Chapter 58

The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard

Society of Petroleum
Adopted for use as a voluntary

Engineers
standard by the SPE Board of Directors, June 1982.

Contents
Preface............... Part 1: S&The lnternahonal System of Units

Introduction SI Units and Unit Symbols Application of the Metric System Rules for Conversion and Rounding Special Terms and Quantities Involving Mass and Amount of Substance. Mental Guides for Using Metric Units Appendix A (Terminology) Appendix B (SI Units) Appendrx C (Style Gurde for Metnc Usage) Appendix D (General Conversion Factors) Appendix E (Tables 1.8 and 1.9) Part 2: Discussion of Metric Unit Standards Introduction ...... ............... Review of Selected Units ............. Umt Standards Under Discussion ....... Notes for Table 2.2 ... ............... Notes for Table 2.3 .................

58-7
58-a 50-8 58-9 58-11

58-14 58-20 .58-21 58-21 .58-22 58-24 58-25 .58-25

58-2

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Preface
The SPE Board in June 1982 endorsed revisions to SPE Tentative Metric Standard (Dec. 1977 JPT. Pages 1575 161 1) and adopted it for implementation as this SPE Metric Standard. The following standard work by the Symbols Members of the proposed and/or adopted by other groups involved in the metrication exercise, including those agencies charged with the responsibility metric (nationally standards. and internationally) These few exceptions, in the introduction to for establishing is the final product of 12 years and Metrication Committee. Subcommittee included

still to be decided,

are summarized

Part 2 of this report. These standards include most of the units used commonly by SPE members. The subcommittee is aware that some will find the list incomplete for their area of specialty. Additions will continue lo be made but too The subcommittee a basis for metric long a list can become cumbersome. believes that these standards provide

Metrication

John M. Campbell, chairman. John M. Campbell & Co.: Robert A. Campbell. Magnum Engineenng Inc.; Robert E. Carlile. Texas Tech U.; J. Donald Clark, petroleum consultant; Hank Groeneveld, Mobil Oil Canada: Terry Pollard. Bradley. retired. et--c@io member: and Howard B. consultant. With very professional/technical the units shown training are those

practice beyond the units listed. So long as one maintains these standards a new unit can be coined that should prove acceptable.

few exceptions.

Part 1: SI-The
Introduction
Worldwide mercial scientific, engineering, groups are converting

International System of Units*

SI Units and Unit Symbols3
industrial. and cotnunits. Many The short-form kg for designations m for of units (such as ti for feet. meters, mol for moles, etc.) kilograms, have heretofore been called unit abbreviations in SPE terminology to avoid confusion with the tetm sym bols applied to letter symbols used in mathematical equations. practice bols ; However, is to call international these unit and national standard symdesignations unit

to SI metric

in the U.S. arc now active in such conversion. based on work accomplished by national and international authorities. Various U.S. associations. professional societies. and agencies are involved in this process. including. but not limited to. the American Sot. for Testing and Materials (ASTM)? American Petroleum Inst. (API). . American Nat]. Standards Inst. (ANof Mechanical Engineers SI), . American Sot. (ASME). and American Natl. Metric Council (ANMC).X The Canadian Petroleutn Assn. (CPA) and other Canadian groups have been especially active in conversion work. SPE intends to hccp its worldwide memberahlp metric unit,. is an abbreviation or The for Le Systgme System Inof d Unit& International informed on the conversion to and use of SI

the latter usage will

be followed

in this report.

SI Units SI is based on seven well-defined base units that

quantify seven hn.sc~ ymntitic~ that hi c,orz~wztiorz are regarded as dimensionally independent. It is a matter ot choice how many and which quantities arc considered base quantities. SI has chosen the seven babe quantities and base units listed in Table I. I * as the basis of the lntcrnational System. In addition, there arc two supplcmentary Tables quantities 1. I and (Table 1.2 show I .2). current practices for

The term SI ternational Units. SI is not identical

with any of the former

cgs, mks, or

mksA systems of metric units but is closely related to them and is an extension of and improvement over them. SI measurement symbols are identical in all languages. punctuation, As in any other language, rules of spelling,

designating the dimensions physical quantities, plus mathematical SI &rived equations. units

of base and supplementary letter symbols for use in formed by con-

arc a third claxs.

and pronunciation are essential to avoid errors in numerical work and to make the system easier to use and understand on a worldwide basis. These rules, together with decimal usage, units coherence, and a series of standard prefixes for multiples and submultiples of most SI units, provide a rational system with minimum difficulty of transition from English units or older systems of metric units. Refs. 1 through 4 of this paper are recommended to the reader wishing official information, development history, or more detail on SI: material from these and other references this report. Appendix used.
Prepared by T A Pollard for the subcommittee Based on paper SPE 6212 presented by T A Pollard at Ihe ,976 SPE Annual Techn~ca, Conference and EXhlb, ho . New Orleans. act 3-6

boning. as needed, base units. other derived units according linking derived the corresponding

supplementary units. and to fhe algebraic relations The symbols for sytn-

quantities.

units that do not have their own individual

bols arc obtained by using multiplication and division. exponent>

I11 s

the mathematical signs for together with appropriate meter per second. radian per second. of SI derived m/s or radis or unit>. in-

(e.g..

SI velocity. velocity.

SI anoular e I.3 contains

rad.\- ). Table cluding

a number

all the I9 approved

units assigned special names oi

Xld

cited has been used freely

in

A provides

definitions

for some of the terms

and individual unit hymbolh. Appendix B provides a more dctallcd cxplanatmn their dct initions. the S! system of unils. ahhr-aviations.
Table and flgure numbers of Ihe or,glnal SPE publ,cat,on chapter are used fhroughout

,h,s

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-3

SI Unit Prefixes*
The Sl unit prefixes. symbols are shown multiplication in Table factors, and SI prefix 1.4. Some of the prefixes

Style and Usage

Take care to use unit symbols in international and national properly: standards the agreements provide uniform

may seem strange at first, but there are enough familiar ones in the list to make it relatively easy for technical personnel milli, and scientists. to adjust to their use; kilo, micro are warning known to mega, deci, centi, engineers and most

rules (summarized in Appendix C). It is essential that these rules be followed closely to provide maximum ease of communication and to avoid costly errors. of unit names varies somewhat among different because of language differences, Appendix C should minimize communication. Handling countries

One particular

is required

about the prefixes:

but using the rules in most difficulties of

in the SI system, k and M (kilo and mega) stand for 1000 and 1 000 000, respectively, whereas M and MM or m and mm have been used previously designating thousands and millions in the oil industry for of gas volumes. Note

Usage for Selected Quantities Mass, Force, and Weight. The principal departure of SI
from the gravimetric is the use of explicitly In SI. kilogram nebtlton is (kg. m)/s , system of metric distinct engineering of mass. units The units for mass and force. to the unit

carefully. however, that there is no parallelism because SI prefixes are raised to the power of the unit employed, while the customary M and MM prefixes were not. Examples: km means cubic kilometers, not thousands of cubic meters; cm* means square centimeters, nor onehundredth of a square meter. The designation for 1000 cubic meters is IO m3 and for I million cubic meters is

is restricted

the only SI unit of force, defined as I to be used wherever force is designated, in-

cluding derived units that contain force-e.g., pressure or stress (N/m* =Pa), energy (N.m=J), and power [(N.m)/s=W]. There is confusion over the use of the term weight as a quantity to mean either force or mass. In science and technology, the term weight ofa body usually means the force that, if applied to the body, would give it an acceleration equal to the local acceleration of free fall (g, when referring to the earth s surface). This acceleration

10 m --not km3 and Mm , respectively. Appendix C gives examples of the vital importance of following the precise use of upper-case and lower-case letters for prefixes and for unit symbols.

Application
General
SI is the form plications.

of the Metric System

of the metric system preferred for all apversion be This secprovides style and

varies in time and space; weight,

if used to mean force, ac-

It is important

that this modernized and properly applied. Appendix material,

thoroughly understood tion, together with

varies also. The term force of gravity (mass times celeration of gravity) is more accurate than weight this meaning. In commercial the term weight and everyday nearly always means mass. Thus,

for

guidance and recommendations concerning usage of the SI form of the metric system.

use, on the other hand,

when

TABLE 1.1 -

SI BASE WANTiTlES

AND UNITS SPE Letter Symbol for Mathematical Equations, Use Italic (Sloping) Type L m t

Base Quantity or Dimension length mass time electric current* * thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

SI Unit meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole + candela

SI Unit Symbol ( Abbreviation ), Use Roman - (Upright) Type k i K mol cd

r
n

The seven base unrls. two supplementary units and other terms are SPE heretofore has arbrlrar~ly used charge q. the product of sfectrlc tWh%nthe moleis used.the eler~ntaryentitw rWSt be Spenhed;they the terms kilogram m&. pound mole. etc., often are shortened

deiined I Appendixes A and 6. Part 1. current and time, as a basic dunenslon. In untt symbols this would be A.s. m SPE mathematical symbols. IV r~ybeatOrt~s. rm%WeS. iOnS.el8c1rOnS.other partlCla% OrSpW&l groupsof suchpartides. In petroleum work. erroneously to mole.

TABLE 1.2 -

SI SUPPLEMENTARY

UNITS SPE Letter Symbol for Mathematical Eauations. Use Italic (Sloping) Type

Supplementary Quantity or Dimension plane angle solid angle

SI Unit radian steradran

SI Unit Symbol ( Abbreviation ), Use Roman (Upright) Type rad sr

The seven base umts, two supplementary units. and other terms are defmed I Appendaxes A and 8. Part 1 IS0 speafn?s these two angles as dlmensnnless wth respect to the seven base quanhties

58-4

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 1.3 -

SOME COMMON SI DERIVED UNITS SI Unit Symbol ( Abbreviation ), Use Roman Type GY Bq Formula, Use Roman Type J/kg ml.9 1Is rad/s2 rad/s m2 K kg/m3 J/kg A.sN ( = GN) As AN V/m V&A ( = Wb/A) W/A VIA W/A N.m J/K kgm/$ l/s lm/m2 cd/m2 cdsr A/m vs Wb/m2 W/A J/s N/m2 As N*m J/s Wlsr

Quantity absorbed dose acceleration activity (of radionuclides) angular acceleration angular velocity area Celsius temperature density dose equivalent electric capacitance electric charge electrical conductance electric field strength electric inductance electric potential electric resistance electromotive force energy entropy force frequency illuminance luminance luminous flux magnetic field strength magnetic flux magnetic flux density potential difference power pressure quantity of electricity quantity of heat radiant flux radiant intensity specific heat stress thermal conductivity velocity viscosity, dynamic viscosity, kinematic voltage volume* wave number work

Unit gray meter per second squared becquerel radian per second squared radian per second square meter degree Celsius kilogram per cubic meter sieverl farad coulomb siemens volt per meter henry volt ohm volt joule joule per kelvin newton hertz Iux candela per square meter lumen ampere per meter weber tesla volt watt Pascal coulomb joule watt watt per steradian joule per kilogram kelvin Pascal watt per meter kelvin meter per second Pascal second square meter per second volt cubic meter 1 per meter joule

C .., sv E S Ii V n V J N HZ lx Im Wb T V W Pa C J W . Pa
.

J(kgW
Nlm2 W/(m.K) m/s Pas ml/s WIA m3 l/m N.m

,..
V .. . J

In 1964, the General Conference on Welghls and Measures adopted liter as a special name for the cubic decimeter but discouraged the use of later for volume measurement 01 extreme precision (see Appendix 8).

TABLE 1.4 SI Prefix Symbol, Use Roman

SI UNIT PREFIXES Meaning In Other Countries trillion thousand billion billion milliard

Multiplication Factor 1 000 OOLl 000 000 000 000 = 1 ooo 000 000 000 000 = 1 000 000 000 000 = 1 000 000 000 = 1000000 = lOOO= 100 = 10 = 0.1 = 0.01 = 0.001 = 0.000001 = 0.000 000 001 = 0.000 000 000 001 = 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10 8 10 5 10 2 1OQ 106 103 102 10 10-l 10m2 10m3 1Om6 10eg lo-l2 lo-l5

SI Prefix exa** peta tera giga mega kilo hectot deka$ deci$ centi* milli micro nano pica femto

Type E P T G M k h da

Pronunciation (U.S.) ex a (a as in a bout) as in p eta1 as in terra ce jig a (a as in a bout) as in mega phone as in kilo watt heck toe deck a (a as in a bout) as in deci mal as in senri ment as in mili tary as in micro phone nan oh (an as in an t) peek oh fern toe (tern as in fern inine) as in anafo my

Meaning (U.S.) one quintillion timest one quadrillion timest one trillion timest one billion times7 one million limes one thousand times one hundred times ten times one tenth of one hundredth of one thousandth of one millionth of one billionth oft one trillionth oft one quadrillionth oft one quintillionth oft

milliardth billionth thousand billionth trillionth

0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 1Om 8 atto

The l~rsl syllable of every prehx IS accented lo assure that the prellx will retain Its Ideniiiy Therefore. the prelerred pronunxlion of kllomeler places the accent on the first syllable, not the second. Approved by the 15th General Conlerencs of WaghIs and Measures (CGPM). May-June ,975. tThese terms should be avoided in technaal wrong because the denomlnatnns above 1 millon are dlflerent in most other countries. as lndlcated I the last column. tWhtle hecto, deka.dect, and cents are St prehxes. their use generally should be avolded except for the SI UN mult~pleslorarea. volume, moment, and nontechmcal use of centmwer, as for body and clothing meas reme t.

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-5

one speaks of a person s

weight,

the quantity

referred

to

Energy. The SI unit of energy,

its multiples, kilowatt-hour energy, new areas;

the joule,

together

with

is mass. Because of the dual use, the term weight should be avoided in technical practice except under circumstances in which its meaning is completely clear. When the term is used, it is important to know whether mass or force is intended and to use SI units properly as described above by using kilograms for mass and newtons Gravity or scale. for force. is involved When in determining mass with a balance the a standard mass is used to balance

is preferred for all applications. The is used widely as a measure of electric should it not be introduced should be replaced into any by the eventually

but this unit

megajoule.

Torque and Bending Moment. The vector product of

force (N and moment arm is expressed when in newton expressing meters torque m) by SPE as a convention

measured mass, the effect of gravity on the two masses is canceled except for the indirect effect of air or fluid buoyancy. On a spring scale, mass is measured indirectly since the instrument responds to the force of gravity. Such scales may be calibrated in mass units if the variation in acceleration of gravity and buoyancy corrections are not significant in their use. The use of the same name for units of force and mass causes confusion. When non-9 units are being converted to SI units, distinction ,forcr and mass-e.g., use gravimetnc engineering units, Use of the metric common. should be made between Ibf to denote force in and use Ibm for mass. mnne (1.0 Mg), is

energies.

Pressure and Stress. The SI unit for pressure and stress

is the Pascal (newton per square meter); with proper SI prefixes it is applicable to all such measurements. Use of the old metric gravitational units-kilogram-force per square centimeter, kilogram-force per square millimeter, torr, etc.-is to be discontinued. by the standards Use of the bar is discouraged organizations.

It has been recommended internationally that pressure units themselves should not be modified to indicate whether the pressure is absolute (above zero) or gauge (above atmospheric pressure). If the context is meant, the word leaves any doubt as to which pressure must of be qualified 13 kPa, etc. appropriately: or . . .at an ...at absolute a gauge pressure

ton, also called

Linear Dimensions.

Ref.

3 provides

discussions

of

length units applied to linear dimensions of materials and equipment, primarily engineers in that field.

and tolerances of interest to

pressure of 13 kPa,

Units and Names To Be Avoided or Abandoned

Tables 1.1 through names, with 1.3 include their all SI units identified unit symbols. by Virformal individual

Temperature. The SI temperature unit is the kelvin (not degree Kelvin); it is the preferred unit to express thermodynamic derived intervals. temperature. The Celsius Degrees Celsius ( C) is an SI unit used to express temperature scale (formerly and temperature called centigrade)

tually all other named metric units formerly in use (as well as nonmetric units) are to be avoided or abandoned. There esu, is a long list of such units (e.g., dyne. stokes. gauss, gilbert, abampere, statvolt, angstrom. fermi, micron, mho, candle, calorie, atmosphere, mm Hg, and metric horsepower). The reasons for abandoning the non-9 units are discussed in Appendix B. Two of the principal coherence reasons are the relative simplicity and the of the SI units.

is related directly to the kelvin scale as follows: the temperature interval 1 C= 1 K, exactly. Celsius temperature (Tot) is related to thermodynamic temperature (Tx) where To =273.1.5 symbol whereas degrees the older as follows: Tot =TK --To exactly, K by definition. Note that the SI unit is K without degrees marks the degree are and mark, as temperature shown units Rankine, known

for the kelvin Fahrenheit,

Rules for Conversion

Conversion
Table 1.7, Appendix plementing dimension

and Rounding3
general conversion accuracy the nature facof the

degrees symbol

Celsius, with degree ( F, R, C).

on the unit

D, contains

tors that give exact values or seven-digit

for im-

Time. The SI unit for time is the second, and this is

preferred, but use of the minute, permissible. hour, day, and year is

these rules except where makes this impractical.

