Edible and Medicinal Plants, A Survival Guide In a survival situation, plants can provide food and medicine.

Their safe usage requires absolutel positive identification, !no"ing ho" to prepare them for eating, and !no"ing an dangerous properties the might have. #amiliarit "ith botanical structures of plants and information on "here the gro" "ill ma!e them easier to locate and identif . $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Abal %alligonum comosum &escription' The abal is one of the fe" shrubb plants that e(ists in the shad deserts. This plant gro"s to about ).* meters, and its branches loo! li!e "isps from a broom. The stiff, green branches produce an abundance of flo"ers in the earl spring months +March, April,. -abitat and &istribution' This plant is found in desert scrub and "aste in an climatic .one. It inhabits much of the /orth African desert. It ma also be found on the desert sands of the Middle East and as far east"ard as the 0a1putana desert of "estern India. Edible Parts' This plant2s general appearance "ould not indicate its usefulness to the survivor, but "hile this plant is flo"ering in the spring, its fresh flo"ers can be eaten. This plant is common in the areas "here it is found. An anal sis of the food value of this plant has sho"n it to be high in sugar and nitrogenous components. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Acacia Acacia farnesiana &escription' Acacia is a spreading, usuall short tree "ith spines and alternate compound leaves. Its individual leaflets are small. Its flo"ers are ball$shaped, bright ello", and ver fragrant. Its bar! is a "hitish$gra color. Its fruits are dar! bro"n and podli!e. -abitat and &istribution' Acacia gro"s in open, sunn areas. It is found throughout all tropical regions. /ote' There are about 344 species of acacia. These plants are especiall prevalent in Africa, southern Asia, and Australia, but man species are found in the "armer and drier parts of America. Edible Parts' Its oung leaves, flo"ers, and pods are edible ra" or coo!ed. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Agave Agave species &escription' These plants have large clusters of thic!, flesh leaves borne close to the ground and surrounding a central stal!. The plants flo"er onl once, then die. The produce a massive flo"er stal!.

-abitat and &istribution' Agaves prefer dr , open areas. The are found throughout %entral America, the %aribbean, and parts of the "estern deserts of the 5nited States and Me(ico. Edible Parts' Its flo"ers and flo"er buds are edible. 6oil them before eating. %A5TI7/' The 1uice of some species causes dermatitis in some individuals. 7ther 5ses' %ut the huge flo"er stal! and collect the 1uice for drin!ing. Some species have ver fibrous leaves. Pound the leaves and remove the fibers for "eaving and ma!ing ropes. Most species have thic!, sharp needles at the tips of the leaves. 5se them for se"ing or ma!ing hac!s. The sap of some species contains a chemical that ma!es the sap suitable for use as a soap. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Almond Prunus am gdalus &escription' The almond tree, "hich sometimes gro"s to )*.* meters, loo!s li!e a peach tree. The fresh almond fruit resembles a gnarled, unripe peach and gro"s in clusters. The stone +the almond itself, is covered "ith a thic!, dr , "ooll s!in. -abitat and &istribution' Almonds are found in the scrub and thorn forests of the tropics, the evergreen scrub forests of temperate areas, and in desert scrub and "aste in all climatic .ones. The almond tree is also found in the semidesert areas of the 7ld 8orld in southern Europe, the eastern Mediterranean, Iran, the Middle East, %hina, Madeira, the A.ores, and the %anar Islands. Edible Parts' The mature almond fruit splits open length"ise do"n the side, e(posing the ripe almond nut. 9ou can easil get the dr !ernel b simpl crac!ing open the stone. Almond meats are rich in food value, li!e all nuts. Gather them in large quantities and shell them for further use as survival food. 9ou could live solel on almonds for rather long periods. 8hen ou boil them, the !ernel2s outer covering comes off and onl the "hite meat remains. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Amaranth Amaranthus species &escription' These plants, "hich gro" :4 centimeters to )34 centimeters tall, are abundant "eeds in man parts of the "orld. All amaranth have alternate simple leaves. The ma have some red color present on the stems. The bear minute, greenish flo"ers in dense clusters at the top of the plants. Their seeds ma be bro"n or blac! in "eed species and light$colored in domestic species. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for amaranth along roadsides, in disturbed "aste areas, or as "eeds in crops throughout the "orld. Some amaranth species have been gro"n as a grain crop and a garden vegetable in various parts of the "orld, especiall in South America. Edible Parts' All parts are edible, but some ma have sharp spines ou should remove before eating. The oung plants or the gro"ing tips of older plants are an e(cellent vegetable. Simpl boil the oung plants or eat them ra". Their seeds are ver nutritious. Sha!e the tops of older plants to get the seeds. Eat the seeds ra", boiled, ground into flour, or popped li!e popcorn.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Arctic "illo" Sali( arctica &escription' The arctic "illo" is a shrub that never e(ceeds more than <4 centimeters in height and gro"s in clumps that form dense mats on the tundra. -abitat and &istribution' The arctic "illo" is common on tundras in /orth America. Europe, and Asia. 9ou can also find it in some mountainous areas in temperate regions. Edible Parts' 9ou can collect the succulent, tender oung shoots of the arctic "illo" in earl spring. Strip off the outer bar! of the ne" shoots and eat the inner portion ra". 9ou can also peel and eat ra" the oung underground shoots of an of the various !inds of arctic "illo". 9oung "illo" leaves are one of the richest sources of vitamin %, containing = to )4 times more than an orange. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Arro"root Maranta and Sagittaria species &escription' The arro"root is an aquatic plant "ith arro"$shaped leaves and potatoli!e tubers in the mud. -abitat and &istribution' Arro"root is found "orld"ide in temperate .ones and the tropics. It is found in moist to "et habitats. Edible Parts' The rootstoc! is a rich source of high qualit starch. 6oil the rootstoc! and eat it as a vegetable. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Asparagus Asparagus officinalis &escription' The spring gro"th of this plant resembles a cluster of green fingers. The mature plant has fernli!e, "isp foliage and red berries. Its flo"ers are small and greenish in color. Several species have sharp, thorn$li!e structures. -abitat and &istribution' Asparagus is found "orld"ide in temperate areas. ;oo! for it in fields, old homesites, and fencero"s. Edible Parts' Eat the oung stems before leaves form. Steam or boil them for )4 to )3 minutes before eating. 0a" asparagus ma cause nausea or diarrhea. The flesh roots are a good source of starch. 8A0/I/G &o not eat the fruits of an since some are to(ic $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6ael fruit Aegle marmelos

&escription' This is a tree that gro"s from *.> to >.< meters tall, "ith a dense spin gro"th. The fruit is 3 to )4 centimeters in diameter, gra or ello"ish, and full of seeds. -abitat and &istribution' 6ael fruit is found in rain forests and semievergreen seasonal forests of the tropics. It gro"s "ild in India and 6urma. Edible Parts' The fruit, "hich ripens in &ecember, is at its best "hen 1ust turning ripe. The 1uice of the ripe fruit, diluted "ith "ater and mi(ed "ith a small amount of tamarind and sugar or hone , is sour but refreshing. ;i!e other citrus fruits, it is rich in vitamin %. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6amboo ?arious species including 6ambusa, &endrocalamus, Ph llostach s &escription' 6amboos are "ood grasses that gro" up to )3 meters tall. The leaves are grassli!e and the stems are the familiar bamboo used in furniture and fishing poles. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for bamboo in "arm, moist regions in open or 1ungle countr , in lo"land, or on mountains. 6amboos are native to the #ar East +Temperate and Tropical .ones, but have bean "idel planted around the "orld. Edible Parts' The oung shoots of almost all species are edible ra" or coo!ed. 0a" shoots have a slightl bitter taste that is removed b boiling. To prepare, remove the tough protective sheath that is coated "ith ta"n or red hairs. The seed grain of the flo"ering bamboo is also edible. 6oil the seeds li!e rice or pulveri.e them, mi( "ith "ater, and ma!e into ca!es. 7ther 5ses' 5se the mature bamboo to build structures or to ma!e containers, ladles, spoons, and various other coo!ing utensils. Also use bamboo to ma!e tools and "eapons. 9ou can ma!e a strong bo" b splitting the bamboo and putting several pieces together. %A5TI7/' Green bamboo ma e(plode in a fire. Green bamboo has an internal membrane ou must remove before using it as a food or "ater container. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6anana and plantain Musa species &escription' These are treeli!e plants "ith several large leaves at the top. Their flo"ers are borne in dense hanging clusters. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for bananas and plantains in open fields or margins of forests "here the are gro"n as a crop. The gro" in the humid tropics. Edible Parts' Their fruits are edible ra" or coo!ed. The ma be boiled or ba!ed. 9ou can boil their flo"ers and eat them li!e a vegetable. 9ou can coo! and eat the rootstoc!s and leaf sheaths of man species. The center or @heart@ of the plant is edible ear$round, coo!ed or ra". 7ther 5ses' 9ou can use the la ers of the lo"er third of the plants to cover coals to roast food. 9ou can also use their stumps to get "ater +see %hapter <,. 9ou can use their leaves to "rap other foods for coo!ing or storage.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6aobab Adansonia digitata &escription' The baobab tree ma gro" as high as )A meters and ma have a trun! : meters in diameter. The tree has short, stubb branches and a gra , thic! bar!. Its leaves are compound and their segments are arranged li!e the palm of a hand. Its flo"ers, "hich are "hite and several centimeters across, hang from the higher branches. Its fruit is shaped li!e a football, measures up to >3 centimeters long, and is covered "ith short dense hair. -abitat and &istribution' These trees gro" in savannas. The are found in Africa, in parts of Australia, and on the island of Madagascar. Edible Parts' 9ou can use the oung leaves as a soup vegetable. The tender root of the oung baobab tree is edible. The pulp and seeds of the fruit are also edible. 5se one handful of pulp to about one cup of "ater for a refreshing drin!. To obtain flour, roast the seeds, then grind them. 7ther 5ses' &rin!ing a mi(ture of pulp and "ater "ill help cure diarrhea. 7ften the hollo" trun!s are good sources of fresh "ater. The bar! can be cut into strips and pounded to obtain a strong fiber for ma!ing rope. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6ato!o plum #lacourtia inermis &escription' This shrub or small tree has dar! green, alternate, simple leaves. Its fruits are bright red and contain si( or more seeds. -abitat and &istribution' This plant is a native of the Philippines but is "idel cultivated for its fruit in other areas. It can be found in clearings and at the edges of the tropical rain forests of Africa and Asia. Edible Parts' Eat the fruit ra" or coo!ed. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6earberr or !inni!innic! Arctostaph los uvaursi &escription' This plant is a common evergreen shrub "ith reddish, scal bar! and thic!, leather leaves > centimeters long and ) centimeter "ide. It has "hite flo"ers and bright red fruits. -abitat and &istribution' This plant is found in arctic, subarctic, and temperate regions, most often in sand or roc! soil. Edible Parts' Its berries are edible ra" or coo!ed. 9ou can ma!e a refreshing tea from its oung leaves. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

