIgii.
117. Ausliia aiiesls Chechen fugilive in eIgiun pIol, AP9
Decenlei 4, 2O1O, 8:51:46, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|ncncsccu|incs.
ccn/ncus/ar|ic|c/aus|ria-arrcs|s-cnccncn-in-oc|gian-na|c-p|c|/425658.
n|n|.
118. Ausliian poIice aiiesl Chechen ovei possilIe jihad
allack on eIgian NATO faciIily, ]inad la|cn, Decenlei 4, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.jinadua|cn.crg/2010/12/aus|rian-pc|icc-arrcs|-
cnccncn- ctcr- pcssi o| c- j i nad- a| | ac|- cn- oc| gi an- na| c- oasc.
n|n|, and Ausliian poIice hoId Chechen in eIgian allack
piole, |xpa|ica, Decenlei 4, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.cxpa|ica.
ccn/oc/ncus/oc|gian-ncus/aus|rian-pc|icc-nc|d-cnccncn-in-oc|giun-
a||ac|-prcoc_115126.n|n|, ciling Ausliian poIice hoId Chechen in
eIgian allack piole, Agcncc |rancc Prcss, Decenlei 4, 2O1O.
119. Suspecled Teiioiisl: A Chosl in Neunkiichen, Dic
Prcssc, Decenlei 5, 2O1O, 18:19, avaiIalIe fion dicprcssc.ccn/ncnc/
pancrana/ccs|crrcicn/616045/Mu|nass|icncr-Tcrrcris|_|in-Pnan|cn-
in-Ncun|ircncn?dircc|=611111c_t|_oac||in|=/ncnc/pc|i|i|/inncn-
pc|i|i|/indcx.dccsc|Cnannc|=100.
12O. Qaeda IIans US, UK Chiislnas Allacks: Iiaq OfhciaI,
Rcu|crs, Decenlei 16, 2O1O, 3:35, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcu|crs.ccn/
ar|ic|c/2010/12/16/us-iraq-qacda-idUSTR|68|3CR20101216.
121. Oliashchenie nusuInan eIgii k inanu Alu
Mukhanannadu aI-Makdisi za nazlavIenien, |s|andin.ccn9
}une 22, 2O1O, 19:O1, avaiIalIe fion uuu.is|andin.ccn/indcx.
pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=814.2010-06-22-19-09-
08cca|id=25.2009-02-09-17-15-12c||cnid=17.
122. CaslIe, IoIice Aiiesl Suspecls in IIol Againsl eIgiun,
Siuleiski, IoIice aiiesl 11 ovei eIgiun 'leiioi pIol, and Siu3
leiski, eIgiun aiiesls 26 in iaids againsl leiioi.
91
123. Czech IoIice Aiiesl Suspecled Russias Noilh Caucasus
Teiioiisls, 8NO Ncus, May 3, 2O11, 2:27, avaiIalIe fion uircupda|c.
ccn/uircs/17128/czccn-pc|icc-arrcs|-suspcc|cd-russias-ncr|n-caucasus-
|crrcris|s/.
124. IoIicie sliha pel Iidi z podpoiy leioiisnu, |qdct|i9
Iiague, May 3, 2O11, 11:19 and 16:15, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|idct|q.
cz/|is|ni.asp?r=|n_dcnctcc=A110503_111957_|n_dcnct_apc, and
Chiislian IaIvey, IoIice uncovei hisl case of a leiioiisl nel3
voik opeialing in lhe Czech RepulIic, eighl chaiged vilh aiding
Dageslani Shaiial }anaal, Radic Prana, May 4, 16:24, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.radic.cz/cn/scc|icn/curraffrs/pc|icc-uncctcr-jrs|-casc-cf-a-
|crrcris|-nc|ucr|-cpcra|ing-in-|nc-czccn-rcpuo|ic-cign|-cnargcd-ui|n-
aiding-dagcs|ani-snaria|-janaa|.
125. Czech IoIice Aiiesl Suspecled Russias Noilh Caucasus
Teiioiisls.
126. Nenelskaya poIilsiya aieslovaIa giazhdanina RI po
podozieniyu v piichaslnosli k leiaklan v Chechne i Dageslane,
Kat|az uzc|, }une 24, 2O11, 7:1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/
ar|ic|cs/187809/.
127. DoulIe anli-leiioiisl opeialion in Le Mans, |cnans
Mati||c, }uIy 5, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|cnans.nati||c.ccn/ac|u/
ac|udc|_-Dcuo|c-cpcra|icn-an|i|crrcris|c-au-Mans-_dcp-1440912_
ac|u.H|n.
128. Doukaev fai 12 ai foi leiioi, Atiscn.d|, May 31, 2O11,
11:32, avaiIalIe fion atiscn.d|/dcu|act-faar-12-aar-fcr-|crrcr_
147226.aspx?u|n_scurcc=atiscncu|n_ncdiun=frcn|pagccu|n_
canpaign=|a|cs|Ncus8cx. In Decenlei 2O1O, Danish aulhoiilies
lioughl chaiges againsl lhe elhnic Chechen, Lois Doukaev, foi
invoIvenenl in a leiioiisl pIol. Doukaev, vho Iosl a Ieg al age
12 due lo an expIosion in his nalive Chechnya, vas aiiesled in
Seplenlei in a Copenhagen holeI aflei appaienlIy he acciden3
laIIy delonaled an expIosive device he vas piepaiing. He vas
found vilh a nap on vhich vas lhe Iocalion of lhe ofhces of lhe
-#'(*0*#+ ]q||ands-Pcs|cn, vhich pulIished lhe fanous caiica3
luies of lhe Iiophel Mohannad in 2OO5. Uiozhenlsu Chechni
Dukaevu v Danii piedyavIeno olvinenie v leiioiizne, Kat|az
uzc|, Decenlei 21, 2O1O, 19:O9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/
ar|ic|cs/178729/.
92
129. See, foi exanpIe, IssIedovanie o piavovon sla3
luse ispoIzovaniya oiuzhiya nassovogo poiazheniya pioliv
neveinykh, |s|andin.ccn, }anuaiy 9, 2O1O.
13O. Coidon M. Hahn, The ioleiioiisn Thieal in lhe Rus3
sian Iedeialion, in Relecca Kalz and Raynond A. ZiIinskas,
eds., |ncqc|cpcdia cf 8ic|crrcrisn Dcfcnsc, 2nd Ld., Holoken, N}:
}ohn WiIey and Sons, Inc., 2O11, pp. 581-584.
131. IS Has Info On Teiioiisls Allenpls To Seize IissiIe
MaleiiaIs, ||ar-Tass, }une 2, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.i|ar-|ass.
ccn, and Russia says leiioiisl seeking nucIeai naleiiaIs, Rcu|crs9
}une 2, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.rcu|crs.ccn/ar|ic|c/2010/06/02/
us-russia-sccuri|q-nuc|car-idUSTR|6512RQ20100602.
132. Ioi noie delaiIs, see Coidon M. Hahn, The ]inadi In3
suigency and lhe Russian Counleiinsuigency in lhe Noilh Cau3
casus, Pcs|-Sctic| Affairs, VoI. 24, No. 1, }anuaiy-Ieliuaiy 2OO8,
pp. 1-39.
133. A shoil Iisl of lop CL aniis kiIIed ovei lhe Iasl fev yeais
incIudes: al Ieasl six successive DV aniis (Vagalov, kiIIed on
Augusl 1O, 2O1O, 'AI-aia UnaIal Magonedov, }anuaiy 6, 2O1O,
Nali Mediddinov, 2OO9, 'Muaz Onai SheikhuIaev, Maich 1O,
2OO9, 'Muaz IIgai MoIIachiev, Ieliuaiy 5, 2OO9, AlduI Majid, Oc3
lolei 1, 2OO7, lhe AIgeiian anii, Docloi Mohanned, Augusl 31,
2OO9, Aial anii, Seif aI-IsIan aI-Uidani, Ieliuaiy 2, 2O1O, uiy3
alskii, Maich 4, 2O1O, Asleniiov, Maich 24, 2O1O, Asleniiovs suc3
cessoi as OVKK anii, Aisen Talaiov, Maich 31, 2O1O, CaIgaiche
ViIaiyal (CV) nails, Adan Koiigov, ApiiI 9, 2O1O, and 'ShaniI
Akhned TsaIoev, ApiiI 9, 2O1O, Noilh Afiican anii, Yasii Ana3
ial, }une 8, 2O1O, Uius Mailan Secloi anii, 'AlduI MaIik Ching3
iskhan Cishaev, }anuaiy 19, 2O1O, Vedeno Raion Secloi anii, II3
nan Islaniiov, Ieliuaiy 4, 2O1O, CL nail, Supyan AlduaIIayev,
Maich 28, 2O11, lhe }oidanian anii, Alu Anas Muhannad, May
2O11, Cioznyi Iionl anii, Hanzal SheniIev, Augusl 23, 2O1O, CV
anii, IIez Caidanov, Augusl 23, 2O1O, and six lop OVKK aniis,
incIuding lhe OVKKs anii, vaIi Askai Dzhappuev, ApiiI 2O11.
134. IosIanie IedeiaInonu Solianiyu Rossiiskoi Iedeial3
sii, Krcn|in.ru, Novenlei 12, 2OO9, 13:45, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|rcn|in.ru/|ranscrip|s/5979, and Cuy IaIconliidge and Denis
93
Dyonkin, N. Caucasus sliife is Russias lop piolIen-KienIin,
Rcu|crs, Novenlei 12, 2OO9.
135. Andiev C. Kuchins, Mallhev MaIaikey, and Sei3
gey Maikedonov, Tnc Ncr|n Caucasus. Russias Vc|a|i|c |rcn-
|icr, A Repoil of lhe Russia and Luiasia Iiogian, Washinglon,
DC: Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI Sludies, Maich 2O11,
avaiIalIe fion csis.crg/j|cs/puo|ica|icn/110321_Kucnins_Ncr|n-
Caucasus_l|8.pdf, and Ivan Sukhov, Kuda eli dengi deIis`
Mcs|cts|ic nctcs|i, ApiiI 4, 2O11, OO:32, avaiIalIe fion nn.ru/
pc|i|ics/20110404/300841916.n|n|.
136. Talyana Slanovaya, IiolIeny Seveinogo Kavkaza:
Mezhdu Iiezidenlon and IiavileIslvon, Pc|i||cn.ru, Augusl 8,
2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.pc|i|ccn.ru.
137. |oid.
138. Kuchins, MaIaikey, and Maikedonov, Tnc Ncr|n Cau-
casus. Russias Vc|a|i|c |rcn|icr, and Sukhov, Kuda eli dengi
deIis`
139. Na Seveinon Kavkaze ludel sozdano ne nenee 4OO
lysyach ialochikh nesl, MezhiegionaInaya konfeienlsiya
'Yedinoi Rossii 'Razvilie Kavkaza 2O1O-2O12, Yedinaya Ros3
siya Welsile, }uIy 7, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.cdinrcs.ru/|cx|.
sn|n|?14/4565,110040, and Ivan Sukhov, Seneinnyi podiyad,
Vrcnqa nctcs|ci, }uIy 7, 2O1O, uuu.trcnqa.ru/2010/117/4/257340.
n|n|.
14O. |oid.
141. Alu Anin, Inveslilsii v Seveinyi Kavkaz, iIi popylka
pulinskoi svoiy oslanovil piolsess oldeIeniya Seveinogo Kavka3
za ol iusni i slanovIeniya na ego nesle isIanskogo gosudaislva
Inaial Kavkaz, |s|andin.ccn, Ieliuaiy 2O, 2O11.
142. Na Seveinon Kavkaze ludel sozdano ne nenee 4OO
lysyach ialochikh nesl, MezhiegionaInaya konfeienlsiya 'Yedi3
noi Rossii 'Razvilie Kvkaza 2O1O-2O12, and Sukhov, Seneinnyi
podiyad.
94
143. The piojecl is leing oiganized undei a nev open slock
conpany Noilh Caucasus Resoils (Kurcr|q Sctcrncgc Kat|aza)
headed ly Akhned iIaIov.
144. Tinui Sanedov, Musa Muiadov and KhaIin Ani3
nov, oeviki olkiyIi vseiossiiskii kuioil, Kcnncrsan|, Ieliu3
aiy 21, 2O11, pp. 1, 3, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|cnncrsan|.ru/dcc.
aspx?Dccs|D=1589344.
145. Russia, Iiance pIan joinl hoIiday iesoils in luiluIenl
Noilh Caucasus, R|A Nctcs|i, }une 29, 2O11, O8:O2 AM IDT,
avaiIalIe fion cn.rian.ru/russia/20110629/164915641.n|n|.
146. Yevkuiov zapiosiI dopoInileIno 2O podiazdeIenii
spelsnaza CRU, }anuaiy 4, 2O1O, 19:58, avaiIalIe fion |at|azccn|cr.
ccn/russ/ccn|cn|/2010/01/04/69927.sn|n|.
147. Seigei Minenko, AI-Kaida na 'ZhiguIyakh, Vrcnqa
nctcs|ci, Ieliuaiy 4, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.trcnqa.ru/246760.
n|n|, and 36 Iighleis VoIunlaiiIy Suiiendeied in 2O1O, Russia
|urasia Tcrrcrisn la|cn, Novenlei 7, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
rc|ua.ccn/ncnc.cfn?ar|ic|cDa|c=7Nct2010.
148. Yevkuiov piedIagael loevikan v Ingushelii sdalsya
v olnen na nyagkoe nakazanie, Kat|az uzc|, Ieliuaiy 9, 2O1O,
11:3O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/165231/.
149. |oid.
15O. Iiezidenl Ingushelii vslieliIsya s iodslvennikani ukiy3
vavshikh Saida uiyalskogo, Kat|az uzc|, Maich 7, 2O1O, OO:55,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/166249/.
151. Ivan Sukhov, KaIynskii kiai, Vrcnqa nctcs|ci, }uIy 8,
2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.trcnqa.ru/2010/118/4/257507.n|n|.
152. Sukhov, Kuda eli dengi deIis`
153. Yevkuiov zapiosiI dopoInileIno 2O podiazdeIenii
spelsnaza CRU.
95
154. Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus Lniiale Tei3
ioiisl Aclivily in 2OO8 and 2OO9, Hahn, Tiends in }ihadisl Vio3
Ience in Russia Duiing 2O1O in Slalislics, and Hahn, CL-AfhI3
ialed Welsile Repoils Nunlei of }ihadi Allacks and ResuIling
CasuaIlies fion }anuaiy Thiough }une 2O11.
155. RILRL NevsIine, VoI. 11, No. 82, May 4, 2OO7.
156. UIS: v Kalaidino-aIkaiii sokhianyaelsya ugioza
leiaklov, Kavkaz Meno, Maich 15, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|at|az.ncnc.ru/ncus|cx|/ncus/id/118554.n|n|.
157. RILRL NevsIine, VoI. 11, No. 82, May 4, 2OO7.
158. Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus Lniiale Tei3
ioiisl Aclivily in 2OO8 and 2OO9, Hahn, Tiends in }ihadisl Vio3
Ience in Russia Duiing 2O1O in Slalislics, and Hahn, CL-AfhI3
ialed Welsile Repoils Nunlei of }ihadi Allacks and ResuIling
CasuaIlies fion }anuaiy Thiough }une 2O11.
159. Kanokov enphasized lhal lhe nev yeai vas legin3
ning nuch voise lhan Iasl yeai, a yeai in vhich lhe nujahe3
din kiIIed six lines as nany Iav enfoicenenl peisonneI kiIIed
lhan in pievious yeais. Seigei IoIyakov, Kalaidino-aIkaiiya
spiosil ponoshchi v loile s leiioiislani, |nfcx.ru, Ieliuaiy 3,
2O11, 17:46, avaiIalIe fion infcx.ru/accidcn|/incidcn|/2011/02/03/
Kaoardinc_8a||ariqa_.pn|n|.
16O. Shkhagoshev: leiakl v NaIchike~piyanoe pokushenie
na piezidenla Kalaidino-aIkaiii, Kat|az uzc|, May 4, 2O1O, 17:59,
avaiIalIe fion |aoardinc-oa||ariqa.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/168443/.
161. Novyi kuis Magonedova` Silualsii s piavani cheIove3
ka i popylki konsoIidalsii olshcheslva v RespulIike Dageslan.
IeviaIya 2O1O~nail 2O11 g., Kat|az uzc|, ApiiI 12, 2O11, 11:54,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/183646/?prin|=|ruc,
scc|icns 7.1 and 7.2.
162. Andiey ondaiev, The Iiesidenl of Dageslan neels
vilh lhe deIegalion of ZAO Russian Coppei Conpany, R|A Nc-
tcs|i, May 13, 2O11, 11:32, avaiIalIe fion uuu.riadagcs|an.ccn/
ncus/2011/05/13/6472/.
96
163. Maksin TivkaiIo, Keiinov vIozhil v goslinilsy i sla3
diony Dageslana $1.4 nIid, Vcdcncs|i, }uIy 15, 2O11, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.tcdcncs|i.ru/ccnpanics/ncus/1319006/|crinct_t|czni|_
t_gcs|inicq_i_s|adicnq_dagcs|ana_14_n|rd.
164. Hahn, Conpaiing lhe LeveI of Caucasus Lniiale Tei3
ioiisl Aclivily in 2OO8 and 2OO9, Hahn, Tiends in }ihadisl Vio3
Ience in Russia Duiing 2O1O in Slalislics, and Hahn, CL-AfhI3
ialed Welsile Repoils Nunlei of }ihadi Allacks and ResuIling
CasuaIlies fion }anuaiy Thiough }une 2O11.
165. Wilh iegaid lo alduclions in Dageslan, vhich aie cai3
iied oul nosl oflen lul nol aIvays ly aulhoiilies, lheie veie 15
alduclions, incIuding foui found dead and lvo found in poIice
delenlion on aveiage in lhe 3 yeais piioi lo Magonedov. Dui3
ing Magonedovs hisl yeai, 2O1O, lheie veie 18, incIuding foui
found dead and seven found in poIice delenlion. See TalIe 1 in
Vvedenie of Novyi kuis Magonedova` Silualsii s piavani
cheIoveka i popylki konsoIidalsii olshcheslva v RespulIike
Dageslan. IeviaIya 2O1O~nail 2O11 g.
166. On iecenl vioIalions and Luiopean Couil of Hunan
Righls (LCHR) cases, see, foi exanpIe, lhe Russian hunan iighls
oiganizalion MenoiiaIs iepoils Silualsiya v zone konikla na
Seveinon Kavkaze: olsenka piavozashilnikov. Vesna 2O11 g.,
Kat|az uzc|, }uIy 22, 2O11, OO:OO, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.
ru/ar|ic|cs/189517/#6, and Novyi kuis Magonedova` Silualsii s
piavani cheIoveka i popylki konsoIidalsii olshcheslva v Respul3
Iike Dageslan. IeviaIya 2O1O~nail 2O11 g, seclions 5.1-5.6.
167. V Dageslane sozdadul spelspodiazdeIenie Vnulien3
nykh voisk MVD, Kat|az uzc|, Decenlei 15, 2O1O, 15:45, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/174793/, and Dageslanlsy
dadul dosloiny olpoi landilskonu olielyu, Kat|az ncus, No3
venlei 11, 2O1O, 12:42, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-ncus.infc/
pcr|a|/cnid_122389/a|ias__Caucasus-|nfc/|ang__cn/|aoid__2434/dc-
fau||.aspx.
168. Maic Sagenan, |cadcr|css ]inad. Tcrrcrisn Nc|ucr|s in |nc
Tucn|q-|irs| Ccn|urq, IhiIadeIphia, IA: Univeisily of IennsyIva3
nia Iiess, 2OO8.