The conversion of quantities should be handled with careful regard to the implied correspondence between the accuracy of the data and the given number of digits. In all conversions, the number of significant should be such that accuracy is neither exaggerated. Proper specified given number 11.4 conversion procedure is quantity by the conversion 1.7 and then digits. round of significant ft to meters: m. to multiply the factor exactly as to the appropriate to convert 72, which digits retained

Angles. The SI unit for plane angle is the radian. The use
of the arc degree and its decimal submultiples is permissible when the radian is not a convenient unit. Use of the minute and second is discouraged cartography. steradians. Solid angles should except possibly be expressed for in

sacrificed nor

in Table

For example,

Volume. The SI unit of volume is the cubic meter. This unit, or one of its regularly formed multiples, is preferred for all applications. The special name liter has B), been approved uids and gases. for the cubic decimeter (see Appendix

11.4x0.3048=3.474

rounds to 3.47

Accuracy and Rounding

Do not round either the conversion before performing the multiplication; factor or the quantity this reduces ac-

but use of the liter is restricted

to the measurement

of liq-

56-6

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

curacy. Proper conversion procedure the converfed quantity to the proper cant digits commensurate with

includes rounding number of signifiprecision.

or maximum, is not violated. wide requires

must be handled so that the stated limit For example, a specimen at least 4 in. a width of at least 101.6 mm, or (round-

its intended

The practical aspects of measuring must be considered when using SI equivalents. If a scale divided into sixteenths of an inch was suitable for making the original measurements, a metric scale having divisions of 1 mm is obviously equivalents suitable for measuring in SI units, and the should not be reported closer than the nearest

ed) at least 102 mm.

Significant Digits. Any digit that is necessuy

the specific For example, have vulue or quantity a distance

to drjne is said to he significant.

number has three

measured to the nearest I m may

been recorded

as 157 m; this

1 mm. Similarly, a gauge or caliper graduated in divisions of 0.02 mm is comparable to one graduated in divisions of 0.001 in. Analogous situations exist for mass, force, and other measurements. A technique to determine the proper number of significant digits in rounding converted values is described here for general use.

significant digits. If the measurement had been made to the nearest 0.1 m, the distance may have been 157.4 m-four significant digits. In each case, the value of the right-hand digit was determined by measuring the value of an additional digit and then rounding to the desired degree of accuracy. In other words, 157.4 was rounded to 1.57; in the second case, the measurement may have been 157.36, rounded to 157.4.

General Conversion.
establishing quantity retain. The

This approach depends on first the intended precision or accuracy of the guide to the number should relate to the of digits number to of

as a necessary precision

Importance of Zeros. Zeros may be used either to indicate a specific dicate the population value, as does any other digit, of a number. to The rounded thousands or to inU.S. was magnitude figure 1970

digits in the original. but reliable indicator. A figure curate decimalization

in many cases that is not a of 1. I875 may be a very acI xh that should

of a noncritical

have been expressed as I. 19. On the other hand. the value 2 may mean about 2 or it may mean a very accurate value of 2, which should then have been written as 2.0000. ed cstitnale
thctt1 l/l? .vt~ul/cr

203 185 000. The six left-hand digits of this number are significant; each measures a value. The three right-hand digits are zeros that merely indicate the magnitude of the number rounded to the nearest thousand. To illustrate further, each of measurements is of specified to have only the following estimates and different magnitude, but each is one significant 1 000 100 10 0.01 0.001 0.000 It is also important to note 1. that, for the first three digit:

It is theretbre of of ititertdnl
fhur7 one-tend7

necessary to determine before precisiorl

the .~/7011/rl twlw

the intend771;s
stnullet he

precision

a quantity

converting.

flrc ut-flc~\ c~f tr7f~L4.slr~emrft

txrr 1r.s14a11\ .s17014Id hc

tcrlrrtrt7c~e

~f otw exists. to

After

the precision verted number Digits) smaller

of the dimension should digits be

is estimated. rounded

the con-

dimension

a minimum

of significant

(see section

on Significant

such that a unit of the last place is equal to or than the converted precision.

1. A stirring estimated

rod 6 in. long:

In this case, precision Converted.

is

to be about

% in. (+ i/4 in.).

/z in.

numbers, the identification of significant digits is possible only through knowledge of the circumstances. For example, the number 1000 may have been rounded from about 965, or it may have been rounded from 999.7, in which case all three zeros are significant. data required a variety of

is 12.7 mm. The convened 6-in. dimension of 152.4 mm should be rounded to the nearest IO mm, or I50 mm. 2. SO,OO@psi tensile strength: estimated to be about t_200 psi (i In this case, precision I .4 is

MPa) based on an

accuracy of _+0.25% for the tension tester and other factors. Therefore, the converted dimension, 344.7379 MPa. should be rounded to the nearest whole unit, 345 MPa. 3. Test pressure 2OOk 15 psi: Since one-tenth of the tolerance is + 1.5 psi (10.34 kPa). the converted dimenhion should 1378.9514-t be rounded 103.421 to the nearest 10 kPa. 138Oi Thus. 35 kPa becomes values 100 kPa. to

Data of Varying Precision. Occasionally,

for an investigation must be drawn from

sources where they have been recorded with varying degrees of ref-mement. Specific rules must be observed when such data are to be added, or divided. subtracted, multiplied,

The rule for addition and subtraction is that the answer shall contain no significant digits farther to the right than occurs in the least precise number. Consider the addition the first of of three numbers drawn from three sources,

Special Cases. Converted

the minimum tain from

should

be rounded

number of significant

digits that will main-

the required
this practice

accuracy. In certain cases, deviation to use convenient or whole numbers In that case, the word approximate following the conversion-e.g., I%

which reported data in millions, and the third in units:

the second in thousands,

may be feasible. must be used

163 000 000 217 885 000 96 432 768 477 317 768 This total indicates numbers should jirst a precision that is not valid. The digit

in. =47.625 mm exact, 47.6 mm normal rounding, 47.5 mm (approximate) rounded to preferred or convenient half-millimeter. number. A quantity stated as a limit, such as not more than 48 mm (approximate) rounded to whole

be rounded to one significant

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-7

farther

to the right than that of the least precise number,

and the sum taken as follows. 163 Ooo 000 217 900 000 96 400 000 477 300 ooo Then, the total is rounded by the rule. to 477 000 000 as called for to be

Examples: 4.463 25 if rounded 8.376 4.365 4.355 52 if rounded 00 if rounded 00 if rounded

to three places would to three places would to to two places would

be 4.463. be 8.377. be 4.36.

two places would be 4.36.

Conversion of Linear Dimensions of Interchangeable Parts

Detailed discussions of this subject are provided and by arc ASTM, API, and ASME publications recommended to the interested reader.

Note that if the second of the figures

added had been 217 985 000, the rounding before addition would have produced 218 000 000, in which case the zero following 218 would have been a significant digit. The rule for multiplication and division is that the product or quotient shall contain no more significant digits than arc contained in the number with the fewest signijcant digits used in the multiplication or division. The difference between this rule and the rule for addition and subtraction traction, should be noted; requires for addition rounding and subto the the rule merely digits

Other Units Temperature.

tolerances Celsius is given

General in Table

guidance 1.5. Normally,

for

converting or degrees temperatures

from degrees Fahrenheit

to kelvins

expressed in a whole number of degrees Fahrenheit should be converted to the nearest 0.5 K (or 0.5 C). As with other quantities, the number of significant digits to retain will depend on implied accuracy of the original dimension: 100*5 F e.g.,* (tolerance); implied accuracy. estimated

right of the last significant digit in the least precise number. The following illustration highlights this difference. Multiplication: Division: Addition: Subtraction: 113.2~1.43=161.876 to 162. 113.2+1.43=79.16 to 79.2 113.2+1.43=114.63 to 114.6 113.2-1.43=111.77 to 111.8. The above product and quotient are limited to three rounded rounded rounded rounded

total 2F (nearest rounds to 38+3 C. 1.000~50 F estimated

I C) 37.7778&2.7778 C

(tolerance): implied accuracy. total 20F (nearest 10C) rounds to 54Ok3O C.

537.7778k27.7778 C

Pressure or Stress. Pressure or stress values may be

converted tities. bc by the same prmciple with an uncertainty rounding without used for other by the quanValues of more than 2% may approximate

converted

significant significant

digits because 1.43 contains only three digits. In contrast. the rounded answers in the examples contain four signifior

factor: 1 psi=7 kPa. factors see Table I .7.

addition and subtraction cant digits. Numbers

used in the illustration

are all estimates

For conversion

measurements. Numben that ure cxwt counts (and conthat arc exuct) at-c treated as though thq aversion ,firctors cmsist ofotl injrzitr rumher oj .sip$cant digit.,. Stated more simply. when a

Special Length Unit-the

E, provides the problems to mctcrs. conversion ofconverting

Vara. Table 1.8* Appendix

and explanatory notes on the several kinds of vara units

factors

unmt is used in computation

with a

measurement. the number of significant digits in the answer is the same as the number of significant digit?, in rhe measurement. If a count of 40 is multiplied by a measurement of 10.2. the product is 408. However, if 40 wcrc an estimate accurate only to the nearest IO and, hence. contained be 300. one significant digit. the product would

Special Terms and Quantities Involving Mass and Amount of Substance

The Intl. Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Union of Pure and Applied Physics. and the lntl. the Intl.

Rounding Values lo
When a figure is to be rounded to fewer total number available, the procedure follows. When the First Digit Discarded is less than 5 more than 5 5 followed only by zeros* digits than the should be as

See Appendlx

A and pnor paragraph

on General

Conversion.

The Last Digit Retained unchanged increased by 1 unchanged increased if even, by I if odd is

TABLE 1.5 -CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE REQUIREMENTS Tolerance ( F) 21 z-2 -c5 210 A15 220 k-25 Tolerance (K or C) X0.5 *I +3 + 5.5 -8.5 k-11 t 14

Unless a number of rounded values are lo appear I a gfven problem, mosl roundlngs conform lo the ,,is, two procedures - 1.e rounding upward when the llrst dlgll dw carded IS 5 or hlg er

58-8

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Organization

for

Standardization

provide

clarifying

usages for some of the terms involving the base quantities mass and amount of substance. Two of these require modifying the terminology appearing previously in SPE s Table Symbols Standards. usages. 1.6 shows the old and the revised

10.

Mental Guides for Using Metric Units

Table 1.9. Appendix F, is offered as a memory jogII. 12.

metric ballpark ger or guide to help locate the relative to customary units. Table 1.9 is not a conversion table. For accurate conversions, refer to Table 1.7, or to Tables 2.2 and 2.3 for petroleum-industry values to practical units, precision and as round off the converted described earlier.

13.

References*
I. The lntematmnal System of Units (Sl). NBS Special Publication 330. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Natl. Bureau of Standards, Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washmgton. D.C. (1981). (Order by SD Catalog No. c13.10:330/3.) 7. S1 Units and Recommendations for the Use of Thctr Multtplca and of Certain Other Units, wcond edition, 1981.02-15. Intl. Standard IS0 1000. lntl. Oganlzation for Standardlzatton. American Natl. Standards Inst. (ANSI). New York (1981). Standard for Metrtc Practtce, E 380-82. Amencan Sot. ftir 3 Testing and Materials. Philadelphia. (Slmdar matcrlal published in 1EEE Std. 268-1982.) 4

14.

IS.

16.

General Principles Concerning Quantities. Unirs and Symbols, Gm~rcrl fnrroducrion rcj /SO 31. second edition. Intl. Standard IS0 3110. Intl. Organization for Standardization. ANSI. New York City (1981). American National Standard Practice for Inch-Millimeter Conversion for Industrial Use, ANSI 848.1-1933 (Rl947). IS0 R370- 1964, Intl. Organization for Standardization. ANSI, New York. (A later edition has been issued: Toleranced Dimensions--Conversion From Inches to Millimeters and Vice Versa. IS0 370-1975.) Factors for High-Precision Conversion. NBS LC1071 (July 1976). Information Processing-Representation5 of SI and Other Units for Uae in Systems With Limited Character Sets. lntl. Standard IS0 2955-1974. Intl. Organization for Stdndardization. ANSI. New York Ctty. (Ref. 5 reproduces the 1973 editton of this standard in its entirety.) Supplementary Metnc Practxe Guide for the Canadian Petroleum Industry. fourth edition. P.F. Moore (ed.). Canadian Petroleum Assn. (Oct. 1979). Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement, ANSI/IEEE Std. 260-1978. Available from American Natl. Standards Inst.. New York City. Mechtly. E.A.: The International System trt Units-Physical Constants and Conversion Factors, NASA SP-7012. Scientific and Technical Information Office, NASA, Washmgton. D C. 1973 edition available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. McElwee, P.G.: The Terns Vlrrcj. Available from Commissioner. General Land Office, State of Texas. Auatm (April 30. 1940).

APPENDIX Terminology
practices, a

A3
reliable conversion of and rounding the related certain

To ensure consistently clear nontechnical

understanding are defined

terms is prerequisite.

Accordingly, as follows.

terms used in this standard

A Bibliography of Metric Standard,. ANSI. New York (June 6. 1975). (Alw &ee ANSI \ annual catalog of national and intrmaImnal standard\.)

Accuracy
to some

(as distinguished
recognized standard

from

precision).
or calculated value.

The value This

degree of conformity concept involves which is seldom

of a measured

or specified error

the systematic negligible.

of an operation,

Approximate.
.&w~c Edirorid G&P. thlrd edition. American Councd (ANMC). Washington. D.C. (July 1981). Natl. Metric

A value that is nearly but not exactly

cor-

rect or accurate.

Coherence.
For information headquarters on any 01 these references. Cantact the Book Order Dept at SPE

A characteristic in Appendix

of a coherent

system

of

units, as described or quotient

B, such that the product is the unit of the

of any two unit quantities

TABLE 1.6 Old Usage

SPECIAL TERMS AND QUANTITIES INVOLVING MASS AND AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE Standardized Usage Dimensions (IS0 Symbols, See Table 1 .l) M . M M
l

Term atomic weight (SPE Symbols Standard) atomic weight (elsewhere) equivalent mass of molecule molar molar@ molecular weight (SPE Symbols Standard) molecular weight (elsewhere) normal - obsolete
mDimensonless

Term mass of atom relative atomic mass mole molecular mass molar (means, divided by amount of substance ) concentration molar mass relative molecular mass

SI Unit Symbol kg . mol kg l/m01 mo1/m3 kg/mol

l

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-9

resulting quantity. units, and derived

The SI base units, units form a coherent from a specified defining

supplementary set. dimension or

assigned to each; in some cases, special names and unit symbols are given-e.g., the newton (N).

Deviation.
design limits

Variation

One Unit per Quantity. The great advantage

of SI is

requirement, usually (see also Tolerance).

upper

and lower

that there is one, and only one, unit for each physical quantity-the meter for length (L), kilogram (instead of gram) for mass (m). second for time (r). etc. From these elemental units, units for all other mechanical are derived. These derived units are defined quantities by simple tB=dLldt (force),

Digit. One of the 10 Arabic Dimension(s).

Two

numerals (1)

(0 to 9). A group of funin or

meanings:

equations (velocity),

among u=dv/dt

the

quantities, (acceleration),

such

as

damental (physical) quantities, arbitrarily selected, terms of which all other quantities can be measured identified. 9 Dimensions or the basic components

F=ma

identify the physical nature of, making up. a physical quantity.

W=FL (work or energy), and P= Wit (power). Some of these units have only generic names. such as meter per second for velocity; others have special names and symbols, such as newton (N) for force, joule (J) for work or energy. and watt (W) for power. The SI units.fi,r jbrce, energy, and power are the same regardless of \r>hether the process is mechanical, electrid, chemiccd, or nuclear. A force of 1 N applied for a distance of 1 m can produce 1 J of heat, which is identical with what 1 W of electric power can produce in 1 second.