6eech #agus species &escription' 6eech trees are large +: to *> meters,, s mmetrical forest trees that have smooth, light$gra bar! and dar! green foliage. The character of its bar!, plus its clusters of pric!l seedpods, clearl distinguish the beech tree in the field. -abitat and &istribution' This tree is found in the Temperate Bone. It gro"s "ild in the eastern 5nited States, Europe, Asia, and /orth Africa. It is found in moist areas, mainl in the forests. This tree is common throughout southeastern Europe and across temperate Asia. 6eech relatives are also found in %hile, /e" Guinea, and /e" Bealand. Edible Parts' The mature beechnuts readil fall out of the hus!li!e seedpods. 9ou can eat these dar! bro"n triangular nuts b brea!ing the thin shell "ith our fingernail and removing the "hite, s"eet !ernel inside. 6eechnuts are one of the most delicious of all "ild nuts. The are a most useful survival food because of the !ernel2s high oil content. 9ou can also use the beechnuts as a coffee substitute. 0oast them so that the !ernel becomes golden bro"n and quite hard. Then pulveri.e the !ernel and, after boiling or steeping in hot "ater, ou have a passable coffee substitute. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6igna Antidesma bunius &escription' 6igna is a shrub or small tree, C to )* meters tall, "ith shin , pointed leaves about )3 centimeters long. Its flo"ers are small, clustered, and green. It has flesh , dar! red or blac! fruit and a single seed. The fruit is about ) centimeter in diameter. -abitat and &istribution' The plant is found in rain forests and semievergreen seasonal forests in the tropics. It is found in open places and in secondar forests. It gro"s "ild from the -imala as to %e lon and east"ard through Indonesia to northern Australia. -o"ever, it ma be found an "here in the tropics in cultivated forms. Edible Parts' The fruit is edible ra". &o not eat an other parts of the tree. In Africa, the roots are to(ic. 7ther parts of the plant ma be poisonous. %A5TI7/' Eaten in large quantities, the fruit ma have a la(ative effect. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6lac!berr , raspberr , and de"berr 0ubus species &escription' These plants have pric!l stems +canes, that gro" up"ard, arching bac! to"ard the ground. The have alternate, usuall compound leaves. Their fruits ma be red, blac!, ello", or orange. -abitat and &istribution' These plants gro" in open, sunn areas at the margin of "oods, la!es, streams, and roads throughout temperate regions. There is also an arctic raspberr . Edible Parts' The fruits and peeled oung shoots are edible. #lavor varies greatl . 7ther 5ses' 5se the leaves

to ma!e tea. To treat diarrhea, drin! a tea made b bre"ing the dried root bar! of the blac!berr bush. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6lueberr and huc!leberr ?accinium and Ga lussacia species &escription' These shrubs var in si.e from C4 centimeters to C.= meters tall. All have alternate, simple leaves. Their fruits ma be dar! blue, blac!, or red and have man small seeds. -abitat and &istribution' These plants prefer open, sunn areas. The are found throughout much of the north temperate regions and at higher elevations in %entral America. Edible Parts' Their fruits are edible ra". $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6readfruit Artocarpus incisa &escription' This tree ma gro" up to : meters tall. It has dar! green, deepl divided leaves that are =3 centimeters long and C4 centimeters "ide. Its fruits are large, green, ball$li!e structures up to C4 centimeters across "hen mature. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for this tree at the margins of forests and homesites in the humid tropics. It is native to the South Pacific region but has been "idel planted in the 8est Indies and parts of Pol nesia. Edible Parts' The fruit pulp is edible ra". The fruit can be sliced, dried, and ground into flour for later use. The seeds are edible coo!ed. 7ther 5ses' The thic! sap can serve as glue and caul!ing material. 9ou can also use it as birdlime +to entrap small birds b smearing the sap on t"igs "here the usuall perch,. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6urdoc! Arctium lappa &escription' This plant has "av $edged, arro"$shaped leaves and flo"er heads in burrli!e clusters. It gro"s up to * meters tall, "ith purple or pin! flo"ers and a large, flesh root. -abitat and &istribution' 6urdoc! is found "orld"ide in the /orth Temperate Bone. ;oo! for it in open "aste areas during the spring and summer. Edible Parts' Peel the tender leaf stal!s and eat them ra" or coo! them li!e greens. The roots are also edible boiled or ba!ed. %A5TI7/' &o not confuse burdoc! "ith rhubarb that has poisonous leaves. 7ther 5ses' A liquid made from the roots "ill help to produce s"eating and increase urination. &r the root, simmer it in "ater, strain the liquid, and then drin! the strained liquid. 5se the fiber from the dried stal! to "eave cordage.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6url Palm %or pha elata &escription' This tree ma reach )A meters in height. It has large, fan$shaped leaves up to C meters long and split into about )44 narro" segments. It bears flo"ers in huge dusters at the top of the tree. The tree dies after flo"ering. -abitat and &istribution' This tree gro"s in coastal areas of the East Indies. Edible Parts' The trun! contains starch that is edible ra". The ver tip of the trun! is also edible ra" or coo!ed. 9ou can get large quantities of liquid b bruising the flo"ering stal!. The !ernels of the nuts are edible. %A5TI7/' The seed covering ma cause dermatitis in some individuals. 7ther 5ses' 9ou can use the leaves as "eaving material. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %anna lil %anna indica &escription' The canna lil is a coarse perennial herb, :4 centimeters to C meters tall. The plant gro"s from a large, thic!, underground rootstoc! that is edible. Its large leaves resemble those of the banana plant but are not so large. The flo"ers of "ild canna lil are usuall small, relativel inconspicuous, and brightl colored reds, oranges, or ello"s. -abitat and &istribution' As a "ild plant, the canna lil is found in all tropical areas, especiall in moist places along streams, springs, ditches, and the margins of "oods. It ma also be found in "et temperate, mountainous regions. It is eas to recogni.e because it is commonl cultivated in flo"er gardens in the 5nited States. Edible Parts' The large and much branched rootstoc!s are full of edible starch. The ounger parts ma be finel chopped and then boiled or pulveri.ed into a meal. Mi( in the oung shoots of palm cabbage for flavoring. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %arob tree %eratonia siliqua &escription' This large tree has a spreading cro"n. Its leaves are compound and alternate. Its seedpods, also !no"n as Saint Dohn2s bread, are up to >3 centimeters long and are filled "ith round, hard seeds and a thic! pulp. -abitat and &istribution' This tree is found throughout the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and parts of /orth Africa. Edible Parts' The oung tender pods are edible ra" or boiled. 9ou can pulveri.e the seeds in mature pods and coo! as porridge.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %ashe" nut Anacardium occidentale &escription' The cashe" is a spreading evergreen tree gro"ing to a height of )* meters, "ith leaves up to *4 centimeters long and )4 centimeters "ide. Its flo"ers are ello"ish$pin!. Its fruit is ver eas to recogni.e because of its peculiar structure. The fruit is thic! and pear$shaped, pulp and red or ello" "hen ripe. This fruit bears a hard, green, !idne $shaped nut at its tip. This nut is smooth, shin , and green or bro"n according to its maturit . -abitat and &istribution' The cashe" is native to the 8est Indies and northern South America, but transplantation has spread it to all tropical climates. In the 7ld 8orld, it has escaped from cultivation and appears to be "ild at least in parts of Africa and India. Edible Parts' The nut encloses one seed. The seed is edible "hen roasted. The pear$shaped fruit is 1uic , s"eet$ acid, and astringent. It is quite safe and considered delicious b most people "ho eat it. %A5TI7/' The green hull surrounding the nut contains a resinous irritant poison that "ill blister the lips and tongue li!e poison iv . -eat destro s this poison "hen roasting the nuts. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %attail T pha latifolia &escription' %attails are grassli!e plants "ith strap$shaped leaves ) to 3 centimeters "ide and gro"ing up to ).A meters tall. The male flo"ers are borne in a dense mass above the female flo"ers. These last onl a short time, leaving the female flo"ers that develop into the bro"n cattail. Pollen from the male flo"ers is often abundant and bright ello". -abitat and &istribution' %attails are found throughout most of the "orld. ;oo! for them in full sun areas at the margins of la!es, streams, canals, rivers, and brac!ish "ater. Edible Parts' The oung tender shoots are edible ra" or coo!ed. The rhi.ome is often ver tough but is a rich source of starch. Pound the rhi.ome to remove the starch and use as a flour. The pollen is also an e(ceptional source of starch. 8hen the cattail is immature and still green, ou can boil the female portion and eat it li!e corn on the cob. 7ther 5ses' The dried leaves are an e(cellent source of "eaving material ou can use to ma!e floats and rafts. The cotton seeds ma!e good pillo" stuffing and insulation. The fluff ma!es e(cellent tinder. &ried cattails are effective insect repellents "hen burned. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %ereus cactus %ereus species &escription' These cacti are tall and narro" "ith angled stems and numerous spines. -abitat and &istribution'

The ma be found in true deserts and other dr , open, sunn areas throughout the %aribbean regi on, %entral America, and the "estern 5nited States. Edible Parts' The fruits are edible, but some ma have a la(ative effect. 7ther 5ses' The pulp of the cactus is a good source of "ater. 6rea! open the stem and scoop out the pulp. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %hestnut %astanea sativa &escription' The European chestnut is usuall a large tree, up to )A meters in height. -abitat and &istribution' In temperate regions, the chestnut is found in both hard"ood and coniferous forests. In the tropics, it is found in semievergreen seasonal forests. The are found over all of middle and south Europe and across middle Asia to %hina and Dapan. The are relativel abundant along the edge of meado"s and as a forest tree. The European chestnut is one of the most common varieties. 8ild chestnuts in Asia belong to the related chestnut species. Edible Parts' %hestnuts are highl useful as survival food. 0ipe nuts are usuall pic!ed in autumn, although unripe nuts pic!ed "hile green ma also be used for food. Perhaps the easiest "a to prepare them is to roast the ripe nuts in embers. %oo!ed this "a , the are quite tast , and ou can eat large quantities. Another "a is to boil the !ernels after removing the outer shell. After being boiled until fairl soft, ou can mash the nuts li!e potatoes. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %hicor %ichorium int bus &escription' This plant gro"s up to ).A meters tall. It has leaves clustered at the base of the stem and some leaves on the stem. The base leaves resemble those of the dandelion. The flo"ers are s! blue and sta open onl on sunn da s. %hicor has a mil! 1uice. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for chicor in old fields, "aste areas, "eed lots, and along roads. It is a native of Europe and Asia, but is also found in Africa and most of /orth America "here it gro"s as a "eed. Edible Parts' All parts are edible. Eat the oung leaves as a salad or boil to eat as a vegetable. %oo! the roots as a vegetable. #or use as a coffee substitute, roast the roots until the are dar! bro"n and then pulveri.e them. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %hufa % perus esculentus &escription' This ver common plant has a triangular stem and grassli!e leaves. It gro"s to a height of *4 to <4 centimeters. The mature plant has a soft furli!e bloom that e(tends from a "horl of leaves. Tubers ) to *.3 centimeters in diameter gro" at the ends of the roots.