97
169. Roleil A. Iape, Dqing |c lin. Tnc S|ra|cgic |cgic cf Sui-
cidc Tcrrcrisn, Nev Yoik: Randon House, 2OO5. See aIso Roleil
A. Iape and }anes K. IeIdnan, Cu||ing |nc |usc. Tnc |xp|csicn cf
G|coa| Suicidc Tcrrcrisn and Hcu |c S|cp ||, Chicago, IL: Univeisily
of Chicago Iiess, 2O1O.
17O. Rose ievoIulion Ieadeis and foinei SaakashviIi aIIies,
foinei paiIianenl speakei Nino uijanadze and foinei Defense
Minislei IiakIy OkiuashviIi, have cIained lhal TliIisi has leen
liaining Ingush nujahedin and lhal Ceoigian lanks have faciIi3
laled noney liansfeis lo lhe Caucasus nujahedin. uijanadze
TaIks Aloul Dangei of one noie Wai fion Russia, Gccrgian
]curna|, Oclolei 21, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion gccrgianjcurna|.gc/indcx.
pnp?cp|icn=ccn_ccn|cn|cticu=ar|ic|ccid=664.ourjanadzc-|a||s-
aocu|-dangcr-cf-cnc-ncrc-uar-frcn-russia-cca|id=9.ncusc||cnid=8,
and uijanadze SIans Visa Iiovocalions, |n|crfax, Oclo3
lei 21, 2O1O, 19:O1, avaiIalIe fion uuu.in|crfax.ccn/ncusinf.
asp?pg=2cid=197175. Ioinei U.S. Ioieign Seivice ofhcei and
U.S. Senale RepulIican IoIicy Connillee foieign poIicy ana3
Iysl, }anes Ceoige }alias cIains lhal in Decenlei 2OO9 a seciel
neeling look pIace in TliIisi vilh iepiesenlalives of nuneious
jihad gioups lased in vaiious IsIanic and Luiopean counliies foi
lhe puipose of cooidinaling lheii aclivilies on Russias soulhein
ank. Accoiding lo }alias, lhe neeling vas oiganized undei
lhe auspices of high ofhciaIs of lhe Ceoigian goveinnenl. In
addilion lo 'niIilaiy opeialions, (i.e., allacks in soulhein Russia)
speciaI allenlion vas given lo ideoIogicaI vaifaie, foi exanpIe,
Iaunching of lhe Russian-Ianguage TV slalion 'Iiisl Caucasus.
}anes }alias, The Ceoigian InliogIio~And a Choice foi lhe
Uniled Slales, Ancrica-Russia Nc|, Ieliuaiy 14, 2O1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.ancrica-russia.nc|/cng/facc/236661338?uscr_scssicn=4827
c878c0267ddodd6cc738f8212f1d.
99
CHAPTER 2
THE NORTH CAUCA5U5 IN RU55IA
AND RU55IA IN THE NORTH CAUCA5U5:
5TATE APPROACHE5 AND POLITICAL
DYNAMIC5 IN THE TURBULENT REGION
5crgcy Markcdnnnv
Any allenpls lo nake geneiaIizalions aloul Rus3
sian poIicy on lhe Noilh Caucasus face seiious nelh3
odoIogicaI difhcuIlies. In spile of anaIysls peisonaI
allilude lo lhe piolIen, aII olseiveis agiee lhal lhis
aiea is lhe nosl acule one in Russia. Heie lhe piolIen
of Russias leiiiloiiaI inlegiily and suslainaliIily is le3
ing iesoIved.
The giovlh of poIilicaI vioIence (lhe nosl inpies3
sive exanpIe is lhe liagic leiioiisl lonling al Mos3
covs Donodedovo InleinalionaI Aiipoil in }anuaiy
2O11) has lioughl lhe dangei of gioving inslaliIily
in lhe iegion lo lhe allenlion of foieign counliies, es3
peciaIIy on lhe eve of lhe Sochi OIynpics of 2O14 and
WoiId Soccei Cup of 2O18. WhiIe in lhe 199Os vio3
Ience in lhe Noilh Caucasus vas piinaiiIy lased in
Chechnya, ovei lhe Iasl yeais il has incieased foi olhei
iepulIics Iike Dageslan, Ingushelia, and Kalaidino-
aIkaiia (KR). The Noilh Caucasus agenda loday
is exlieneIy lense vilh lhe evenls and chaIIenges of
leiioiisn and counleileiioiisn. In 2OO9, lhe counlei3
leiioiisl opeialion (CTO) iegine in Chechnya vas
canceIIed, lul in 2O1O lheie vas nol onIy a quanlila3
live lul aIso quaIilalive iise in lhe allacks in lhis ie3
pulIic (Iike lhe allack on Tsenloioy, lhe nalive viIIage
of Ranzan Kadyiov, as veII as lhal of lhe Chechen
paiIianenl in Ciozny). Al lhe sane line, vioIence in
1OO
lhe neighloiing iepulIics (Dageslan, Ingushelia, and
KR) has nol decIined eilhei. In 2O1O, KR, vhich had
a iepulalion of leing a SIeeping eauly duiing lhe
199Os suipassed Chechnya in lhe nunlei of acls of
leiioiisn, laking a pIace in lhe lop lhiee, aflei Dages3
lan and Ingushelia, vilh 48 expIosions, 21 shoolings,
and 14 allenpls on lhe Iife of Iav enfoicenenl ofh3
ciaIs and speciaI lioops. Duiing lhe sane peiiod, Io3
caI CTOs veie Iaunched lvice in lhe iepulIic, vilh
lhe opeialion in Tyinauza Iasling fion Oclolei 2O
lhiough Decenlei 25. Ioi lhe hisl line in lhe iecenl
hisloiy of Noilh Caucasus leiioiisn, lheie vas an al3
lack on an indusliiaI faciIily in 2O1O: laigeled al lhe
aksan HydioeIecliic IIanl in KR.
1
?68/(. #%#+5
day, salolage and leiioiisl allacks on iepiesenlalives
of Iav enfoicenenl and niIilaiy peisonneI lake pIace
aIong vilh civiIian nuideis. We can aIso olseive lhe
ievivaI of elhnic nalionaIisn (despile lhe facl lhal iad3
icaI IsIanisn has nol handed ovei ils posilions, ialhei,
on lhe conliaiy, il has giovn), and al lhe sane line,
ve see a fundanenlaIIy inpoilanl slep lo iesoIving
Iong-slanding elhno-poIilicaI confionlalion lelveen
Noilh Osselia and Ingushelia. The sliuggIe foi povei
inside lhe Caucasus consliluencies iepealedIy nakes
ilseIf feIl lhiough coiiupl, aulhoiilaiian, and even oc3
casionaIIy vioIenl neans.
Apail fion lhe gioving vioIence lhal pIagues
lhe iegion, lhe Caucasus has lecone a suljecl of
gieal inpoilance in Russia. This lhesis vas pioven
ly lhe evenls on Manege Squaie in Decenlei 2O1O
and incieasing inleielhnic cIashes lelveen Russians
and Caucasian peopIes (Chechens and Dageslanis).
=
This is leconing a seiious issue. InleieslingIy, lhe
phenonenon of Russian elhnic chauvinisn diiecled
againsl lhe peopIes of lhe Caucasus has iecenlIy as3
1O1
suned a nacio-econonic veneei. In ApiiI 2O11, lhe
Russian CiviI Union novenenl oiganized a iaIIy in
Moscov undei lhe sIogan: Slop feeding lhe Cauca3
sus.
3
Iailicipanls oljecled lo lhe fedeiaI goveinnenl
sulsidizing ils counleipails in Chechnya, Dageslan,
and olhei iepulIics, Iikening lhe Noilh Caucasus lo a
voiacious ciocodiIe vhich denands noie lIood and
noney. This piolIen couId lecone noie seiious if
lhe Russian ofhciaIs allenpl lo expIoil lhese ideas. We
can aIieady see allenpls lo use anli-Caucasus pulIic
opinion lo ollain addilionaI popuIaiily on lhe eve of
lolh paiIianenlaiy and piesidenliaI eIeclions.
4

Hovevei, Russian poIicy in lhe iegion has nol
ieaIIy leen concepluaIized oi even veilaIized, and
lhis ciicunslance cieales nany olslacIes (hisl and
foienosl foi Russian aulhoiilies) foi adequaleIy
conpiehending vhal Moscov vanls lo do. Theie is
a gieal paiadox in lhis silualion. Idenlifying ilseIf as
a guaianloi of Caucasus slaliIily and secuiily and
denonslialing ils viIIingness lo pielend lo le a key
slakehoIdei foi lhe vhoIe iegion, incIuding nevIy
independenl and de faclo slales of lhe Soulh Cauca3
sus, Russia faces chaIIenges inside ils ovn counliy
iegaiding lhe Noilh Caucasus aiea. Moieovei, in 2OO9
lhe silualion lheie vas chaiacleiized as lhe nosl in3
poilanl doneslic poIicy issue ly Iiesidenl Dniliy
Medvedev in his IiesidenliaI Addiess lo lhe IedeiaI
AssenlIy (IaiIianenl).
5
As a iesuIl, lhe KienIin and
lhe fedeiaI goveinnenl lioughl in an ofhciaI posilion
of speciaI pIenipolenliaiy~vilh lioadened funclions
in lhe nevIy ciealed Noilh Caucasus IedeiaI Disliicl.
Ioi lhe hisl line in Russias posl-Soviel hisloiy, lhis
ofhciaI has lhe iank of depuly piine-ninislei.
In lhis chaplei, sone lasic aspecls viII le consid3
eied. To vhal exlenl has iecognilion of lhe syslenic
1O2
and inleinaI naluies of lhe Noilh Caucasus chaIIenges
heIped lo change poIilicaI dynanics in lhe iegion`
<"5 "0( ."# 07.&%&.5 /1 ."# -#' *6#-&*/.#-.&0+5 -/.
leen effeclive and faiIed lo ieach expeclalions` Whal
nev chaIIenges vouId dehne lhe agenda in lhe nosl
luiluIenl aiea of Russia` The puipose of lhis iepoil
&( ./ #)08&-# 804/+ (/7&06 0-, */6&.&706 .+#-,( &- ."#
Noilh Caucasus iegion, vilh an enphasis on lhe Iasl 3
yeais lecause hisloiicaI aspecls (incIuding lhe 199Os)
aie sepaiale lopics foi discussion.
"5OFT POWER": MADE BY ALEXANDER
KHLOPONIN
In lhe eaiIy 2OOOs, lhe Russian aulhoiilies veie
aII loo ieady lo speak aloul lhe Noilh Caucasus. Dis3
cussion cenleied on seveiaI lopics. The hisl vas lhe
Caucasus as a pIalfoin foi inleinalionaI leiioiisn,
vheie Russia vas leing pul lo lhe lesl. The inage of
lhe inleinalionaI leiioiisl changed accoiding lo lhe
poIilicaI silualion of lhe line. Sonelines lhe face had
Ceoigian fealuies, al olhei lines Afghan and sone3
lines even lhe lieacheious Wesl seened lo le in3
voIved. The ioIe of lhe Wesl in affaiis of lhe Noilh
Caucasus vas acluaIIy inleipieled in lvo vays. On
."# /-# "0-,9 ."# <#(. '0( (##- 0( 0 -0.2+06 0665 0.
iisk fion Thiid WoiId inliigues, and on lhe olhei, an
uninaginalive and lolheisone pailnei liying lo in3
pose ils incoiiecl ideas (oi doulIe slandaids) upon
Russia. The second lopic vas lhe sviflIy slaliIizing
Caucasus, an inage lhal effecliveIy cane lo nean
Chechnya undei lhe vise Ieadeiship of Akhnad and
lhen Ranzan Kadyiov, falhei and son. Theie veie
allenpls lo diveisify lhe Noilh Caucasus issue: The
nosl oulslanding exanpIes veie lhe speeches ly
1O3
Dniliy Kozak, lhe Russian Iiesidenls iepiesenlalive
in lhe Soulh (in lhis posilion fion Seplenlei 2OO4 lo
Seplenlei 2OO7). He liied lo focus lhe allenlion of his
innediale supeiiois and sociely on lhe piolIens of
lhe cIan syslen and lhe inefhciency of lhe iegionaI
adninislialions (pailicuIaiIy in condilions of ludgel
dependency on lhe fedeiaI cenlie). Hovevei, Russias
iuIing eIile vas nol conceined vilh lhe iegions do3
neslic silualion, al Ieasl unliI lhe niddIe of 2O11.
The decision lo end CTO in Chechnya in ApiiI
2OO9, diclaled as il vas ly pulIic ieIalions considei3
alions, did nol have lhe effecl of ieducing lhe nunlei
of leiioiisl acls in lhal iepulIic. Diveisionaiy leiioi3
isl aclivily acluaIIy spiead lo lhe neighloiing iepul3
Iics of Dageslan and Ingushelia. Thal sunnei sav a
liazen allenpl lo assassinale Ingushelias piesidenl
Yunus-ek Yevkuiov, vhich lenpoiaiiIy pul hin oul
of aclion. AIdigiiei Magonedlagiiov, Inleiioi Minis3
lei of Dageslan, lhe Iaigesl Noilh Caucasus iepulIic,
vas nuideied. AII lhis iequiied sone coheienl ex3
pIanalion. Il vas inpossilIe jusl lo keep saying lhal
lhe iegion vouId soon le slaliIized, aIlhough sone
peopIe aie voiking againsl lhis.
Medvedevs MakhachkaIa speech on }une 9, 2OO9,
naiked lhe nonenl vhen lhe focus changed fion
exleinaI lo inleinaI lhieals. The Russian Iiesidenl
laIked of syslenic piolIens in lhe Noilh Caucasus
iegion. Ioi lhe hisl line since lhe 199Os, lhe head of
slale vas ofhciaIIy adnilling lhal socio-poIilicaI lui3
luIence in lhe Russian Caucasus vas nol lhe iesuIl of
foieign inleifeience, lul of inleinaI piolIens Iike coi3
iuplion, unenpIoynenl, and poveily. Hovevei, lolh
lhe Iiesidenl and lhe Iiine Minislei sliII kepl laIking
aloul lhe lallIe vilh landils and oiganized ciine
gioups, as if lhe cuiienl piolIens of lhe Caucasus
1O4
couId le conpaied lo lhe silualion in HaiIen, Nev
Yoik, oi Soulheasl Washinglon, DC, in lhe 198Os. The
faiIuies of goveinnenl in lhe Noilh Caucasus veie
nol honeslIy discussed. Iane vas Iaid on lhe iegion3
06 0-, 6/706 02."/+&.&#(9 '"&6# ."# 1#,#+06 02."/+&.&#(
escaped ciilicisn. This vas lhe oiigin of lizaiie ideas
Iike lhe inlioduclion of speciaI juiisdiclion foi nalleis
invoIving leiioiisn. RegaidIess, in his addiess Iasl
yeai, Medvedev caIIed lhe Noilh Caucasus lhe nain
piolIen of Russian doneslic poIilics. Thal vas vhen
anolhei idea eneiged: a nev luieaucialic sliucluie,
lacked ly Medvedev and VIadinii Iulin, enliusled
vilh eslalIishing oidei in lhe Noilh Caucasus.
As a iesuIl, AIexandei KhIoponin aiiived in lhe
Caucasus in }anuaiy 2O1O as Moscovs pIenipolen3
liaiy. This Iooked Iike an innovalion. The nan iespon3
silIe foi Russias nosl unslalIe iegion vas nol one of
lhe siIoviki (nenleis of lhe cenliaI luieauciacy), lul
a nanagei vho had voiked foi NoiiIsk NickeI en3
leipiise and seived as goveinoi of lhe Taynyi Ienin3
suIa and Kiasnoyaisk. The nedia adopled a diffeienl
Ianguage vhen discussing lhe Noilh Caucasus. Apail
fion lhe usuaI iefeience lo leiioiisls and exlien3
isls, lhey legan laIking of cIusleis, inveslnenls,
and innovalions.
ul KhIoponins appoinlnenl had nolhing lo do
vilh nodeinizalion. Il vas a lypicaI lehind-lhe-scenes
advancenenl of a peison Iacking lhe appiopiiale ex3
peiience, nolivaled ly inleinaI luieaucialic Iogic,
ialhei lhan piessing nalionaI inleiesl. In addilion, lhe
funclions of lhis nev head of lhe Caucasus veie veiy
Iiniled. KhIoponin vas lhiovn in lhe deep end of lhe
pooI, vilhoul leing given lhe necessaiy poIilicaI pov3
eis lo keep hinseIf aoal. And hov can lheie le any
ieaI inveslnenl oi innovalion in a iegion so cIose lo
1O5
a slale of vai` In lhe end, lhings did nol luin oul foi
lhe lellei, lul as usuaI, as Vikloi Cheinonyidin so
nenoialIy pul il in 1993: We vanled lhe lesl lul il
cane oul Iike il aIvays does.
The econony and lhe sociaI spheie veie iecog3
nized as inpoilanl. The KienIin and lhe IedeiaI
Coveinnenl pul aII lheii effoils inlo deveIoping lhese
seclois, lul poIilicaI lhenes (elhnic conicls and lhe
ieIalions lelveen lhe diffeienl ieIigions) ienained
laloo. They veie seen as neieIy supeihciaI, a func3
lion of lhe socio-econonic silualion. This has nade
il inpossilIe lo pioduce a Iaige-scaIe slialegy foi lhe
deveIopnenl of lhe Caucasus. When lhe poIilics of lhe
iegion aie as unslalIe as lhey aie, socio-econonic con3
dilions nallei, lul vhiIe unqueslionalIy inpoilanl,
lhey do nol pIay a deleinining ioIe.
SliII, on }uIy 6, 2O1O, Iulin asked foi a slialegy doc3
unenl lo le deIiveied vilhin a peiiod of 2 nonlhs,
a ieasonalIe anounl of line foi a good acadenic ai3
licIe oi a chaplei of a look, lul nol foi a docunenl
vilh a 15-yeai peispeclive. y Seplenlei 6, 2O1O, lhe
diafl of lhe slialegy vas ieady. In Iess lhan a nonlh,
il venl lhiough lhe enliie cycIe fion leing signed lo
pulIicalion ly lhe fedeiaI goveinnenl. The ains and
oljeclives of Slialegy-2O25, as sel oul in lhe iniliaI
CeneiaI Iiovisions, aie skeved fion lhe veiy le3
ginning. We iead lhal:
The Slialegy lakes accounl of:
- The cuiienl slale of lhe econony of Russian
@#,#+0.&/- 0,8&-&(.+0.&%# #-.&.&#( '"&7" 0+# *0+.
of The Noilh Caucasus IedeiaI Disliicl,
- The Russian econony,
- The gIolaI econony,
- Theii polenliaI foi deveIopnenl, and,
- RegionaI and inlei-iegionaI piojecls and lheii oul3
cones.
6
1O6
ul vhal aloul lhe poIilicaI deveIopnenl of lhe
Caucasus` Donl lhe facls of leiioiisn, sulveisive
07.&/-(9 0-, 0- #."-/7+0.&7 6#0,#+("&* 02./80.&3
caIIy nake any lusiness pIan a iisky undeilaking`
ShouIdnl fuluie inveslois le laking lhis inlo accounl
(unIess lhe noney cones fion lhe fedeiaI ludgel,
vhich does nol depend on pulIic opinion)`
The Noilh Caucasus Disliicl offeis favoialIe condi3
lions foi deveIoping lhe agio-indusliiaI conpIex, lhe
(*"#+#( /1 ./2+&(8 0-, "#06." ./2+&(89 #6#7.+&7&.59
nining and nanufacluiing. Il aIso affoids deveIoped
liansil faciIilies. Hovevei, econonic and socio-poIil3
icaI inslaliIily nean lhal naluiaI advanlages ienain
unieaIized and nake lhe Noilh Caucasus IedeiaI Dis3
liicl an unalliaclive enviionnenl foi inveslnenl.