They are the bases for the formation of useful dimensionless groups and dimensionless numbers and for the powerful tool of dimensional analysis. The dimensions for the arbitrarily selected base units of the SI are length,

mass, time, electric current. thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance. and luminous intensity. SI has two supplementary less-plane quantities considered dimensioneleor the angle and solid angle. (2) A geometric and angle.

ment in a design, such as length magnitude of such a quantity.

Unique Unit Symbols. Corresponding to the SI advantages of a unique unit for each physical quantity are the advantages resulting from the use of a unique and welldefined fusion set of symbols. Such symbols current eliminate the conthat can arise from practices in different

Figure (numerical).
one or more digits

An arithmetic

value

expressed

by

or a fraction.

Nominal Value. A value assigned for the purpose of

convenient designation; a value existing in name only.

disciplines, such as the use of b for both the hur (a unit of pressure) and barn (a unit of area).

Decimal Relation. Another Precision

degree of

advantage between

of SI is its retenmultiples multiple and subquantity. and sub-

(as distinguished
mutual agreement (repeatability used

from

accuracy).

between

The individual

tion of the decimal multiples Prefixes

relation

of the base units are established

for each physical

measurements

and reproducibility). for qualitative phenomenon. and 9 quan-

for designating

Quantity.
titative

A concept

multi le units from exa (10 ) down to atto (I 0 Ps) for convenience in writing and speaking.

descriptions

of a physical

Coherence. Significant Digit. Any digit that is necessary to define a

value or quantity (see text discussion). total range of variation (usually coherence.

Another major advantage of SI is its This system of units has been chosen in such

Tolerance.
bilateral) quantity; dimension

The

a way that the equations between numerical values, including the numerical factors, have the same form as the corresponding equations between the quantities: this constitutes a coherent system. Equations system, between facthe product units of a coherent tors only the number or quotient unit system contain 1. In a coherent as numerical

permitted for a size, position, or other required the upper and lower limits between which a must be held.

of any two unit quantities

is the unit of the

U.S. Customary Units. Units based on the foot and the

pound, commonly used in the U.S. and defined by the Natl. Bureau of Standards. Some of these units have the same name as similar units in the U.K. (British, English, them. or U.K. units) but are not necessarily equal to

resulting quantity. For example, in any coherent system, unit area results when unit length is multiplied by unit length (1 m x 1 m= 1 m*), unit force when unit mass* is multiplied by unit acceleration (1 kgx 1 m/s* = 1 N), unit work when unit force is multiplied by unit length (1 N x 1 m= 1 J), and unit power when unit work is divided by unit time (I J+ 1 second= 1 W). Thus, in a coherent system in which the meter is the unit of length, the square meter is the unit of area, but the are** are not coherent. Much worse disparities and hectare occur in

APPENDIX SI Units

B3

Advantages of SI Units
SI is a rationalized selection of units from the metric system that individually are not new. They include a unit of force (the newton), which was introduced in place of the kilogram-force to indicate by its name that it is a unit of force and not of mass. SI is a coherent system with seven base units for which names, symbols, and precise definitions have been established. Many arc defined in terms of the base units, derived units with symbols

systems of customary units (both nonmetric and older metric) that require many numerical adjustment factors in equations.

Base Units. Whatever

coherent

the system of units, whether it be or noncoherent, particular samples of some

58-10

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

physical

quantities

must be selected arbitrarily

as units of

those quantities. The remaining units are defined by appropriate cxperimcnts related to the theoretical intcrrclations of all the quantities. units pertaining
tior7 rc~~crrrld us

and placed one mctcr apart in vacuum. would product hctwecn these conductors a force equal to 2 x IO - newton lY48.)
Kchi77

per meter of length.

(Adopted

by Ninth

CGPM

For convenience

of analysis. ~Irf by (~~171*0tl7c.w ur7it.s

to c~r-fuin hrrsc>ylrrrfztitics
unirs

dir77~~r7siot7all~~ ir7tlqxwder7t;

(I~C crr//c~! basr

(Table

I I ). and all others (derived in temls of the base is defined as

temperature. modynamic

(K)-The kelvin. unit of thermodynamic is the fraction 11273. IS of the thertemperature of the triple point of water. of substance of

units) can be cxprcsscd

algebraically

units. In SI. the unit of mass. the kilogram,

(Adopted by 13th CGPM 1967.) MCI/C (mol)-The mole is the amount

the mass of a prototype kilogram preserved by the Intl. Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Paris. All other base units atomic are defined the wave transitions. in terms lengths of reproducible of phenomena-e.g., specified Non-S1 and frequencies

a system which contains as many clcmcntary entities as thcrc are atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon-12. (Adopted by 14th CGPM 1971.) Note-When the mole is used. the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms. molecules. ions, electrons. other such particles. in particles. or specified groups of

Metric Units

Various other units are associated with SI but are not a part thereof. They are related to units of the system by powers of 10 and are used in specialized branches of physics. An example is the bar, a unit of pressure. approximately equivalent to 1 atm and exactly equal to 100 kPa. The bar is used extensively by meteorologists. Another such unit is the gal. equal exactly to an acceleration of 0.01 m/s?. It is used in geodetic work. however. are not coherent units-i.e., equations ing both thcsc units and SI units cannot These. involv-

Crrn&/u (cd)-The candela a given direction of radiation

is the luminous intensity a source that emits 540 (E + 12) hertz In that direction ol

monochromatic l/683

of frequency intensity

(Hz) and that has a radiant

watt per steradian. Rudiurz (rad)-The radian is the plane angle between which cut off on the circumfcrencc the solid angle

two radii of a circle

an arc equal in length to the radius. Sr~~&iu~? (sr)-The stcradian i\ which. having its vertex an area of the surface square with sphere.

be written

at the center of a sphere. cuts oft of the sphere equal equal to that of a of the to the radius

without a factor of proportionality even though that fattor may be a simple power of 10. Originally (1795). the liter was intended to be identical to the cubic on Weights decimeter. The Third (CGPM) General Conference the and Measures in 1901 defined

sides of length

liter as the volume occupied by the mass of 1 kilogram of pure water at its maximum density under normal atmospheric ly pressure. the Careful liter determinations subsequentto established so defined as equivalent

Definitions of SI Derived Units Having Special Names3

Physical Absorbed Quantity dose Unit and Definition The gray (Gy) is the absorbed dose when the energy per unit mass ionizing Activity imparted radiation to matter by is I J/kg.

1.000 028 dm . In 1964. the CGPM withdrew this definition of the liter and declared that liter was a special name for the cubic decimeter. Thus. its use is pemlitted in Sl but is discouraged because it creates two units for the measurements same quantity might conflict and its use in precision with measurements recordCelsius temperature

The hrcyuerrl (Bq) is the activity of a radionuclide decaying at the rate of one spontaneous nuclear transition per second, The degree Ce1siu.s ( C) is equal to the kelvin and is used in place of the kelvin for expressing Celsius Tot) temperature (symbol -To, defined by Tot =T,

ed under the old definition.

SI Base Unit Definitions

Authorized follow translations of the original items added). French definitions units of SI of the seven base and two supplementary

(parenthetical

Mrfer cm)-The meter is the length equal to I 650 763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels 2p I~) and 5d5 of the krypton-86 atom. (Adopted by I lth CGPM 1960.) Kilogmn7 (kg)-The kilogram is the unit of mass (and is the coherent SI unit); it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. (Adopted by First and Third CGPM 1889 and 1901.) of 9 192 63 I to the transiElectric capacitance Sc~nrzci (s)-The second is the duration 770 periods of the radiation corresponding Dose equivalent

where TK is the thermodynamic temperature and To =273. IS K by definition. The sievcrt is the dose equivalent dose of multiplied when the absorbed ionizing radiation by the dimensionless

factors Q (quality factor) and N (product of any other multiplying factors) stipulated by the Intl. Commission on Radiological Protection is I J/kg. The&r& (F) is the capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of I V when it is charged by a quantity electricity equal to I C. of

tion between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium- 133 atom.* (Adopted by 13th CGPM 1967.) Atnper~~ (A)-The which. if maintained of infinite length. ampere is that constant current in tw o straight parallel conductors of ncgliglble circular cross-section.

WE

SI METRIC

SYSTEM

OF UNITS

& SPE METRIC

STANDARD

58-l 1

Electric conductance

The which duced

siemens

(S) is the electric of a conductor of in 1 A is propotential Power

the force exerted of current

on an element and the

conductance by

is equal to the vector

a current

an electric

product of this element magnetic flux density. The represents a rate transfer of I J/s. Pressure or stress Electric charge, The pascul of

Electric

inductance

difference of 1 V. The hpn~l (H) is the inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of 1 V is produced when the electric current in the circuit varies uniform-

wutt (W) is the power that

energy

(Pa) is the pressure

Electric

potential elecforce

ly at a rate of 1 A/s. The volr (V) is the difference electric potential between

of two

quantity of electricity

or stress of I Nim2. Electric charge is the time integral of electric current; its unit, the coulomb A.s. (C), is equal to 1

difference, tromotive

points of a conductor carrying a constant current of 1 A when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 W. The ohm (Q) is the electric resistance a conductor between two points of difwhen a constant

No other SI derived names at this time.

units have been assigned

special

APPENDIX

C3 **

Electric

resistance

Style Guide for Metric Usage Rules for Writing Metric Quantities Capitals. I/nits-Unit
names, including prefixes, are not capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence or in titles. Note that for degree Celsius the word degree is lower case; the modifier Celsius is always capitalized. The degree centrigrade is now obsolete. Symbols-The

ference of potential of I V, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of I A, this conductor not being Energy the source of any electromotive force. The joule (J) is the work done when the point of application of a force of 1 N is displaced a distance Force The of 1 m in the direction (N) is that force of the force. nr~r~~ that, when applied to a body having a mass of 1 kg. gives it Frequency an acceleration of I m/s . The hertz (Hz) is the frequency of Illuminance a periodic the period phenomenon is 1 second. of which

short forms

for metric

units are called

unit symbols. They are lower case except that the first letter is upper case when the unit is named for a person. (An exception liter.) Examples: to this rule in the U.S. Unit Name meter** mm newton Pascal Printed unit symbols should ters, because italic (sloping served for quantity symbols, prefix for length. Prejx Symbols-All pronunciation is the symbol L for

Unit Symbol m 6 Pa have Roman (upright) letor slanted) letters are resuch as m for mass and L names, their symbols, I .4. Notice and

The Iu.r (Ix) is the illuminance produced by a luminous flux of I Im uniformly distributed over a surface of I m2 flux The lumen (Im) is the luminous

Luminous

are listed in Table

that the top

flux emitted in a solid angle of 1 sr by a point source having a uniform intensity of 1 cd. Magnetic flux The ember, flux that, liriking is the magnetic a circuit of one

five are upper case and all the rest lower case. The importance of following the precise use of uppercase and lower-case amples of prefixes letters is shown by the following and units. ex-

turn, produces in it an electromotive force of 1 V as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in I s. Magnetic density magnetic induction flux The teslu (T) is the magnetic flux density of 1 Wb/m2. In an alternative approach to defining the magnetic field quantities the

G for giga; g for gram. K for kelvin; k for kilo. M for mega; m for milli. N for newton; n for nano. T for tera: t for tonne (metric information Prefixes Processing-Limited retain their

ton). Character prescribed Setsforms

and unit symbols

tesla may also be defined as the

magnetic flux density that produces on a l-m length of wire carrying a current of 1 A, oriented normal to the flux density, a force of 1 N, magnetic flux density being defined as an axial vector quantity such that

regardless of the surrounding typography, except systems with limited character sets. IS0 has provided standard for such systems; this standard recommended.

for
a is

Plurals and Fractions.

Names

of SI units for lux,

form hertz,

their and

plurals in the usual manner, siemens.

except

The spellings metre and l~tre are preferred by IS0 but meter ottlclal u s QcNernmenl spelhngs.

and liter are

58-12

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Values less than one take the singular form of the unit name; for example, 0.5 kilogram or % kilogram. While decimal notation (0.5, 0.35, fractions 6.87) is generally are acceptable, preferred, the most simple such as those singular and

Compound Units. For a unit name (not a symbol)

derived as a quotient (e.g., for kilometers per hour), it is preferable not to use a slash (/) as a substitute for per where space is limited and a symbol might not be understood. Avoid other mixtures of words and symbols. Examples: Use meter per second, not m/s. Use only one per in any combination of units-e.g., meter per sec-

except

where the denominator Symbols of units plural-e.g.,

is 2, 3, 4, or 5. are the same in

I m and 100 m. except at current of 1.5 mA is 125 m.

ond squared,

not meter per second per second.

Periods. A period is nof used after a symbol,

the end of a sentence. found.. The field Examples: measured A 350x

For a unit symbol derived as a quotient do not, for example, write k.p.h. or kph for km/h because the first two are understood km/h only in the English language, whereas is used in all languages. The symbol km/h also can

The Decimal Marker. IS0 specifies the comma as the

decimal marker9 ; in English-language documents a dot on the line is acceptable. In numbers less than one, a zero should be written before the decimal sign (to prevent the possibility that a faint decimal sign will be overlooked). seven five Example: The oral is written 0.75 or 0,75. expression point

be written with a negative exponent-e.g., km. h - . Never use more than one slash (/) in any combination of symbols unless parentheses are used to avoid ambiguity; examples For a unit are name m/s*, derived not m/s/s; W/(m.K), not W/m/K. as a product, a space or a hyphen is recommended but never a product dot (a period raised to a centered position)-e.g., write newton

Grouping of Numbers. Separate digits into groups of

three, counting from the decimal marker. A comma should not be used between the groups of three9 ; instead, a space is left to avoid confusion, since the comma is the IS0 standard for the decimal marker. In a four-digit number, the space is not required unless the four-digit number is in a column with numbers of five digits or more:

meter or newton-meter, not newton.meter. In the case of the watt hour, the space may be omitted-watthour. For a unit symbol derived as a product, use a product dot-e.g., N.m. For computer printouts, automatic typewriter work, etc., a dot on the line may be used. Do not use the product dot as a multiplier symbol for calculations-e.g., use 6.2~5, not 6.2.5. Do not mix nonmetric units with metric those kg/m3, for time, plane angle, or not kglft3 or kg/gal. units, except use

rotation-e.g.,

For For For For

4,720,525 0.52875 6,875 0.6875

write write write write

4 720 525 0.528 75 6875 or 6 875 0.6875 or 0.687 5

A quantity that constitutes a ratio of two like quantities should be expressed as a fraction (either common or decimal) or as a percentage-e.g., not 10 mm/m the slope is l/l00 or 0.01 or l%, SI or 10 m/km. prefixes thus should be used to eliminating non-

Prefix Usage. General--S1

orders of magnitude,

indicate

Spacing. In symbols or names for units having prefixes,

no space is left between the name. Examples milligram. When a symbol letters making are kA, up the symbol and or mg, kiloampere; to which

significant digits and leading zeros in decimal fractions and providing a convenient alternative to the powersof-10 notation preferred in computation. For example, 12 300 m (in computations) becomes 12.3 km (in noncomputation situations); 0.0123 hA (12.3 x 10m9 A for

follows

a number

it refers, a

space must be left between

the number

and the symbol,

except when the symbol (such as ) appears in the superscript position. Examples: 455 kHz, 22 mg, 20 mm, lo6 N, 30 K, 20C. a quantity is used as an adjective, a hyphen When

computations) becomes 12.3 nA (in noncomputation situations). Selection-When expressing a quantity by a numerical value and a unit, prefixes should be chosen so that the numerical value lies between 0.1 and 1000. Generally, prefixes representing steps of 1000 are recommended (avoiding hecto, deka, deci, and centi). However, some situations may justify deviation from the above: 1. In expressing units raised to powers (such as area, volume and moment) the prefixes hecto, deka, deci, and centi may be required-e.g., volume and cm4 for moment. 2. In tables discussion of generally throughout. 3. For certain quantities in particular applications, one certain multiple is used customarily; an example is the millimeter in mechanical engineering drawings, even when the values mm. Powers lie far outside the range of 0.1 to 1000 attached to a symbol cubic centimeter for

should be used between the number and the symbol (except C). Examples: It is a 35-mm film; the film width is 35 mm. I bought a 6-kg turkey; the turkey weighs 6 kg. Leave a space on each side of signs for multiplication, division, kg/m3; addition, N.m. M~ZP.P, use the modifier .rquared or unit name (except for area and per second cubic write meter squared. and watt For area or per square folbefore the unit name. including and subtraction, except within a compound symbol. Examples: 4 cm x 3 m (not 4 cm X 3 m);

Powers. For unit cubed after the volume)-e.g.. volume, derived meter. lowed cm3.

of values of the same quantity, or in a such values within a given context, it to use the same unit multiple

is preferable

meter

place a modifier units:-e.g..