-abitat and &istribution' %hufa gro"s in moist sand areas throughout the "orld. It is often an abundant "eed in cultivated fields. Edible Parts' The tubers are edible ra", boiled, or ba!ed. 9ou can also grind them and use them as a coffee substitute. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %oconut %ocos nucifera &escription' This tree has a single, narro", tall trun! "ith a cluster of ver large leaves at the top. Each leaf ma be over < meters long "ith over )44 pairs of leaflets. -abitat and &istribution' %oconut palms are found throughout the tropics. The are most abundant near coastal regions. Edible Parts' The nut is a valuable source of food. The mil! of the oung coconut is rich in sugar and vitamins and is an e(cellent source of liquid. The nut meat is also nutritious but is rich in oil. To preserve the meat, spread it in the sun until it is completel dr . 7ther 5ses' 5se coconut oil to coo! and to protect metal ob1ects from corrosion. Also use the oil to treat salt"ater sores, sunburn, and dr s!in. 5se the oil in improvised torches. 5se the tree trun! as building material and the leaves as thatch. -ollo" out the large stump for use as a food container. The coconut hus!s are good flotation devices and the hus!2s fibers are used to "eave ropes and other items. 5se the gau.eli!e fibers at the leaf bases as strainers or use them to "eave a bug net or to ma!e a pad to use on "ounds. The hus! ma!es a good abrasive. &ried hus! fiber is an e(cellent tinder. A smoldering hus! helps to repel mosquitoes. Smo!e caused b dripping coconut oil in a fire also repels mosquitoes. To render coconut oil, put the coconut meat in the sun, heat it over a slo" fire, or boil it in a pot of "ater. %oconuts "ashed out to sea are a good source of fresh liquid for the sea survivor. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %ommon 1u1ube Bi.iphus 1u1uba &escription' The common 1u1ube is either a deciduous tree gro"ing to a height of )* meters or a large shrub, depending upon "here it gro"s and ho" much "ater is available for gro"th. Its branches are usuall spin . Its reddish$bro"n to ello"ish$green fruit is oblong to ovoid, C centimeters or less in diameter, smooth, and s"eet in flavor, but has rather dr pulp around a comparativel large stone. Its flo"ers are green. -abitat and &istribution' The 1u1ube is found in forested areas of temperate regions and in desert scrub and "aste areas "orld"ide. It is common in man of the tropical and subtropical areas of the 7ld 8orld. In Africa, it is found mainl bordering the Mediterranean. In Asia, it is especiall common in the drier parts of India and %hina. The 1u1ube is also found throughout the East Indies. It can be found bordering some desert areas. Edible Parts' The pulp, crushed in "ater, ma!es a refreshing beverage. If time permits, ou can dr the ripe fruit in the sun li!e dates. Its fruits are high in vitamins A and %.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %ranberr ?accinium macrocarpon &escription' This plant has tin leaves arranged alternatel . Its stem creeps along the ground. Its fruits are red berries. -abitat and &istribution' It onl gro"s in open, sunn , "et areas in the colder regions of the /orthern -emisphere. Edible Parts' The berries are ver tart "hen eaten ra". %oo! in a small amount of "ater and add sugar, if available, to ma!e a 1ell . 7ther 5ses' %ranberries ma act as a diuretic. The are useful for treating urinar tract infections. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %ro"berr Empetrum nigrum &escription' This is a d"arf evergreen shrub "ith short needleli!e leaves. It has small, shin , blac! berries that remain on the bush throughout the "inter. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for this plant in tundra throughout arctic regions of /orth America and Eurasia. Edible Parts' The fruits are edible fresh or can be dried for later use. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %uipo tree %avanillesia platanifolia &escription' This is a ver dominant and easil detected tree because it e(tends above the other trees. Its height ranges from >3 to <4 meters. It has leaves onl at the top and is bare )) months out of the ear. It has rings on its bar! that e(tend to the top to ma!e is easil recogni.able. Its bar! is reddish or gra in color. Its roots are light reddish$bro"n or ello"ish$bro"n. -abitat and &istribution' The cuipo tree is located primaril in %entral American tropical rain forests in mountainous areas. Edible Parts' To get "ater from this tree, cut a piece of the root and clean the dirt and bar! off one end, !eeping the root hori.ontal. Put the clean end to our mouth or canteen and raise the other. The "ater from this tree tastes li!e potato "ater. 7ther 5ses' 5se oung saplings and the branches2 inner bar! to ma!e rope. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ &andelion Tara(acum officinale

&escription' &andelion leaves have a 1agged edge, gro" close to the ground, and are seldom more than *4 centimeters long. Its flo"ers are bright ello". There are several dandelion species. -abitat and &istribution' &andelions gro" in open, sunn locations throughout the /orthern -emisphere. Edible Parts' All parts are edible. Eat the leaves ra" or coo!ed. 6oil the roots as a vegetable. 0oots roasted and ground are a good coffee substitute. &andelions are high in vitamins A and % and in calcium. 7ther 5ses' 5se the "hite 1uice in the flo"er stems as glue. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ &ate palm Phoeni( dact lifera &escription' The date palm is a tall, unbranched tree "ith a cro"n of huge, compound leaves. Its fruit is ello" "hen ripe. -abitat and &istribution' This tree gro"s in arid semitropical regions. It is native to /orth Africa and the Middle East but has been planted in the arid semitropics in other parts of the "orld. Edible Parts' Its fruit is edible fresh but is ver bitter if eaten before it is ripe. 9ou can dr the fruits in the sun and preserve them for a long time. 7ther 5ses' The trun!s provide valuable building material in desert regions "here fe" other treeli!e plants are found. The leaves are durable and ou can use them for thatching and as "eaving material. The base of the leaves resembles coarse cloth that ou can use for scrubbing and cleaning. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ &a lil -emerocallis fulva &escription' This plant has unspotted, ta"n blossoms that open for ) da onl . It has long, s"ordli!e, green basal leaves. Its root is a mass of s"ollen and elongated tubers. -abitat and &istribution' &a lilies are found "orld"ide in Tropic and Temperate Bones. The are gro"n as a vegetable in the 7rient and as an ornamental plant else"here. Edible Parts' The oung green leaves are edible ra" or coo!ed. Tubers are also edible ra" or coo!ed. 9ou can eat its flo"ers ra", but the taste better coo!ed. 9ou can also fr the flo"ers for storage. %A5TI7/' Eating e(cessive amounts of ra" flo"ers ma cause diarrhea. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ &uchesnea or Indian stra"berr &uchesnea indica &escription' The duchesnea is a small plant that has runners and three$parted leaves. Its flo"ers are ello" and its fruit resembles a stra"berr .

-abitat and &istribution' It is native to southern Asia but is a common "eed in "armer temperate regions. ;oo! for it in la"ns, gardens, and along roads. Edible Parts' Its fruit is edible. Eat it fresh. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Elderberr Sambucus canadensis &escription' Elderberr is a man $stemmed shrub "ith opposite, compound leaves. It gro"s to a height of < meters. Its flo"ers are fragrant, "hite, and borne in large flat$topped clusters up to C4 centimeters across. Its berr li!e fruits are dar! blue or blac! "hen ripe. -abitat and &istribution' This plant is found in open, usuall "et areas at the margins of marshes, rivers, ditches, and la!es. It gro"s throughout much of eastern /orth America and %anada. Edible Parts' The flo"ers and fruits are edible. 9ou can ma!e a drin! b soa!ing the flo"er heads for A hours, discarding the flo"ers, and drin!ing the liquid. %A5TI7/' All other parts of the plant are poisonous and dangerous if eaten. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ #ire"eed Epilobium angustifolium &escription' This plant gro"s up to ).A meters tall. It has large, sho" , pin! flo"ers and lance$ shaped leaves. Its relative, the d"arf fire"eed +Epilobium latifolium,, gro"s C4 to <4 centimeters tall. -abitat and &istribution' Tall fire"eed is found in open "oods, on hillsides, on stream ban!s, and near seashores in arctic regions. It is especiall abundant in burned$over areas. &"arf fire"eed is found along streams, sandbars, and la!eshores and on alpine and arctic slopes. Edible Parts' The leaves, stems, and flo"ers are edible in the spring but become tough in summer. 9ou can split open the stems of old plants and eat the pith ra". $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ #ishtail palm %ar ota urens &escription' #ishtail palms are large trees, at least )A meters tall. Their leaves are unli!e those of an other palmE the leaflets are irregular and toothed on the upper margins. All other palms have either fan$ shaped or featherli!e leaves. Its massive flo"ering shoot is borne at the top of the tree and hangs do"n"ard. -abitat and &istribution' The fishtail palm is native to the tropics of India, Assam, and 6urma. Several related species also e(ist in Southeast Asia and the Philippines. These palms are found in open hill countr and 1ungle

areas. Edible Parts' The chief food in this palm is the starch stored in large quantities in its trun!. The 1uice from the fishtail palm is ver nourishing and ou have to drin! it shortl after getting it from the palm flo"er shoot. 6oil the 1uice do"n to get a rich sugar s rup. 5se the same method as for the sugar palm to get the 1uice. The palm cabbage ma be eaten ra" or coo!ed. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ #o(tail grass Setaria species &escription' This "eed grass is readil recogni.ed b the narro", c lindrical head containing long hairs. Its grains are small, less than < millimeters long. The dense heads of grain often droop "hen ripe. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for fo(tail grasses in open, sunn areas, along roads, and at the margins of fields. Some species occur in "et, marsh areas. Species of Setaria are found throughout the 5nited States, Europe, "estern Asia, and tropical Africa. In some parts of the "orld, fo(tail grasses are gro"n as a food crop. Edible Parts' The grains are edible ra" but are ver hard and sometimes bitter. 6oiling removes some of the bitterness and ma!es them easier to eat. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Goa bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus &escription' The goa bean is a climbing plant that ma cover small shrubs and trees. Its bean pods are ** centimeters long, its leaves )3 centimeters long, and its flo"ers are bright blue. The mature pods are >$angled, "ith 1agged "ings on the pods. -abitat and &istribution' This plant gro"s in tropical Africa, Asia, the East Indies, the Philippines, and Tai"an. This member of the bean +legume, famil serves to illustrate a !ind of edible bean common in the tropics of the 7ld 8orld. 8ild edible beans of this sort are most frequentl found in clearings and around abandoned garden sites. The are more rare in forested areas. Edible Parts' 9ou can eat the oung pods li!e string beans. The mature seeds are a valuable source of protein after parching or roasting them over hot coals. 9ou can germinate the seeds +as ou can man !inds of beans, in damp moss and eat the resultant sprouts. The thic!ened roots are edible ra". The are slightl s"eet, "ith the firmness of an apple. 9ou can also eat the oung leaves as a vegetable, ra" or steamed. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -ac!berr %eltis species &escription' -ac!berr trees have smooth, gra bar! that often has cor! "arts or ridges. The tree ma reach