7
The poIilicaI eIenenl is nenlioned in passing, af3
lei lhe econony, and is nol eIaloialed upon in any
vay. Whal does socio-poIilicaI inslaliIily nean` Is il
lhe sepaialisl lhieal oi lhe ieIigious ievivaI vhich is
inconpalilIe vilh lhe conslilulionaI and IegaI ieguIa3
lions and Iavs of lhe Russian Iedeialion` Accoiding
lo Slialegy-2O25, The nain goaI of lhe Slialegy is lo
piovide condilions conducive lo lhe iapid giovlh of
lhe ieaI secloi of lhe econony in Russian Iedeialion
adninislialive unils lhal nake up lhe Noilh Caucasus
IedeiaI Disliicl. AIso lo cieale nev jols, and inpiove
lhe slandaid of Iife. Whal a vondeifuI goaI! ul is lhis
possilIe in an aiea lhal is piaclicaIIy on a vai fooling
(This is lhe feIicilous desciiplion of lhe piesenl silu3
alion given ly lhe head of lhe Iioseculoi CeneiaIs
Ofhce Invesligalive Connillee AIexandei asliykin
in an inleiviev vilh iadio Moscov Lcho)
8
` Il is nol
lhe giey econony, vhich nakes ils Iiving fion iIIegaI
1O7
oi seni-IegaI deaIs, lhal is leing discussed in lhis doc3
unenl. IncidenlaIIy, Slialegy-2O25 does nol sel ilseIf
lo deaI vilh inslilulionaI change, i.e. ciealing a nev
geneialion of nanageis vho couId give lhe econony
lhe chance lo liealhe vilhoul kiIIing il vilh lheii kick3
lacks and pay-offs. The aluse of povei and iIIegaI
nelhods of caiiying oul anli-leiioiisl opeialions give
iise lo a Iack of liusl in lhe aulhoiilies, and even a silu3
alion vheie peopIe slail iegaiding Iav enfoiceis as
enenies. Young peopIe vho aie conslanlIy viclinized
lecone pailicuIaiIy vuIneialIe lo ieciuilnenl ly lhe
ieleIs. Theie is pIenly of evidence lhal lhe aclivily of
lhe ained undeigiound has leen gioving iecenlIy.
The ciisis viII onIy gel voise if lhe slale keeps hghling
lhe insuigenls using nelhods Iike kidnapping and ex3
eculions vilhoul liiaI. Tvo inconpIele sulseclions of
Slialegy-2O25 aie devoled lo elhnic ieIalions, lul lhey
aie Iiniled lo geneiaIilies. Theie is no ieaI infoina3
lion and no anaIysis. The cuiienl socio-poIilicaI and
elhno-poIilicaI silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus Ied3
eiaI Disliicl is chaiacleiized ly seveiaI pionounced
negalive sociaI lendencies, nanifeslalions of elhno-
poIilicaI and ieIigious exlienisn, and a high iisk of
conicl.
9
Any speciaIisl couId piolalIy hnd a gieal nany
negalive lendencies in any pail of lhe Russian Ied3
eialion, if he oi she so desiied. They exisl in Moscov
and Sl. Ieleisluig (Is nol xenopholia a negalive so3
ciaI lendency`), and in lhe VoIga aiea (vheie lheie
is lolh elhnic and ieIigious exlienisn). ul lhe dif3
feience lelveen lhe Caucasus and lhe VoIga aiea is
lhal onIy in lhe Noilh Caucasus is lheie a silualion
akin lo vai. This docunenl of consideialIe slialegic
&8*/+.0-7# /11#+( -/ #)*60-0.&/- 1/+ '"5 #%#-.( ,#3
veIoped as lhey did. The ieadei is Iefl lo guess. The
1O8
Slialegys anaIylicaI seclion does nol even have a sul3
seclion deaIing vilh lhe ieIigious ievivaI, aIlhough
iadicaI IsIan is lhe nain vehicIe foi piolesls in lhe
Caucasus. Anylhing lo do vilh ieIalions lelveen lhe
ieIigions is ieIegaled lo lhe sulseclion Llhnic ReIa3
lionships. The ieasons foi lhe giovlh of iadicaI IsIan
aie sel oul vilh aIaining sinpIicily: RadicaI foins
of IsIan (have leen) inpoiled inlo lhe said IedeiaI
Disliicl. The lexl offeis no expIanalion as lo vhal
lhese inpoiled foins aie, vhy lhey have leen in3
poiled inlo lhe iegion, vhal lhe expeclalions of lhe
&8*/+.#+( 0+#9 /+ ."# #).#-. ./ '"&7" ."# &8*/+.#+(
have gained indigenous suppoil.
1O
In lhe inleiesls of
oljeclivily, one can say, of couise, lhal olhei ieasons
foi lhe disseninalion of exlienisl vievs (lhe Slialegy
nakes no speciaI dislinclion lelveen nalionaIisls and
IsIanisls) incIude videspiead coiiuplion oi ques3
lions ieIaling lo lhe ovning and disposing of Iand,
vhich aie unieguIaled and lhe cause of nosl of lhe
elhnic conicls, incIuding al lhe IeveI of lhe nan in
lhe slieel, and aIso elhnic lension as a iesuIl of iII-
dehned civic idenlily.
11
ul again, none of lhis can le
Iinked lo lhe need foi inslilulionaI change in lhe Cau3
casus. In shoil, lhe oljeclives of Slialegy-2O25 aie
cIeaiIy unachievalIe. Il focuses on econonic giovlh
vilhoul addiessing lhe socio-poIilicaI piecondilions
lhal nake lhe Noilh Caucasus expIosive and unslalIe.
!"&( ,/728#-. (##8( ./ &(/60.# ."# #7/-/85 0-, ."#
sociaI spheie fion lhe iesl of lhe conpIex vhoIe.
1O9
NORTH CAUCA5U5: RADICAL I5LAMI5M
ON THE RI5E
Since lhe esIan liagedy in Seplenlei 2OO4, lhe
nain anli-Russian discouise in lhe Noilh Caucasus
has nol leen undei lhe sIogans of elhno-poIilicaI seIf-
deleininalion lul undei lhe gieen lannei of iadicaI
IsIan. On Oclolei 31, 2OO7, Iiesidenl of lhe so-caIIed
Chechen RepulIic of Icheiia, Doku Unaiov, luiIl
upon his poveis as lhe head of lhe sepaialisl govein3
nenl and piocIained a nev foinalion ~lhe Cauca3
sus Lniiale (CL).
Unaiov piocIained hinseIf as lhe onIy Iegilinale
aulhoiily in aII aieas vheie lheie aie Mujahideen. He
06(/ (0&, ."0. "# ,#-&#( ."# 60'( /1 ."# (#7260+ 02."/+&3
lies lhal exisl in lhe Noilh Caucasus. Il is haid lo de3
hne Unaiov peisonaIIy and nany of his suppoileis as
ieaI IsIanisls in lhe fuIIesl sense of lhe void, lhey Iack
lhe necessaiy lheoIogicaI liaining and, in sone cases,
eIenenlaiy educalion lase. ul foi such unskiIIed Is3
Ianisls lhe ideaIs of puie IsIan aie lhe nain diiv3
eis of piolesl aclivilies againsl lhe Russian Slale. Wilh
."#89 ."#5 "0%# ./ ,#.#+8&-# ."# #11#7.&%#-#(( /1 &.(
polenliaI foi noliIizing exlienisls. To sone exlenl,
leIonging lo a iadicaI IsIanisl cuiienl is a naikei of
iadicaIisn in geneiaI (elhnic nalionaIisn in lhis con3
lexl is iegaided as a nodeiale poIilicaI novenenl lhal
couId incIude diaIogue and ceilain concessions lo lhe
Russian Slale).
Hovevei, al lhe sane line, ve can iepoil lhe pies3
ence in lhe ianks of lhe Noilh Caucasian IsIanisls
.+0&-#, *+#07"#+( '"/ 12665 8##. ."# (.0-,0+,( /1
Mujahedin of lhe fuluie (lhal is conpelenl lheoIo3
gians, vho couId expIoil lolh expIosives and KaIash3
nikovs). The nosl fanous of lhen veie nol elhnic
11O
Chechens ly oiigin. In 2OO9 lhey cane lo lhe foiefionl
in lhe Caucasus iadicaI IsIanisl novenenl. They
lioughl nev chaiacleis inlo lhe anli-Russian sliug3
gIe in lhe Noilh Caucasus. Il is unIikeIy lhal such a
nan as Said uiyalskii (1982-2O1O, a.k.a. AIexandei
Tikhoniiov, on his falheis side a uiyal and on his
nolheis side a Russian) couId inspiie lhe defendeis
of a secuIai nalionaIisl piojecl lo hghl. Ralhei his ap3
peaI vas ieIigious.
In }une 2OO9, Unaiovs suppoileis cIained ie3
sponsiliIily foi lhe nuidei of lhe inleiioi ninislei
of Dageslan, AdiIgeiei Magonedlagiiov as veII as
nuideis of Aza Cazgiieeva, depuly Chaiinan of
lhe Supiene Couil of Ingushelia, and ashii Aus3
hev, foinei Depuly Iiine Minislei of Ingushelia. In
}uIy 2OO9, lhey announced lheii invoIvenenl in lhe
allenpled assassinalion of lhe Iiesidenl of Ingush3
elia, Yunus-ek Yevkuiov. In Augusl, 2OO9, lhey is3
sued a slalenenl saying lhal lhe accidenl al lhe
Sayano-Shushenskaya povei pIanl vas a nallei of
lheii hands. In Novenlei-Decenlei 2OO9, niIilanls
cIained iesponsiliIily foi lhe nuidei of an Oilhodox
piiesl, Ialhei DanieI (Sysoev) and lhe expIosion of
lhe liain Nevsky Lxpiess. On Maich 31, 2O1O, in his
video addiess, Doku Unaiov laIked aloul his ovn oi3
deis foi lhe suicide lonling in lhe Moscov sulvay,
caiiied oul on Maich 29. In }anuaiy 2O11, he cIained
ciedil foi lhe Donodedovo Aiipoil leiioiisl allack.
Lven if lhe iesponsiliIily foi one oi anolhei of
lhese allacks is nol liue, and is pail of a pulIic ieIa3
lions canpaign, lhe sliuggIe foi liue failh is seIIing
and leconing a popuIai poIilicaI connodily. This
pioducl viII le even noie in denand lhan vouId
le lhe IeveI of sociaI injuslice, judiciaI, and adninis3
lialive efhciency. The afoienenlioned uiyalskii is
111
a phenonenon in lhis iegaid. Nol leing a pieachei
fion Iakislan oi Aial counliies, he found a feiliIe
enviionnenl in lhe Caucasian audience as a iesuIl of
his ovn ieIigious and poIilicaI evoIulion. Nole lhal
novadays lhis audience knovs lhe Soviel and Rus3
sian ieaIily fai Iess lhan vhal }okhai Dudayev and
AsIan Maskhadov did. The voiks of Sheikh Anvai
aI-AvIaki, Sheikh Alu Muhanned aI-Maqdisi, and
olheis fealuie pioninenlIy on vaiious vel poilaIs
associaled vilh lhe Caucasus ieleIs. The Caucasus
ieleIs have indeed enliaced lhe poIilicaI Iexicon of
lhe gIolaI jihad, slyIing lheii Ieadeis as aniis
and eslalIishing a Caucasus Lniiale vilh ils ovn
Shaiiah Couil. Il is nuch Iess connecled vilh lhe
nalionvide socio-cuIluiaI enviionnenl. Hovevei,
vhiIe assessing lhe IsIanic facloi il is necessaiy lo
add sone nuances. Oflen nany sloiies iegaiding lhe
inlia-adninislialive-luieaucialic sliuggIe aie hidden
undei lhe Wahhalis (as lhe Russian nedia dehne
iadicaI IsIan). Il vouId seen lhal lhe aulhoiilies lolh
al iegionaI and fedeiaI IeveIs nusl do lheii ulnosl lo
undeisland vheie lheie aie ieIigious iadicaIs oi sin3
pIe ciininaIs, and vheie lheii synlhesis lakes pIace
(lhe Iallei is exlieneIy inpoilanl lo disciedil lhe niIi3
lanls and lheii ideoIogicaI palions). ul inslead of do3
ing lhis, ofhciaIs iepeal piopaganda lheses aloul lhe
agonizing landils.
ETHNIC NATIONALI5M: NEW PER5PECTIVE5?
The Iasl 3 yeais shoved, anong olhei lhings, lhal
lhe hope of seIf-Iiquidalion of nalionaIisn has nol
leen juslihed. RaIIies of aIkais and Ciicassians, in3
leielhnic ieIalions in Dageslan and lensions lelveen
Ossels and Ingushsis foiced lhe aulhoiilies lo pay al3
112
lenlion lo lhe piolIen, vhich ly lhe eaiIy 2OOOs had
seened geneiaIIy lo le cIeaiing up. A ievivaI of elh3
nic nalionaIisn in lhe Noilh Caucasus has laken pIace
since 2OO8. Ioi lhis deveIopnenl, lheie aie lolh inlei3
naI and exleinaI pieiequisiles. The Ciicassian issue ie3
%&%06 "0( /772++#, 01.#+ 0 (#+&#( /1 *#+(/--#6 ,#7&(&/-(
of lhe fouilh piesidenl of Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya
RepulIic (KCR), oiis Llzeev. Russias iecognilion
of Alkhazias independence on Augusl 26, 2OO8, aIso
pIayed a ioIe in lhe ievilaIizalion of Ciicassian elhnic
nalionaIisn as veII as lhe upconing Sochi OIynpic
Canes. Since 2O1O, lhe Ciicassian queslion has le3
cone one of lhe focaI poinls of lhe Ceoigian foieign
poIicy agenda. Tvo confeiences (Maich and Noven3
lei 2O1O), legan lhe discussion al lhe paiIianenlaiy
IeveI of lhe piolIen of lhe so-caIIed Ciicassian geno3
cide in lhe Russian Lnpiie in lhe 19lh cenluiy, and
hnaIIy Ceoigian iecognilion of lhis nassacie as a case
of genocide in May 2O11 ciealed a seiious piecedenl.
efoie il, Russian poIicy in lhe Caucasus vas nol iec3
ognized as genocide ly foieign slales. This chaige
lheiefoie conliilules lo lhe inleinalionaIizalion of
delales aloul lhis lioulIed Russian iegion. Thus il
iequiies fion lhe Russian goveinnenl and sociely
noie lhoughlfuI aclion. Moscov nusl hnd conpelenl
ansveis lo lhis piolIen as soon as possilIe.
Hovevei, lhe nev nalionaIisls in lheii slale3
nenls ienain vilhin lhe Russian poIilicaI-IegaI space.
aIkais, lhe Ingush hunan iighls aclivisls, and Ciicas3
sian aclivisls aie liying lo appeaI lo lhe IedeiaI Rus3
sian goveinnenl, and nol lo lhe CounciI of Luiope,
lhe IaiIianenlaiy AssenlIy of lhe CounciI of Luiope
(IACL), oi lhe Luiopean Union (LU)/Uniled Slales.
In Maich 2O1O, al a neeling dedicaled lo lhe 66lh anni3
veisaiy of lhe Russian depoilalion~of aIkais, Kaia3
113
chais, Chechens, Ingush, and KaInyks lo Sileiia~lhe
iepiesenlalives of lhe CounciI of LIdeis of lhe aIkai
*#/*6# *+#*0+#, 0- 0**#06 ./ ."# *+#(&,#-.&06 #-%/5
in lhe Noilh Caucasus AIexandei KhIoponin.
Il is necessaiy lo nake a dislinclion lelveen na3
lionaIisn in lhe peiiod of lhe paiade of soveieign3
lies in lhe eaiIy 199Os, and lhal of 2OO9-1O. The oId
nalionaIisn vas a poIilicaI iiposle lo lhe Soviel (and
lo a Iessei exlenl lhe inpeiiaI) eia. The cuiienl aIkai
oi Ciicassian novenenls, lhough using lhe hisloiicaI
naleiiaI, have anolhei naluie. This is lhe ieaclion lo
lodays ieaIilies (e.g., Iand issues and lhe allendanl
7/++2*.&/-9 "280- +#(/2+7# */6&7&#(9 0-, &((2#( /1 6/3
caI seIf-goveinnenl). Using quanlilalive appioaches
(and ceilain of lheii nanifeslalions ve see in KR in
lhe foin of conciIialion of lhe nalionaI novenenls)
lhe dangei of nalionaIisns ievivaI can le nininized
(lul nol eIininaled conpIeleIy). Hovevei (and 2OO9-
2O1O have denonslialed il), lheie aie cases vhen lhe
iepulIican aulhoiilies liy lo exlinguish lhe hie of Is3
Ianisl aclivily ly using nalionaIisl keiosene. Such a
looI (pIaying lhe elhnic caid) is exlieneIy dangeious
(as shovn in 1989-91).
The Osselian-Ingush ieconciIialions have inspiied
caulious oplinisn. The lhiid Iiesidenl of Ingush3
elia, Yunus ek Lvkuiov, has pIayed a gieal ioIe in
ils pionolion. Ingushelia nov insisls on lhe ieluin of
dispIaced peisons vho ed lheii hones duiing lhe
conicl in Oclolei-Novenlei 1992, naneIy in lhe
viIIages of lhe Suluilan Disliicl (Iiigoiodnyi iayon)
vheie lhey Iived lefoie lhe conicl, lul lhe Ingush
6#0,#+("&* 76#0+65 +#4#7.( ."# 760&8( 1/+ ."# +#.2+- /1
lhe disliicl ilseIf! Al a neeling on lhe piolIens of dis3
pIaced peisons heId on Oclolei 2, 2OO9, lhe Iiesidenl
of Noilh Osselia, Teinuiaz Mansuiov, said lhal lhe
114
Ingush vouId le fiee lo ieluin lo lhe Suluilan Dis3
liicl and lhe aulhoiilies of his iepulIic, Noilh Osselia,
vouId nol le an olslacIe.
Accoiding lo vaiious souices, appioxinaleIy 15-
2O,OOO dispIaced peopIe (DI) couId ieluin lo lheii
foinei pIaces of iesidence. In lhis case, lolh lhe con3
icling pailies aie dissalished vilh fedeiaI poIicy lo
iesoIve lhis piolIen. The Osselian side said lhal lhe
ieluin of lhe Ingush is leing done al a foiced pace,
vhiIe lhe Ingush aie unhappy vilh lhe Iov inlensily
of lhe ieluin. Sofl apailheid is pieseived. In pailicu3
Iai, on Maich 1, 2OO9, duiing lhe eIeclions of IocaI lod3
ies in lhe Suluilan Disliicl, lhe vole vas conducled in
lhe viIIages sellIed ly lhe Ingushis. The silualion foi
aII lhese yeais is conpIicaled ly lhe conicl lelveen
Ceoigia and Soulh Osselia lecause Noilh Osselia vas
foiced lo pIace Osselian iefugees fion Soulh Osselia
and inleiioi iegions of Ceoigia in ils leiiiloiy. Regaid3
Iess of lhis, on Decenlei 17, 2OO9, lhe Ieadeis of lhe
lvo iepulIics of Ingushelia and Noilh Osselia signed
a liIaleiaI agieenenl.