For unit symbols. by the power

the symbol

for the unit

superscript-e.g.,

14 m and 26

of Units-An

exponent

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-13

containing a prefix indicates that the multiple or submulripie of the unit (the unit with its prefix) is raised to the power expressed by the exponent. For example, 1 cm3 1 ns- 1 mm*/s Double =(10p2m)3 =(10P9s) -1 =(10- m)2/s = 10 -6,3 =109s- = 10-5m2/s or multiple prefixes should

Equations. When customary

units appear in equations, the SI equivalents should be omitted. Instead of inserting the latter in parentheses, as in the case of text or small tables, the equations should be restated using SI unit

symbols, or a sentence, paragraph, or note should be added stating the factor to be used to convert the calculated units. result in customary units to the preferred SI

Pre$xes-Double

not be used. For example, use GW (gigawatt), use pm (picometer), not LMW; not ppm;

Pronunciation
The

of Metric Terms
of most of the unit names is well

pronunciation

use Gg (gigagram), not Mkg; use 13.58 m, not 13 m 580 mm. Prefix Mixtures-Do not use a mixture of prefixes

known and uniformly described in U.S. dictionaries, but four have been pronounced in various ways. The following pronunciations candela joule Pascal are recommended: Accent on the second syllable and pronounce it like de/l. Pronounce it to rhyme with pool. The preferred pronunciation rhymes with rascal. An acceptable second choice puts the accent on the second siemens syllable. Pronounce it like sea,nerl .r. see Table 1.4.

unless the difference in size is extreme. For example, use 40 mm wide and 1500 mm long, not 40 mm wide and 1.5 m long; however, 1500 m of 2-mm-diameter wire is acceptable. Compound Units--It is preferable that prefixes not be used in the denominators of complex units, except for kilogram (kg) which is a base unit. However, there are cases where the use of such prefixes is necessary to obtain a numerical value of convenient size. Examples of some of these rare exceptions are shown in the tables contained in these standards. Prefixes may be applied to the numerator pound unit; thus, megagram per cubic of a com-

For pronunciation

of unit prefixes,

Typewriting Recommendations Superscripts. The question arises of how numerical

superscripts should be typed ventional keyboard. With numerals and the superscript position before typing with the terference on a machine an ordinary with a conkeyboard.

meter (Mg/m3),

but not kilogram per cubic decimeter (kg/dm3) nor gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Values required outside the range of the prefixes should be expressed base units by powers of SI, the of 10 applied to the base unit. Unit of Mass-Among the

minus sign can be raised to the by rolling the platen half a space numeral, using care to avoid in-

the text in the line above. work, it is useful to

kilogram is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix; it is also the coherent SI unit for mass (See Appendices coherence.) However, A and B for discussions multiples of and names of decimal

Special Characters. For technical

have Greek symbols upright * moo ) letters available

on the typewriter.

If all SI

for units are to be typed properly,

a key with the

submultiples of the unit of mass are formed prefixes to the word gram. Prefises Alone-Do not use a prefix unit-e.g., use kilogram, not kilo. Calculations-Errors in calculations if, instead of using derived powers-of-10 prefixes, SI units are used, expressing notation-e.g., 1 MJ=

by attaching without a

Greek lower-case p (pronounced mew. not is necessary, since this is the symbol for micro. one millionth. The symbol can be approximated

meaning

can be minimized numerical lo6 J. values in

on a conventional machine by using a lower-case u and adding the tail by hand (p). A third choice is to spell out the unit name in full. For units of electricity, (Q) for ohm also will the Greek upper-case omega be useful; when it is not available,

the base and the coherent

Spelling of Vowel Pairs. There are three cases where

the final vowel in a prefix is omitted: megohm, kilohm, and hectare. In all other cases, both vowels are retained and both are pronounced. No space or hyphen should be used.

the word ohm can be spelled out. It is fortunate that, except for the more extensive use of the Greek p for micro and Q for ohm, the change to SI units causes preparation. no additional difficulty in manuscript

The Letter for Liter. On most U.S. typewriters, Complicated Expressions. To avoid ambiguity
plicated expressions, symbols are preferred in comlittle difference between one the lower-case cl over words. the numerical ( 1 ). The European

there is ( I ) and for

symbol

Attachment.
giving

Attachment of letters to a unit symbol for information about the nature of the quantity is in-

liter is a simple upright bar; the Canadians I3 used a script P but now have adopted the upright capital L; ANSI now recommends the upright capital L. used, the Greek p for for

correct: MWe for megawatts electrical (power), kPag for kilopascais gauge (pressure), Paa for pascals absolute (pressure), ceptable. making supplementary and Vat for volts phrases ac are not acbe added to If the context descriptive clear. the meanings is in doubt on any units used, should

Typewriter Modification.
thllowing superscripts micro; symbols symbols for degree; derived could

Where

frequently

be included

on typewriters:

and for squared and cubed; . for a product as a product; and Greek

dot (not a period) Q for ohm.

58-l 4

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

A special type-ball Q, and vailable

that contains

all the superscripts,

FL,

Where precision 1.7.

fewer

than six decimal is a further

places are shown,

more

other characters used for some typewriters. character keys.

in technical reports is Some machines have

is not warranted. example of the use of Table

The following

replaceable

Longhand. To assure legibility

p. it is recommended to resemble The symbol printing. form

of the symbols m, n. and that these three symbols be written For example. (not sloping will write or italic). nm, not ,I~,,. tail and should

To Convert pound-force

From per

To

Multiply 4.788

By

p should have a long distinct

square foot pound-force per square inch inch

Pa Pa m mean that

026 E+OI

have the upright

6.894 757 E+03 2.540* E-02

Shorthand. Stenographers
generally are quicker for the unit names.

find that the SI symbols than the shorthand forms These conversions I Ibf/ft

to write

becomes 47.880

26 Pa,

APPENDIX D General Conversion

General
Table 1.7 is intended

I Ibf/in.

Factors

becomes 6894.757 Pa or 6.894 757 kPa, and 0.0254 m (exactly).

I inch becomes to serve two purposes: units of coherent

1. To mcasurc

express the definitions of general ah exact numerical multiples of

The unit symbol for pound-force sometimes is written Ibf and sometimes lb, or lb/: the form Ibf is recommended.

m&c units. the fundamental Relationships arc the result

Relationships that are exact in terms of SI unit arc followed by an asterisk. by an astcrlsk either of physical tnultiplying measurements units. measurements factors given units or arc only cxand new

Organization
The conversion factors generally arc liatcd alphabetically by units having specific names and compound units derived from these specific units. A number of units starting with the pound p section of the list. Conversion listed be in Refs. 3 and 4. symbol (lb) arc located In the arc

that are not followed

appmximatc. 2. To provide prcssions 2encral numbers of

for converting by numbers

or miscellaneous and metric

to corresponding

factors classified

by physical

quantities

The conversion factors for other compound units can generated easily from numbers given in the list by substitution factor Convert of converted units. Two in&x, I.589 873 Pa. Then.

Notation
Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written one and less than (i.e.. as a number IO, with equal to or greater decimal Each number than six or fewer places is fol-

alphabetical

examples follow. I. Find the conversion (B/D)/psi (E-01) substitute [ 1.589 873 (E-01)]/]6.894 =2.305 2. Find the MJim. Convert to (mj/d)/Pa. m /d

for productivity 1 B/D to 7.57 (E+03)

and I psi to 6.894

seven or fewer

total digits).

lowed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or minus symbol, and two digits that indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. 3.523 or 0.035 239 07. Similarly, 3.386 or 3 386.389. An asterisk the conversion (*) after the numbers factor is exact shown indicates that 389 (E+03) is 3.386 389~ IO3 For example, is 3.523 907~ IO- 907 (E-02)

757 (E-03)] (m3/d)/Pa.

916 (E-OS)

conversion factor for tonf.mile/ft to I tonf to 8.896 444 (E+03) N: 1 mile to m; and I ii to 3.048* (E-01) m.

1.609 344 (E+03) Then. substitute 18.896 444 (E+03)] +[3.048 (E-O])] =4.697 =4.697 and that all subsequent

[I.609

344 (E+03)] (N.m)/m MJim. or J/m

322 (E+07) 322 (E+Ol)

digits (for rounding purposes) are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with procedures outlined in the preceding text.

When conversion factors for complex compound units are being calculated from Table I .7. numerical uncertainties already Mechtly \cvcn may be present digit in the seventh (or lesser last significant ) of the answer because of roundings

Based on ASTM Pub E380-82 @?I 3), values Of CO elSlO IaCtOrs tabulated herewth are identical with those in E380-82, generally slm~far material IS found m Ref 4 Conversion values in earlier edltlons of E 380 (for example E 380.74) are based on Ref 15 wh,ch has available some faclors w,,h more than seven d,g,,s

taken for the last digit of tabulated values. provides conversion factors of more than digits for certain quantities.

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-15

TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (symbols of SI units given in parentheses) To Convert From abampere abcoulomb abfarad abhenry abmho abohm abvolt acrefoot (U.S. survey) acre (U.S survey) ampere hour are angstrom astronomical unit atmosphere (standard) atmosphere (technical = 1 kgf/cm2) bar barn barrel (for petroleum, 42 gal) board foot Elntish thermal Bntish thermal Bntish thermal Bntish thermal Bntish thermal Bntlsh thermal unit unit unit unit umt unit (International Table) (mean) (thermochemical) (39F) (59F) (60F) ampere (A) coulomb (C) farad (F) henry (H) siemens (S) ohm (0) volt (V) meter3 (m3) mete? (m ) coulomb (C) meter* (m2) meter (m) meter (m) Pascal (Pa) Pascal (Pa) Pascal (Pa) meter* (m*) meter3 (m ) meter3 (m ) joule loule joule joule joule joule (J) (J) (J) (J) (J) (J) To Multiply By 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.0 1.O 1.0 1.0 1.233489 4.046 873 3.6 1.O 1.O 1.495979 1.013250 9.806 650 1.O 1.O 1.589873 2.359 737 1.055 056 1.05587 1.054 350 1.05967 1.05480 1.05468 1.730 735 1.729 577 1.442 279 1.441 314 5.192 204 5.188 732 2.930711 2.928 751 1.757250 1.054350 1.135653 1.134893 3.152481 1.891 489 1.134893 1.634 246 5.678 263 E+Ol E+Ol E+O9 E-09 E+09 E-09 E-08 E+03 E + 03 E+03 E+02 E-10 E+ll E+05 E + 04 E+05 E-28 E-01 E - 03 E + 03 E+03 E + 03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E f 00 E + 00 E ~ 01 E-01 E +02 E+02 E-01 E - 01 E+Ol E+03 E+04 E+04 E-00 E + 02 E+04 E + 06 E + 00

Btu (International Table)-fV(hr-ft2- F) (thermal conductlvrty) Btu (thermochemical)-ft/(hr-ft*-OF) (thermal conductlvtty) Btu (International Table)-m.i(hr-R*- F) (thermal conductlvrty) Btu (thermochemical)-in. (hr-RZ- F) (thermal conductivity) Btu (International Table)-in.i(s-Hz- F) (thermal conductivity) Btu (thermochemical)-in./(s-f12- F) (thermal conductlvily) B1u (International Table)/hr Btu (thermochemical)/hr Btu (thermochemical):mm Btu (thermochemical)% Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu (International Table)ift? (thermochemlcai)ifV (thermochemical)i(ft*-hr) (thermochemical)i(H2-min) (thermochemical)i(ft*-s)

watt per meter kelvin [W/(mK)] watt per meter kelvin [W/(mK)] watt per meter kelvin [W/(m.K)] watt per meter kelvin [Wl(m.K)] watt per meter kelvin [W/(m.K)] watt per meter kelvin [Wl(m.K)] watt(W) watt (W) watt(W) watt (W) joule per meter2 (Jim*) joule per meter2 (Jim*) watt per mete? (W/ml) watt per meter2 (W/m ) watt per mete? (W/m*) watt per mete? (W/m ) watt per meter* kelvin [W/(m .K)] watt per meter* kelvin [W/(m*.K)] watt per meter* kelvin [W/(m*.K)] watt per meter2 kelvin [W/(m .K)] joule per kilogram (J/kg) joule per kilogram (J/kg) joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg.K)] joule per ktlogram kelvin [J/(kgeK)]

Btu (thermochemical)/(irxZ-s) Btu (International Table)I(hr-V-OF) (thermal conductance) Btu (thermochemical)i(hr-V-OF) (thermal conductance) Btu (International Table)i(s-R*- F) Btu (thermochemical)@tt*-OF) Btu (International Table)ilbm Btu (thermochemical):lbm Btu (International Table)i(lbm- F) (heat capacity) Btu (thermochemical)i(lbm- F) (heat capaaty)

5.674 466 E + 00 2.044 175 E + 04 2.042 808 E + 04 2.326 2.324 444 4.186 8 4.184 000 E+03 E + 03 E+03 E +03

Fence 1893 the U S bass 01 length measurement has been dewed IrOm metric standards In 1959 a small rellnement was made I the defimlmn of the yard to resolve d,screpanc,es both I this country and abroad. which changed ,ts length from 3600 3937 m lo 0 9144 m exactly This resulted I the new value being shorter by two parts I a rrvlnn At the same time it was deaded that any data r leet derived from and publIshed as a result of geodetic surveys withm the U S would wna~n with the old standard (1 f, = ,200 3937 m) unt,l further dec,s,on Th,s loot IS named the U S suvey loot As a result, all U S land measurements I U S. c stoma~ 1,s WIIIrelate tothe meter by the old standard All the mnvers~on factors I these tables for umts relerenced to thus loatnote are based on the U.S survey foot. ratherthaiihe inlernatu,nal loot Con&on Iactors for me land measure glen below may be delemned from the loltowlng relatlonships 1 league = 3 miles (exactly) 1 rod = 16 ~ fl (exactly] 1 chain = 66 fl (exactly) 1 SectIon 1 sq mile 1 townsh,p = 36 sq m,les @This value was adopted m 1956. Some of the older lnlernatlonal Tables use Ihe value 1 055 D4 E + 03 The exact con~ers!on factor IS 1 055 055 852 62 E + 03

58-16

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (continued) (symbols of SI units given in parentheses) To Convert From bushel caliber calorie calorie calorie calorie calorie calorie calorie calorie cal cal cal cal cal (U.S.) (inchj (International Table) (mean) (thermochemical) (15C) (20C) (kilogram, International Table) (kilogram, mean) (kilogram, thermochemical) mete? (ml) meter (m) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule joule joule joule joule joule joule joule joule joule (J) (J) (J) (J) (J) per per per per per meter* (J/m ) kilogram (J/kg) kilogram (J/kg) kilogram kelvin [Jl(kgK)] kilogram kelvin [J/(kg.K)] To Multiply By 3.523 907 2.54 4.1868 4.19002 4.184 4.185 80 4.181 90 4.186 8 4.190 02 4.184 4.184 4.186 4.184 4.186 8 4.184 6.973 333 4.184 6.973 333 4.184 4.184 1.O 2.0 1.33322 9.806 38 1.O 1.O 5.067 075 2.003 712 2.365 882 3.7 1 .O 8.640 000 8.616 409 1745329 E - 02 E-02 E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+03 E+03 E+03 E+04 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E - 02 E+OO E + 02 E+O4 E+02 E-01 E-04 Et03 E + 01 E-03 E-06 E - 10 E-01 E - 04 Et10 E+OO E + 04 E+04 E-02

(thermochemical)/cm* (International Table)/g (thermochemical)ig (International Table)/(gX) (thermochemical)/(gX)

cal (thermochemical)imin cal (thermochemical)is cal (thermochemical)/(cmz.min) cal (thermochemical)/(cm**s) cal (thermochemical)~(cm+ C) capture unit (cu. = 10m3cm- ) carat (metric) centimeter of mercury (0C) centimeter of water (4C) centipoise centistokes circular mil cl0 cup curie cycle per second day (mean solar) day (sidereal) degree (angle) degree degree degree degree degree Celsius centigrade (see degree Celsius) Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Rankine

watt (W) watt (W) watt per meter (W/m*) watt per mete? (W/m2) watt per meter kelvin [W/(m.K)] per meter (m-l) kilogram (kg) Pascal (Pa) Pascal (Pa) Pascal second (Pas) mete? per second (m*/s) mete? (m2) kelvin mete? per watt [(Km*)/W] meteP (m3) becquerel (Bq) hertz (Hz) second (s) second (s) radian (rad) kelvin (K) degree Celsius kelvin (K) kelvin (K) kelvin mete? per watt [(Km*)/W] kelvin meter per watt [(K.m*)IW] kilogram per meter (kg/m) newton (N) newton meter (N.m) Pascal (Pa) joule (J) farad (F) ampere (A) volt (V) henry U-V ohm (0) farad (F) ampere (A) volt (V) henry 0-U ohm (0) joule (J) watt per meter* (W/m>) watt (W) coulomb (C) coulomb (C) coulomb (C) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m3) meter (m) meter (m)