C: meters in height. -ac!berr trees have long$pointed leaves that gro" in t"o ro"s. This tree bears small, round berries that can be eaten "hen the are ripe and fall from the tree. The "ood of the hac!berr is ello"ish. -abitat and &istribution' This plant is "idespread in the 5nited States, especiall in and near ponds. Edible Parts' Its berries are edible "hen the are ripe and fall from the tree. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -a.elnut or "ild filbert %or lus species &escription' -a.elnuts gro" on bushes ).A to C.< meters high. 7ne species in Tur!e and another in %hina are large trees. The nut itself gro"s in a ver bristl hus! that conspicuousl contracts above the nut into a long nec!. The different species var in this respect as to si.e and shape. -abitat and &istribution' -a.elnuts are found over "ide areas in the 5nited States, especiall the eastern half of the countr and along the Pacific coast. These nuts are also found in Europe "here the are !no"n as filberts. The ha.elnut is common in Asia, especiall in eastern Asia from the -imala as to %hina and Dapan. The ha.elnut usuall gro"s in the dense thic!ets along stream ban!s and open places. The are not plants of the dense forest. Edible Parts' -a.elnuts ripen in the autumn "hen ou can crac! them open and eat the !ernel. The dried nut is e(tremel delicious. The nut2s high oil content ma!es it a good survival food. In the unripe stage, ou can crac! them open and eat the fresh !ernel. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -orseradish tree Moringa pter gosperma &escription' This tree gro"s from >.3 to )> meters tall. Its leaves have a fernli!e appearance. Its flo"ers and long, pendulous fruits gro" on the ends of the branches. Its fruit +pod, loo!s li!e a giant bean. Its *3$to <4$centimeter$long pods are triangular in cross section, "ith strong ribs. Its roots have a pungent odor. -abitat and &istribution' This tree is found in the rain forests and semievergreen seasonal forests of the tropical regions. It is "idespread in India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and %entral America. ;oo! for it in abandoned fields and gardens and at the edges of forests. Edible Parts' The leaves are edible ra" or coo!ed, depending on their hardness. %ut the oung seedpods into short lengths and coo! them li!e string beans or fr them. 9ou can get oil for fr ing b boiling the oung fruits of palms and s!imming the oil off the surface of the "ater. 9ou can eat the flo"ers as part of a salad. 9ou can che" fresh, oung seedpods to eat the pulp and soft seeds. The roots ma be ground as a substitute for seasoning similar to horseradish. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Iceland moss

%etraria islandica &escription' This moss gro"s onl a fe" inches high. Its color ma be gra , "hite, or even reddish. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for it in open areas. It is found onl in the arctic. Edible Parts' All parts of the Iceland moss are edible. &uring the "inter or dr season, it is dr and crunch but softens "hen soa!ed. 6oil the moss to remove the bitterness. After boiling, eat b itself or add to mil! or grains as a thic!ening agent. &ried plants store "ell. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Indian potato or Es!imo potato %la tonia species &escription' All %la tonia species are some"hat flesh plants onl a fe" centimeters tall, "ith sho" flo"ers about *.3 centimeters across. -abitat and &istribution' Some species are found in rich forests "here the are conspicuous before the leaves develop. 8estern species are found throughout most of the northern 5nited States and in %anada. Edible Parts' The tubers are edible but ou should boil them before eating. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Duniper Duniperus species &escription' Dunipers, sometimes called cedars, are trees or shrubs "ith ver small, scaleli!e leaves densel cro"ded around the branches. Each leaf is less than ).* centimeters long. All species have a distinct aroma resembling the "ell$!no"n cedar. The berr li!e cones are usuall blue and covered "ith a "hitish "a(. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for 1unipers in open, dr , sunn areas throughout /orth America and northern Europe. Some species are found in southeastern Europe, across Asia to Dapan, and in the mountains of /orth Africa. Edible Parts' The berries and t"igs are edible. Eat the berries ra" or roast the seeds to use as a coffee substitute. 5se dried and crushed berries as a seasoning for meat. Gather oung t"igs to ma!e a tea. %A5TI7/' Man plants ma be called cedars but are not related to 1unipers and ma be harmful. Al"a s loo! for the berr li!e structures, needle leaves, and resinous, fragrant sap to be sure the plant ou have is a 1uniper. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;otus /elumbo species &escription'

There are t"o species of lotus' one has ello" flo"ers and the other pin! flo"ers. The flo"ers are large and sho" . The leaves, "hich ma float on or rise above the surface of the "ater, often reach ).3 meters in radius. The fruit has a distinctive flattened shape and contains up to *4 hard seeds. -abitat and &istribution' The ello"$flo"ered lotus is native to /orth America. The pin!$flo"ered species, "hich is "idespread in the 7rient, is planted in man other areas of the "orld. ;otuses are found in quiet fresh "ater. Edible Parts' All parts of the plant are edible ra" or coo!ed. The under"ater parts contain large quantities of starch. &ig the flesh portions from the mud and ba!e or boil them. 6oil the oung leaves and eat them as a vegetable. The seeds have a pleasant flavor and are nutritious. Eat them ra", or parch and grind them into flour. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Malanga Fanthosoma caracu &escription' This plant has soft, arro"$shaped leaves, up to <4 centimeters long. The leaves have no aboveground stems. -abitat and &istribution' This plant gro"s "idel in the %aribbean region. ;oo! for it in open, sunn fields. Edible Parts' The tubers are rich in starch. %oo! them before eating to destro a poison contained in all parts of the plant. 8A0/I/G Al"a s coo! before eating. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Mango Mangifera indica &escription' This tree ma reach C4 meters in height. It has alternate, simple, shin , dar! green leaves. Its flo"ers are small and inconspicuous. Its fruits have a large single seed. There are man cultivated varieties of mango. Some have red flesh, others ello" or orange, often "ith man fibers and a !erosene taste. -abitat and &istribution' This tree gro"s in "arm, moist regions. It is native to northern India, 6urma, and "estern Mala sia. It is no" gro"n throughout the tropics. Edible Parts' The fruits are a nutritious food source. The unripe fruit can be peeled and its flesh eaten b shredding it and eating it li!e a salad. The ripe fruit can be peeled and eaten ra". 0oasted seed !ernels are edible. %A5TI7/' If ou are sensitive to poison iv , avoid eating mangoes, as the cause a severe reaction in sensitive individuals. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Manioc Manihot utillissima

&escription' Manioc is a perennial shrubb plant, ) to C meters tall, "ith 1ointed stems and deep green, fingerli!e leaves. It has large, flesh rootstoc!s. -abitat and &istribution' Manioc is "idespread in all tropical climates, particularl in moist areas. Although cultivated e(tensivel , it ma be found in abandoned gardens and gro"ing "ild in man areas. Edible Parts' The rootstoc!s are full of starch and high in food value. T"o !inds of manioc are !no"n' bitter and s"eet. 6oth are edible. The bitter t pe contains poisonous h droc anic acid. To prepare manioc, first grind the fresh manioc root into a pulp, then coo! it for at least ) hour to remove the bitter poison from the roots. Then flatten the pulp into ca!es and ba!e as bread. Manioc ca!es or flour "ill !eep almost indefinitel if protected against insects and dampness. 8rap them in banana leaves for protection. %A5TI7/' #or safet , al"a s coo! the roots of either t pe. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Marsh marigold %altha palustris &escription' This plant has rounded, dar! green leaves arising from a short stem. It has bright ello" flo"ers. -abitat and &istribution' This plant is found in bogs, la!es, and slo"$moving streams. It is abundant in arctic and subarctic regions and in much of the eastern region of the northern 5nited States. Edible Parts' All parts are edible if boiled. %A5TI7/' As "ith all "ater plants, do not eat this plant ra". 0a" "ater plants ma carr dangerous organisms that are removed onl b coo!ing. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Mulberr Morus species &escription' This tree has alternate, simple, often lobed leaves "ith rough surfaces. Its fruits are blue or blac! and man seeded. -abitat and &istribution' Mulberr trees are found in forests, along roadsides, and in abandoned fields in Temperate and Tropical Bones of /orth America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Edible Parts' The fruit is edible ra" or coo!ed. It can be dried for eating later. %A5TI7/' 8hen eaten in quantit , mulberr fruit acts as a la(ative. Green, unripe fruit can be hallucinogenic and cause e(treme nausea and cramps. 7ther 5ses' 9ou can shred the inner bar! of the tree and use it to ma!e t"ine or cord. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /ettle 5rtica and ;aportea species &escription'