Ioi lhe hisl line in lhe posl-Soviel eia Ingush DIs
had lhe iighl lo ieluin lo lheii hones in an ofhciaI
docunenl. (IieviousIy lhey veie offeied diffeienl
veisions of aiiangenenls al lhe nev Iocalion.) Hu3
nan and civiI iighls look piecedence ovei lhe iighl
of lIood. IiaclicaIIy foi lhe hisl line since 1992, il
vas iecognized lhal lhe Osselians and lhe Ingush aie
lvo peopIes of lhe Russian nalion-slale piojecl lhal
shouId le noie lhan jusl neighlois, and lecone feI3
Iov cilizens of one counliy.
115
NORTH CAUCA5U5: PUBLIC POLICY
OF LIMITED DURATION
In addilion lo IsIan and elhnic nalionaIisn, lu3
+#027+0.&7 7/8*#.&.&/- 1/+ ,/8&-0-7# &- ."# 1+08#3
voik of a singIe iepulIic has leen a seiious chaIIenge.
This nanagenenl sliuggIe has once again pioved lhal
dispules ovei povei aie nol nainlained in iigid ad3
heience lo an elhnic oi ieIigious afhIialion. This is a
conpIex conhguialion of cIan inleiesls and piessuie
gioups lolh in Moscov and vilhin lhe iegion ilseIf.
Ieihaps lhe nosl exenpIaiy iepulIic in lhis iespecl
is Dageslan, lhe Iaigesl (in leiiiloiy and popuIalion)
of lhe Noilh Caucasian iepulIics. Il is no accidenl le3
cause lhe yeai of 2OO9 vas a piepaialoiy peiiod foi lhe
RepulIican piesidenliaI eIeclions (in Ieliuaiy 2O1O,
lhe IiesidenliaI lein of Mukhu AIiev expiied). In lhe
alsence of diiecl eIeclions of lhe RepulIics piesidenl,
ve vilnessed conpIex luieaucialic hghls vilh veiy
specihc ideas aloul pulIic poIicy.
As a iesuIl, lhe pioceduie foi deleinining a candi3
dale foi lhe piesidency in Dageslan unpiecedenledIy
diagged on fion Novenlei 2OO9 unliI Ieliuaiy 2O1O.
In facl, il look 2 addilionaI veeks leyond lhe IegaI
pioceduie foi Moscov lo announce lhe hnaI decision
on lhe candidacy of lhe head of lhe RepulIic. IinaIIy,
MagonedsaIan Magonedov gol lhe suppoil of lhe
IedeiaI Cenlei. ul as lhe Russian poIilicaI scienlisl
and jouinaIisl Ivan Sukhov juslIy ienaiked, |Thej
appoinlnenl of lhe piesidenl in Dageslan Iooked Iike
lhe nosl piolIenalic one foi lhe enliie peiiod.
12

116
THE NORTH CAUCA5U5 FROM THE
PER5PECTIVE OF THE KREMLIN
Al hisl gIance, lhe liagic evenls al lhe Manege
Squaie on Decenlei 11, 2O1O (and lheii echoes in Sl.
Ieleisluig and Roslov-on-Don), aie nol connecled
diieclIy vilh elhno-poIilicaI and ieIigious dynan3
ics. Aclivily, cIashes, and pogions undei lhe Russian
elhno-nalionaIisl sIogans aie nol a iesponse lo one
oi anolhei acl of leiioiisn, salolage, oi injuslice lo
lhe elhnic Russians in lhe Noilh Caucasus iepulIics.
The Manege incidenl vas piovoked ly lhe nuidei of
Spailak soccei cIul fan Yegoi Sviiidov. In olhei cas3
es, ieasons aie diffeienl, lul lhey do nol iefei lo lhe
Noilh Caucasus iegionaI issues. MeanvhiIe, il vouId
le veiy nave lo considei lhose cIashes as alsoIuleIy
isoIaled piolIens. The Sviiidov case lecane a kind
of liiggei foi anli-Caucasus opinions exisling in lhe
cenliaI pails of Russia. Il aIso shoved lhal Russia
Iacks a coheienl nalionaI poIicy (oi ialhei, il sulsli3
luled foIkIoie and elhnogiaphic consideialions) and
lhal lhe inhalilanls of lhe Caucasus and lhe iesl of
Russia had Iong Iisls of giievances againsl each olhei.
RegaidIess of vhal il vas, il ievilaIized lhe piolIen
of a divided connunily and acluaIized lhe necessily
lo hnd vays foi a civic nalion oplion. Il aIso denon3
slialed lhe chaIIenge of Russian sepaialisn lecause
il dispIayed nuneious gioups of Russian cilizens
vho vouId le ieady lo sepaiale fion lhe Caucasus.
This facl vioIales lhe sleieolype lhal lhe iegion can
onIy le pul leyond Moscovs slialegic inuence ly
neans of a conscious canpaign lo fiee ilseIf of Rus3
sias suzeiainly. ul vhal if lhe uniIaleiaI sepaialion
of lhe Caucasus ly Russian povei look pIace` In lhis
scenaiio, il vouId nallei IillIe vhelhei lhe Noilh
117
Caucasus foIIoved a nalionaIisl oi IsIanisl agenda. Il
does nol nean lhal Russia vouId have gieal lenehls
fion lhe ieaIizalion of lhis scenaiio. ul nov il has
ciealed nev oplions foi Caucasus poIilics as veII as
Russian doneslic poIicy as a vhoIe. The facl lhal lhe
cenliaI goveinnenl on lhe eve of lhe eIeclion yeai de3
cided lo pIay lhe Russian chauvinisl laigaining chip
is aIso dangeious lecause il nakes lvo gioups of lhe
cilizens of one counliy (elhnic Russians and Caucasus
peopIes) confionl each olhei.
Thus, lhe Noilh Caucasus has nol lecone a noie
secuie, and nosl inpoilanlIy, piediclalIe iegion. The
iegion poses foi lhe Russian slale and sociely a vide
vaiiely of chaIIenges, ianging fion IsIanic iadicaIisn
lo sophislicaled cIosed luieaucialic confionlalion and
Russian sepaialisn. Despile lhe facl lhal in 2OO9 lhe
Russian cenliaI goveinnenl had iecognized lhe ciisis
in lhe Noilh Caucasus, lieaklhiough slialegies foi
lhe deveIopnenl of lhe iegion have nol suifaced. The
slale lodies conlinue focusing on luieaucialic nelh3
ods of inpioving lhe silualion, iefuse lo le engaged in
diaIogue vilh lhe civiI sociely, and use sofl povei
(inlegialion piojecls, lhe inlioduclion of eIenenls of
civic idenlily, and allenpls lo iedehne lhe ieIigious
spheie such as Luio-IsIan as an aIleinalive lo iadi3
caI IsIanisn) in pionoling lheii ovn inleiesls. WhiIe
nodeinizalion has leen piocIained as lhe slialegic
goaI of lhe Russian poIicy, lhe Noilh Caucasus has
nol leen neaningfuIIy consideied in lhis conlexl. y
ineilia, il is iegaided ialhei as an undeideveIoped
oulskiil, ialhei lhan an inlegiaI pail of lhe nalionvide
poIilicaI-IegaI space. LncouiagingIy, lheie is sone
safely naigin, lhe iegions popuIalion is inleiesled in
slienglhening lhe Russian slales piesence and lhe ef3
fecliveness of aililialion ly lhe cenliaI goveinnenl,
118
'"&6# ."#+# &( (&826.0-#/2(65 0 8/+# 07.&%# ,#(&+# /1
lhe Russian aulhoiilies lo nake a ciilicaI assessnenl of
lhe iegionaI ieaIilies. Hovevei, an ad hoc silualionaI
iesponse ienains lhe doninanl poIilicaI and nanage3
iiaI slyIe of lhe Russian eIile foi lhe Caucasus iegion.
ENDNOTE5 - CHAPTER 2
1. Seigey Maikedonov, Causes of lhe Cioving InslaliIily in
Kalaidino-aIkaiia and Ways of Oveiconing Il, An|nrcpc|cgq
and Arcncc|cgq cf |urasia, VoI. 49, No. 4, 2O11, pp. 72-81.
2. See oui connenl in Russian Scpara|isn (Russ|ii Scpara-
|izn), Decenlei, 16, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion uuu.pc|i|ccn.ru/11193.
n|n|.
3. The Russian CiviI Union is a pulIic oiganizalion founded
in Novenlei 2O1O. IdeoIogicaIIy il is lased on aIIeged nalionaI-
denociacy piincipIes. Il seeks lo give lhe elhnic Russians lhe
iighl of seIf-deleininalion and iepIace lhe fedeialion in lhe Rus3
sian nalionaI denocialic slale.
4. Dniliy Rogozin, Russias envoy lo NATO, in his piesenla3
lion, NalionaI queslion in Russia and in Luiope foi lhe Yaio3
sIavI WoiId Ioiun, Seplenlei 2O11, idenlihed lhe Russian is3
sue as a coie piolIen of Russias doneslic poIicy in lhe Caucuses
and cIained a need lo slop disciininalion of elhnic Russians ly
lhe Caucasus peopIes. VIadinii Iulin (Russian piine-ninislei) in
one of his speeches on Decenlei, 21, 2O1O, said: We viII have lo
deveIop lhe iuIes of iegislialion in Moscov and Sainl Ieleisluig
as veII as olhei lig cilies. Il is voilh noling lhal lhe piaclice of
iegislialion is an unconslilulionaI iequiienenl lecause lhe Rus3
sian Conslilulion gives lo aII cilizens lhe iighl of fiee novenenl.
5. IiesidenliaI Addiess lo lhe IedeiaI AssenlIy, The Kien3
Iin, Moscov, Russia, Novenlei 12, 2OO9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
|rcn|in.ru/|ranscrip|s/5979.
6. Slialegy foi lhe Socio-econonic DeveIopnenl of lhe Noilh
Caucasus IedeiaI Disliicl unliI 2O25, }uIy 6, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
prcnicr.gct.ru/ctcn|s/ncus/13920/.
119
7. |oid.
8. This evaIualion vas done in lhe open aii of lhe iadio Mos3
cov Lcho |Lkho Moskvyj, Oclolei, 1O, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.ccnc.ns|.ru/ncus/717094-ccnc.n|n|.
9. Slialegy foi lhe Socio-econonic DeveIopnenl of lhe Noilh
Caucasus IedeiaI Disliicl unliI 2O25.
1O. |oid.
11. |oid.
12. Ciled in KienIin Does nol Connenl on DeIay vilh lhe
Dageslan Iiesidenl appoinlnenl |KienI ne konnenliiuel za3
deizhku naznacheniya Iiezidenla Dageslanaj, }anuaiy, 2O, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.|at|az-uzc|.ru/ar|ic|cs/164449/.
121
CHAPTER 3
THE "AFGHANIZATION" OF THE NORTH
CAUCA5U5: CAU5E5 AND IMPLICATION5
OF A CHANGING CONFLICT
5vantc E. Cnrnc!!
The silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus, pailicuIaiIy
in Chechnya, fiequenlIy nade headIines in lhe 199Os
and eaiIy 2OOOs. In facl, il vas a key issue in affecl3
ing Weslein vievs of Russia, a pailicuIai noliIizing
facloi foi lhe denociacy and hunan iighls agenda as
Russia vas conceined. This changed, hovevei, vilh
Iiesidenl VIadinii Iulins successfuI cuilaiIing of
nedia fieedons in Russia, and lhe giaduaI decIine of
vioIence in Chechnya, vilh vioIence sinking lo a Iov
poinl in 2OO6. Ioi lhe pasl 5 yeais, lhe Noilh Caucasus
has haidIy had an effecl on ieIalions lelveen lhe Wesl
and Russia, in facl, lolh lhe nedia and poIicy con3
nunilies in lhe Wesl have IaigeIy ignoied lhe iegion.
Thal has neveilheIess legun lo change in lhe iecenl
pasl, foi lvo nain ieasons: Iiisl, lheie has leen a cIeai
upsuige in vioIence in and ieIaled lo lhe Noilh Cau3
casus since 2OO7, vilh lhe conpIelion of lhe piocess of
liansfoinalion of a Chechen nalionaIisl ieleIIion lo a
iegion-vide IsIanisl insuigency. Il has lecone cIeai
lhal fai fion pacifying lhe iegion, Moscov is faiIing
lo exeil soveieignly lheie. Second, lhe InleinalionaI
OIynpic Connillees decision lo hoId lhe 2O14 OIyn3
pic Canes in Sochi on lhe Russian Iack Sea coasl
adjacenl lo lhe Noilh Caucasus has nade lhe Noilh
Caucasus a nagnel foi allenlion. This chaplei seeks lo
assess lhe cuiienl silualion in lhe Noilh Caucasus, lhe
ieasons lehind lhe evoIulion of lhe pasl decade, and
ils inpIicalions foi Russia, lhe iegion, and lhe Wesl.
122
THE NORTH CAUCA5U5 TODAY
The iepulIics of lhe Noilh Caucasus aie piesenl3
Iy chaiacleiized ly a conlinalion of faclois lhal lhe
piesenl aulhoi has Iikened lo Afghanizalion. The
lein evokes lhe deveIopnenl of Afghanislan in lhe
nid-199Os: a conlinalion of vai, hunan suffeiing,
poveily, oiganized ciine, and exleinaIIy sponsoied
IsIanic iadicaIisn conlined lo geneiale an expIosive
silualion, vhich lhe aulhoiilies aie incieasingIy un3
alIe lo iespond lo~and vhich, faiIing lo undeisland
lhe vel of piolIens coiieclIy and suffeiing fion lhe
7/-(.+0&-.( /1 ."#&+ /'- (5(.#89 ."#5 #-, 2* #)07#+3
laling.
DenogiaphicaIIy and econonicaIIy, lhe Noilh
Caucasus is in a deep naIaise. UnenpIoynenl iales
aie sky-high, aveiaging 5O peicenl ly sone eslinales,
vilh 8O peicenl iales of youlh unenpIoynenl leing
connon in nany aieas of lhe iegion.
1
elveen 6O and
9O peicenl of lhe ludgels of lhe iepulIics consisl of
diiecl sulsidies fion Moscov, suggesling lhe veak3
ness of econonic aclivily and of goveinnenl aliIily
lo iaise ievenues. In facl, sulsidies lo lhe Noilh Cau3
casus have legun lo geneiale a lackIash in Russia
ilseIf, vilh gioving popuIai novenenls vanling lo
slop lhe goveinnenl fion feeding lhe Caucasus.
=
?
Ieaked Russian goveinnenl iepoil in 2OO6 ciled lhal
lhe shadov econony consliluled an eslinaled 44 pei3
cenl of Dageslans econony, as opposed lo 17 peicenl
in Russia as a vhoIe, 5O lo 7O peicenl of Dageslanis
vilh sone foin of enpIoynenl veie lhoughl lo voik
in lhe shadov econony.
3
These hguies aie unIikeIy lo
have inpioved since lhen. Llhnic Russians have Iaige3
Iy Iefl lhe iegion, ienoving sone of lhe nosl-skiIIed
123
Ialoi foice. In Chechnya, vheie 2OO,OOO Russians once
Iived, lhey nov nunlei in lhe hundieds. In Ingush3
elia, lhe nunlei of Russians decIined ly a facloi of
ovei six. In olhei iepulIics, lhe decIine lelveen lhe
censuses of 1989 and 2OO2 aie nol as dianalic lul nev3
eilheIess slaik: The peicenlage of Russians feII fion
42 peicenl lo 33 peicenl in Kaiachaevo-Cheikessiya,
fion 3O lo 23 peicenl in Noilh Osselia, and fion 1O
lo 5 peicenl in Dageslan. The exodus of Russians has
onIy conlinued since lhen, aIlhough census hguies aie
nol avaiIalIe.
4
MeanvhiIe, lhe educalionaI syslen has
IaigeIy coIIapsed vhiIe lheie is a iapid popuIalion in3
ciease due lo hisloiicaIIy high liilh iales.
Since 2OO4, vilh lhe slienglhening of lhe veilicaI
of povei in Russia, lhe iepulIics aie iuIed incieas3
ingIy ly eIiles vhose nain fealuie is IoyaIly (of an
oflen peisonaI naluie) lo lhe Ieadeiship in Moscov
ialhei lhan, as had leen lhe case, vilh iools in lhe Io3
caI poIilics of lhe iegion. This has leen a souice of ad3
dilionaI fiiclion lelveen Moscov and lhe popuIalions
of lhe Noilh Caucasus. Nol onIy aie lhese popuIalions
no Iongei alIe lo eIecl lheii Ieadeis even on papei, lul
."#&+ 6#0,#+( 0+# +#(*/-(&%# 80&-65 ./ ."# ,#80-,( /1
lhe dislanl capilaI ialhei lhan lheii ovn needs. WhiIe
lhe nosl veII-knovn exanpIe is Chechnya, vheie
Moscov suppoiled lhe eIevalion of lhe Kadyiov cIan
lo Iead lhe iepulIic, lhe nosl egiegious case is In3
gushelia. Theie, a highIy iespecled lul independenl-
ninded Ieadei, CeneiaI RusIan Aushev, nanaged lo
keep lhe iepulIic slalIe and peacefuI duiing lhe hisl
Chechen vai and ils chaolic afleinalh. Deened loo
independenl, he vas iepIaced in 2OO2 ly a IedeiaI
Secuiily Seivice (IS) ofhcei of Ingush descenl lul
vilh IillIe conneclion lo lhe iegion, Muiad Zyazikov.
Zyazikovs sulsequenl nisnanagenenl, insensilivily
124
lo IocaI povei-liokeis, and iepiession aIienaled con3
sideialIe pails of lhe popuIalion and Ied nuneious
young Ingush lo join lhe ained iesislance. Kalaidino-
aIkaiia (KR), Iulin siniIaiIy appoinled a Moscov-
lased lusinessnan vilh iools in lhe iepulIic, Aisen
Kanokov, lo lhe piesidency in 2OO5, vilh lhe expIicil
puipose of appoinling a peison vilhoul Iinks lo lhe
cIan poIilics of lhe iepulIic. Hovevei, Kanokovs
Iack of a popuIai lase in KR Ied lhe silualion lo de3
leiioiale fuilhei.
5

The Noilh Caucasus is no Iongei lhe scene of
Iaige-scaIe vaifaie concenlialed in Chechnya, as
vas lhe case in 1994-96 and 1999-2OO2. Inslead, lhe
+#(&(.0-7# "0( 8/+*"#, &-./ 0 6/'3./38#,&28 6#%#6
insuigency lhal spans lhe enliie iegion. Chechnya is
anong lhe caInei aieas of lhe iegion, vilh lhe epicen3
lei of lhe iesislance having noved hisl lo Ingushelia,
lhen lo Dageslan, vilh spikes of vioIence in KR and
lhe olhei iepulIics as veII. The conicl pils Moscov
and ils IocaI aIIies, such as lhe Kadyiov cIan, againsl
IooseIy cooidinaled nuIlielhnic gioups of insuigenls
lhal IaigeIy ienain Ied ly elhnic Chechens. This in3
suigency no Iongei sees ilseIf as a nalionaIisl nove3
nenl, lul as pail of lhe gIolaI jihadi novenenl. As
such, il seeks lhe eslalIishnenl of a iegion-vide Is3
Ianic slale, dulled lhe Caucasus Lniiale. Inspiied
ly lhe gIolaI jihadi novenenl, lhe insuigency laigels
nol onIy Russian foices lul aIso civiIian aulhoiilies
acioss lhe iegion, as veII as engaging in leiioiisl al3
lacks on civiIians, incIuding in Russia piopei. Thus,
Chechnya has cone lo iesenlIe Kashnii: a foineiIy
nalionaIisl and sepaialisl insuigency noiphed inlo
0 4&"0,& 8/%#8#-. '&." '"/8 7#-.+06 02."/+&.&#(
can no Iongei, ieaIislicaIIy, expecl lo ieach a poIilicaI
conpionise.