T, = T,c + 273.15 r, = (T, - 32)11.8 T, = (T, + 459.67)/1.8

r, = J41.8

Fshr-ft2/Btu(International Table) (thermal resistance) F.hr-ftVBtu (thermochemical) (thermal resistance) denier dyne dynecm dyne/cm2 electronvolt EMU EMU EMU EMU EMU ESU ESU ESU ESU ESU of of of of of of of of of of capacitance current electric potential inductance resistance capacitance current electnc potential inductance resistance

1.781 102 E-01 1.762 250 1.111 111 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.602 19 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.112650 3.335 6 2.997 9 8.987554 8.987 554 1.o 1.O 1.O 9.648 9.649 9.652 1.828 1.o 2.957 E - 01 E-07 E-05 E-07 E-01 E-19 E+O9 E+Ol E-08 E-09 E-09 E-12 E- 10 E+02 E+ll E + 11 E-07 E-03 E-07 E + 04 E + 04 E+04 E+OO E-15 E - 05 E-01 E -01

erg erg/cm% erg/s faraday (based on carbon-l 2) faraday (chemical) faraday (physical) fathom fermi (femtometer) fluid ounce (U.S.) foot foot (U.S. survey) 1

70 57 19 8 353

3.048 3.048 006

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-17

TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (continued) (symbols of SI units given in parentheses) To Convert From foot of water (39.2 F) sq ft ft*/hr (thermal diffusivity)
ftV3

To Pascal (Pa) meter2 (m ) mete? per second (m*is) meter? per second (m is) mete? mete? mete? mete? (m3) per second (m 1.s) per second (mVs) (ml)

Multiply By 2.988 9.290 2.580 9.290 2.831 4.719 2.831 8.630 98 304 640 304 685 474 685 975 E +03 E - 02 E - 05 E - 02 E - 02 E -04 E -02 E -03 E - 05 E-03 E-01 E-01 E+Ol E + 00 E+OO E -04 E - 02 E+OO E -02 E + 00 E-02 E - 03 E - 03 E - 03 E-03 E - 08 E - 05 E-09 E - 04 E-09 E-04 E - 01 E - 04 E-04 E-01 E-02 E - 05 E-02

cu ft (volume; section modulus) ftYmin

W/S

ff (moment of section)@) fUhr ft/min ftk

ft/SZ

footcandle footlambert ft-lbf ft-lbf/hr ft-lbfimin ft-lbf/s ft-poundal free fall, standard (g) cm/s? qallon (Canadian liquid) gallon (U.K. liquid) gallon (U.S. dry) gallon (US liquid) gal (U.S. liquid)iday gal (US. liquid)/min gal (U.S. liquid)/hphr (SFC, specific fuel consumption) gamma (magnetic field strength) gamma (magnetic flux density) gauss gilbert gill (U.K.) gill (U.S.) grad grad grain (117000 Ibm avoirdupois) grain (Ibm avoirdupoisi7000)lgaI (U.S. liquid) gram glcm3 gram-force/cm2 hectare horsepower (550 ft-lbfis) horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower (boiler) (electric) (metric) (water) (U.K.)

meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) meter per second2 (misz) Iux (lx) candela per meter2 (cdim2) joule (J) watf (W) watt (wj watt (W) joule (J) meter per second (m/s ) meter per second2 (m/s ) mete? (m3) mete? (m3) mete? (m3) mete? (mJ) mete? per second (mVs) mete? per second (m%) mete? per joule (mYJ) ampere per meter (Aim) tesla (T) tesla (T) ampere (A) mete? (m3) mete? (ma) degree (angular) radian (rad) kilogram (kg) kilogram per mete? (kg/m3) kilogram (kg) kilogram per mete? (kg/m3) Pascal (Pa) meter* (m2) watt (W) watt watt watt watt watt (W) (W) (W) (W) (W)

8.466 667 5.080 3.048 3.048 1.076391 3.426 259 1.355818 3.766 161 2.259 697 1.355818 4.214 011 9.806 650 1.O 4.546 090 4.546 092 4.404 884 3.785412 4.381 264 6.309 020 1.410089 7.957 747 1.O 1.o 7.957 747 1.420 654 1.182941 9.0 1.570796 6.479 891 1.711 806

1.O E-03 1.O Et03 9.806 650 E + 01 1.O E+04 7.456 999 E + 02 9.809 50 7.460 7.354 99 7.460 43 7.457 0 3.600 3.590 5.080 4.535 2.54 3.386 3.376 2.490 2.488 6.451 1.638 2.731 4.162 E + 03 E+02 E+02 E + 02 E+O2

hour (mean solar) hour (sidereal) hundredweight (long) hundredweight (short) inch inch inch inch inch of of of of mercury (32F) mercury (60F) water (39.2 F) water (60F)

second (s) second (s) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) meter (m) Pascal (Pa) Pascal (Pa) Pascal (Pa) Pascal (Pa) meter* meteP mete? meteP (m*) (m ) per second (m%) (ma)

000 E + 03 170 E + 03 235 E + 01 924 E + 01 38 85 82 4 6 706 177 314 E-02 E + 03 E + 03 E + 02 E+02 E-04 E ~ 05 E-07 E-07

sq in. cu in. (volume; section modulus)i41 in.3/min in4 (moment of section)13 in/s in .I$ kayser kelvin

meter per second (m/s) meter per second* (m/s2) 1 per meter (1 /m) degree Celsius
~XIS

2.54 E-02 2.54 E-02 1.O E+02 T., = T, - 273.15

I31Thus sometimes IS tailed the rrwment of merha of a plane sechon about a spafled 14 The exact c~nwrslon factor IS 1.636 706 4 E-05

58-18

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (continued) (symbols of SI units given in parentheses) To Convert From kilocalorie kilocalorie kilocalorie kilocalorie kilocalorie (International Table) (mean) (thermochemical) (thermochemical)imin (thermochemical)/s joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) watt (W) watt (W) newton (N) newton meter (N.m) kilogram (kg) Pascal (Pa) Pascal (Pa) Pascal (Pa) meter per second (m/s) newton (N) joule (J) newton (N) Pascal (Pa) meter per second (m/s) candela per meteP (cd/m*) candela per mete? (cd/m*) joule per mete? (J/mz) meter (m) meter (m) meter-l (ml) weber (Wb) siemens (S) meter (m) microsecond/meter (&m) meter (m) meter (m) meter meter meter meter meter meter (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) To Multiply By 4.186 8 4.190 02 4.184 6.973 333 4.184 9.806 9.806 9.806 9.806 9.806 9.806 E+03 E+03 E+03 E + 01 E+03

kilogram-force (kgf) kgf.m kgfs*im (mass) kgf/cm2 kgf/m* kgf/mm? km/h kilopond kilowatthour (kW-hr) kip (1000 Ibf) kip/in.* (ksi) knot (international) lambert lambert langley league light year IiteV maxwell mho microinch microsecond/foot (@ft) micron mil mile mile mile mile mile mile (international) (statute) (U.S. survey) ) (international nautical) (U.K. nautical) (U.S. nautical)

65 E + 00 65 E + 00 65 E + 00 65 E + 04 65 E + 00 65 E + 06

2.777 778 E - 01 9.806 65 E + 00 3.6 E+06 4.448 222 E + 03 6.894 757 E + 06 5.144444 E-01 1in E+04 3.183099 E+03 4.184 E+04 (see Footnote 1) 9.46055 E+15 1.0 E-03 1.o 1.o 2.54 3.280 840 1.O 2.54 1.609 344 1.609 3 1.609 347 1.852 1.853 184 1.852 2.589 2.589 4.470 1.609 2.682 1.609 988 998 4 344 24 344 E-08 E+OO E-08 E + 00 E-06 E-05 E + 03 E+03 E + 03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E + 06 E + 06 E-01 E + 00 E +Ol E+03 E+02 E+02 E - 04 E+Ol E+Ol E + 06 E + 01 E-02 E ~ 03 E ~ G2 E-02 E-05 E - 05 E-01 E - 03 E + 00 E+OO E+03 E-01 E - 02 E + 16 E ~ 03

sq mile (international) sq mile (U.S. survey) mileihr (international) mileihr (international) mileimin (international) mile/s (international) millibar millimeter of mercury (0C) minute (angle) minute (mean solar) mcnute (sidereal) month (mean calendar) oersted ohm centimeter ohm circular-mil per ft ounce (avoirdupois) ounce {troy or apothecary) ounce (U.K. fluid) ounce (U.S. fluidj ounce-force ozf.in. oz (avoirdupois)igal (U.K. liquid) oz (avoirdupois)/qal (U.S. liquid) oz (avoirdupois)&? oz (avoirdupois)/fF oz (avoirdupois)/yd2 parsec peck (U.S.) pennyweight perm ( C)@)

mete? (m2) mete? (m2) meter per second (m/s) kilometer per hour (kmih) meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) Pascal (Pa) Pascal (Pa) radian (rad) second (s) second (s) second (s) ampere per meter (A/m) ohm meter (0.m) ohm millimeter* per meter [(0.mm2)m] kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) meter3 (m ) mete? (m3) newton (N) newton meter (N.m) kilogram per kilogram per kilogram per kilogram per kilogram per meter (m) mete? (m3) meterj (kg/m>) metep (kgimJ) meterj (kg/mJ) meter2 (kg/m2) meter (kg/m )

1.O 1.33322 2.908 882 6.0 5.983617 2.628 000 7.957 747 1.O 1.662 426 2.834 952 3.110348 2.841 307 2.957 353 2.780 139 7.061 552 6.236 021 7.489 152 1.729994 3.051 517 3.390 575 3.085 678 8.809 768

kilogram (kg) kilogram per Pascal second meter* [kg!(Pas.m2)]

1.555 174 E-03 5.721 35 E-11

%, 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the name liter as a special name for the c,,blc decr,,eter slightly (prewous value, 1 WO 028 dm3 and m expression of preclslon volume measurement this lact must be kept I mind t61Not the same as resewmr per ,

Before ,h,s dec,s,on ,be ,,ter d,f,e,ed

THE Sf METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-19

TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (continued) (symbols of SI units given in parentheses) To Convert From perm (23 C)16 perm.in. (OC)c71 perm.in. (23C) phol oica (orinter s) pint (U.S. dryj oint (U.S. liauid) point (printers) poise (absolute viscosity) pound (lbm avoirdupois)@ pound (troy or apothecary) Ibm-ftz (moment of Inertia) Ibm-in.? (moment of inertia) Ibmift-hr lbmift -s IbmW Ibm/ft3 Ibm/gal (U.K. liquid) lbmigal (U.S. liquid) lbmihr Ibm/(hp hr) (SFC, specific fuel consumption) Ibmlin.3 lbmimin lbmis Ibm/yd3 poundal poundalift poundal-s/R2 pound-force (lbf) 91 IbfWO Ibf-ft:in. J lbf-in. l Ibf-rn.:ln.l Ibf-sift lbfift IbfW Ibfiin. Ibf/itxz (psi) lbfllbm (thrust/weight [mass] ratio) quart (U.S. dry) quart (U.S. liauid) rad (radiation dose absorbed) rhe rod roentgen second (angle) second (sidereal) section shake slug slug/(ft-s) slug/fV statampere statcoulomb statfarad stathenry statmho statohm statvolt stere
Not the same dlmenslons as m#!darcy-foot E 01. BJThe exacf conversion factor IS 4 535 923 7 E + 00 lg The exact conversion factor IS 4 448 221 615 260 5 @ Torque unit. see text dwzusslon of Torque and Bending Moment Torque dlwded by length see fexf d!scuss!on 01 Torque and Bendmg

Multiply By kilogram per Pascal second mete? [kg/( Pasm2)] krlogram per Pascal second meter [kg/(Pasm)] kilogram per Pascal second meter [kmi(Pasm)] lumen per mete? (lm/m2) meter (m) metep (m3) mete? (m3) meter (m) Pascal second (Pas) kilogram kilogram kilogram kilogram (kg) (kg) meter (kg-m ) mete? (kg-m*) 5.74525 1.45322 1.459 29 1.O 4.217518 5.506 105 4.731 765 3.514 598 1.o 4.535 924 3.732417 4.214 011 2.926 397 4.133 789 1.488 164 4.882 428 1.601 846 9.977 633 1.198264 1.259979 1.689 2.767 7.559 4.535 5.932 659 990 873 924 764 E-11 E-12 E- 12 E+04 E-03 E-04 E - 04 E - 04 E-01 E - 01 E-01 E-02 E - 04 E -04 E+OO E + 00 E +Ol E + 01 E+02 E-04 E - 07 E + 04 E - 03 E - 01 E - 01

Pascal second (Pas.) Pascal second (Pas) kilogram per mete? (kg/m2) kilogram per mete? (kg/m3) kilogram per mete? (kg/m3) kilogram per meter3 (kg/m3) kilogram per second (kg/s) krlogram krlogram ktlogram kilogram kilogram per per per per per Joule (kg/J) mete? (kg/ma) second (kg/s) second (kg/s) meter] (kgim3)

newton (N) Pascal (Pa) Pascal second (Pas) newton (N) newton meter (N.m) newton meter per meter [(N-m)/m)] newton meter (N.m) newton meter per meter [(N-m)/mj Pascal second (Pas) newton per meter (N/m) Pascal (Pa) newton per meter (N/m) Pascal (Pa) newton per kilogram (N/kg) mete? (m3) meter3 (m3) gray (GY) 1 per Pascal second [ 1/(Pas)] meter (m) coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) radian (rad) second (s) meter2 (m*) second (s) kilogram (kg) Pascal second (Pas) kilogram per metel3 (kg/m3) ampere (A) coulomb (C) farad (F) henry (H) sremens (S) ohm (It) volt (V) mete? (m )

1.382 550 E - 01 1.488 164 E+OO 1.488 164 E+OO 4.448 222 1.355818 5.337 866 1.129848 4.448 222 4.788 026 1.459 390 4.788 026 1.751 268 6.894 757 9.806 650 E + 00 E+OO E +Ot E-01 E t 00 E + 01 E t 01 E + 01 Et 02 E + 03 E t 00

1.101 221 E-03 9.463 529 E - 04 1.0 E-02 1.O E+Ol (see Footnote 1) 2.58 E-04 4.848 137 E -06 9.972 696 E -01 (see Footnote 1) 1.000 000 E - 08 1.459 390 4.788 026 5.153 788 3.335 640 3.335 640 1.112650 8.987 554 1.112650 8.987 554 2.997 925 1.O E t 01 E t 01 E+02 E 110 E - 10 E-12 E + 11 E-12 Et 11 E + 02 E+OO

Moment

58-20

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 1.7-ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (continued) (symbols of SI units given in parentheses) To Convert From stilb stokes (kinematic viscosity) tablespoon teaspoon tex therm
ton (assay) ton (tong, 2,240 Ibm)

To candela per meter* (cd/m*) meter* per second (m*/s) metef (m3) mete? (m3) kilogram per meter (kg/m) joule (J) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) joule (J) watt (W) metep (m3) kllogram (kg) kilogram per mete? (kg/m3) kilogram per second (kg/s) newton (N) kilogram (kg) Pascal (Pa) mete? (mz) weber (Wb) joule (J) joule (J) watt per meter? (W/m ) watt per meter2 (W/m2) meter (m) mete? (m2) mete? (m3) mete? per second (m%) second (s) second (s) second (s)