These plants gro" several feet high. The have small, inconspicuous flo"ers. #ine, hairli!e bristles cover the stems, leafstal!s, and undersides of leaves. The bristles cause a stinging sensation "hen the touch the s!in. -abitat and &istribution' /ettles prefer moist areas along streams or at the margins of forests. The are found throughout /orth America, %entral America, the %aribbean, and northern Europe. Edible Parts' 9oung shoots and leaves are edible. 6oiling the plant for )4 to )3 minutes destro s the stinging element of the bristles. This plant is ver nutritious. 7ther 5ses' Mature stems have a fibrous la er that ou can divide into individual fibers and use to "eave string or t"ine. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /ipa palm /ipa fruticans &escription' This palm has a short, mainl underground trun! and ver large, erect leaves up to < meters tall. The leaves are divided into leaflets. A flo"ering head forms on a short erect stern that rises among the palm leaves. The fruiting +seed, head is dar! bro"n and ma be C4 centimeters in diameter. -abitat and &istribution' This palm is common on mudd shores in coastal regions throughout eastern Asia. Edible Parts' The oung flo"er stal! and the seeds provide a good source of "ater and food. %ut the flo"er stal! and collect the 1uice. The 1uice is rich in sugar. The seeds are hard but edible. 7ther 5ses' The leaves are e(cellent as thatch and coarse "eaving material. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7a! Guercus species &escription' 7a! trees have alternate leaves and acorn fruits. There are t"o main groups of oa!s' red and "hite. The red oa! group has leaves "ith bristles and smooth bar! in the upper part of the tree. 0ed oa! acorns ta!e * ears to mature. The "hite oa! group has leaves "ithout bristles and a rough bar! in the upper portion of the tree. 8hite oa! acorns mature in ) ear. -abitat and &istribution' 7a! trees are found in man habitats throughout /orth America, %entral America, and parts of Europe and Asia. Edible Parts' All parts are edible, but often contain large quantities of bitter substances. 8hite oa! acorns usuall have a better flavor than red oa! acorns. Gather and shell the acorns. Soa! red oa! acorns in "ater for ) to * da s to remove the bitter substance. 9ou can speed up this process b putting "ood ashes in the "ater in "hich ou soa! the acorns. 6oil the acorns or grind them into flour and use the flour for ba!ing. 9ou can use acorns that ou ba!ed until ver dar! as a coffee substitute. %A5TI7/' Tannic acid gives the acorns their bitter taste. Eating an e(cessive amount of acorns high in tannic acid can lead to !idne failure. 6efore eating acorns, leach out this chemical. 7ther 5ses' 7a! "ood is e(cellent for building or burning. Small oa!s can be split and cut into long thin strips +C to < millimeters thic! and ).* centimeters "ide, used to "eave mats, bas!ets, or frame"or!s for pac!s, sleds, furniture, etc. 7a! bar! soa!ed in "ater produces a

tanning solution used to preserve leather. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7rach Atriple( species &escription' This plant is vineli!e in gro"th and has arro"head$shaped, alternate leaves up to 3 cenitmeters long. 9oung leaves ma be silver$colored. Its flo"ers and fruits are small and inconspicuous. -abitat and &istribution' 7rach species are entiret restricted to salt soils. The are found along /orth America2s coasts and on the shores of al!aline la!es inland. The are also found along seashores from the Mediterranean countries to inland areas in /orth Africa and east"ard to Tur!e and central Siberia. Edible Parts' The entire plant is edible ra" or boiled $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Palmetto palm Sabal palmetto &escription' The palmetto palm is a tall, unbranched tree "ith persistent leaf bases on most of the trun!. The leaves are large, simple, and palmatel lobed. Its fruits are dar! blue or blac! "ith a hard seed. -abitat and &istribution' The palmetto palm is found throughout the coastal regions of the southeastern 5nited States. Edible Parts' The fruits are edible ra". The hard seeds ma be ground into flour. The heart of the palm is a nutritious food source at an time. %ut off the top of the tree to obtain the palm heart. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Papa a or pa"pa" %arica papa a &escription' The papa a is a small tree ).A to < meters tall, "ith a soft, hollo" trun!. 8hen cut, the entire plant e(udes a mil! 1uice. The trun! is rough and the leaves are cro"ded at the trun!2s ape(. The fruit gro"s directl from the trun!, among and belo" the leaves. The fruit is green before ripening. 8hen ripe, it turns ello" or remains greenish "ith a squashli!e appearance. -abitat and &istribution' Papa a is found in rain forests and semievergreen seasonal forests in tropical regions and in some temperate regions as "ell. ;oo! for it in moist areas near clearings and former habitations. It is also found in open, sunn places in uninhabited 1ungle areas. Edible Parts' The ripe fruit is high in vitamin %. Eat it ra" or coc! it li!e squash. Place green fruit in the sun to ma!e it ripen quic!l . %oo! the oung papa a leaves, flo"ers, and stems carefull , changing the "ater as for taro. %A5TI7/' 6e careful not to get the mil! sap from the unripe fruit into our e es. It "ill cause intense pain and temporar $$sometimes even permanent$$blindness.7ther 5ses' 5se the mil! 1uice of the unripe fruit to tenderi.e tough meat. 0ub the 1uice on the meat.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Persimmon &iosp ros virginiana and other species &escription' These trees have alternate, dar! green, elliptic leaves "ith entire margins. The flo"ers are inconspicuous. The fruits are orange, have a stic! consistenc , and have several seeds. -abitat and &istribution' The persimmon is a common forest margin tree. It is "ide spread in Africa, eastern /orth America, and the #ar East. Edible Parts' The leaves are a good source of vitamin %. The fruits are edible ra" or ba!ed. To ma!e tea, dr the leaves and soa! them in hot "ater. 9ou can eat the roasted seeds. %A5TI7/' Some persons are unable to digest persimmon pulp. 5nripe persimmons are highl astringent and inedible. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Pincushion cactus Mammilaria species &escription' Members of this cactus group are round, short, barrel$shaped, and "ithout leaves. Sharp spines cover the entire plant. -abitat and &istribution' These cacti are found throughout much of the desert regions of the "estern 5nited States and parts of %entral America. Edible Parts' The are a good source of "ater in the desert. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Pine Pinus species &escription' Pine trees are easil recogni.ed b their needleli!e leaves grouped in bundles. Each bundle ma contain one to five needles, the number var ing among species. The tree2s odor and stic! sap provide a simple "a to distinguish pines from similar loo!ing trees "ith needleli!e leaves. -abitat and &istribution' Pines prefer open, sunn areas. The are found throughout /orth America, %entral America, much of the %aribbean region, /orth Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and some places in Asia. Edible Parts' The seeds of all species are edible. 9ou can collect the oung male cones, "hich gro" onl in the spring, as a survival food. 6oil or ba!e the oung cones. The bar! of oung t"igs is edible. Peel off the bar! of thin t"igs. 9ou can che" the 1uic inner bar!E it is rich in sugar and vitamins. Eat the seeds ra" or coo!ed. Green pine needle tea is high in vitamin %. 7ther 5ses ' 5se the resin to "aterproof articles. Also use it as glue. %ollect the resin from the tree. If there is not enough resin on the tree, cut a notch in the bar! so more sap "ill seep out. Put the resin in a container and heat it. The hot resin is our glue. 5se it as is or add a small amount of ash dust to strengthen it. 5se it immediatel . 9ou can use hardened pine resin as an emergenc dental filling.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Plantain, broad and narro" leaf Plantago species

&escription' The broad leaf plantain has leaves over *.3 centimeters across that gro" close to the ground. The flo"ers are on a spi!e that rises from the middle of the cluster of leaves. The narro" leaf plantain has leaves up to )* centimeters long and *.3 centimeters "ide, covered "ith hairs. The leaves form a rosette. The flo"ers are small and inconspicuous. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for these plants in la"ns and along roads in the /orth Temperate Bone. This plant is a common "eed throughout much of the "orld. Edible Parts' The oung tender leaves are edible ra". 7lder leaves should be coo!ed. Seeds are edible ra" or roasted. 7ther 5ses' To relieve pain from "ounds and sores, "ash and soa! the entire plant for a short time and appl it to the in1ured area. To treat diarrhea, drin! tea made from *A grams +) ounce, of the plant leaves boiled in 4.3 liter of "ater. The seeds and seed hus!s act as la(atives. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Po!e"eed Ph tolacca americana &escription' This plant ma gro" as high as C meters. Its leaves are elliptic and up to ) meter in length. It produces man large clusters of purple fruits in late spring. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for this plant in open, sunn areas in forest clearings, in fields, and along roadsides in eastern /orth America, %entral America, and the %aribbean. Edible Parts' The oung leaves and stems are edible coo!ed. 6oil them t"ice, discarding the "ater from the first boiling. The fruits are edible if coo!ed. %A5TI7/' All parts of this plant are poisonous if eaten ra". /ever eat the underground portions of the plant as these contain the highest concentrations of the poisons. &o not eat an plant over *3 centimeters tall or "hen red is sho"ing in the plant. 7ther 5ses' 5se the 1uice of fresh berries as a d e. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Pric!l pear cactus 7puntia species &escription' This cactus has flat, padli!e stems that are green. Man round, furr dots that contain sharp$ pointed hairs cover these stems. -abitat and &istribution' This cactus is found in arid and semiarid regions and in dr , sand areas of "etter regions throughout most of the 5nited States and %entral and South America. Some species are planted in arid and semiarid regions of other parts of the "orld. Edible Parts' All parts of the plant are edible. Peel the fruits and eat them fresh or crush them to prepare a

refreshing drin!. Avoid the tin , pointed hairs. 0oast the seeds and grind them to a flour. %A5TI7/' Avoid an pric!l pear cactus li!e plant "ith mil! sap. 7ther 5ses' The pad is a good source of "ater. Peel it carefull to remove all sharp hairs before putting it in our mouth. 9ou can also use the pads to promote healing. Split them and appl the pulp to "ounds. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Purslane Portulaca oleracea &escription' This plant gro"s close to the ground. It is seldom more than a fe" centimeters tall. Its stems and leaves are flesh and often tinged "ith red. It has paddleshaped leaves, *.3 centimeter or less long, clustered at the tips of the stems. Its flo"ers are ello" or pin!. Its seeds are tin and blac!. -abitat and &istribution' It gro"s in full sun in cultivated fields, field margins, and other "eed areas throughout the "orld. Edible Parts' All parts are edible. 8ash and boil the plants for a tast vegetable or eat them ra". 5se the seeds as a flour substitute or eat them ra". $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0attan palm %alamus species &escription' The rattan palm is a stout, robust climber. It has hoo!s on the midrib of its leaves that it uses to remain attached to trees on "hich it gro"s. Sometimes, mature stems gro" to :4 meters. It has alternate, compound leaves and a "hitish flo"er. -abitat and &istribution' The rattan palm is found from tropical Africa through Asia to the East Indies and Australia. It gro"s mainl in rain forests. Edible Parts' 0attan palms hold a considerable amount of starch in their oung stem tips. 9ou can eat them roasted or ra". In other !inds, a gelatinous pulp, either s"eet or sour, surrounds the seeds. 9ou can suc! out this pulp. The palm heart is also edible ra" or coo!ed. 7ther 5ses' 9ou can obtain large amounts of potable "ater b cutting the ends of the long stems +see %hapter <,. The stems can be used to ma!e bas!ets and fish traps. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0eed Phragmites australis &escription' This tall, coarse grass gro"s to C.3 meters tall and has gra $green leaves about > centimeters "ide. It has large masses of bro"n flo"er branches in earl summer. These rarel produce grain and become fluff , gra masses late in the season. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for reed in an open, "et area, especiall one that has been disturbed through dredging. 0eed is found throughout the temperate regions of both the /orthern and Southern -emispheres. Edible Parts'