125
HOW DID WE GET HERE?
The piesenl condilion of lhe conicl in lhe Noilh
Caucasus is a faiiIy iecenl deveIopnenl, having un3
deigone deep liansfoinalions in lhe pasl decade. An
oveiviev of lhe hisloiy of lhe conicl nakes lhis cIeai.
Indeed, il suggesls lhal in 1989, elhnicily vas incieas3
ingIy poIilicized acioss lhe foinei Soviel Union. The
elhno-nalionaIisl upiisings and novenenls of 1989-94
cIeaiIy piovide coiioloialion foi lhal assessnenl. y
conliasl, ieIigion vas nol poIilicized, and vouId nol
le foi anolhei decade. Anong Noilh Caucasus elh3
nic gioups, onIy lhe Chechens had lolh lhe incenlives
and lhe capacily lo suslain an insuigency againsl lhe
Russian slale, vhiIe a ieIigious ievivaI giaduaIIy gol
undei vay, cenleied on Dageslan. Il vas lhe hisl vai
in Chechnya in 1994-96 lhal alliacled niIilanl IsIanisl
gioups lo lhe Noilh Caucasus, vhose ideoIogy cane
lo spiead acioss lhe iegion, fanning oul fion Chech3
nya and Dageslan lo span lhe Noilh Caucasus.
Thc 5a!Icncc nf thc DcpnrtatInns.
The iesislance of Chechens as veII as olhei Noilh
Caucasian peopIes lo Russian iuIe in lhe 19lh cenluiy
is Iegendaiy. Il is insliuclive lo nole lhal Russia had
annexed Ceoigia ly 18O1, and acquiied conlioI ovei
Ainenia and Azeilaijan giaduaIIy in 1812-13 and
1827-28. y conliasl, lhe aieas noilh of lhe nounlains
veie nol suljugaled unliI 1859-64. Il look Russia 3O
yeais aflei gaining conlioI ovei lhe Soulh Caucasus
lo pacify lhe Noilh. Chechens, Dageslanis, and lhe
Ciicassian peopIes lo lhe vesl foughl an unequaI
lallIe unliI lhe 186Os lo escape Russian iuIe.
6
Undei
126
lhe Iegendaiy Dageslani chieflain, ShaniI, lhe aieas
lhal loday foin soulhein Chechnya and innei Dages3
lan foined a shiinking independenl IsIanic slale,
an Inanale, fion 1824 unliI lhe Russian capluie of
ShaniI in 1859.
7
The Ciicassian ieleIs veie nol de3
fealed unliI lhe nass expuIsion of Ciicassians lo lhe
Ollonan Lnpiie in 1864.
Lven foIIoving lhe incoipoialion of lhe Noilh
Caucasus inlo lhe Russian enpiie, lhe noilheaslein
iegions veie onIy pailiaIIy pacihed, lul nevei ap3
peaied lo lecone inlegialed vilh Russia in vays lhal
olhei ninoiily-doninaled aieas, such as in lhe VoIga
iegion, did. The physicaI expuIsion of lhe najoiily of
lhe Ciicassian popuIalion heIped Russia nanage lhe
noilhveslein Caucasus, lul Chechnya and Dageslan
ienained uniuIy. Whenevei Russia vas al vai oi olh3
eivise veakened, lhese Iands sav ieleIIions of vaiy3
ing Ienglh and slienglh. This occuiied aflei WoiId Wai
I duiing lhe Russian civiI vai 1918-21, and, lhough in
a nuch snaIIei scaIe, duiing lhe coIIeclivizalion of lhe
193Os and WoiId Wai II. In 1944, lhis olslinale iefusaI
lo sulnil had liagic consequences. IaIseIy cIaining
lhal Chechens, Ingush, Kaiachai, and aIkais had coI3
Ialoialed vilh lhe invading Ceinan foices, }oseph
SlaIin in Ieliuaiy 1944 oideied lhe vhoIesaIe depoi3
lalion of lhese peopIes lo CenliaI Asia. Lnliie popuIa3
lions veie Ioaded on callIe vagons and lianspoiled
in lhe niddIe of vinlei lo lhe sleppes of CenliaI Asia,
vheie IillIe piepaialion had leen nade foi lheii aiiiv3
aI. An eslinaled quailei of lhe depoilees died duiing
lianspoil oi shoilIy aflei aiiivaI due lo coId, hungei,
oi epidenics.
8

The Iaigesl nunlei of lhe depoiled peopIes of lhe
Noilh Caucasus vas lhe Chechens. Hovevei, unliI
depoilalion, Chechens piinaiiIy idenlihed vilh lheii
127
Tcip oi cIan, nol as nenleis of a Chechen nalion. Moie
lhan anylhing, depoilalion heIped deveIop nalionaI
consciousness anong lhe Chechens. The denogiaph3
ic consequences of depoilalion and lhe 13-yeai exiIe
of lhe Chechens unliI lhey veie aIIoved lo ieluin in
1957 aie veiy langilIe. elveen 1926-37, lhe Chechen
popuIalion incieased ly 36 peicenl, in anolhei 11-
yeai peiiod, lelveen 1959 and 197O, lhe hguie vas 46
peicenl. ul duiing lhe 2O-yeai peiiod fion 1939-59,
lhe iale of inciease vas onIy 2.5 peicenl, aIlhough lhe
popuIalion vouId aInosl have doulIed undei noinaI
ciicunslances.
9
Thus, il is difhcuIl lo oveislale lhe in3
*/+.0-7# /1 ."# ,#*/+.0.&/-( &- ."# 7/66#7.&%# 8#8/+5
of lhe punished peopIes. Wilh iegaid lo lhe Chech3
ens, il had inpoilanl poIilicaI consequences lhal did
nol innedialeIy naleiiaIize anong lhe nuch snaIIei
Ingush, Kaiachai, and aIkai popuIalions. Mosl Iead3
eis of lhe Chechen novenenl foi independence in
lhe 199Os veie eilhei loin oi giev up in exiIe in Ka3
zakhslan. The depoilalion convinced nany Chechens
."0. ."#+# '0( -/ '05 1/+ ."#8 ./ 6&%# (#72+#65 2-,#+
Russian iuIe, il aIso expIains lhe exlenl of suppoil foi
sepaialion fion Russia anong lhe peopIe and pei3
haps lhe ieadiness anong poilions of lhe popuIalion
lo enliace iadicaI ideoIogies of iesislance.
Aflei lhe Augusl coup in Moscov againsl MikhaiI
Coilachev lhal speIIed lhe end of lhe Soviel Union,
nosl consliluenl iepulIics decIaied lheii indepen3
dence. So did lvo aulononous iepulIics vilhin lhe
Russian Iedeialion: Chechnya and Talaislan. Ta3
laislan, enciicIed ly Russia piopei, legan negolia3
lions on nuluaI ieIalions vilh Moscov lhal evenlu3
aIIy Ied lo a deaI in 1994 lhal gianled Talaislan lioad
aulonony. In Chechnya, hovevei, lhe nalionaIisl
novenenl in povei vas Iess conpionising. Cen3
128
eiaI }okhai Dudayev, vho had seized povei fion
lhe foinei connunisl Ieadeiship in Seplenlei 1991,
vas eIecled Iiesidenl of Chechnya and decIaied ils
independence soon aflei. Chechnya, in lhis conlexl,
slood oul ly leing lhe onIy aulononous iepulIic in
Russia vheie a nalionaIisl novenenl look povei and
ousled lhe connunisl paily Ieadeiship. In lhis sense,
il iesenlIed lhe deveIopnenls in Ceoigia and Aine3
nia noie lhan lhal of lhe CenliaI Asian iepulIics oi
Russias olhei aulononous iepulIics: The Ieadeiship
consisled of liue nalionaIisls, nol foinei Connunisl
eIiles lhal cIoaked a nalionaIisl nanlIe.
WhiIe Russian Iiesidenl oiis YeIlsin nade an
aloilive allenpl lo iein in Dudayev ly sending spe3
ciaI foices lo Chechnya lo iesloie Moscovs iuIe, Du3
dayev had nanaged lo cieale a piesidenliaI guaid lhal
vas enough of a deleiienl lo avoid Russian niIilaiy
aclion. Al lhis poinl, Russia vas ilseIf in a chaolic silu3
alion. YeIlsin vas pieoccupied vilh luiIding Russian
slalehood, and Chechnya vas pul on lhe lack luinei.
Hovevei, ly 1994, YeIlsin had consoIidaled his povei
aflei physicaIIy allacking his paiIianenlaiy opposi3
lion in Oclolei 1993~an aclion lhal indelled hin lo
lhe niIilaiy and secuiily foices. Chechnya hence ie3
nained as a lhoin in lhe eye of a iising Russia. Moie3
ovei, Chechnyas de faclo independence and lhe heav3
iIy anli-Russian iheloiic enanaling fion Dudayev
vas foiIing Russian pIans of asseiling conlioI ovei lhe
Soulh Caucasus slales of Azeilaijan and Ceoigia, in
pailicuIai conlioIIing lhe veslvaid expoil of Caspian
oiI iesouices. Thus, foi lolh inleinaI and exleinaI iea3
sons, lhe Russian goveinnenl vas nov pionpled lo
soIve lhe Chechnya piolIen. Seiious negolialions
lelveen Moscov and Ciozny veie nevei allenpled,
nainIy lecause of lhe peisonaI ennily lelveen Du3
129
dayev and YeIlsin.
1O
Aflei seeking liiey lo use sul3
veision lo oveilhiov Dudayev vilhoul success, lhe
Russian goveinnenl decided lo Iaunch a vhoIesaIe
invasion of Chechnya in Iale 1994.
11

InpoilanlIy, lhe Chechen novenenl foi inde3
pendence vas an aInosl enliieIy secuIai affaii.
12
Ils
chief Ieadeis, such as }okhai Dudayev and AsIan
Maskhadov, veie foinei Soviel ofhceis vilh highIy
secuIai IifeslyIes. This is nol lo say lhal IsIanisl eIe3
nenls veie nol piesenl: They did deveIop anong lhe
Chechen Ieadeiship, nainIy lhiough lhe effoils of
ZeIinkhan Yandailiyev and MovIadi Udugov, high
ofhciaIs in Dudayevs adninislialion. Hovevei, lhey
ienained IaigeIy naiginaI, leing alIe lo asseil lhen3
seIves onIy lepidIy duiing lhe inleinaI ciisis lhal Du3
dayev expeiienced in 1993, in vhich he liiey legan
using incieasingIy ieIigious Ianguage in an allenpl lo
shoie up Iegilinacy vhen faced vilh gioving ciili3
cisn of his nisnanagenenl of Chechnyas econony.
Moieovei, lheie is signihcanl evidence suggesling
lhal Yandailiyev and Uduguov enliaced IsIanisn
in a nainIy insliunenlaI vay.
13
Thc FIrst War.
Conliaiy lo Moscovs expeclalions, lhe Russian
lhieal iaIIied eislvhiIe skeplics aiound Dudayev once
lhe vai slailed. Aided ly lhe disnaI chaiaclei of lhe
Russian niIilaiy canpaign, lhe Chechen foices veie
alIe lo iesisl lhe Russian invasion. Celling logged
dovn in Chechnya, lhe Russian niIilaiy iesoiled lo
liulaI laclics lo suldue an opponenl lhey had lhoi3
oughIy undeieslinaled, and used aii lonling and
ailiIIeiy lo IeveI Ciozny lefoie enleiing il. OnIy af3
lei 2 nonlhs did lhe Russian ainy nanage lo eslal3
13O
Iish conlioI ovei lhe cily~al lhe cosl of lhousands of
Russian casuaIlies, ovei 2O,OOO kiIIed civiIians, a lolaI
,#(.+27.&/- /1 ."# 7&.59 0-, "2-,+#,( /1 ."/2(0-,( /1
iefugees. The vai conlinued, vilh lhe Chechen foices
iegiouping in lhe soulh of Chechnya. MeanvhiIe, Du3
dayev hinseIf vas kiIIed ly Russian foices in ApiiI
1996. Despile lhis sellack, lhe Chechen foices in Au3
gusl 1996 nanaged lo slage a counleioffensive, and
ielake lhe lhiee najoi cilies of Chechnya, incIuding
Ciozny, in 3 days of hghling. This anounled lo a lolaI
huniIialion of lhe Russian foices, and lhe goveinnenl
vas foiced lo end lhe vai and puII oul aII ils foices ly
a cease-hie signed 3 veeks Ialei.
The vai Ied lo lhe lolaI devaslalion of Ciozny and
nany olhei Chechen lovns and viIIages. Accoiding lo
lhe nosl ciedilIe eslinales, lhe dealh loII in lhe hisl
vai vas in lhe iange of 5O,OOO peopIe.
14
Conpaied
vilh lhe vai in Afghanislan, lhe Chechen vai vas
fai noie IelhaI foi lhe Russian ainy. Duiing 1984,
lhe voisl yeai in Afghanislan, aInosl 2,5OO Soviel
soIdieis veie kiIIed. In Chechnya, Russian Iosses sui3
passed lhis nunlei vilhin 4 nonlhs of lhe inleiven3
lion. Al ils highesl, lhe sheIIing of Ciozny, counled
ly lhe nunlei of expIosions pei day, suipassed lhe
sheIIing of Saiajevo in lhe eaiIy 199Os ly a facloi of al
Ieasl 5O. Ciozny vas IileiaIIy IeveIed lo lhe giound in
a desliuclion lhal iecaIIed lhe lallIe of SlaIingiad.
Moieovei, lhe vai vas doninaled ly nassive hu3
nan iighls vioIalions, vhich aie consideied lhe voisl
in Luiope since WoiId Wai II. Russian foices engaged
&- (#%#+06 '#663,/728#-.#, 80((07+#( /1 7&%&6&0-(9
lhe nosl veII-knovn of vhich occuiied in lhe viIIage
of Sanashki in ApiiI 1995. As noled alove, lhe hisl
vai in Chechnya vas vaged aInosl excIusiveIy in lhe
nane of nalionaI independence. ul il is in lhe conlexl
131
of lhe liulaIily of lhe Russian onsIaughl lhal lhe hisl
jihadi eIenenls appeaied in Chechnya. Indeed, il is
aIso lhe conlexl in vhich lhe Chechen Ieadeiship and
hghleis veIconed oi loIeialed lhese foieign ieciuils,
."#+# &( 08*6# #%&,#-7# ."0. ."#+# '0( 6&..6# 6/%# 6/(.
lelveen lhe Chechen Ieadeiship and lhe jihadis~lul
lhe Chechens needed aII lhe heIp lhal lhey couId gel,
0-, '#+# "0+,65 &- 0 */(&.&/- ./ .2+- 0'05 ."#(# -#'3
1/2-, 066&#(9 066 ."# 8/+# (&-7# ."#5 '#+# #)7#*.&/-3
aIIy effeclive in conlal.
SiniIaiIy, lhis is lhe conlexl in vhich leiioiisl lac3
lics enlei lhe Chechen vai. Iiacliced fion lhe oulsel
ly lhe Russian delachnenls, sone of lhe Chechens
connandeis giaduaIIy cane lo enpIoy lhen. Heie,
lhe noloiious ShaniI asayev deseives pailicuIai
nenlion, vhose hoslage-laking iaid on a hospilaI in
lhe soulhein Russian lovn of udyonnovsk in }une
1995 vas lhe hisl Iaige-scaIe use of leiioiisn ly lhe
Chechens. Il occuiied al a line vhen lhe Chechen
cause seened aII lul Iosl, and aigualIy conliiluled
lo luining lhe lide in lhe vai, oi al Ieasl in foieslaIIing
defeal. asayev hinseIf vas in one sense an unIikeIy
leiioiisl: OnIy 3 yeais eaiIiei, he had depIoyed as a
voIunleei lo hghl lhe Ceoigians in Alkhazia, leing
anong lhe Noilh Caucasian voIunleeis lhal ieceived
liaining and assislance foi lhe puipose fion lhe Rus3
sian niIilaiy inleIIigence seivices.
15
The nunlei of foieign hghleis in lhe hisl vai vas
snaII, peihaps a fev hundied al nosl. These veie
nainIy lhe ioving Aial Afghans vho had foughl in
Kashnii, Tajikislan, and osnia-Heizegovina, vhich
vas lhe lig focus of jihadi allenlion in lhe eaiIy 199Os.
TeIIingIy, lhe peison vho acluaIIy decIaied a jihad on
Russia vas none olhei lhan Akhnad Kadyiov, lhen
nufli of Chechnya, vho vouId svilch sides in 1999,
132
and lecane Russias IocaI saliap, a posilion his son,
Ranzan, inheiiled upon his assassinalion in May 2OO4.
Thc Intcr-War PcrInd.
The Augusl 1996 accoids, conpIenenled ly a foi3
naI peace liealy in May 1997, gianled Chechnya de
faclo independence, lhough lhe issue of Chechnyas
slalus vas defeiied unliI Decenlei 31, 2OO1. In piac3
lice, Chechnya had lhe oppoilunily lo luiId vhal in
piaclice anounled lo an independenl slale. Russian
Iav did nol appIy in Chechnya, and no Russian poIice,
ainy, cuslons, oi poslaI seivice opeialed lheie.
Hovevei, foi lolh inleinaI and exleinaI ieasons,
."&( (#7/-, 0..#8*. 0. &-,#*#-,#-7# &- 0 ,#70,# #-,3
ed in a disnaI faiIuie. Russia consislenlIy pievenled
Chechnya fion seeking oulside hnanciaI heIp, and
lhough il connilled funds lo lhe ieconsliuclion of
lhe vai-iavaged iepulIic, $1OO niIIion disappeaied
lefoie lhey even ieached Chechnya. In a ceIelialed
slalenenl, Iiesidenl YeIlsin pulIicIy adnilled onIy
lhe deviI knev vheie lhe noney had gone.
16
Hence
lhe lasis on vhich lhe Chechen goveinnenl couId
cieale a funclioning slale vas shaky indeed.
Yel iniliaI signaIs veie posilive. In a piesidenliaI
eIeclion lhal lhe Oiganizalion foi Secuiily and Coop3
eialion in Luiope (OSCL) leined IaigeIy fiee and faii,
lhe popuIalion of Chechnya oveivheIningIy voled
foi AsIan Maskhadov, Chief of Slaff of lhe Chechen
ained foices and lhe nosl nodeiale anong lhe lhiee
piesidenliaI conlendeis. Thus, Chechnya acquiied a
Iegilinale goveinnenl lhal vas open lo conpionise
and coopeialion, aIlhough il nevei vaveied fion ils
connilnenl lo an independenl Chechnya. SadIy,
lhis iniliaI slaliIily did nol Iasl. Chechnya vas avash
133
vilh young, unenpIoyed vai veleians vilh aisenaIs
of veapons, vhose IoyaIly vas lo individuaI heId
connandeis ialhei lhan lo lhe cenliaI Chechen gov3
einnenl. Wilh lhe econonic depiession deepening,
Maskhadovs aulhoiily ovei Chechnya giaduaIIy di3
ninished, and lhe goveinnenl lecane unalIe lo up3
hoId Iav and oidei. Vaiious ciininaI gioups eneiged
lhal engaged in snuggIing and kidnapping, and lhe
goveinnenl shoved ils inaliIily lo effecliveIy deaI
vilh lhis piolIen. Mosl aIainingIy, vaiIoids ShaniI
asayev and lhe }oidanian-loin Khallal legan pIan3
ning foi lhe unihcalion of Chechnya vilh lhe neigh3
loiing iepulIic of Dageslan, sliII pail of lhe Russian
Iedeialion. Maskhadov vas eilhei unviIIing oi un3
alIe lo iein in lhese vaiIoids, feaiing an inlia-Chech3
en vai. As a iesuIl, asayev and Khallal veie alIe lo
ieciuil hundieds of Dageslanis and olhei Noilh Cau3
casians, incIuding Chechens, inlo vhal lhey leined
an IsIanic iigade lased in Soulheaslein Chechnya.