Multiply By 1.O 1.O 1.470 676 4.928 922 1.O 1.055 056 2.916 667 1.016047 1.o 4.184 3.516 800 2.831 685 9.071 847 1.328 939 2.519958 8.896 444 1.O E+04 E-04 E - 05 E - 06 E-06 E + 08 E-02 E+03 E+03 E+09 E +03 E + 00 E + 02 E + 03 E-01 E + 03 E+03

ton ton ton ton

(metric) (nuclear equivalent of TNT) (refrigeration) (register)

ton (short, 2000 Ibm) ton (long)/ydJ ton (shott)/hr ton-force (2000 Ibf) tonne torr (mm Hg, 0C) township unit pole watthour (W-hr) w.s W/cm2 W/in.? yard yd2 Yd3 ydJ/min year (calendar) year (sidereal) year (tropical)
2JOet~ned (not measured) value

1.33322 E+02 (see Footnote 1) 1.256 637 E - 67 3.60 E+03 1.O E+OO 1.O Et04 1.550003 E+03 9.144 8.361 274 7.645 549 1.274 258 3.153600 3.155 815 3.155693 E-01 E - 01 E - 01 E - 02 Et07 Ei07 E+07

APPENDIX E
TABLE 1.8 Location Argentina, Paraguay Cadiz, Chile, Peru California, except San Francisco San Francisco Central America Colombia Honduras Mexico Portugal, Brazil Spain, Cuba, Venezuela, Philippine Islands Texas Jan. 26, 1801, to Jan. 27, 1838 Jan. 27, 1838 to June 17, 1919, for surveys of state land made for Land Office Jan. 27, 1838 lo June 17, 1919, on private surveys (unless changed to 33-113 in. by custom arising to dignity of law and overcoming former law) June 17, 1919, to present CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THE VARA Value of Vara in Inches 34.12 33.37 33.3720 33.0 33.87 31.5 33.0 43.0 33.38 32.8748 33-113 Conversion Factor, Varas to Meters 8.666 8.476 8.478 49 8.38 8.603 8.00 8.38 8.380 1.09 8.479 8.350 20 8.466 667 E-01 E-01 E-01 E-01 E-01 E-01 E-01 E-01 Et00 E-01 E-01 E-01 Source Ref. 16 Ref. 16 Ref. 16 Ref. 16 Ref. 16 Ref. 16 Ref. 16 Refs. 16 and 17 Ref. 16 Ref. 17 Ref. 16 Ref. 16

32.8748 33-113

8.350 20 8.466 667

E-01 E-01

Ref. 16 Ref. 16
For work rqulrlng accura& may have been at that t,me

*It IS evident from Ref 16 that accurate defined lengths 01 the vala varied slgnlflcantly, according to hlslotlcal date and localay used Coers~~s. the user should check Closely lnlo Lhe dale and localIon of the wrveys mvolved, with due regard lo what local ,x,cl,ce and place This value quoted horn Webster s New lnternakmal D~chona~

THE St METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-21

TABLE l.Q- MEMORY

JOGGER -METRIC

UNITS

BallPark Metnc Values; (Do Not Use As Conversion Factors) 4000 -i barrel British thermal unit British thermal unit per pound-mass calorie centipoise centistokes darcy degree Fahrenheit (temperature difference) dyne per centimeter foot cubic foot (cu ft) cubic foot per pound-mass (fWbm) square foot (sq ft) foot per minute foot-pound-force foot-pound-force per minute foot-pound-force per second horsepower horsepower, boiler inch kilowatthour mile ounce (avoirdupois) ounce (fluid) pound-force pound-force per square inch (pressure, psi) pound-mass pound-mass per cubic foot section ton, long (2240 pounds-mass) ton, metric (tonne) ton, short Exactaqulvalents square meters

0.4

hectare
cubic meter joules joules per kilogram kilojoules per kilogram joules millipascal-second square millimeter per second

0.16 1000 1 2300 2.3 4 1 1 1 0.5 1 -i 30 0.3 0.03 0.06 0.1 { g 1.4 0.02 1.4 750 10 2.5 3.6 1.6 28 30 4.5 7 0.5 16 260 2.6 2.6 1000 1000 900

square micrometer
kelvin millinewton per meter centimeters meter cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram square meter ~i%%&n$%cond joules watt watts watts (% kilowatt)

kilowatts
centimeters megajoules kilometers grams cubic centimeters newtons kilopascals kilogram kilograms per cubic meter hectares million square meters square kilometers kilograms kilograms kilograms

APPENDIX F

Part 2: Discussion of Metric Unit Standards*

Introduction
The standards and conventions shown in Part I are part of the SPE tentative standards. Table 2. I presents nomenclature for Tables 2.2 and 2.3. Table 2.2 is a modified form of a table in API 2564 reflecting SPE recommendations. Table 2.3 shows a few units commonly used in the petroleum industry that are not shown in Table 1.7 and 2.2. The columns in these tables are based on the following. Quantity and SI Unit. The quantity and the base or derived SI unit that describes that quantity. Customary Unit. The unit most commonly used in expressing the quantity in English units. SPE Preferred. The base or derived SI unit plus the approved prefix, if any, that probably will be used most
Prepared by John M Campbell for the subcommftfee

commonly to achieve convenient unit size. Any approved prefix may be used in combination with an approved SI unit without violation of these standards except where otherwise noted. Other Allowable. A small, selected list of non-3 that are approved temporuril~~ for the convenience English-metric transition. Use of the allowable may be discouraged but is not prohibited. Any tional. non-9 unit not shown is prohibited under standards.
units

of the units tradithese

Conversion Factor. For certain commonly used units, a conversion factor is shown. The primary purpose in these tables is to show how the preferrelf metric unit compares in size with the traditional unit. An effort has been made to keep the unit sizes comparable to minimize transition difficulties.

58-22

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

A detailed summary of general conversion factors is included as Table 1.7 in Part 1 of this report. The notation for conversion factors in Tables 2.2 and 2.3 is explained in the introduction to Table 1.7. Fig. 2. I shows graphically how SI units are related in a very coherent manner. Although it may not be readily apparent, this internal coherence is a primary reason for adoption of the metric system of units. The SPE Metrication Subcommittee is endeavoring to provide SPE members with all information needed on the International System of Units and to provide tentative standards (compatible with SI coherence, decimal, and other principles) for the application of the SI system to SPE fields of interest. The tentative SPE standards are intended to reflect reasonable input from many sources, and we solicit your positive input with the assurance that all ideas will receive careful consideration.

(a). Note that (a) is used as the abbreviation for year (annum) instead of (yr). The use of the minute as a &me unit is discouraged because of abbreviation problems. It should be used only when another time unit is absolutciy inappropriate. Date and Time Designation The Subcommittee proposes to recommend a standard date and time designation to the American Nat]. Standards Inst., as shown below. This form already has been introduced in Canada.
76 10 03 16 : 24 : I4

year

month

hour minute day (76-IO-03-16:24: 14)

second

Review of Selected Units

Certain of the quantities and units shown in Tables 2.2 and 2.3 may require clarification of usage (see also the notes preceding Tables 2.2 and 2.3). Time Although second(s) is the base time unit, any unit of time may be used - minute (min), hour(h), day (d), and year
TABLE 2.1 -NOMENCLATURE Unit Symbol A 4 bar C cd C d F GY H h Hz ha J K kg kn L Im
IX

The sequence is orderly and easy to remember: only needed portions of the sequence would be used - most documents would use the first three. No recommendation has been made for distinguishing the century, such as 1976 vs. 1876 vs. 2076. Area The hectare (ha) is allowable but its use should be confined to large areas that describe the area1 extent of a porFOR TABLES 2.2 AND 2.3 Tvpe of Unit base SI unit allowable (not official SI) unit derived SI unit = l/s allowable (not official SI) unit, derived SI unit, = 1 As base SI unit derived SI unit = 1.0 K allowable (not official SI) unit allowable (not officialSI) unit, derived SI unit, = 1 A.sN derived SI unit, = J/kg allowable (not official SI) unit, derived SI unit, = 1 Vs/A allowable (not official SI) unit, derived SI unit, = 1 cycle/s allowable (not official SI) unit, derived SI unit, = 1 N.m base SI unit base SI unit allowable (not official Sl) unit,

Name ampere annum (year) becquerel bar coulomb candela degree Celsius degree day

Quantitv electric current time activity (of radionuclides)

pressure
quantity of electricity luminous intensity temperature plane angle time electric capacitance absorbed dose mass inductance time frequency area work, energy temperature mass velocity volume luminous flux illuminance length time plane angle force length electric resistance pressure plane angle electrical conductance time plane angle solid angle magnetic flux density mass electric potential power magnetic flux

= lo5 Pa

= 24 hours
= 10~3 kg = 3.6 x 10 s = lo4 m2

farad gray
gram henry

hour
hertz hectare joule kelvin kilogram knot liter lumen Iux meter minute minute newton U.S. nautical mile ohm Pascal radian siemens second second steradian tesla

min
N

naut. mile R
Pa rad S s sr T
v W

Wb

tonne volt watt weber

= 5.144 444 x 10-j m/s = 1.852 km/h allowable (not official Sl) unit, = 1 dm3 derived SI unit, = 1 cd.sr derived SI unit, = 1 Im/mZ base SI unit allowable (not official SI) unit Allowable cartography (not official SI) unit derived SI unit, = 1 kg,m/s2 allowable (not official SI) unit, = 1.652 x lo3 m derived SI unit, = 1 V/A derived SI unit, = 1 N/m* supplementary SI unit derived SI unit, = 1 AN base SI unit allowable cartography (not official 9) unit supplementary SI unit derived SI unit, = 1 Wb/mZ allowable (not official SI) unit, = lo3 kg = 1 Mg derived SI unit, = 1 W/A derived SI unit, = 1 J/s derived SI unit, = 1 V..s

THE Sf METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-23

tion of the earth s crust (normally replacing the acre or section). Volume The liter is an allowable unit for small volumes only. It should be used for volumes not exceeding 100 L. Above this volume (or volume rate), cubic meters should be used. The only two prefixes allowed with the liter are milli and micro:

In the U.S., the -er ending for meter and liter is official. The official symbol for the liter is L. In other countries the symbol may be written as Y and spelled out with the -re ending (metre, litre). Since SPE is international. it is expected that members will use local conventions. Notice that API barrel or simply barrel disappears as an allowable volume term.

BASE UNITS

DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES

MASS

HEAT

FLOW

RATE

CONOUCTINCE

ELECTRIC

CURRENT

INDUCTANCE

SUPPLEMENTARY

UNITS

OENSITV

LUMINOUS

FLUX

lLLUMlNANCE

SOLID

ANGLE
SOLID BROKEN LINES INDICATE OIVISION MULTIPLICATION. LINES.

Fig. Xl-Graphic

relationships of SI units with names

58-24

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Force Any force term will use the newton (N). Derived units involving force also require the newton. The expression of force using a mass term (like the kilogram) is absolutely forbidden under these standards. Mass The kilogram is the base unit, but the gram, alone or with any approved prefix, is an acceptable SI unit. For large mass quantities the metric ton (t) may be used. Some call this tonne: However, this spelling sometimes has been used historically to denote a regular short ton (2,000 lbm). A metric ton is also a megagram (Mg). The terms metric ton or Mg are preferred in text references. Energy and Work The joule (J) is the fundamental energy unit; kilojoules (kJ) or megajoules (MJ) will be used most commonly. The calorie (large or small) is no longer an acceptable unit under these standards. The kilowatthour is acceptable for a transition period but eventually should be replaced by the megajoule. Power The term horsepower disappears as an allowable unit. The kilowatt (kW) or megawatt (MW) will be the multiples of the fundamental watt unit used most commonly. Pressure The fundamental pressure unit is the Pascal (Pa) but the kilopascal (kPa) is the most convenient unit. The bar (100 kPa) is an allowable unit. The pressure term kg/cm2 is not allowable under these standards. Viscosity The terms poise, centipoise, stokes, and centistokes are no longer used under these standards. They are replaced by the metric units shown in Table 2.2. Temperature Although it is permissible to use C in text references, it is recommended that K be used in graphical and tabular summaries of data. Density The fundamental SI unit for density is kg/m3. Use of this unit is encouraged. However, a unit like kg/L is permissible. The traditional term specific gravity will not be used. It will be replaced by the term relative density. API gravity disappears as a measure of relative density. Relative Atomic Mass and Molecular Mass The traditional terms atomic weight and molecular weight are replaced in the SI system of units by relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass, respectively. See Table 1.6.

Unit Standards Under Discussion

There are some quantities for which the unit standards have not been clarified to the satisfaction of all parties and some controversy remains. These primary quantities are summarized below. Permeability The SPE-preferred permeability unit is the square micrometer (pm*). One darcy (the traditional unit) equals 0.986 923 pm*. The fundamental SI unit of permeability (in square meters) is defined as follows: a permeability of one meter squared will permit a flow of I m is of fluid of I Pa. s viscosity through an area of I m under a pressure gradient of 1 Pa/m. The traditional terms of darcy and millidarcy have been approved as preferred units of permeability. Note 11 of Table 2.2 shows the relationships between traditional and SI units and points out that the units of the darcy and the square micrometer can be considered equivalent when high accuracy is not needed or implied. Standard Temperature Some reference temperature is necessary to show certain properties of materials, such as density. volume. viscosity. and energy level. Historically, the petroleum industry almost universally has used 60F [15.56C] as this reference temperature, and metric systems have used OC, 2OC, and 25C most commonly, depending on the data and the area of specialty. API has opted for 15C because it is close to 60F. ASME has used 20C in some of its metric guides. The bulk of continental European data used for gas and oil correlations is at OC, although 15C is used sometimes. The SPE Subcommittee feels that the choice between 0C and 15C is arbitrary. Tentatively, a standard of 15C has been adopted simply to conform to API standards. It may be desirable to have a flexible temperature standard for various applications. Standard Pressure To date. some groups have opted for a pressure reference of 101.325 kPa, which is the equivalent of I std atm. The Subcommittee considers this an unacceptable number. Its adoption possesses some short-term convenience advantages but condemns future generations to continual odd-number conversions to reflect the change of pressure on properties. It also violates the powersof-10 aspect of the SI system, one of its primary advantages. The current SPE standard is 100 kPa and should be used until further notice. It is our hope that reason will prevail and others will adopt this standard. Gauge and Absolute Pressure There is no provision for differentiating between gauge and absolute pressure, and actions by international bodies prohibit showing the difference by an addendum to the unit symbol. The Subcommittee recommends that gauge and absolute be shown using parentheses following p:
p=643

kPa,

p(g)=543

kPa

THE SI METRIC

SYSTEM

OF UNITS

& SPE METRIC

STANDARD

58-25

[p is found from p(g) by adding actual barometric pressure. (100 kPa is suitable for most engineering calculations.)] In custody transfer the standard pressure will be specified by contract. Unless there is a special reason not to do so, the standard pressure will be 100 kPa to preserve the multiples of ten principle of the metric system. Standard pressure normally is defined and used as an absolute pressure. So, psc = 100 kPa is proper notation. Absolute pressure is implied if no (g) is added to denote gauge pressure specifically. Standard Volumes Cubic meters at standard reference conditions must be equated to a term with the standard SC subscript. For example, for a gas production rate of 1 200 000 m3/d, write
qx,y,=1.2x IO6 m3/d or 1.2 (E+06) m3/d read as 1.2 million cubic meters per day.

10. See discussion of Energy, Torque, and Bending Moment, Part 1. 11. The permeability conversions shown in Table 2.2 are for the traditional definitions of darcy and millidarcy. In SI units, the square micrometer is the preferred unit of permeability in fluid flow through a porous medium, having the dimensions of viscosity times volume flow rate per unit area divided by pressure gradient, which simplifies to dimensions of length squared. (The fundamental SI unit is the square meter, defined by leaving out the factor of IO- * in the equation below). A permeability of 1 pm* will permit a flow of 1 m3/s of fluid of 1 Pa. s viscosity through an area of 1 m2 under a pressure gradient of lo * Pa/m (neglecting gravity effects): I pm2 = lo- * Pa.s [m3/(s.m2)](m/Pa) = 10 ~ I2 Pa. s(m/s)(mlPa) = lo- * m2 The range of values in petroleum work is best served by units of 1O-3 pm2. The traditional millidarcy (md) is an informal name for 10 -3 pm*, which may be used where high accuracy is not implied. For virtually all engineering purposes, the familiar darcy and millidarcy units may be taken to be equal to 1 pm2 and 10 -3 pm*. respectively. 12. The ohm-meter is used in borehole geophysical devices. 13. As noted in Sec. 1, the mole is an amount of substance expressible in elementary entities as atoms, molecules, ions, electrons. and other particles or specified groups of such particles. Because the expression kilogram mole is inconsistent with other SI practices, we have used the abbreviation kmol to designate an amount of substance which contains as many kilograms (groups of molecules) as there are atoms in 0.0 12 kg of carbon 12 multiplied by the relative molecular mass of the substance involved. In effect, the k prefix is merely a convenient way to identify the type of entity and facilitate conversion from the traditional pound mole without violating SI conventions.