All parts of the plant are edible ra" or coo!ed in an season. -arvest the stems as the emerge from the soil and boil them. 9ou can also harvest them 1ust before the produce flo"ers, then dr and beat them into flour. 9ou can also dig up and boil the underground stems, but the are often tough. Seeds are edible ra" or boiled, but the are rarel found. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0eindeer moss %ladonia rangiferina &escription' 0eindeer moss is a lo"$gro"ing plant onl a fe" centimeters tall. It does not flo"er but does produce bright red reproductive structures. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for this lichen in open, dr areas. It is ver common in much of /orth America. Edible Parts' The entire plant is edible but has a crunch , brittle te(ture. Soa! the plant in "ater "ith some "ood ashes to remove the bitterness, then dr , crush, and add it to mil! or to other food. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0oc! tripe 5mbilicaria species &escription' This plant forms large patches "ith curling edges. The top of the plant is usuall blac!. The underside is lighter in color. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! on roc!s and boulders for this plant. It is common throughout /orth America. Edible Parts' The entire plant is edible. Scrape it off the roc! and "ash it to remove grit. The plant ma be dr and crunch E soa! it in "ater until it becomes soft. 0oc! tripes ma contain large quantities of bitter substancesE soa!ing or boiling them in several changes of "ater "ill remove the bitterness. %A5TI7/' There are some reports of poisoning from roc! tripe, so appl the 5niversal Edibilit Test. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0ose apple Eugenia 1ambos &escription' This tree gro"s C to : meters high. It has opposite, simple, dar! green, shin leaves. 8hen fresh, it has fluff , ello"ish$green flo"ers and red to purple egg$shaped fruit. -abitat and &istribution' This tree is "idel planted in all of the tropics. It can also be found in a semi"ild state in thic!ets, "aste places, and secondar forests. Edible Parts' The entire fruit is edible ra" or coo!ed. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Sago palm Metro( lon sagu &escription' These palms are lo" trees, rarel over : meters tall, "ith a stout, spin trun!. The outer rind is about 3 centimeters thic! and hard as bamboo. The rind encloses a spong inner pith containing a high proportion of starch. It has t pical palmli!e leaves clustered at the tip. -abitat and &istribution' Sago palm is found in tropical rain forests. It flourishes in damp lo"lands in the Mala Peninsula, /e" Guinea, Indonesia, the Philippines, and ad1acent islands. It is found mainl in s"amps and along streams, la!es, and rivers. Edible Parts' These palms, "hen available, are of great use to the survivor. 7ne trun!, cut 1ust before it flo"ers, "ill ield enough sago to feed a person for ) ear. 7btain sago starch from nonflo"ering palms. To e(tract the edible sage, cut a"a the bar! length"ise from one half of the trun!, and pound the soft, "hitish inner part +pith, as fine as possible. Hnead the pith in "ater and strain it through a coarse cloth into a container. The fine, "hite sago "ill settle in the container. 7nce the sago settles, it is read for use. Squee.e off the e(cess "ater and let it dr . %oo! it as panca!es or oatmeal. T"o !ilograms of sago is the nutritional equivalent of ).3 !ilograms of rice. The upper part of the trun!2s core does not ield sage, but ou can roast it in lumps over a fire. 9ou can also eat the oung sago nuts and the gro"ing shoots or palm cabbage. 7ther 5ses' 5se the stems of tall sorghums as thatching materials. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Sassafras Sassafras albidum &escription' This shrub or small tree bears different leaves on the same plant. Some leaves "ill have one lobe, some t"o lobes, and some no lobes. The flo"ers, "hich appear in earl spring, are small and ello". The fruits are dar! blue. The plant parts have a characteristics root beer smell. -abitat and &istribution' Sassafras gro"s at the margins of roads and forests, usuall in open, sunn areas. It is a common tree throughout eastern /orth America. Edible Parts' The oung t"igs and leaves are edible fresh or dried. 9ou can add dried oung t"igs and leaves to soups. &ig the underground portion, peel off the bar!, and let it dr . Then boil it in "ater to prepare sassafras tea. 7ther 5ses' Shred the tender t"igs for use as a toothbrush. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Sa(aul -alo( lon ammondendron &escription' The sa(aul is found either as a small tree or as a large shrub "ith heav , coarse "ood and spong , "ater$soa!ed bar!. The branches of the oung trees are vivid green and pendulous. The flo"ers are small and ello". -abitat and &istribution' The sa(aul is found in desert and arid areas. It is found on the arid salt deserts of %entral Asia, particularl in the Tur!estan region and east of the %aspian Sea.

Edible Parts' The thic! bar! acts as a "ater storage organ. 9ou can get drin!ing "ater b pressing quantities of the bar!. This plant is an important source of "ater in the arid regions in "hich it gro"s. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Scre" pine Pandanus species &escription' The scre" pine is a strange plant on stilts, or prop roots, that support the plant above$ground so that it appears more or less suspended in midair. These plants are either shrubb or treeli!e, C to : meters tall, "ith stiff leaves having sa"li!e edges. The fruits are large, roughened balls resembling pineapples, but "ithout the tuft of leaves at the end. -abitat and &istribution' The scre" pine is a tropical plant that gro"s in rain forests and semievergreen seasonal forests. It is found mainl along seashores, although certain !inds occur inland for some distance, from Madagascar to southern Asia and the islands of the south"estern Pacific. There are about )A4 t pes. Edible Parts' Hnoc! the ripe fruit to the ground to separate the fruit segments from the hard outer covering. %he" the inner flesh part. %oo! fruit that is not full ripe in an earth oven. 6efore coo!ing, "rap the "hole fruit in banana leaves, breadfruit leaves, or an other suitable thic!, leather leaves. After coo!ing for about * hours, ou can che" fruit segments li!e ripe fruit. Green fruit is inedible. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Sea orach Atriple( halimus &escription' The sea orach is a sparingl branched herbaceous plant "ith small, gra $colored leaves up to *.3 centimeters long. Sea orach resembles Iamb2s quarter, a common "eed in most gardens in the 5nited States. It produces its flo"ers in narro", densel compacted spi!es at the tips of its branches. -abitat and &istribution' The sea orach is found in highl al!aline and salt areas along seashores from the Mediterranean countries to inland areas in /orth Africa and east"ard to Tur!e and central Siberia. Generall , it can be found in tropical scrub and thorn forests, steppes in temperate regions, and most desert scrub and "aste areas. Edible Parts' Its leaves are edible. In the areas "here it gro"s, it has the health reputation of being one of the fe" native plants that can sustain man in times of "ant. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Sheep sorrel 0ume( acerosella &escription' These plants are seldom more than C4 centimeters tall. The have alternate leaves, often "ith arro"li!e bases, ver small flo"ers, and frequentl reddish stems.

-abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for these plants in old fields and other disturbed areas in /orth America and Europe. Edible Parts' The plants are edible ra" or coo!ed. %A5TI7/' These plants contain o(alic acid that can be damaging if too man plants are eaten ra". %oo!ing seems to destro the chemical. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Sorghum Sorghum species &escription' There are man different !inds of sorghum, all of "hich bear grains in heads at the top of the plants. The grains are bro"n, "hite, red, or blac!. Sorghum is the main food crop in man parts of the "orld. -abitat and &istribution' Sorghum is found "orld"ide, usuall in "armer climates. All species are found in open, sunn areas. Edible Parts' The grains are edible at an stage of development. 8hen oung, the grains are mil! and edible ra". 6oil the older grains. Sorghum is a nutritious food. 7ther 5ses' 5se the stems of tall sorghum as building materials. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Spatterdoc! or ello" "ater lil /uphar species &escription' This plant has leaves up to <4 centimeters long "ith a triangular notch at the base. The shape of the leaves is some"hat variable. The plant2s ello" flo"ers are *.3 centimeter across and develop into bottle$shaped fruits. The fruits are green "hen ripe. -abitat and &istribution' These plants gro" throughout most of /orth America. The are found in quiet, fresh, shallo" "ater +never deeper than ).A meters,. Edible Parts' All parts of the plant are edible. The fruits contain several dar! bro"n seeds ou can parch or roast and then grind into flour. The large rootstoc! contains starch. &ig it out of the mud, peel off the outside, and boil the flesh. Sometimes the rootstoc! contains large quantities of a ver bitter compound. 6oiling in several changes of "ater ma remove the bitterness. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Sterculia Sterculia foetida &escription' Sterculias are tall trees, rising in some instances to C4 meters. Their leaves are either undivided or palmatel lobed. Their flo"ers are red or purple. The fruit of all sterculias is similar in aspect, "ith a red, segmented seedpod containing man edible blac! seeds. -abitat and &istribution' There are over )44 species of sterculias distributed through all "arm or tropical climates. The

are mainl forest trees. Edible Parts' The large, red pods produce a number of edible seeds. The seeds of all sterculias are edible and have a pleasant taste similar to cocoa. 9ou can eat them li!e nuts, either ra" or roasted. %A5TI7/' Avoid eating large quantities. The seeds ma have a la(ative effect. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Stra"berr #ragaria species &escription' Stra"berr is a small plant "ith a three$leaved gro"th pattern. It has small, "hite flo"ers usuall produced during the spring. Its fruit is red and flesh . -abitat and &istribution' Stra"berries are found in the /orth Temperate Bone and also in the high mountains of the southern 8estern -emisphere. Stra"berries prefer open, sunn areas. The are commonl planted. Edible Parts' The fruit is edible fresh, coo!ed, or dried. Stra"berries are a good source of vitamin %. 9ou can also eat the plant2s leaves or dr them and ma!e a tea "ith them. 8A0/I/G Eat onl "hite$ flo"ering true stra"berries. 7ther similar plants "ithout "hite flo"ers can be poisonous. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum &escription' This plant gro"s up to >.3 meters tall. It is a grass and has grassli!e leaves. Its green or reddish stems are s"ollen "here the leaves gro". %ultivated sugarcane seldom flo"ers. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for sugarcane in fields. It gro"s onl in the tropics +throughout the "orld,. 6ecause it is a crop, it is often found in large numbers. Edible Parts' The stem is an e(cellent source of sugar and is ver nutritious. Peel the outer portion off "ith our teeth and eat the sugarcane ra". 9ou can also squee.e 1uice out of the sugarcane. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Sugar palm Arenga pinnata &escription' This tree gro"s about )3 meters high and has huge leaves up to < meters long. /eedleli!e structures stic! out of the bases of the leaves. #lo"ers gro" belo" the leaves and form large conspicuous dusters from "hich the fruits gro". -abitat and &istribution' This palm is native to the East Indies but has been planted in man parts off the tropics. It can be found at the margins of forests. Edible Parts' The chief use of this palm is for sugar. -o"ever, its seeds and the tip of its stems are a survival