This liigade vouId evenluaIIy Iaunch lhe incuision
inlo Dageslan in Augusl 1999, vhich piecipilaled lhe
second vai.
Il is insliuclive, al lhis poinl, lo conpaie Chech3
nya lo lhe najoi olhei ained conicl in Luiope of lhe
line: osnia-Heizegovina. In facl, Chechnya vas sin3
iIai lo osnia in leins of lhe IeveI and chaiaclei of lhe
jihadi piesence, vheie il diffeied vas in lhe alsence of
a Daylon-lype inleinalionaIized conicl nanagenenl
nechanisn.
Indeed, nosl jihadis lhal cane lo hghl in Chech3
nya veie veleians of lhe osnian canpaign. This vas
liue foi lhe poslei chiId of Chechen jihadis, lhe Saudi-
loin Anii aI-Khallal. Whal is seIdon iecaIIed is lhe
exlenl of lhe IsIanisl conlagion in osnia al lhe line
of lhe Daylon Accoids. Indeed, lhe Ieadeiship of lhe
134
osnian MusIins in nany vays Ieaned noie lovaid
IsIanisn lhan lhal of lhe Chechens: AIija Izellegovic,
lhe osnian MusIin Ieadei, had a Iong hisloiy of Is3
Ianisl incIinalions daling lack lo his invoIvenenl
in lhe Young MusIin oiganizalions in osnia, M|adi
Mus|inani, duiing WoiId Wai II .
17
Haiis SiIajdzic, his
cIosesl advisoi, ieceived IsIanic educalion in Lilya
and seived as an advisoi lo osnias spiiiluaI Ieadei,
."# Rcis-u|-U|cna. y conliasl, lhe onIy IsIanisl lo Iead
lhe Chechen iesislance vas Yandailiyev, vho onIy
seived as inleiin piesidenl lelveen Dudayevs dealh
in ApiiI 1996 and Maskhadovs eIeclion in }anuaiy
1997. y conliasl, Dudayev and Maskhadov veie con3
sideialIy noie secuIai lhan lhe key osnian Ieadeis.
The jihadi piesence in osnia vas a ieaI piolIen
al lhe cIose of lhe vai. The osnian Ieadeiship vas
spIil lelveen lhose vanling lo iid osnia of lhe foi3
eign iadicaIs, and lhose gialefuI foi lheii suppoil and
vho vanled lo aIIov lhen lo slay. Mosl jihadis veie
neveilheIess evicled shoilIy foIIoving lhe Daylon Ac3
coids, aflei seveiaI aIleicalions vilh Noilh AlIanlic
Tiealy Oiganizalion (NATO) foices lioughl allenlion
lo lheii piesence.
18
Indeed, lhis highIighls lhe nain
diffeience lelveen osnia and Chechnya: Chechnya
had lhe Khasavyuil liealy lhal poslponed lhe key is3
sue in lhe conicl, vas nevei fuIIy inpIenenled, vas
liIaleiaI and Iacked any inleinalionaI guaianloi, and
Iacked inleinalionaI peacekeeping foices. osnia, on
lhe olhei hand, had a ieaI peace liealy, and NATO
foices lo keep lhal liealy. Thus, nosl jihadis veie
giaduaIIy evicled fion osnia foIIoving lhe Daylon
Accoids. Hovevei, snaII nunleis ienained unliI as
Iale as 2OO7, vhen lhe osnian goveinnenl hnaIIy ie3
noved lhe Iasl iennanls.
19
135
In Chechnya, lheie vas no foice capalIe of ienov3
ing lhe jihadi eIenenls. Indeed, lhe Maskhadov ad3
ninislialion vas consideialIy veakei lhan ils osnian
7/2-.#+*0+.9 0-, 7/26, -/. +#65 /- 0- &-.#+-0.&/-06
foice, vhelhei niIilaiy such as lhe NATO InpIenen3
lalion Ioices (IIOR) oi civiIian such as lhe Ofhce of
lhe High Repiesenlalive. UnIike osnia, vhich vas
0'0(" &- &-.#+-0.&/-06 0((&(.0-7# 06+#0,5 0 5#0+ 1/63
Ioving lhe Daylon Accoids, Chechnya ieceived nexl lo
no foieign assislance. Thus, lhe ciippIed Maskhadov
goveinnenl vas in no posilion lo successfuIIy ousl
lhe jihadis. This vas nol foi a Iack of liying: In 1998,
lheie vas even hie exchanged lelveen lhe Chechen
goveinnenl foices and jihadi gioups. ul unIike in
osnia, lhe jihadi foices Ied ly Khallal had found a
poveifuI IocaI aIIy in ShaniI asayev. Maskhadov
vas lhus faced vilh a diie choice. He couId eilhei
7/-1+/-. ."# 4&"0,&( ."0. "0, #-(7/-7#, ."#8(#6%#(
in soulheaslein Chechnya, al lhe cosl of a Chechen
civiI vai, oi he couId loIeiale lheii piesence, pieseiv3
ing peace and liying lo slienglhen slale inslilulions.
In lhe end, he chose lhe Iallei~vhich appeaied lhe
Iessei of lvo eviIs. WhiIe he even soughl a deaI vilh
Moscov in iooling oul lhe iadicaIs, a caII lhal venl
unansveied, his decision conliiluled giealIy lo lhe
faiIuie of Chechen slale-luiIding and Ied diieclIy lo
lhe second vai.
2O
Thus, lhe Chechnya-lased jihadis coaIesced vilh
Wahhali gioups lhal had eneiged independenlIy in
Dageslan in lhe Iale 199Os. Tiaining canps deveIoped
nodeIed on lhose in Afghanislan, vheie snaII nun3
leis of peopIe fion lhe enliie Noilh Caucasus and
leyond ieceived liaining, nany lhen foughl in lhe
second Chechen vai, and sulsequenlIy spiead lhe
niIilanl ideoIogy and laclics lack lo lheii ovn hone
iepulIics.
136
Thc 5ccnnd War.
Duiing lhe couise of lhe second Chechen vai,
vhich legan in Oclolei 1999, concein giev ovei lhe
iadicaIizalion of lhe Chechen iesislance novenenl
and ils Iinks lo exlienisl IsIanic gioups in lhe MiddIe
Lasl. Indeed, aulhois Iike Coidon Hahn have cone lo
concIude lhal lhe key, if nol nain facloi diiving lhe
vioIence in lhe Noilh Caucasus is lhe saIience of Io3
caI cuIluiaI and lhe SaIahsl jihadisl lheo-ideoIogy and
lhe inuence of lhe gIolaI jihadi ievoIulionaiy nove3
nenl.
21
WhiIe lhis chaplei lakes issue vilh lhal cIain,
lhe Chechen iesislance has indeed acquiied a nuch
sliongei IsIanic chaiaclei. The use of IsIanic vocalu3
Iaiy such as jihad (hoIy vai) oi nujahedin (iesislance
hghleis) incieased naikedIy, as did aclive suppoil foi
lhe Chechen cause ly iadicaI IsIanic gioups in lhe
MiddIe Lasl, al Ieasl unliI lhe U.S. invasion of Iiaq Ied
jihadis lo ock lo lhal conicl.
Moscov nanaged lo diive lhis poinl acioss espe3
ciaIIy aflei Seplenlei 11, 2OO1 (9/11). InnedialeIy
aflei lhe leiioiisl allacks on lhe Uniled Slales, lhe Rus3
sian Ieadeiship legan diaving conpaiisons lelveen
lhe allacks and lhe silualion in Chechnya. OnIy houis
aflei lhe coIIapse of lhe WoiId Tiade Cenleis, Rus3
sian Slale leIevision lioadcasl a slalenenl ly Iiesi3
denl VIadinii Iulin expiessing soIidaiily vilh lhe
Aneiican peopIe, lul aIso ieninding lhe audience of
Russias eaiIiei vainings of lhe connon lhieal of Is3
Ianic IundanenlaIisn. This naiked lhe leginning
of a slialegy aining lo capilaIize on lhe liagic allacks
on Aneiica ly highIighling lhe aIIeged paiaIIeIs le3
lveen lhe allacks on lhe Uniled Slales and lhe silu3
alion in Chechnya. The Russian peopIe undeisland
lhe Aneiican peopIe lellei lhan anyone eIse, having
137
expeiienced leiioiisn hisl-hand, Iiesidenl Iulin
said lhe day aflei lhe allacks.
==

This luined oul lo le lhe hailingei of a dipIonalic
canpaign laigeled al Weslein counliies inlended lo
shoie up Iegilinacy, if nol suppoil, foi lhe Russian ai3
nys vioIenl ciackdovn in Chechnya.
23
This canpaign
vas pail and paiceI of a hve-slep slialegy lo ieduce
lhe negalive faIIoul of lhe vai in Chechnya. The hisl
conponenl of lhal slialegy vas lo isoIale lhe conicl
zone and pievenl lolh Russian and inleinalionaI ne3
dia fion iepoiling on lhe conicl independenlIy. The
kidnapping of Andiei alilsky, a iepoilei foi Radio
Lileily, eaiIy on seived as a vaining foi jouinaIisls
of lhe consequences of ignoiing Moscovs iuIes on
iepoiling lhe conicl. Since lhen, onIy a fev jouinaI3
isls have acluaIIy leen alIe lo piovide independenl
iepoiling fion Chechnya. Mosl pioninenl has leen
lhe Iale Russian jouinaIisl, Anna IoIilkovskaya vho
vas nuideied in Moscov in 2OO7, and Iiench viilei,
Anne Nival.
The second piong in lhe slialegy vas lo ienane lhe
conicl: Inslead of a vai, il vas an anli-leiioiisl
opeialion. Thiid, and slenning diieclIy fion lhis,
Russia soughl lo disciedil lhe Chechen sliuggIe and
undeinine ils Ieadeiship ly accusing lhen individu3
aIIy and coIIecliveIy of invoIvenenl vilh leiioiisn.
Russias canpaign againsl Chechen Iiesidenl AsIan
Maskhadovs chief negolialoi, Akhned Zakayev, is
one exanpIe of lhis. This neveilheIess lackhied as
hisl Dennaik and lhen Cieal iilain iefused lo exlia3
dile Zakayev lo Russia, Cieal iilain inslead piovid3
ing hin vilh poIilicaI asyIun. Iouilh, Russia soughl
lo Chechenize lhe conicl and luin il inlo an inlia-
Chechen confionlalion ly selling up and aining a
liulaI lul elhnicaIIy Chechen puppel iegine in Cio3
138
zny undei Kadyiov, lhe foinei Mufli (a piofessionaI
juiisl inleipieling MusIin Iav) of lhe iepulIic. This
vouId ieduce Russian casuaIlies and enalIe hosliIilies
lo le depicled as a vai lelveen Chechen faclions lhal
Russia vas heIping lo slaliIize. Iiflh, aflei lianding
lhe vai as an anli-leiioiisl canpaign, disciediling lhe
ieleI Ieadeiship, and liying lo luin lhe vai inlo a civiI
vai anong Chechens, Russia decIaied lhal lhe vai
vas ovei.
!"# (#7/-, '0+ *+/%#, 0( "#0%5 /- ."# 7&%&6&0-
popuIalion as lhe hisl. In nany vays, Russian aluses
veie noie syslenalic. Ioi exanpIe, lhe Russian Iead3
eiship sel up vhal lhey leined hIlialion canps~
essenliaIIy concenlialion canps lhal galheied naIe
Chechens of hghling age, and in vhich loiluie and
disappeaiances veie ianpanl.
24
Wheieas Luiopean
counliies and lhe Uniled Slales kepl a nodeiale lul
nolicealIe IeveI of ciilicisn againsl Russias nassive
hunan iighls vioIalions in Chechnya duiing lolh lhe
hisl vai in 1994-96 and in 1999-2OO1, Russia succeed3
ed in convincing veslein olseiveis il vas nol hghling
a peopIe, lul leiioiisls. In an alnospheie of incieased
coopeialion lelveen Russia and lhe Wesl, vilh Anei3
ican need foi Russian inleIIigence and coopeialion in
Afghanislan, a haIl lo ciilicisn on Chechnya lecane
lhe foienosl piice Russia nanaged lo exliacl.
A RcgInna! Insurgcncy.
Today, lhe nalionaIisl Chechen Ieadeiship is aI3
nosl excIusiveIy an expaliiale phenonenon. The
Chechen RepulIic of Ichkeiia has foi aII piaclicaI
puiposes ceased lo exisl, inslead, lhe insuigency
liands ilseIf lhe Caucasus Lniiale (CL), oveilIy
loasls of ils leIonging lo lhe gIolaI jihad, and opei3
139
ales acioss lhe Noilh Caucasus. Sludies of vioIenl
incidenls in lhe Noilh Caucasus agiee lhal lhe vio3
Ience peaked in ApiiI 2OO1, 18 nonlhs inlo lhe second
Chechen vai. Iion 2OO2 lo 2OO6, vioIence vas faiiIy
sleady lefoie decIining lo a Iov poinl in 2OO6-O7.
25
Iion 2OO7 onvaids, hovevei, vioIence has leen on
a sleady inciease, aIleil uclualing in lolh inlensily
and iegionaI focus. AIieady in 2OO5, Dageslan and In3
gushelia legan seeing escaIaling vioIence, iivaIing al
lines lhe IeveIs in Chechnya.
26
Since 2OO7, lhe silua3
lion has conlinued lo deleiioiale, vilh lhe nunlei of
vioIenl incidenls iising shaipIy eveiy yeai fion 2OO7
lo 2O1O.
27
In 2OO9 aIone, foi exanpIe, lhe nunlei of
vioIenl incidenls venl fion 795 lo 1,1OO, vilh falaIi3
lies nounling fion 586 lo 9OO.
28
In lhe hisl 11 nonlhs
of 2O1O, fedeiaI pioseculois acknovIedged lhe dealh
of 218 secuiily peisonneI and lhe vounding of 536.
29
Iion 2OO8 onvaid, Dageslan and Ingushelia have
aIleinaled in lhe Iead in lhe fiequency of incidenls.
3O
In 2O1O and 2O11, lhe vioIence escaIaled signihcanlIy
in lhe Weslein iepulIic of KR as veII~naiking lhe
diffusion of Iaige-scaIe and enduiing vioIence leyond
lhe iepulIics loideiing Chechnya. Thus, in 2O1O po3
IilicaI vioIence cIained 79 dealhs and 39 vounded, lhe
hisl 11 nonlhs of 2O11 sav lhose hguies iise lo 98 and
39, iespecliveIy.
31
As if lhis vas nol enough, 2O11 aIso
sav vioIence spiead lo Noilh Osselia, a liadilionaIIy
caIn and najoiily Oilhodox Chiislian iepulIic.
32
RU55IAN POLICIE5
Whal ioIe did Russian poIicies pIay in liansfoin3
ing lhe conicl fion a conlained, nalionaIisl ieleIIion
lo a spiavIing jihadi insuigency` CounleiinluiliveIy
as il nay seen, Russian poIicies have conliiluled di3
14O
ieclIy lo lhis deveIopnenl. In anolhei paiaIIeI lo lhe
osnian conicl, Russian iheloiic niiioied lhal of lhe
Seils: nisundeislood defendeis of Luiope againsl
lhe lhieal of IsIanic iadicaIisn, lhe gieen vave. In3
deed, lhis Iine of ieasoning has leen visilIe in Russian
oulieach effoils since lhe nid-199Os, vilh incieasing
feivoi foIIoving 9/11.
33
ul noie lhan jusl aiguing foi
lheii case, Russian ofhciaIs acliveIy voiked lo nake
lhe ieaIily of lhe conicl confoin lo lheii vision of
il. Thus, lheie vas a ienaikalIe pallein in Russias
piioiilies duiing lhe second vai: lhe piioiily given
lo laigeling lhe nalionaIisl Chechen Ieadeiship ialhei
lhan lhe jihadi eIenenls vilhin il. Theiefoie, on lhe
lallIeheId, Russia laigeled heId connandeis Iike
RusIan CeIayev, as veII as Maskhadov hinseIf, vhon
Russian foices kiIIed in Maich 2OO5. On lhe dipIonalic
fionl, Russian dipIonals and Iavyeis fuiiousIy pios3
eculed and soughl lhe exliadilion of secuIai Ieadeis
Iike Zakayev and Maskhadovs foieign ninislei, IIyas
Akhnadov. y conpaiison, IsIanisl Chechen Ieadeis
have faied nuch lellei. Anong exiIes, MovIadi Udu3
gov ienains aIive, anong lhe fev ienaining nenleis
of lhe hisl geneialion of Chechen Ieadeis lo suivive.
Yandailiyev vas kiIIed in Qalai ly Russian agenls,
lul onIy in 2OO4. SiniIaiIy, lhe cuiienl Ieadei of lhe
CL, Dokka Unaiov, has seived since }une 2OO6. The
nosl noloiious Chechen vaiIoid, ShaniI asayev,
vas kiIIed in 2OO6, lul nol necessaiiIy ly lhe Russians.
Iiench jouinaIisl, Anne Nival, once viole lhal lhe
safesl pIace in Chechnya vas neai ShaniI asayev:
Russian lonls nevei appeaied lo faII lheie. Civen a3
sayevs conneclion vilh Russian speciaI foices (CRU)
lhiough lhe conicl in Alkhazia, nuneious conspiia3
cy lheoiies eneiged of asayevs conlinued ieIalion3
ship vilh Russian slale inslilulions, indeed, nevs ie3
141
poils foIIoving his dealh suggesled lhal he vas kiIIed
accidenlIy ly expIosives in lhe liuck he vas diiving in
nounlain ioads in Ingushelia.
34

WhiIe aIIegalions of asayevs CRU conneclions
duiing lhe Ceoigia-Alkhaz vai aie veII-eslalIished,
35
lhose conceining sulsequenl peiiods aie lased nainIy
on innuendo. CIeaiei evidence is avaiIalIe in lhe case
of Aili aiayev, one of lhe nosl viciousIy niIilanl as
veII as nosl ciininaIized of Chechnyas vaiIoids.
aiayev vas one of lhe key foices seeking lo undei3
nine Maskhadovs Ieadeiship in lhe inleivai eia, il
vas his gioup lhal kidnapped and leheaded foieign
leIeconnunicalions voikeis in 1998, effecliveIy foic3
ing oul lhe snaII inleinalionaI piesence in Chechnya.
SiniIaiIy, il vas aiayevs foices lhal engaged in hie3
hghls vilh Maskhadovs lioops in 1998. IoIIoving lhe
ieneved vaifaie, aiayev Iived fieeIy in lhe lovn of
AIkhan-KaIa, undei Russian conlioI, unliI his dealh
in 2OO1~despile lhe facl lhal he vas iesponsilIe foi
giuesone, video-iecoided nuideis of caplive Rus3
sian seivicenen. As seveiaI olseiveis have noled, his
/*26#-. +#(&,#-7# '0( /-65 0 1#' 8&6#( 0'05 1+/8
0 Russian checkpoinl neai his nalive AIkhan-KaIa,
vhiIe his cai had an IS idenlihcalion vhich aIIoved
hin lo iace lhiough Russian checkpoinls.