If the rate is 1200 cubic meters per day, write q,,Yc=1.2x103 m3/d.

For gas in place, one could write G,,=11.0x10 * m3.

Notes for Table 2.2

1. The cubem (cubic mile) is used in the measurement of very large volumes, such as the content of a sedimentary basin. 2. In surveying, navigation, etc., angles no doubt will continue to be measured with instruments that read out in degrees, minutes, and seconds and need not be converted into radians. But for calculations involving rotational energy, radians are preferred. 3. The unit of a million years is used in geochronology. The mega-annum is the preferred SI unit, but many prefer simply to use mathematical notation (i.e., X 106). 4. This conversion factor is for an ideal gas. 5. Subsurface pressures can be measured in megapascals or as freshwater heads in meters. If the latter approach is adopted, the hydrostatic gradient becomes dimensionless. 6. Quantities listed under Facility Throughput, Capacity are to be used only for characterizing the size or capacity of a plant or piece of equipment. Quantities listed under Flow Rate are for use in design calculations. 7. This conversion factor is based on a density of 1.0 kg/dm 3 8. Seismic velocities will be expressed in km/s. 9. The interval transit time unit is used in sonic logging work.

Notes for Table 2.3

1. The standard cubic foot (scf) and barrel (bbl) rem ferred to are measured at 60F and 14.696 psia; the cubic meter is measured at 15C and 100 kPa (1 bar). 2. The kPa is the preferred SPE unit for pressure. But many are using the bar as a pressure measurement. The bar should be considered as a nonapproved name (or equivalent) for 100 kPa. 3. See discussion of Torque and Bending Moment , Part I.

58-26

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit SPACE: TIME

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

Length

naut mile mile chain link fathom m yd fl in. cm mm mil micron (f.~)

km km m m m m m m cm mm cm mm cm mm pm bm m/km m/m3 m/m3 m/m3 km2 km2 ha m2 ha m2 m2 m2 cm2 mm2 cm2 mm2 cm2 mm2 m21cm3 m*/kg mYg km m3 ham m3 m3 m m3 dm3 m3 dm3 m3 .-tm3 dm3 dm3
rim3

1.852 1.809 344* 2.011 68 2.011 68 1.828 8 1.O 9.144 3.048 3.048 2.54 2.54 1.O 1.O 1.O 2.54 1.O 1.893 939 8.051 964 1.078 391 1.917 134 2.589 988 2.589 988 2.589 988 4.046 858 4.046 856 1.o 8.361 274 9.290 304 9.290 304 6.451 8 6.451 6 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.699 291 1.0 1.0 4.168 182 1.233 489 1.233 489 1.o 7.645 549 1.589 873 L L I L L
I

E+00 E + 00 E+Ol E-01 E+OO E+OO E-01 E-01 E+nl E+Ol E+OO E+Ol E+00 E+OO E+Ol E+OO E-01 E+Ol E+Ol E+OO E +00 E +00 E+O2 E+03 E-01 Ec04 E-01 E - 02 E + 02 E+O2 E+OO Et02 Et00 E+OO E-03 E-01 E-04 E+OO E+03 E-01 E+OO E - 01 E-01 E-02 E+Ol E-03 E+OO E-03
F+rul -

Length/length Length/volume

m/m
m/m3

fUm+ fUU.S. gal ftw ft/bbl

Length/temperature Area

m/K m2

see Temperature, Pressure, Vacuum sq mile section acre ha sq yd sq fl sq in. cm2 mm2

Area/volume Area/mass Volume, capacity

m2/m3 m2/kg m3

ft?in? cm2ig cubem acre-ft m3 cu vd bbl (42 U.S. aal) cu R U.K. gal U.S. gal liter U.K. qt
11s nt

2.831 685 2.831 685 4.546 092 4.546 092 3.785 412
37A iAl7

1.0 1.136 523 _

Q AR7 5X _.._-__

E+OO
Finn -,-I

E-01 E-01

U.S. pt
An asterisk cdcates Conversion that the conversion factcf IS exact using the numbers (and related quanblles) shown. all subsequent numbers factors for length. area. and volume

dm3
are zeros foot See Footnote

L
1 of Table 1 7. Part 1

4.731 765

I Table 2.2 are based on the intemabonal

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-27

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unrt

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit SPACE, TIME

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

Volume, capacity

m3

U.K. fl oz U.S. fl oz cu in. mL

cm3 cm3 cmJ cm3 m31m m3/m m31m m31m dm31m rad rad 0 rad rad sr Ma a d d h min
S

2.841 308 2.957 353 1.638 706 1.O 6.259 342 5.216 119 9.290 304 Urn 1.241 933 1.241 933 1.O 1.745 329 1.O 2.908 882 1.O n 4.848 137 1.o 1.o 1.o 1.0 7.0 1.o 1.o 6.0 6.0 1.666 667 1.O 1.o 1.0

E+Ol E+Ol E+Ol E+OO Et00 E-01 E - 02 E-02 E+Oi E+OO E -. 02 121 E+OO E - 04 12 E+OO E - 06 2 E+OO E+OO E + 00 W E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+Ol E+Ol E-02 E+OO E+OO E+OO

Volume/length (linear displacement)

m31m

bbliin. bbl/H H3/H U.S. gal/H

Volume/mass Plane angle

m3ikg rad

see Density, Specific Volume, Concentration, Dosage rad deg ( 1 min ( ) set ( )

Solid angle Time

sr
S

sr million years (MY) v wk d hr min

h min
S S

millimicrosecond

ns

MASS, AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE Mass U.K. ton (long ton) US. ton (short ton) U.K. ton U.S. cwt kg ibm oz (troy) oz (av) 9 grain m9 9 Mass/length Masslarea Mass/volume Mass/mass Amount of substance kg/m kg/m2 kg/m3 Wkg mol see Mechanics see Mechanics see Density, Specific Volume, Concentration, Dosage see Density, Specific Volume, Concentration, Dosage Ibm mol g mol std m3 (WC, 1 atm) std m3 (15 C, 1 atm) std ft3 (6O F, 1 atm) kmol kmol kmol kmol kmol 4.535 924 1.O 4.461 58 4.229 32 1.1953 E-01 E-03 E - 02 II 131 EMg Mg kg kg kg ka 9 9 9 m9 m9 9 t t 1,016 047 9.071 847 5.080 235 4.535 924 1.o 4.535 924 3.110 348 2.834 952 1.o 6.479 891 1.o 1.O E+OO E-01 E+Ol E+Ol E+OO E-01 E+Ol E + 01 E+OO E+Ol E+OO E+OO

02 II 131

E - 03 II 131

58-28

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multrply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

CALORIFIC VALUE, HEAT, ENTROPY, HEAT CAPACITY Calorific value (mass basis) J/kg Btuilbm MJikg kJ/kg kJ/kg J/kg kJ/kmol MJikmol kJ/kmol MJlm3 kJ/m3 MJlm3 kJ/m3 MJlm3 kJ/m3 MJlm3 kJ/m3 MJlm3 kJ/m3 MJ/m3 kJ/m kJ/m3 kJlm kJ/m kJi(kg.K) kJi(kg.K) kJi(kg.K) kJ/(kg.K) kJ/( kg.K) kJ/( kg.K) kJI(kmo1.K) kJI(kmo1.K) J/dm3 J/dm3 Jldm3 (kW. h)/m 3 kJ/dm3 (kW.h)/dm3 BtuiUS. gal kJ/dm3 (kW,h)/m3 Btu!U.K. gal kJ/dm3 (kW.h)/m3 BtuifP kJidm3 (kW.h)/m3 kcal/m3 cal/mL ft-1bfiU.S. gal Calorific value (volume basis gases) Jim3 cal/mL kcalim3 BtuiH3 J1kg.K Btu/(lbm- R) cali(g- K) kcal!( kg%) Specific heat capacity (mass basis) Molar heat capacity J/kg.K kW-hr/(kg- C) Btu/(lbm- F) kcal/(kg- C) Jlmo1.K Btui(lbm mol- F) cal!(g mol- C) kJidm3

J g
(kW.h)/kg

2.326 2.326 6.461 112 4.184 9.224 141 4.184 2.326 2.326 2.320 80 2.320 80 6.446 660 2.787 163 2.787 163 7.742 119 2.320 8 2.320 8 6.446 660 3.725 895 3.725 895 1.034 971 4.184 4.184 4.184 3.581 692 4.184. 4.184 3.725 895 1.034 971 4.186 8 4.184 4.184 3.6 4.186 8 4.184 4.186 8 4.184

E-03 E+OO E-04 E+OO E+OO c+o3 3 E-0313 E + OOt3 E+04 E+07 E+OO E-01 E+02 E-02 E-01 E+02 E-02 E-02 E+Ol E-02 E-03 E+OO E+OO E-01 E+03 E+OO E+Oi E-02 E+OO E+OO E+OO E+03 E+OO E+OO E+00r3 E - 0013

Cal/g Calorific value (mole basis) Calorific value (volume basis solids and liquids) Jimol caklbm kcalig mol Btu/lbm mol J/m3 therm/U.K. gal

J g

Specific entropy

J/b. N J/b. K) J/h. W J4g K) J/h. K) J/b. to

TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, VACUUM Temperature (absolute) Temperature (traditional) Temperature (difference) Temperature/length (geothermal gradient) Length/temperature (geothermal step) Pressure K K K K/m m/K Pa R K F C F C F/100 ft ft/ F atm (760mm Hg at 0C or 14.696 (Ibfiin.2) bar K K C C K K mWm m/K MPa kPa bar MPa kPa bar at (technical atm., kgf:cm*) MPa kPa bar C C 519 1.O ( F - 32)/l .8 1.O 5i9 1.O 1.822 689 5.486 4 1.013 25 1.013 25 1,013 25 1.O 1.O 1.0 9.806 65 9.806 65 9.806 65 E+OO E+OO E+OO E+Ol E-01 E-01 E+02 E+OO E-01 E+02 E+OO E-02 E+Ol E-01 E+OO

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-29

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, VACUUM Pressure Pa Ibflin.2 (psi) MPa kPa bar in. fig (32 F) in. Hg (60F) in. Hz0 (39.2 F) in. Hz0 (60F) mm Hg (0C) = torr cm Hz0 (4C) Ibf/A* (psf) v Hg (0C) pbar dyne/cm2 Vacuum, draft Pa in. Hg (60F) in. Hz0 (39.2-F) in. Hz0 (60F) mm Hg (0C) = torr Liquid head m cm HZ0 (4C) R in. Pressure drop/length Pa/m psi/ft psi/l 00 ft kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa Pa Pa Pa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa m mm cm kPa!m kPa/m 6.894 757 6.894 757 6.894 757 3.386 38 3.376 05 2.490 82 2.408 4 1.333 224 9.806 38 4.788 026 1.333 224 1.O 1.O 3.376 85 2.490 82 2.488 4 1.333 224 9.806 38 3.048 2.54 2.54 2.262 059 2.262 059 E - 03 E+OO E - 02 E+OO E+OO E-01 E-01 E-01 E-02 E - 02 E-01 E-01 E-01 E+OO E-01 E-01 E-01 E-02 E-01 E+Ol E+OO E + 01 E - 01 w

DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, CONCENTRATION, DOSAGE Density (gases) Density (liquids) kg/m3 kg/m3 IbmW 1bmiU.S. gal Ibm/U.K. gal IbmlfP g/cm3 API Density (solids) Specific volume (gases) Specific volume (liquids) kg/m3 ma/kg m%g IbmW R3/lbm fWlbm U.K. galilbm U.S. galilbm Specific volume (mole basis) Specific volume (clay yield) Yield (shale distillation) m3/mol m31kg m3/kg Ug mol fWbm mol bb1iU.S. ton bbl/U.K. ton bbliU.S. ton bb1iU.K. ton U.S. gal/US. ton U.S. ga1lU.K. ton Concentration (mass/mass) Concentration (mass/volume) Wb wt % w mm lbmibbl g/US. gal gIU.K. gal kg/m3 g/m3 kg/m3 g/cm3 kg/m3 kg/dm3 kg/m3 g/cm3 kg/m3 kgidm3 g/cm3 kg/m3 m31kg m31g dm3/kg dm31kg dm3/kg m3/kmol m3ikmol m% m% dm% dm% dm311 dm3/t Wkg @kg w/kg kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 9 L gidm3 ut Lit ut Lit cmYg cm3/g 1.601 846 1.601 846 1.198 264 1.198264 9.977 633 9.977 633 1.601 846 1.601 846 1.o* 1.o 1.601 846 6.242 796 6.242 796 6.242 796 1.002 242 8.345 404 1.O 6.242 796 1.752 535 1.564 763 1.752 535 1.564 763 4.172 702 3.725 627 1.O 1.0 1.O 2.853 010 2.641 720 2.199 692 E+Ol E +04 E+02 E-01 E + 01 E - 02 E+Ol E-02 E+03 E+OO E+Ol E - 02 E - 05 E + 01 E+Ol E+OO E + 00 3 E - 0213 E-01 E-01 E+02 E+02 E+OO E+OO E-02 E+Ol E+OO E+OO E-01 E-01

141.5!(131.5+ API)

kg/m3

58-30

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Gel Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, CONCENTRATION, DOSAGE Concentration (mass/volume) kg/m3 lbmilOO0 U.S. gal IbmilOOO U.K. gal grains/US. gal grains/W IbmilOOO bbl mg1U.S. gal grains000 ft3 Concentration (volume/volume) m31mJ bbllbbl ftw bbl/acreft vol % U.K. aal/W U.S. aaW mL/U.S. aal mL/U.K. aal vol ppm J.K. gal/l000 bbl J.S. gal11000 bbl IJ.K. pti1000 bbl Concentration (mole/volume) mol/m3 Ibm mo1iU.S. gal Ibm moliU.K. gal Ibm mol/fP std H3(6o F, 1 atm)/bbl Concentration (volume/mole) m3/mol U.S. gall1000 std W (6O Fi6O F) bbl/million std ft3 f60 Fi60F) g/m3 glm3 gimJ mg/m3 g/m3 g/m3 mgim3 m31m3 m31m3 m31m3 ma/ham m3/m3 dm3/m3 dm3/m3 dm3/m3 dm31m3 cm3im3 dm31m3 cm31m3 cm3im3 cmYm3 kmollm3 kmol/m3 kmol/m3 kmol/m3 dm3ikmol dm3/kmol Ukmol Ukmol L/m3 Urn3 L/m3 L/m3 L/m3 mg/dm3 mgldm3 mg/dmJ mg/dmJ mg/dm3 1.198 264 9.977 633 1.711 806 2.266352 2.853010 2.641 720 2.266 352 1.O 1.O 1.288 923 1.288 923 1.O 1.m=l4R7 i .336 An8 2.841 720
2.199 Is2

E+02 E + 01 E+Ol E+O3 E+OO E-01 E+Ol E+OO E+OO E-04 E+OO E-02
F+fP

F+n7
F-n1 F-01

1.O 1.O 2.859 406 2.380 952 3.574 253 1.198 264 9.977633 1.601 846 7.518 18 3.166 93 1.330 11

E+OO E-03 E+Ol E+Ol E+OO E+02 E+Ol E+Ol E-03 E+OO E-01

FACILITY THROUGHPUT, CAPACITY Throughput (mass basis) kg/s million Ibm/yr U.K. toniyr US. toniyr U.K. ton/D U.S. ton/D U.K tonlhr U.S. tonlhr lbmlhr Throughput (volume basis) m3/s bbl/D ffa t/a t/a Vd t/d tih, Mg/h t/h t/h kg/h t/a maid m3/h W/D bbllhr 113/h U.K. gallhr U.S. gallhr U.K. gal/min U.S. galimin m3/h m31d mJ/h m31h m3/h L/s m31h
US

Mg/a Mgla Mgla Mgid t/h, Mgih

4.535 924 1.016 047 9.071 847 1.016047 4.233 529 9.071 847 3.779 936 1.016 047 9.071 a47 4.535 924 5.603 036 1.589 a73 6.624 471 1.179 869 2.831 685 I.589 a73 2.831 685 4.546 092 1.262 803 3.785 412 1.051 503 2.727 655 7.576 819 2.271 247 6.309 020