food. 6ruise a oung flo"er stal! "ith a stone or similar ob1ect and collect the 1uice as it comes out. It is an e(cellent source of sugar. 6oil the seeds. 5se the tip of the stems as a vegetable. %A5TI7/' The flesh covering the seeds ma cause dermatitis. 7ther 5ses' The shagg material at the base of the leaves ma!es an e(cellent rope as it is strong and resists deca . $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ S"eetsop Annona squamosa &escription' This tree is small, seldom more than < meters tall, and multi$branched. It has alternate, simple, elongate, dar! green leaves. Its fruit is green "hen ripe, round in shape, and covered "ith protruding bumps on its surface. The fruit2s flesh is "hite and cream . -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for s"eetsop at margins of fields, near villages, and around homesites in tropical regions. Edible Parts' The fruit flesh is edible ra". 7ther 5ses' 9ou can use the finel ground seeds as an insecticide. %A5TI7/' The ground seeds are e(tremel dangerous to the e es. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Tamarind Tamarindus indica &escription' The tamarind is a large, densel branched tree, up to *3 meters tall. Its has pinnate leaves +divided li!e a feather, "ith )4 to )3 pairs of leaflets. -abitat and &istribution' The tamarind gro"s in the drier parts of Africa, Asia, and the Philippines. Although it is thought to be a native of Africa, it has been cultivated in India for so long that it loo!s li!e a native tree. It is also found in the American tropics, the 8est Indies, %entral America, and tropical South America. Edible Parts' The pulp surrounding the seeds is rich in vitamin % and is an important survival food. 9ou can ma!e a pleasantl acid drin! b mi(ing the pulp "ith "ater and sugar or hone and letting the mi(ture mature for several da s. Suc! the pulp to relieve thirst. %oo! the oung, unripe fruits or seedpods "ith meat. 5se the oung leaves in soup. 9ou must coo! the seeds. 0oast them above a fire or in ashes. Another "a is to remove the seed coat and soa! the seeds in salted "ater and grated coconut for *> hours, then coo! them. 9ou can peel the tamarind bar! and che" it. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Taro, coco am, elephant ears, eddo, dasheen %olocasia and Alocasia species &escription' All plants in these groups have large leaves, sometimes up to ).A meters tall, that gro" from a ver short stem. The rootstoc! is thic! and flesh and filled "ith starch. -abitat and &istribution' These plants gro" in the humid tropics. ;oo! for them in fields and near homesites and villages. Edible Parts' All parts of the plant are edible "hen boiled or roasted. 8hen boiling, change the "ater once to

get rid of an poison. %A5TI7/' If eaten ra", these plants "ill cause a serious inflammation of the mouth and throat. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Thistle %irsium species &escription' This plant ma gro" as high as ).3 meters. Its leaves are long$pointed, deepl lobed, and pric!l . -abitat and &istribution' Thistles gro" "orld"ide in dr "oods and fields. Edible Parts' Peel the stal!s, cut them into short sections, and boil them before eating. The roots are edible ra" or coo!ed. %A5TI7/' Some thistle species are poisonous. 7ther 5ses' T"ist the tough fibers of the stems to ma!e a strong t"ine. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Ti %ord line terminalis &escription' The ti has unbranched stems "ith strapli!e leaves often clustered at the tip of the stem. The leaves var in color and ma be green or reddish. The flo"ers gro" at the plant2s top in large, plumeli!e clusters. The ti ma gro" up to >.3 meters tall. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for this plant at the margins of forests or near homesites in tropical areas. It is native to the #ar East but is no" "idel planted in tropical areas "orld"ide. Edible Parts' The roots and ver tender oung leaves are good survival food. 6oil or ba!e the short, stout roots found at the base of the plant. The are a valuable source of starch. 6oil the ver oung leaves to eat. 9ou can use the leaves to "rap other food to coo! over coals or to steam. 7ther 5ses' 5se the leaves to cover shelters or to ma!e a rain cloa!. %ut the leaves into liners for shoesE this "or!s especiall "ell if ou have a blister. #ashion temporar sandals from the ti leaves. The terminal leaf, if not completel unfurled, can be used as a sterile bandage. %ut the leaves into strips, then braid the strips into rope. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Tree fern ?arious genera &escription' Tree ferns are tall trees "ith long, slender trun!s that often have a ver rough, bar!li!e covering. ;arge, lac leaves uncoil from the top of the trun!. -abitat and &istribution' Tree ferns are found in "et, tropical forests. Edible Parts' The oung leaves and the soft inner portion of the trun! are edible. 6oil the oung leaves and eat as greens. Eat the inner portion of the trun! ra" or ba!e it.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Tropical almond Terminalia catappa &escription' This tree gro"s up to : meters tall. Its leaves are evergreen, leather , >3 centimeters long, )3 centimeters "ide, and ver shin . It has small, ello"ish$green flo"ers. Its fruit is flat, )4 centimeters long, and not quite as "ide. The fruit is green "hen ripe. -abitat and &istribution' This tree is usuall found gro"ing near the ocean. It is a common and often abundant tree in the %aribbean and %entral and South America. It is also found in the tropical rain forests of southeastern Asia, northern Australia, and Pol nesia. Edible Parts' The seed is a good source of food. 0emove the flesh , green covering and eat the seed ra" or coo!ed. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8alnut Duglans species &escription' 8alnuts gro" on ver large trees, often reaching )A meters tall. The divided leaves characteri.e all "alnut spades. The "alnut itself has a thic! outer hus! that must be removed to reach the hard inner shell of the nut. -abitat and &istribution' The English "alnut, in the "ild state, is found from southeastern Europe across Asia to %hina and is abundant in the -imala as. Several other species of "alnut are found in %hina and Dapan. The blac! "alnut is common in the eastern 5nited States. Edible Parts' The nut !ernel ripens in the autumn. 9ou get the "alnut meat b crac!ing the shell. 8alnut meats are highl nutritious because of their protein and oil content. 7ther 5ses' 9ou can boil "alnuts and use the 1uice as an antifungal agent. The hus!s of @green@ "alnuts produce a dar! bro"n d e for clothing or camouflage. %rush the hus!s of @green@ blac! "alnuts and sprin!le them into sluggish "ater or ponds for use as fish poison. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ater chestnut Trapa natans &escription' The "ater chestnut is an aquatic plant that roots in the mud and has finel divided leaves that gro" under"ater. Its floating leaves are much larger and coarsel toothed. The fruits, borne under"ater, have four sharp spines on them. -abitat and &istribution' The "ater chestnut is a fresh"ater plant onl . It is a native of Asia but has spread to man parts of the "orld in both temperate and tropical areas. Edible Parts' The fruits are edible ra" and coo!ed. The seeds are also a source of food.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ater lettuce %eratopteris species &escription' The leaves of "ater lettuce are much li!e lettuce and are ver tender and succulent. 7ne of the easiest "a s of distinguishing "ater lettuce is b the little plantlets that gro" from the margins of the leaves. These little plantlets gro" in the shape of a rosette. 8ater lettuce plants often cover large areas in the regions "here the are found. -abitat and &istribution' #ound in the tropics throughout the 7ld 8orld in both Africa and Asia. Another !ind is found in the /e" 8orld tropics from #lorida to South America. 8ater lettuce gro"s onl in ver "et places and often as a floating "ater plant. ;oo! for "ater lettuce in still la!es, ponds, and the bac!"aters of rivers. Edible Parts' Eat the fresh leaves li!e lettuce. 6e careful not to dip the leaves in the contaminated "ater in "hich the are gro"ing. Eat onl the leaves that are "ell out of the "ater. %A5TI7/' This plant has carcinogenic properties and should onl be used as a last resort. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ater lil / mphaea odorata &escription' These plants have large, triangular leaves that float on the "ater2s surface, large, fragrant flo"ers that are usuall "hite, or red, and thic!, flesh rhi.omes that gro" in the mud. -abitat and &istribution' 8ater lilies are found throughout much of the temperate and subtropical regions. Edible Parts' The flo"ers, seeds, and rhi.omes are edible ra" or coo!ed. To prepare rhi.omes for eating, peel off the cor! rind. Eat ra", or slice thinl , allo" to dr , and then grind into flour. &r , parch, and grind the seeds into flour. 7ther 5ses' 5se the liquid resulting from boiling the thic!ened root in "ater as a medicine for diarrhea and as a gargle for sore throats. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ater plantain Alisma plantago$aquatica &escription' This plant has small, "hite flo"ers and heart$shaped leaves "ith pointed tips. The leaves are clustered at the base of the plant. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for this plant in fresh "ater and in "et, full sun areas in Temperate and Tropical Bones. Edible Parts' The rootstoc!s are a good source of starch. 6oil or soa! them in "ater to remove the bitter taste. %A5TI7/' To avoid parasites, al"a s coo! aquatic plants. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