36
TeIIingIy,
aiayev vas kiIIed ly a CRU hil squad onIy aflei lhe
ISs lhen-head of counleileiioiisn, CeneiaI Ugiyu3
nov, had died. The appaienl concIusion vas lhal
Ugiyunov piovided a covei foi aiayev, and lhe
foineis dealh nade il possilIe foi lhe CRU lo lake
aiayev oul.
Civen lhe naluie of lhis conicl, evidence can al
lesl le inconcIusive. ul ciicunslanliaI evidence sug3
gesls lvo lhings: Iiisl, lhal duiing lhe second vai
lheie vas no cIeai and unihed chain of connand on
142
eilhei lhe Chechen oi lhe Russian side. Chechen foices
paid noninaI aIIegiance lo Maskhadov lul, in piac3
lice, heId connandeis lehaved independenlIy, and
vilh IillIe cooidinalion. On lhe Russian side, delach3
nenls of lhe ainy, CRU, IS, and Minisliy of Inleiioi
pIayed diffeienl ioIes in lhe conicl, ioIes lhal veie
pooiIy cooidinaled, noieovei, lhey each appeaied
lo keep lies vilh sone Chechen connandeis, vhiIe
conlaling olheis. Second, lhe poIicies of lhe Russian
Ieadeiship ilseIf conliiluled lo change lhe naluie of
lhe conicl fion a nalionaIisl ieleIIion lo one vheie
lhe eneny vas IsIanic jihadis. WhiIe lhis is IikeIy in
lhe Iong iun lo le of giealei dangei lo Russia, il did
succeed in naking lhe conicl hl inlo Moscovs de3
siied naiialive. Aflei aII, Maskhadov and lhe Chechen
-0.&/-06&(. 6#0,#+("&* '0( +#(*#7.#, &- <#(.#+- 7&+3
cIes, leing gianled neelings vilh Weslein ofhciaIs
and nainlaining sliong suppoil anong Weslein ne3
dia, civiI sociely, and hunan iighls oiganizalions. The
4&"0,& #6#8#-.(9 -##,6#(( ./ (059 ,&, -/. 0-, ,/ -/.
enjoy lhis slalus.
In a sense, hovevei, Moscov is nov faced lolh
'&." 0 4&"0,& 8/%#8#-. and a nalionaIisl Chechnya.
Indeed, lhe CL is eveiylhing il is lIaned of leing: a
pail of lhe gIolaI jihad, and a leiioiisl inculaloi on
Luiopes loideis. WhiIe piinaiiIy Ied ly Chechens,
il is nosl aclive in lhe olhei iepulIics of lhe Noilh
Caucasus. ul Moscov aIso is faced vilh a nalionaIisl
Chechen Ieadeiship in Ciozny. Indeed, lhe Kadyiov
adninislialion appoinled ly Moscov has deveIoped
in such a nalionaIislic diieclion lhal lhe secuIai Chech3
en nalionaIisls in exiIe, vho lioke vilh lhe IsIanisl
faclion vilh lhe eslalIishnenl of lhe Lniiale in 2OO7,
legan nending fences vilh Kadyiov, lheii eislvhiIe
foe, ly 2OO9.
37
<"&6# 0 7/2-.#+&-.2&.&%# .2+-9 ."# (#723
143
Iai nalionaIisls concIuded lhal Kadyiov has in piac3
lice achieved vhal lhey faiIed lo achieve lhiough an
ained ieleIIion: a Chechen iepulIic lhal is foi nosl
piaclicaI puiposes lehaving as an independenl enlily.
As eaiIy as 2OO5, Russian anaIysls legan iefeiiing lo
Kadyiovs noves as sepaialisn-Iighl.
38
A PACIFIED CHECHNYA?
IiesenlIy, Chechnya is aigualIy anong lhe Ieasl
vioIence-iidden iepulIics in lhe Noilh Caucasus.
!"# 60(. (#%#+06 5#0+( "0%# (##- '&,#(*+#0, %&/6#-7#
in Dageslan, Ingushelia, and KR, ly conpaiison,
Chechnya has leen ieIaliveIy slalIe. ul lhe Iong-
lein oulIook is cIouded ly lhe fiagiIily on vhich lhis
ieIalive quiel iesls.
The nain ieason foi Chechnyas slaliIily is lhe
doninance lhal Ranzan Kadyiov and his niIilia foic3
es exeil ovei lhe iepulIic. These hghleis, eslinaled al
ovei 5,OOO in nunlei, consisl nainIy of foinei iesis3
lance hghleis. Moscov iniliaIIy soughl lo laIance lhe
Kadyiov cIan vilh olhei poIilicaI hguies. IoIIoving
Akhnad Kadyiovs assassinalion, Ranzan~vho had
nol yel achieved lhe eIigilIe age foi lhe piesidency~
vas appoinled depuly piine ninislei. Chechnya vas
inslead Ied ly caieei poIice ofhcei AIu AIkhanov, vho
had sided vilh Moscov aIieady in lhe hisl vai. y
Maich 2OO6, Ranzan Kadyiov vas eIevaled lo lhe
posl of Iiine Minislei, iepIacing Seigey Alianov.
Less lhan a yeai Ialei, AIkhanov vas disnissed and
Kadyiov appoinled Iiesidenl. Thus, ly 2OO7, any po3
IilicaI laIances lo Kadyiov had leen ienoved, hghl3
ing foices oulside his conlioI neveilheIess ienained:
lhe Zapad and Voslok lallaIions, lhe Iallei con3
nanded ly SuIin Yanadayev, veie neveilheIess dis3
144
landed in Novenlei 2OO8 foIIoving escaIaling len3
sions and acluaI ained cIashes vilh Kadyiovs foices.
Yanadayev IoyaIisls veie evicled fion Chechnya,
SuIin Yanadayev vas assassinaled in Dulai in 2OO9,
vhiIe his liolhei nel lhe sane fale in Moscov, pie3
sunalIy al Kadyiovs oideis.
39
!"&( +#8/%#, ."# (/6#
ienaining check on Kadyiovs povei in Chechnya, lo
lhe chagiin of nany decisionnakeis in Moscov~lul
vilh lhe appaienl lIessing of Iulin and Kadyiovs in3
nediale handIei, lhe Chechen-loin VIadisIav Suikov,
vho seives as Iulins hisl depuly chief of slaff and
chief ideoIogue.
Kadyiov has vaIked a hne Iine lelveen vovs of
alsoIule peisonaI IoyaIly and sulseivience lo VIadi3
nii Iulin, on lhe one hand, and inslilulionaI dislanc3
ing fion Russia. Thus, in 2OO7, he iepealedIy uiged
Iulin lo slay on as piesidenl foi Iife.
4O
In 2OO9, Kady3
iov said if il vas nol foi Iulin, Chechnya vouId nol
exisl.
41
In }anuaiy 2O1O, he added lhal I an con3
pIeleIy VIadinii Iulins nan. I vouId ialhei die 1OO
lines lhan Iel hin dovn.
42
Kadyiov aIso deIiveis
voles foi lhe iuIing paily. In 2OO7, foi exanpIe, ofhciaI
hguies shoved lhal 99.5 peicenl of lhe Chechen eIec3
loiale casl lheii voles, and lhal 99.3 peicenl voled foi
lhe Uniled Russia paily.
On lhe olhei hand, Kadyiov has incieasingIy ap3
peaIed lo Chechen nalionaIisn and soughl lo IsIanize
Chechnya. In Decenlei 2OO6, he pulIicIy soughl lhe
pioseculion of Russian ofhceis iesponsilIe foi civiIian
dealhs in Chechnya.
43
His allilude lovaid lhe Rus3
sian niIilaiy, vhich he soughl lo have expeIIed fion
Chechnya, is lesl iIIuslialed ly his 2OO6 slalenenl
lhal as foi lhe geneiaIs, In nol going lo say lhal I
caie aloul lheii opinion.
44
IoIIoving his appoinl3
nenl as Iiesidenl, Kadyiov noved sliongIy lo asseil
145
Chechnyas econonic and poIilicaI aulonony. Ioi
exanpIe, he has soughl lhe ciealion of a Chechen oiI
conpany lhal vouId keep lhe ievenues of Chechnyas
oiI indusliy inslead of sending lhen lo Moscov, and
canpaigned lo have Chechens convicled eIsevheie
in Russia seive piison line in Chechnya.
45
?6+#0,5 &-
2OO6, Kadyiov legan uiging vonen lo conpIy vilh
IsIanic diess codes, sonelhing lhal vas Ialei ofhciaIIy
pionuIgaled vilh a piogian lo slienglhen fenaIe
viilue.
46
He has aIso spoken favoialIy of Shaiiah in
geneiaI, and of lolh honoi kiIIings and of poIygany
in pailicuIai, and iefeiied lo vonen as nens piop3
eily~aII of vhich aie in vioIalion of Russian Iavs.
47

Adding lo lhis, Kadyiov has nade a halil of di3
veiling lhe enoinous funds coning lo Chechnya fion
lhe fedeiaI cenlei. Indeed, Russian slale audilois have
iepealedIy noled lhe disappeaiance of lhe equivaIenl
of dozens of niIIions of doIIais in slale sulsidies lo
Chechnya, vhich anounl lo 9O peicenl of lhe iepul3
Iics ludgel.
Thus, aII in aII, Kadyiov has slaliIized Chechnya on
lhe suiface. ul lhe slaliIily iesls on a veiy veak foun3
dalion. On lhe one hand, il iesls soIeIy on lhe peisonaI
ieIalionship lelveen Kadyiov and Iulin. As such, lhe
queslion is vhelhei lhe slaliIily of lhe iepulIic vouId
oulIive lhe depailuie fion povei of eilhei nan. Civen
lhe aveiage Iife expeclancy of Chechen poIilicians, lhe
possiliIily of Kadyiov leing assassinaled is veiy ieaI.
If lhal veie lo happen, vouId lhe lhousands of foi3
nei ieleIs nov foining lhe luIk of his niIilia pIedge
6/506.5 ./ 0 -#' 6#0,#+9 /+ '/26, ."#5 +#.2+- ./ ."#
iesislance, usheiing in a lhiid Chechen vai` Lven if
Kadyiov ienains in povei, lhe defeclion of Iaige sec3
lions of his niIilia lo lhe iesislance cannol le excIuded.
SiniIaiIy, Kadyiovs piagnalisn is exhililed ly his
146
decision lo svilch sides fion lhe iesislance lo Russia.
Il is nol inconceivalIe lhal he couId svilch sides again
undei sone scenaiio~foi exanpIe, if Iulin veie lo
6#0%# */'#+ 0-, "&( (277#((/+ '/26, ,&(7/-.&-2# ."#
aiiangenenl vilh Kadyiov. efoie hei dealh, Anna
IoIilkovskaya olseived lhal ly his poIicies in Chech3
nya, Iulin had essenliaIIy guaianleed a lhiid Chechen
vai al sone fuluie poinl. She nay have luined oul lo
le piescienl.
48

CONCLU5ION
The Noilh Caucasus is sinking evei deepei inlo a
piocess of Afghanizalion. WhiIe lhe exleinaI inpelus
of jihadi ideoIogy has pIayed a ioIe in lhis deveIop3
nenl, lhis chaplei has soughl lo shov lhal lhe iool
cause of lhe iegions decIine is lhe Russian govein3
nenls poIicies~in pailicuIai ils pioseculion of lhe
vais in Chechnya, ils ovei-ieIiance on iepiession in
lolh Chechnya and lhe iesl of lhe iegion, ils cenliaI3
izalion of povei, ils unviIIingness lo aIIov lhe Noilh
Caucasus lo open up lo lhe iesl of lhe voiId, ils faiIuie
lo piovide an econonic fuluie foi lhe iegions popuIa3
lion, a poIilicaI discouise lhal is naking Noilh Cau3
casians incieasingIy eslianged fion Russian sociely,
and lhe coiiuplion and ciininaIizalion of lhe Russian
poIilicaI syslen.
This silualion deslaliIizes Russia, and foins ils
nosl acule poIilicaI piolIen. ul il does nol onIy af3
fecl Russia: Il giealIy affecls lhe secuiily and piospei3
ily of lhe Soulh Caucasus, as veII as polenliaIIy aII of
Luiope. The inpacl on lhe Soulh Caucasus is lhiee3
foId. Mosl olviousIy, Azeilaijan and Ceoigia aie di3
ieclIy affecled ly lhe vioIence and econonic voes of
lhe iegion. This is onIy IikeIy lo le exaceilaled in lhe
147
fuluie: WhiIe Azeilaijan expeiiences iapid giovlh
lhanks lo ils oiI and gas indusliy, Ceoigia has nade
gieal sliides in iefoins, nol Ieasl in leins of piacli3
caIIy aloIishing adninislialive coiiuplion. Ovei
line, lhe conliasl lelveen lhese econonies and lhe
Ianguishing Noilh Caucasus viII have consequences,
in leins, foi exanpIe, of nigialion ovs. SecondIy,
lhe soulhein neighlois of lhe Noilh Caucasus aie af3
fecled ly lhe diffusion of lhe conicls in lhe Noilh.
Thus, ovs of iefugees~and hghleis~fion lhe
Noilh Caucasus inlo Ceoigia and Azeilaijan have
leen a iecuiiing phenonenon ovei lhe pasl 2 decades,
vilh deslaliIizing effecls on lolh counliies. Thiid, lhe
Russian goveinnenl has shovn a dislinclive lendency
lo assign lIane lo ils neighlois vhen il has pioven
unalIe lo deaI vilh lhe consequences of ils ovn faiI3
uies in lhe Noilh Caucasus. In lhe leginning of lhe
second Chechnyan vai, lolh Azeilaijan and Ceoigia
veie accused, vilhoul a shied of evidence, of seiving
as conduils foi lhousands of foieign hghleis lo Chech3
nya, evei since, Russian accusalions have focused on
Ceoigia, vilh lhieals of inleivenlion inlo lhe Iankisi
Coige on Ceoigian leiiiloiy in 2OO2, and acluaI in3
slances of Russian lonlings of lhe Coige.
49
IoIIoving
lhe escaIalion of vioIence in 2OO8-11, Russian ofhciaIs
have nade a cuslon of lIaning Ceoigia~and occa3
sionaIIy Weslein poveis~foi acliveIy coIIuding vilh
lhe jihadi ieleIs in lhe Noilh Caucasus. Thus, Russias
lendency lo lIane olheis foi ils faiIuies poses a con3
slanl iisk lo ils neighlois.
This piedicanenl is nosl acule, given lhe upcon3
ing OIynpic Canes in Sochi. Civen cuiienl liends,
Moscov is unIikeIy lo le alIe lo pacify lhe Noilh
Caucasus ahead of lhe Canes, and viII le incieasing3
Iy IikeIy lo lIane olheis foi any leiioiisl allacks lhal
148
vouId lhiealen lhis piesligious evenl. The aIleinalive
oplion, a giganlic secuiily opeialion lo asseil conlioI
ovei lhe iegion, vouId ilseIf veiy IikeIy have a spiII3
ovei effecl on lhe Soulh Caucasus.
eyond lhe Caucasus ilseIf, Russias nisiuIe in lhe
Noilh Caucasus poses a lhieal lo Luiope as a vhoIe.
In facl, vilh lhe Luiopean Union (LU) nov exlended
lo lhe shoies of lhe Iack Sea, il is a diiecl neighloi of
lhe Noilh Caucasus. Thiough lhe Laslein Iailneiship,
Iailneiship foi Ieace, and olhei insliunenls, lhe LU
and NATO aie seeking lo conliilule lo lhe luiIding
of slaliIily, secuiily, and piospeiily in lheii easlein
neighloihood. In spile of lhe uniesoIved conicls
of lhe Soulh Caucasus and MoIdova, and lhe nixed
(7/+#70+, 1/+ ,#8/7+0.&7 ,#%#6/*8#-. 07+/(( ."# +#3
gion, lhe Laslein neighloihood has indeed seen Iaige3
Iy posilive liends ovei lhe pasl decade. ul lhe Noilh
Caucasus is lhe soIe ienaining aiea vheie Luiope
has IillIe lo no aliIily lo inuence deveIopnenls, lul
vhich couId neveilheIess have a consideialIy nega3
live effecl on Luiope. The iegion is aIieady a lians3
shipnenl poinl foi snuggIed goods lo Luiope, and an
inculaloi of jihadi eIenenls fion lhe iegion and le3
yond. Thus fai, lhe IsIanic Lniiale has slayed focused
on laigels in lhe Noilh Caucasus and Russia. ul given
ils lioadei ideoIogicaI oiienlalion and ils peiceplion
of Luiope as a coIIaloialoi vilh Russia in lhe iepies3
sion of MusIins, lhe piospecl of gioups afhIialed vilh
lhe Lniiale laigeling Luiope ilseIf shouId nol le ex3
cIuded. Aflei aII, jihadi eIenenls vilh conneclions lo
CenliaI Asia have aIieady leen inpIicaled in pIanned
leiioiisl allacks in Ceinany and eIsevheie in Luiope.
Thus, Russias faiIuie lo slaliIize lhe Noilh Cauca3
sus has anounled lo lhe ciealion of an Afghanislan-
Iike enviionnenl in Luiope: a faiIed slale vilhin a
149
slale. Moscov is palenlIy unalIe lo ienedy lhe silu3
alion, seening onIy lo design poIicies lhal aie as a
vhoIe counleipioduclive. UnfoilunaleIy, lhe faiIuie
of Russia lo addiess lhe iegions piolIens is ieIaled
diieclIy lo Russias veiy syslen. The sad facl is lhal as
Iong as Russia ilseIf nainlains a poIilicaI syslen lased
on kIeplocialic aulhoiilaiianisn, lhe piospecls of lhe
Noilh Caucasus viII ienain din.
This poses a conundiun foi Weslein poveis. If
."# (&.20.&/- 7/-.&-2#( ./ ,#.#+&/+0.#9 <#(.#+- */'3
eis nay nol le alIe lo affoid sinpIy liealing lhe Noilh
Caucasus as a doneslic Russian issue. Al lhe sane
line, lheii poIicy oplions in designing iesponses lo
lhe silualion in lhe iegion aie highIy Iiniled. WhiIe
effoils couId le undeilake in conjunclion vilh lhe
Soulh Caucasian slales lo conlain lhe deslaliIizalion
enanaling fion lhe Noilh Caucasus, addiessing lhe
iool causes of lhe piolIen viII iequiie a diaIogue
vilh Moscov, lhe piospecls of vhich aie din.
ENDNOTE5 - CHAPTER 3
1. Maiina Kanenev, Has Russia Losl ConlioI of lhe Noilh
Caucasus` Tinc, }une 12, 2OO9, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|inc.
ccn/|inc/ucr|d/ar|ic|c/0,8599,1904234,00.n|n|, LniI SouIeinonov,
Dageslan: lhe Lneiging Coie of lhe Noilh Caucasus Insuigen3
cy, Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|, Seplenlei 29, 2O1O, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/5415.
2. OIof Slaaf, Moscov UnalIe lo Affoid Nev DeveIopnenl
Iiogian foi lhe Noilh Caucasus, Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|9
Augusl 17, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/5614,
Moscov Hosls RaIIy undei lhe Mollo 'Slop Ieeding Caucasus!
Caucasian Knc|, Oclolei 22, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion rf.cng.|at|az-uzc|.
ru/ar|ic|cs/18748.
3. ChaiIes Iandy, Ncr|n Caucasus. On |nc 8rin| cf |ar-Rcacning
Dcs|aoi|isa|icn, Caucasus Seiies, O5/36, Shiivenhan, UK: Uniled
15O
Kingdon Defence Acadeny, Conicl Sludies Reseaich Cenlei,
Augusl 2OO5, p. 6.
4. Seigey Maikedonov, Russkiy Vopios v kavkazskon
izneienii (The 'Russian queslion in lhe Caucasian dinen3
sion), Caucasus Tincs, ApiiI 9, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.cauca-
sus|incs.ccn/ar|ic|c.asp?id=12365, OIga I. Vendina c| a|., The Wais
in Chechnya and lheii Lffecls on Neighloiing Regions, |ur-
asian Gccgrapnq and |ccncnics, VoI. 48, No. 2, 2OO7, pp. 194-195,
avaiIalIe fion uuu.cc|cradc.cdu/ios/uarcu|ccncs/dccs/|G|_2007_
larCnccnnqa_s4.pdf.
5. IauI ColIe, Kalaidino-aIkaiia HighIighls Iulins 'IaiI3
uie in lhe Caucasus, lindcu cn |urasia, }anuaiy 23, 2OO8,
avaiIalIe fion uindcucncurasia.o|cgspc|.ccn/2008/01/uindcu-cn-
curasia-|aoardinc-oa||aria.n|n|.
6. Maiie ennigsen ioxup, ed., Tnc Ncr|n Caucasus 8arricr9
London, UK: C. Huisl, 1992, }ohn DunIop, Russia Ccnfrcn|s Cnccn-
nqa. Rcc|s cf a Scpara|is| Ccnic|, Canliidge, UK: Canliidge Uni3
veisily Iiess, 1998, pp. 1-4O.
7. Moshe Cannei, Mus|in Rcsis|ancc |c |nc Tsar. Snani| and |nc
Ccnqucs| cf Cnccnnia and Dagncs|an, London, UK: RoulIedge, 2OO3.
8. AIeksandi Nekiich, Tnc Punisncd Pccp|cs. Tnc Dcpcr|a|icn
and |a|c cf Sctic| Mincri|ics a| |nc |nd cf |nc Scccnd lcr|d lar, Nev
Yoik: W.W. Noilon, 1981, CaiIolla CaII and Thonas de WaaI,
Cnccnnqa. A Sna|| Vic|cricus lar, asingsloke, UK: Ian ooks,
1997, pp. 56-75.
9. Roleil Conquesl, Tnc Na|icn Ki||crs. Tnc Sctic| Dcpcr|a|icn cf
Na|icna|i|ics, London, UK: MacMiIIan, 197O, p. 16O.
1O. See CaII and de WaaI, Cnccnnqa. A Sna|| Vic|cricus lar.
11. Ioi delaiIs, see Chap. 5, The Wai in Chechnya, in Svanle
L. CoineII, Sna|| Na|icns and Grca| Pcucrs. A S|udq cf ||nncpc|i|ica|
Ccnic| in |nc Caucasus, Richnond, VA: Cuizon Iiess, 2OO1.
12. LniI SouIeinanov, Chechnya, Wahhalisn and lhe Inva3
sion of Dageslan, Midd|c |as| Rcticu cf |n|crna|icna| Affairs, VoI.
9, No. 4, Decenlei 2OO5, pp. 48-71.
151
13. }uIie WiIheInsen, elveen a Rock and a Haid IIace: The
IsIanisalion of lhe Chechen Sepaialisl Movenenl, |urcpc-Asia
S|udics, VoI. 57, No. 1, }anuaiy 2OO5, pp. 38-39.
14. }ohn . DunIop, Hov Many SoIdieis and CiviIians Died
Duiing lhe Russo-Chechen Wai of 1994-96` Ccn|ra| Asian Surtcq9
VoI. 19, No. 3/4, 2OOO, pp. 328-338.
15. oiis KagaiIilsky, Russia undcr Yc||sin and Pu|in. Ncc-|io-
cra| Au|ccracq, London, UK: IIulo Iiess, 2OO2, pp. 229-234. Rus3
(&0- *+#(( +#*/+.( &- Nctaqa Gazc|a, Rcssiqs|aqa Gazc|a, and Vcrsiqa
have aII piovided docunenlalion lo lhis effecl.
16. Ielei Ioid, YeIlsin Adnils Aid Misses Chechnya, Cnris-
|ian Scicncc Mcni|cr, Augusl 19, 1997. OnIy $21 niIIion of lhe $138
niIIion connilled evenluaIIy ieached Chechnya.
17. Ceiaid I. Ioveis, ReIigion, Conicl and Iiospecls foi
Ieace in osnia, Cioalia, and YugosIavia, ]curna| cf |n|crna|icna|
Affairs, VoI. 5O, No. 1, Sunnei 1996, avaiIalIe fion uuu.gccrgcfcx.
cdu/acadcnics/undcrgrad/dcpar|ncn|s/scc-su|/rcc/Pcucrs_Rc|igicn_
Oc|201996.pdf.
18. See Lvan KohInann, A| Qacdas ]inad in |urcpc. Tnc Afgnan-
8csnian Nc|ucr|, Oxfoid, UK: eig IulIicalions, 2OO4, MichaeI
A. Innes, Dcnia| cf Sanc|uarq. Undcrs|anding Tcrrcris| Safc Hatcns9
Weslpoil, CT: Iiaegei, 1997, pp. 55-56.
19. Anes AIic, Ioieign jihadis face Depoilalion in os3
nia-Heizegovina, ]ancs|cun Tcrrcrisn Mcni|cr, VoI. 5, No.
21, 8 Novenlei 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.jancs|cun.crg/
prcgrans/g|a/sing|c/?|x_||ncus58||_ncus5D=4532c|x_
||ncus58oac|Pid5D=182cnc_cacnc=1.
2O. See WiIheInsen, elveen a Rock and a Haid IIace, pp.
46-5O.
21. Coidon M. Hahn, Gc||ing |nc Caucasus |nira|c Rign|9
Washinglon, DC: Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI Sludies,
Augusl 2O11, p. 1.
152
22. RTR (Russian Slale TeIevision), Seplenlei 12, 2OO1, 13OO
CMT. See aIso Iiancesca Meieu, U.S.: Russia Says Chechen Con3
icl Aids 'Undeislanding Of U.S. Tiagedy, RIL/RL, Seplenlei
14, 2OO1.
23. See }anusz ugajski, evaie of Iulin eaiing Cifls, Tnc
lasning|cn Tincs, Oclolei 1O, 2OO1.
24. Hunan Righls Walch, Hundieds of Chechens Delained
in 'IiIlialion Canps, Ieliuaiy 17, 2OOO, avaiIalIe fion uuu.nru.
crg/ncus/2000/02/17/nundrcds-cnccncns-dc|aincd-j||ra|icn-canps.
25. }ohn O'LoughIin and Iiank D. W. Wilnei, The LocaIized
Ceogiaphies of VioIence in lhe Noilh Caucasus of Russia, Anna|s
cf |nc Assccia|icn cf Ancrican Gccgrapncrs, VoI. 1O1, No. 1, 2O11, pp.
178-2O1, hisl pulIished on Decenlei 15, 2O1O.
26. LniI Iain, Moscovs Noilh Caucasus IoIicy ackhies,
Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|, VoI. 6, No. 13, }une 29, 2OO5, avaiI3
alIe fion uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/3151.
27. VaIeiy Dzulsev, Anolhei Losl Yeai foi lhe KienIin in
lhe Noilh Caucasus: 2O1O in Reviev (Iail 1), |urasia Dai|q
Mcni|cr, VoI. 8, No. 8, }anuaiy 12, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
jancs|cun.crg/prcgrans/cdn/sing|c/?|x_||ncus58||_ncus
5 D=3 7 3 5 0 c| x _ | | n c us 5 8o a c | Pi d 5 D=2 7 cc Ha s n =
660c50c38c.
28. Hunan Righls and Secuiily Inilialive, VioIence in
lhe Noilh Caucasus~2OO9: A Ioody Yeai, Washinglon, DC:
Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI Sludies, }anuaiy 14,
2O1O, avaiIalIe fion csis.crg/j|cs/puo|ica|icn/100114_Vic|cncc_
Ncr|nCaucasus_2009cp|inizc.pdf.
29. Sinon Saiadzhyan, Russias Noilh Caucasus: lhe Tei3
ioiisn RevivaI, |SN |nsign|s, Decenlei 23, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.isn.c|nz.cn/isn/Currcn|-Affairs/|SN-|nsign|s/Dc|ai|?|ng=cn
cc|s627=fcc62fc0-528d-4884-9cdf-283c282cf0o2cid=125837c|aoid=
125818cccn|cx|id734=125837cccn|cx|id735=125818.
3O. Hunan Righls and Secuiily Inilialive, VioIence in lhe
Noilh Caucasus~Spiing 2O1O: On lhe iise, Again` Washinglon,
153
DC: Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI Sludies, May 13, 2O1O,
avaiIalIe fion csis.crg/j|cs/puo|ica|icn/100513_Vic|cncc_in_|nc_
Ncr|n_Caucasus_Spring_2010.pdf.
31. Igoi Rolai, Cioving VioIence in Kalaidino-aIkaiia
Thiealens lo DeslaliIize lhe Noilhvesl Caucasus, |urasia Dai|q
Mcni|cr, VoI. 8, No. 218, Decenlei 1, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
jancs|cun.crg/prcgrans/cdn/sing|c/?|x_||ncus58||_ncus5D=38
732ccHasn=530491ac52389684440c5dcc84c128a7.
32. LniI SouIeinanov, Noilh Osselia: }ihadizalion in lhe
Making` Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|, }une 8, 2O11, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/5573.
33. Ciaene I. Heid, The Russo-Chechen Infoinalion Wai3
faie and 9/11: AI-Qaeda lhiough lhe Soulh Caucasus Looking
CIass, |urcpcan Sccuri|q, VoI. 11, No. 4, 2OO2.
34. asayevs Dealh May Have een an Accidenl, Praguc
la|cndcg, }uIy 1O, 2OO6, asayev Didnl Save Iace, Kcnncr-
san|, }uIy 11, 2OO6, avaiIalIe fion uuu.|cnncrsan|.ccn/pagc.
asp?idr=527cid=689111.
35. KagaiIilsky, Russia undcr Yc||sin and Pu|in, pp. 229-234.
36. Sanolai Sheinalova, The Seciel Wai lelveen Russian
InleIIigence Agencies, Mcsccu Ncus, Augusl 8, 2OOO. AIso see
Khassan aiev, NichoIas DaniIoff, and Rulh DaniIoff, Tnc Oa|n. A
Surgccn Undcr |irc, Nev Yoik: WaIkei & Conpany, 2OO4.
37. Kevin DanieI Leahy, ReconciIialion lelveen Akhned
Zakayev and Ranzan Kadyiov: A Tiiunph of HisloiicaI Iiagna3
lisn` Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|, Ieliuaiy 25, 2OO9, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/?q=ncdc/5048.
38. Ivan Sukhov, Chechensky Ochag, Agcns|tc Pc|i|icncs|i|n
Nctcs|cq, Augusl 16, 2OO5, avaiIalIe fion uuu.apn.ru/puo|ica|icns/
ar|ic|c1519.n|n.
39. LIIen aiiy and MichaeI Schvailz, KiIIing of Leadeis Ioes
May Tesl KienIins WiII, Ncu Ycr| Tincs, ApiiI 6, 2OO9, avaiIalIe
1+/8 uuu.nq|incs.ccn/2009/04/07/ucr|d/curcpc/07cnccnnqa.n|n|.
154
4O. Andiev Osloin, Ranzan Kadyiov: The Waiiioi King of
Chechnya, Tnc |ndcpcndcn|, }anuaiy 4, 2OO7, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
indcpcndcn|.cc.u|/ncus/pccp|c/prcj|cs/ranzan-|adqrct-|nc-uarricr-
|ing-cf-cnccnnqa-430738.n|n|.
41. Kadyiov Says Iulin Saved Chechnya, R|A Nctcs|i9 ?*+&6
7, 2OO9, avaiIalIe fion cn.rian.ru/russia/20090407/120959179.n|n|.
42. Ranzan Kadyiov: ya slo iaz uniy za Iulina (Ran3
zan Kadyiov: I vouId die a hundied lines foi Iulin), tcrsia.ru9
}anuaiy 11, 2O1O, avaiIalIe fion tcrsia.ru/ar|ic|cs/2010/jan/11/
|adqrct_in|crticu.
43. Kadyiov Vovs lo Iiosecule IedeiaI Connandeis foi
Aluses, Cnccnnqa lcc||q, Decenlei 7, 2OO6.
44. Kevin DanieI Leahy, Kadyiovs Iuff, Ccn|ra| Asia-Cau-
casus Ana|qs|, VoI. 8, No. 1O, May 17, 2OO6, p. 7, avaiIalIe fion
uuu.caciana|qs|.crg/issucs/20060517Ana|qs|.pdf.
45. Kevin DanieI Leahy, Chechnyas Nev Iiesidenl: Ralio3
naI Acloi oi IdeoIogicaI ZeaIol` Ccn|ra| Asia-Caucasus Ana|qs|9
VoI. 9, No. 7, ApiiI 4, 2OO7, p. 6, avaiIalIe fion uuu.caciana|qs|.
crg/j|cs/070404Ana|qs|_0.pdf.
46. See Hunan Righls Walch, Ycu Drcss Acccrding |c Tncir
Ru|cs. |nfcrccncn| cf an |s|anic Drcss Ccdc fcr lcncn in Cnccnnqa9
Nev Yoik: Hunan Righls Walch, 2O11, avaiIalIe fion uuu.nru.
crg/si|cs/dcfau||/j|cs/rcpcr|s/cnccnnqa0311ucoucctcr.pdf.
47. See, e.g., OIeg Anlonenko, Chechnya: Cde konchayelsya
konslilulsiya i nachinayelsya shaiial` (Chechnya: vheie does
lhe conslilulion end and shaiia legin`), C Russian Seivice,
Decenlei 26, 2OO8, avaiIalIe fion ncus.ooc.cc.u|/ni/russian/russia/
ncusid_7800000/7800125.s|n.
48. IeisonaI connunicalion, Washinglon, DC, 2OO6.
49. }ean-Chiislophe Ieuch, Ceoigia/Russia: TliIisi Moves
Againsl Iankisi, R||/R|, Augusl 28, 2OO2, avaiIalIe fion uuu.
rfcr|.crg/ccn|cn|/ar|ic|c/1100642.n|n|.
155
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTOR5
STLIHLN }. LANK has seived as lhe Slialegic Slud3
ies Inslilules expeil on lhe Soviel lIoc and lhe posl-
Soviel voiId since 1989. Iiioi lo lhal he vas As sociale
Iiofessoi of Soviel Sludies al lhe Cenlei foi Aeiospace
Docliine, Reseaich, and Lducalion, Max veII Aii Ioice
ase, AL, and laughl al lhe Univeisily of Texas, San
Anlonio, and al lhe Univeisily of CaIi foinia, Rivei3
side. Di. Iank is lhe ediloi of |npcria| Dcc|inc. Russias
Cnanging Pcsi|icn in Asia9 7/#,&./+ /1 Sctic| Mi|i|arq
and |nc |u|urc9 0-, 02."/+ /1 Tnc Scr ccrcr as Apprcn-
|icc. S|a|ins Ccnnissaria| cf Na|icna|i |ics, 1917-1924. He
"0( 06(/ '+&..#- 80-5 0+.&76#( 0-, 7/-1#+#-7# *0*#+(
on Russia, lhe ConnonveaIlh of Independenl Slales,
and Laslein Luiopean secuiily is sues. Di. Ianks cui3
+#-. +#(#0+7" ,#06( '&." *+/6&1#+0 .&/- 0-, ."# +#%/3
Iulion in niIilaiy affaiis, and eneigy and secuiily in
Luiasia. His lvo nosl iecenl looks aie Russc-Cnincsc
|ncrgq Rc|a|icns. Pc|i|ics in Ccnnand, London, UK:
CIolaI Maikels iiehng, 2OO6, and Na| ura| A||ics? Rc-
gicna| Sccuri|q in Asia and Prcspcc|s fcr |ndc-Ancrican
S|ra|cgic Cccpcra|icn, CaiIisIe, IA: Slia legic Sludies In3
slilule, U.S. Ainy Wai CoIIege, 2OO5. Di. Iank hoIds
a .A. in hisloiy fion lhe Univeisily of IennsyIvania,
and an M.A. and Ih.D. in hisloiy fion lhe Univeisily
of Chicago.
SVANTL L. CORNLLL is Reseaich Diiecloi of lhe
CenliaI Asia-Caucasus Inslilule & SiIk Road Sludies
Iiogian, a }oinl TiansalIanlic Reseaich and IoIicy
Cenlei afhIialed vilh lhe SchooI of Advanced Inleina3
lionaI Sludies (SAIS), Washinglon, DC, and lhe Slock3
hoIn-lased Inslilule foi Secuiily and DeveIopnenl
IoIicy. Di. CoineII is an Associale Reseaich Iiofessoi
al SAIS.
156
CORDON M. HAHN is a Senioi Associale (Non-
Residenl) al lhe Cenlei foi Slialegic and InleinalionaI
Sludies (CSIS) in Washinglon, DC, a Senioi Reseaich3
ei and Adjuncl Iiofessoi in lhe Monleiey Teiioiisn
Reseaich and Lducalion Iiogian al lhe Monleiey
Inslilule foi InleinalionaI Sludies in CaIifoinia, and
an AnaIysl and ConsuIlanl foi Russia~Olhei Ioinls
of Viev (uuu.russiac|ncrpcin|scfticu.ccn). Di. Hahn
is aulhoi of lhe veII-ieceived looks, Russias |s|anic
Tnrca| (YaIe Univeisily Iiess, 2OO7), Russias Rctc|u|icn
|rcn Aoctc, 1985-2000 (Tiansaclion IulIisheis, 2OO2),
0-, -28#+/2( 0+.&76#( &- 070,#8&7 4/2+-06( 0-, /."#+
LngIish and Russian Ianguage nedia. He has laughl
al oslon, Aneiican, Slanfoid, San }ose Slale, and San
Iiancisco Slale Univeisilies and as a IuIliighl SchoIai
al Sainl Ieleisluig Slale Univeisily, Russia. Di. Hahn
viiles and edils lhe linonlhIy IsIan, IsIanisn, and
IoIilics in Luiasia Repoil pulIished undei lhe aus3
pices of CSIS.
SLRCLY MARKLDONOV has leen a visiling feIIov in
lhe CSIS Russia and Luiasia Iiogian since May 2O1O.
He is an expeil on lhe Caucasus, as veII as Iack Sea
iegionaI secuiily, nalionaIisn, inleielhnic conicls,
and de-faclo slales in lhe posl-Soviel aiea. Iion 2OO1
lo 2O1O, he voiked as head of lhe Inleielhnic ReIalions
Cioup and depuly diiecloi al lhe Inslilule foi IoIilicaI
and MiIilaiy AnaIysis in Moscov. He has heId leach3
ing posilions al lhe Russian Slale Univeisily foi lhe
Hunanilies, lhe Moscov Slale Univeisily, and lhe
DipIonalic Acadeny. Di. Maikedonovs pulIicalions
incIude seveiaI looks and iepoils, aloul 1OO acadenic
ailicIes, and noie lhan 5OO piess pieces. RecenlIy pul3
Iished looks and iepoils incIude Dc fac|c S|a|cs cf |nc
157
Pcs|-Sctic| Spacc. Par|icu|ari|ics cf |nc Na|icn-8ui|ding
(Caucasus Inslilule, 2O12), Tnc Turou|cn| |urasia (Aca3
denia, 2O1O), The ig Caucasus: Consequences of lhe
'Iive Day Wai, and Ncu Cna||cngcs and Prcspcc|s (In3
leinalionaI Cenlie foi Iack Sea Sludies, 2OO9).
!"#" %&'( )%& *+,,-.-
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