8ild caper %apparis aph lla &escription' This is a thorn shrub that loses its leaves during the dr season. Its stems are gra $green and its flo"ers pin!. -abitat and &istribution' These shrubs form large stands in scrub and thorn forests and in desert scrub and "aste. The are common throughout /orth Africa and the Middle East. Edible Parts' The fruit and the buds of oung shoots are edible ra". $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ild crab apple or "ild apple Malus species &escription' Most "ild apples loo! enough li!e domestic apples that the survivor can easil recogni.e them. 8ild apple varieties are much smaller than cultivated !indsE the largest !inds usuall do not e(ceed 3 to =.3 centimeters in diameter, and most often less. The have small, alternate, simple leaves and often have thorns. Their flo"ers are "hite or pin! and their fruits reddish or ello"ish. -abitat and &istribution' The are found in the savanna regions of the tropics. In temperate areas, "ild apple varieties are found mainl in forested areas. Most frequentl , the are found on the edge of "oods or in fields. The are found throughout the /orthern -emisphere. Edible Parts' Prepare "ild apples for eating in the same manner as cultivated !inds. Eat them fresh, "hen ripe, or coo!ed. Should ou need to store food, cut the apples into thin slices and dr them. The are a good source of vitamins. %A5TI7/' Apple seeds contain c anide compounds. &o not eat. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ild desert gourd or coloc nth %itrullus coloc nthis &escription' The "ild desert gourd, a member of the "atermelon famil , produces an *.>$ to C$ meter$long ground$trailing vine. The perfectl round gourds are as large as an orange. The are ello" "hen ripe. -abitat and &istribution' This creeping plant can be found in an climatic .one, generall in desert scrub and "aste areas. It gro"s abundantl in the Sahara, in man Arab countries, on the southeastern coast of India, and on some of the islands of the Aegean Sea. The "ild desert gourd "ill gro" in the hottest localities. Edible Parts' The seeds inside the ripe gourd are edible after the are completel separated from the ver bitter pulp. 0oast or boil the seeds$$their !ernels are rich in oil. The flo"ers are edible. The succulent stem tips can be che"ed to obtain "ater. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

8ild doc! and "ild sorrel 0ume( crispus and 0ume( acetosella &escription' 8ild doc! is a stout plant "ith most of its leaves at the base of its stem that is commonl )3 to C4 centimeters brig. The plants usuall develop from a strong, flesh , carrotli!e taproot. Its flo"ers are usuall ver small, gro"ing in green to purplish plumeli!e clusters. 8ild sorrel similar to the "ild doc! but smaller. Man of the basal leaves are arro"$shaped but smaller than those of the doc! and contain a sour 1uice. -abitat and &istribution' These plants can be found in almost all climatic .ones of the "orld, in areas of high as "ell as lo" rainfall. Man !inds are found as "eeds in fields, along roadsides, and in "aste places. Edible Parts' 6ecause of tender nature of the foliage, the sorrel and the doc! are useful plants, especiall in desert areas. 9ou can eat their succulent leaves fresh or slightl coo!ed. To ta!e a"a the strong taste, change the "ater once or t"ice during coo!ing. This latter tip is a useful hint in preparing man !inds of "ild greens. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ild fig #icus species &escription' These trees have alternate, simple leaves "ith entire margins. 7ften, the leaves are dar! green and shin . All figs have a mil! , stic! 1uice. The fruits var in si.e depending on the species, but are usuall ello"$bro"n "hen ripe. -abitat and &istribution' #igs are plants of the tropics and semitropics. The gro" in several different habitats, including dense forests, margins of forests, and around human settlements. Edible Parts' The fruits are edible ra" or coo!ed. Some figs have little flavor. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ild gourd or luffa sponge ;uffa c lindrica &escription' The luffa sponge is "idel distributed and fairl t pical of a "ild squash. There are several do.en !inds of "ild squashes in tropical regions. ;i!e most squashes, the luffa is a vine "ith leaves =.3 to *4 centimeters across having C lobes. Some squashes have leaves t"ice this si.e. ;uffa fruits are oblong or c lindrical, smooth, and man $seeded. ;uffa flo"ers are bright ello". The luffa fruit, "hen mature, is bro"n and resembles the cucumber. -abitat and &istribution' A member of the squash famil , "hich also includes the "atermelon, cantaloupe, and cucumber, the luffa sponge is "idel cultivated throughout the Tropical Bone. It ma be found in a semi"ild state in old clearings and abandoned gardens in rain forests and semievergreen seasonal forests. Edible Parts' 9ou can boil the oung green +half$ripe, fruit and eat them as a vegetable. Adding coconut mil! "ill improve the flavor. After ripening, the luffa sponge develops an inedible spongeli!e te(ture in

the interior of the fruit. 9ou can also eat the tender shoots, flo"ers, and oung leaves after coo!ing them. 0oast the mature seeds a little and eat them li!e peanuts. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ild grape vine ?itis species &escription' The "ild grape vine climbs "ith the aid of tendrils. Most grape vines produce deepl lobed leaves similar to the cultivated grape. 8ild grapes gro" in p ramidal, hanging bunches and are blac!$ blue to amber, or "hite "hen ripe. -abitat and &istribution' 8ild grapes are distributed "orld"ide. Some !inds are found in deserts, others in temperate forests, and others in tropical areas. 8ild grapes are commonl found throughout the eastern 5nited States as "ell as in the south"estern desert areas. Most !inds are rampant climbers over other vegetation. The best place to loo! for "ild grapes is on the edges of forested areas. 8ild grapes are also found in Me(ico. In the 7ld 8orld, "ild grapes are found from the Mediterranean region east"ard through Asia, the East Indies, and to Australia. Africa also has several !inds of "ild grapes. Edible Parts' The ripe grape is the portion eaten. Grapes are rich in natural sugars and, for this reason, are much sought after as a source of energ $giving "ild food. /one are poisonous. 7ther 5ses' 9ou can obtain "ater from severed grape vine stems. %ut off the vine at the bottom and place the cut end in a container. Ma!e a slant$"ise cut into the vine about ).A meters upon the hanging part. This cut "ill allo" "ater to flo" from the bottom end. As "ater diminishes in volume, ma!e additional cuts further do"n the vine. %A5TI7/' To avoid poisoning, do not eat grapeli!e fruits "ith onl a single seed +moonseed,. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ild onion and garlic Allium species &escription' Allium cernuum is an e(ample of the man species of "ild onions and garlics, all easil recogni.ed b their distinctive odor. -abitat and &istribution' 8ild onions and garlics are found in open, sunn areas throughout the temperate regions. %ultivated varieties are found an "here in the "orld. Edible Parts' The bulbs and oung leaves are edible ra" or coo!ed. 5se in soup or to flavor meat. %A5TI7/' There are several plants "ith onionli!e bulbs that are e(tremel poisonous. 6e certain that the plant ou are using is a true onion or garlic. &o not eat bulbs "ith no onion smell.7ther 5ses' Eating large quantities of onions "ill give our bod an odor that "ill help to repel insects. Garlic 1uice "or!s as an antibiotic on "ounds $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ild pistachio Pistacia species

&escription' Some !inds of pistachio trees are evergreen, "hile others lose their leaves during the dr season. The leaves alternate on the stem and have either three large leaves or a number of leaflets. The fruits or nuts are usuall hard and dr at maturit . -abitat and &istribution' About seven !inds of "ild pistachio nuts are found in desert, or semidesert areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea to Tur!e and Afghanistan. It is generall found in evergreen scrub forests or scrub and thorn forests. Edible Parts' 9ou can eat the oil nut !ernels after parching them over coals. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ild rice Bi.ania aquatica &escription' 8ild rice is a tall grass that averages ) to ).3 meters in height, but ma reach >.3 meters. Its grain gro"s in ver loose heads at the top of the plant and is dar! bro"n or blac!ish "hen ripe. -abitat and &istribution' 8ild rice gro"s onl in ver "et areas in tropical and temperate regions. Edible Parts' &uring the spring and summer, the central portion of the lo"er sterns and root shoots are edible. 0emove the tough covering before eating. &uring the late summer and fail, collect the stra"$ covered hus!s. &r and parch the hus!s, brea! them, and remove the rice. 6oil or roast the rice and then beat it into flour. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ild rose 0osa species &escription' This shrub gro"s <4 centimeters to *.3 meters high. It has alternate leaves and sharp pric!les. Its flo"ers ma be red, pin!, or ello". Its fruit, called rose hip, sta s on the shrub ear$round. -abitat and &istribution' ;oo! for "ild roses in dr fields and open "oods throughout the /orthern -emisphere. Edible Parts' The flo"ers and buds are edible ra" or boiled. In an emergenc , ou can peel and eat the oung shoots. 9ou can boil fresh, oung leaves in "ater to ma!e a tea. After the flo"er petals fall, eat the rose hipsE the pulp is highl nutritious and an e(cellent source of vitamin %. %rush or grind dried rose hips to ma!e flour. %A5TI7/' Eat onl the outer portion of the fruit as the seeds of some species are quite pric!l and can cause internal distress. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8ood sorrel 7(alis species &escription' 8ood sorrel resembles shamroc! or four$leaf clover, "ith a bell$shaped pin!, ello", or "hite flo"er.

-abitat and &istribution' 8ood sorrel is found in Temperate Bones "orld"ide, in la"ns, open areas, and sunn "oods. Edible Parts' %oo! the entire plant. %A5TI7/' Eat onl small amounts of this plant as it contains a fairl high concentration of o(alic acid that can be harmful. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9am &ioscorea species &escription' These plants are vines that creep along the ground. The have alternate, heart$or arro"$shaped leaves. Their rootstoc! ma be ver large and "eigh man !ilograms. -abitat and &istribution' True ams are restricted to tropical regions "here the are an important food crop. ;oo! for ams in fields, clearings, and abandoned gardens. The are found in rain forests, semievergreen seasonal forests, and scrub and thorn forests in the tropics. In "arm temperate areas, the are found in seasonal hard"ood or mi(ed hard"ood$coniferous forests, as "ell as some mountainous areas. Edible Parts' 6oil the rootstoc! and eat it as a vegetable. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9am bean Pach rhi.us erosus &escription' The am bean is a climbing plant of the bean famil , "ith alternate, three$parted leaves and a turnipli!e root. The bluish or purplish flo"ers are peali!e in shape. The plants are often so rampant that the cover the vegetation upon "hich the are gro"ing. -abitat and &istribution' The am bean is native to the American tropics, but it "as carried b man ears ago to Asia and the Pacific islands. /o" it is commonl cultivated in these places, and is also found gro"ing "ild in forested areas. This plant gro"s in "et areas of tropical regions. Edible Parts' The tubers are about the si.e of a turnip and the are crisp, s"eet, and 1uic and have a nutt flavor. The are nourishing and at the same time quench the thirst. Eat them ra" or boiled. To ma!e flour, slice the ra" tubers, let them dr in the sun, and grind into a flour that is high in starch and ma be used to thic!en soup. %A5TI7/' The ra" seeds are poisonous. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
7PP7SE T-E I;;EGA; 5.S. 8A0 7/ I0AGIIII

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This entire list "as do"nloaded in pieces from un!no"n sources via ;ime"ire + http'KK""".lime"ire.com ,and re$ compiled using the 7penoffice.org office productivit suite +"hich I highl recommend, go to http'KK""".openoffice.org and do"nload it, it2s open$source, completel free, and superior to MicroLoft2s shitt ,

bug$ridden proprietar programs and formats., M profound than!s to "hoever made the information in this te(t available.