E+02 E+OO E-01 E+OO E-02 E-01 E - 02 E+OO E-01 E-01 E+Ol E-01 E-03 E-03 E-02 E-01 E-02 E-03 E-03 E-03 E-03 E-01 E-02 E-01 E ~ 02 I

Mg/h Mglh

m31h
US

m3/h
US

THE SI METRIC

SYSTEM

OF UNITS

& SPE METRIC

STANDARD

TABLE

2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED

SI UNITS

(continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

FACILITY THROUGHPUT, CAPACITY Throughput (mole bass) molis Ibm mol!hr FLOW RATE Pipeline capacity Flow rate (mass basis) m31m kg/s bblimile U.K. tonimin U.S tonimin U.K. tonihr U.S. tonihr U.K. ton/D U.S ton/D million lbmiyr U.K. ton/yr US toniyr lbmls lbmlmin Ibm/hr Flow rate (volume basis) m% bbl/D ftVD bbl/hr RVhr U.K. galihr U.S. galihr U.K. gal/min U.S. galimin ftVmin
ftVS

kmolih kmolis

4.535 924 1.259 979

E - 01 E-04 16,

mVkm kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s m3id
US

9.879 013 1.693412 1.511 974 2.822 353 2.519 958 1.175980 1.049 982 5.249 912 3.221 864 2.876 664 4.535 924 7.559 873 1.259 979 1.589 873 1.840 131 2.831 685 3.277 413 4.416 314 4.416 314 7.865 791 7.865 791 1.262 803 1.051 503 7.576 820 6.309 020 4.719 474 2.831 685 4.535 924 1.259 979 1.363 449 1.488 164 4.133 789 mV(sm) mV(sm) mV(sm) mV(sm) mV(sm) m3/(sm) 2.485 833 2.069 888 4.971 667 4.139 776 4.143055 3.449 814 4.882 428 1.356 230 m (sm*) mV(sm*) mV(sm*) m3/(smz) m /(sm*) mV(sm*) mV(sm*) m31(sm2) 3.048 5.08 1.957 349 1.629 833 8.155 621 6.790 972 1.359 270 1.131 829 2.305 916

E-02 E+Ol E+Ol E-01 E-01 E-02 E-02 E+OO E-05 E-05 E-01 E-03 E-04 E-01 E-03 E-02 E-04 E-05 E-02 E-06 E-03 E-03 E-03 E-02 E - 02 E-01 E+Ol E-01= E - 04 5 E - 02 3 E+OO E-04 E - 04 E - 04 E-05 E-05 E-06 E-06 E+OO E-03 E-01 E-03 E-03 E-03 E-04 E - 04 E-05 E-05 E-02

m ld
US

mJls
US

m%
US

dmVs dm% dmVs dmVs dm3!s dm% kmolis kmolis kmolis kg/(sm) kg/(sm) m% m2is m2/s mVs m*/s m ls kg/sm2 kg/sm2 mis m/s m/s m/s mls
mis

US US US US US US

Flow rate (mole basis) Flow rate/length (mass basis) Flow rate/length (volume basis)

mol/s

Ibm molis Ibm mol/hr million scWD

kgism m2is

Ibmi(s-ft) Ibm/(hr-ft) U.K. gal!(min-ft) U.S. gal!(min-ft) U.K. gali(hr-in.) US. gali(hr-in.) U.K. gali(hr-ft) US. gali(hr-ft)

Flow rate/area (mass basis) Flow rate/area (volume basis)

kg/sm* m/s

lbm/(s-ft ) lbmi(hr-ft2) W(S4t~) Wlmin-ftz) U.K. gaV(hr-tn2) U.S. gal!(hr-rn2) U.K. gal!(mm-ft ) US. gal!(mmW) U.K. gali(hr-ft ) U.S. gal!(hr#)

mls m/s mV(d.kPa)

Flow rate/ pressure drop (productivity index)

mYsPa

bbli(D-psr)

58-32

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor* Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit ENERGY, WORK, POWER

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

Energy, work

quad

MJ TJ EJ MW*h GW.h TWh

therm

MJ kJ kW.h MJ MJ kJ kW.h MJ N kW.h MJ kJ kJ kW.h kJ kW.h kJ kJ kJ kJ kJ kJ J J J MJlm mJlmZ J/cm J/cm2 MJia TJia EJia TW GW MW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW W W W kWlmz kWlm2 kW/m2 .-

1.055 1.055 1.055 2.930 2.930 2.930 1.055 1.055 2.930

056 056 056 711 711 711 056 056 711

E+12 Et06 E+OO Et08 Et05 Et02 E+02 E+05 E+Ol E+Ol E+OO E+03 E-01 Et00 E+03 E-01 E+OO E+03 E+OO E-04 E+OO E-04 E+OO E-03 E-03 E-03 E-03 E-05 E-07 E + 00 E+OO Et01 E+OO E - 00 E-01 E+12 Et06 E+OO E-27 E-24 E-01 E+OO E+OO E+OO E-01 E-01 E-01 E-01 E-02 E-03 E+OO E-01 E-02 E+Ol E-02 E-03

U.S. tonf-mile hp-hr

1.431 744 2.684 520 2.684 520 7.456 999 2.647 796 2.647 796 7.354 99 3.6 3.6 1.899 101 5.275 280 1.055 056 2.930 711 4.184 4.184 1.355 818 1.355 818 1.O 4.214 011 1.O 9.806 650 1.355818 4.697 322 1.O 9.806 650 2.101 522 1.055 056 1.055 056 1.055 056 3.170 979 3.170979 2.930 711 3.516 853 1.055 056 1 .O 7.460 43 7.46 7.456 999 7.354 99 1.758 427 1.355 818 1.162222 2.930 711 2.259 697 1.135653 1.162222 3.154 591

ch-hr or CV-hr

kW-hr Chu f3tu kcal cal ft-lbf Ibf-ft J Ibf-ftz/s2 Impact energy WorWlength Surface energy Specific impact energy Power J Jim J/m2 J/m2 W erg kgf-m Ibf-ft U.S. tonf-mileift erg/cm2 kgf.m/cm* Ibf+t/in.* quadiyr

erg/a million Btu/hr ton of refrigeration ml/s kW hydraulic horsepower - hhp hp (electric) hp (550 ft-lbfis) ch or CV Btuimin ft*lbf/s kcalihr Btuihr Albfimin Power/area W/m2 Btuis.ft? cal/hrcm? Btuihrft?

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-33

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit ENERGY, WORK, POWER

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

Heat flow unit (geothermics)

hfu W/m3

~calls cm2 hpift3 cal/(hpcm3) Btu/(sft3) Btui(hrW)

mWlm2 kWlm3 kW/m3 kW/m3 kWlm3 pWlm3

4.184 2.633 414 1.162 222 3.725 895 1.034 971 4.184

E+Ol E+Ol E+OO E+Ol E-02 E+12

Heat release rate, mixing power

Heat generation unit - hgu (radioactive rocks) Cooling duty (machinery) Specific fuel consumption (mass basis) Specific fuel consumption (volume basis) WAN kg/J

cal/(s-cm3)

Btu/(bhp-hr) Ibm/(hp-hr)

W/kW mg/J kg/MJ kg/(kW-h) mm3/J dm?(kW.h) mm3/J

3.930 148 1.689 659 6.082 774 2.777 778 1.0 1.410089

E-01 E-01 E-01 E + 02 E+03 E+OO

m3/J

mJ/(kW-hr) U.S. gal/(hp-hr)

dm31MJ dm3/MJ

MECHANICS Velocity (linear), speed m/s knot mileihr m/s

fUS

km/h km/h m/s m/s cm/s mfms

1.852 1.609 344 1.O 3.048 3.048 3.048 5.08 5.08 8.466 667 8.466 667 3.527 778 3.048 2.54 2.54 4.233 333 4.233 333 1.047 198 6.283 185 2.908 882 KS/m 3.280 840 2.54 2.54 1.O 1.666 667 1.047 198 cm/s2 3.048 3.048 1.O 1.O 1.047 198 1.382 550

E+OO E + 00 E+OO E-01 E+Ol E - 04@ E-03 E-01 E-02 E - 03 E - 03 E-01 E+Ol E+OO E-01 E ~ 02 E-01 Et00 E-04 E + OO@ E+Ol E-02 E+OO E-02 E-01 E-01 E+Ol E-02 E+OO E-01 E-01

ftlmin ftihr ft/D in.& in./min Velocity (angular) radls revlmin rev/s degree/min
S/ft

m/s cm/s mm/s cm/s mm/s m/d mm/s cm/s mm/s cmls radls rad/s radls s/m mmla mmla rev/s rev/s radls m/s2 mls2 rad/s2 lad/s2 kg.m/s

Interval transit time Corrosion rate Rotational frequency

s/m m/s rev/s

in./yr (ipy) miliyr rev/s revimin revimin

Acceleration (linear) Acceleration (rotational) Momentum

m/s*

ftk*

gal(cm@) rad/s2 kg.m/s radls2 rpmis Ibm.ftJs

58-34

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit MECHANICS

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

LI S. tonf

kN N N N mN mN kN.m N.m N.m N-m N.m (N.m)/m (N.m)/m (N.m)/m GPa kg.m2 cm* cm3 cm3 mm3 m3

8.896 443 9.806650 4.448 222 1.O 1.382 550 1.o 2.711 636 9.806 650 1.355 818 1.129848 4.214011 5.337 866 9.806 650 4.448 222 6.894 757 4.214 011 4.162 314 1.638 1.638 2.831 2.831 706 706 685 685

E+OO Et00 E+OO E+OO E+02 E-02 E + OO O E + 00 01 E + OO o E - ,,, O E- 021 0 E + Ol O1 E + OO O1 E + OO O E-06 E-02 E+Ol E+Ol E+04 E+04 E-02 E+Ol E + 00 E - 02 E-03 E-02 E-01 E-01

kgf (kp)
Ihf N ndl dyne Bending moment, torque N.m US. tonf-ft kgf-m Ibf-ft Ibf-in. odl-ft Bending moment/ length N.m/m (Ibf-ft)/in. (kgf-m)/m (Ibf-in.)/in. Elastic moduli (Young s, Shear bulk) Moment of inertia Moment of section Section modulus Pa kqm* m4 m3 Ibf!in. Ibm-ft2 in.4 cu in. cu fi

Stress

Pa

U.S. tonf/in.2 kgWmm2 US. tonf/ft2 IbWin.? (osi) Ibf/ft2 (psf) dyne/cm2

MPa MPa MPa MPa kPa Pa Pa

N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2

1.378 951 9.806 650 9.576 052 6.894 757 4.788 026 1.O 4.788 026

Yield point, gel strength Ldrillina fluid) Mass/length Mass/area structural loading, bearing capacity (mass basis) Coefficient of thermal expansion kg/m kg/m2

Ibf/lOO ft2

Ibm/ft U.S. ton/ft2 Ibm/ft2

kg/m Mgim2 kg/m2 mm/(mm.K)

1.488 164 9.764 855 4.882 428 5.555 556

E+OO E+OO E+OO E-01

m/(m.K)

In./(in.- F)

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Diffusivity m21s

fV/S

mm2/s mm21s mm2/s (K.m2)/kW (K.m2VkW kW/mz W/(m.K) W/(m.K) kJ.m/(h.m2.K) W/(m.K) W/(m.K) W/(m.K)

9.290 304 1.O 2.580 64 8.604 208 1.761 102 3.154 591 4.184* 1.730 735 6.230 646 1.162 222 1.442 279 1.162222

E + 04 E+02 E+Ol E +02 E+O2 E-03 E+02 E+OO E+OO E+OO E-01 E-01

cm2 s ft2/hr Thermal resistance Heat flux Thermal conductivity (k.m*)/W Wlm2 W/(m.K) ( C-m2.hr)/kcal ( F-ft2 hr)iBtu Btu/(hr-R*) (Cal/s-cm2-%)/cm Btu/(hr-ft- Fift) kcali(hr-mz- Cim) Btu/(hr-R2- Fiin.) cal/(hr-cm - C/cm)

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-35

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiolv Customarv Unii dy Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit TRANSPORT PROPERTIES

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

Heat transfer coefficient

W/(m2.K)

cal/(s-cm?- C) Btu/(s-ft2- F) cal/(hr-cm2- C) Btu/(hr-ft2- F) Btu/(hr-f&OR) kcal/(hr-m2- C) kWi(m2.K) kJ/(h.m>.K) kW/(m*.K) kWi(m*.K) kW/(m3.K) kW/(m3.K) mN/m Pas Pas Pas Pas Pas Pa.s Pas mm% mm% mm2is mm2/s mm2is mm% km2 km2 10m3pm2 ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM (Ns)im2 (N.s)/m (Ns)/m2 (Ns)/m* (Ns):m2 (Ns)/m* (N+m2

4.184 2.044 175 1.162 222 5.678 263 2.044 175 5.678 263 1.162222 6.706 611 1.862 947 1.O 6.894 757 4.788 026 9.806 650 1.488 164 1.O 1.O 4.133 789 9.290 304 6.451 6 2.777 778 1.o 2.580 64 1.O 9.869 233 9.869 233 9.869 233

E+Ol E +Ol E-02 E - 03 E+Ol E-03 E-03 E+Ol E-02 E+OO E + 03 E+Ol E + 00 E+OO E-01 E-03 E-04 E + 04 E+02 E+O2 E+02 E+Ol E+OO E -01 E - 04 E-O, ,

Volumetric heat transfer coefficient Surface tension Viscosity (dynamic)

W/(m3.K) N/m P&S

Btui(s-ft3- F) Btu/(hr-f13- F) dyne/cm (Ibf-s)iin.2 (Ibf-s)ift2 (kgf-s)/m* Ibm/(ft-s) (dyne-@/cm2 cP Ibm/(ft.hr)

Viscosity (kinematic)

m21s

ft%

in.*/s m2/hr cm21s ft*/hr

cst
Permeability m2 darcy millidarcy

Admittance Capacitance Capacity, storage battery Charge density Conductance Conductivity

S F C C/m3 S S/m

S CLF A-hr C/mm3 S U (mho) S/m

u/m

S )LF kC C/mm3 S S S/m S/m mS/m A/mm2 C/cm? C A C.m V/m C C/cm2 V mV A.m2 V C

1.O 1.O 3.6 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.o 1.O 1.o 1.O 1.o 1.o 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.O 1.O

E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO

mu/m Current density Displacement Electric charge Electric current Electric dipole moment Electric field strength Electric flux Electric polarization Electric potential Electromagnetic moment Electromolive force Flux of displacement A/m2 C/m2 C A C*m V/m C C/m2 V A.m2 V C Almm C/cm2 C A C.m Vim C C/cm2 V mV A.m2 V C

58-36

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unit ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

Frequency Impedance Interval transit time Linear current densitv Magnetic dipole moment Magnetic field strength

HZ n slm Aim Wbsm A/m

cycles/s n
@ft

HZ n t&m Aimm Wbm Aimm Aim Aim mWb mT T mT A.m2 mT A Wblmm A/mm S n H PHim H kF/m V C n H- R fkm Drn mH mClmz S C/mm3

1.O 1.O 3.280 840 1.O 1.o 1.O 7.957 747 7.957 747 1.O 1.O 1.o* 1.O 1.o* 1.O 1.O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO E+Ol E-04 E+OO E+OO E-04 E+OO E+OO E+OO E+OO

A/mm Wb.m A/mm oersted gamma

Magnetic flux Magnetic flux density Magnetic induction Magnetic moment Magnetic oolarization Magnetic potential difference Magnetic vector potential Magnetization Modulus of admittance Modulus of impedance Mutual inductance Permeability Permeance Permittivity Potential difference Quantity of electricitv Reactance Reluctance Resistance Resistivity Self inductance Surface density of charge Susceptance Volume density of charae

Wb T T A*mZ T A Wb/m Aim S R H H/m H F/m V C n H- n Darn H C/m* S C/m3

mWb mT gauss mT A-m2 mT A Wbimm A/mm S n H pH/m H WFlm V C cl H-1 R @cm Dm mH mClm* S C/mm3

W,

ACOUSTICS, LIGHT, RADIATION Absorbed dose Acoustical enerav Acoustical intensity Acoustical Dower Sound oressure llluminance Illumination lrradiance Light exposure Luminance Luminous efficacv GY J Wfm2 W N/m* lx lx Wlm* 1x3 cd/m* ImiW rad J W/cm2 W Nim2 footcandle footcandle W/m2 footcandles cd/m2 ImiW GY J Wlm* W N/m2 lx lx Wlm* 1x.s cd/m2 ImiW 1.o 1 1.o 1 1 1.076 391 1.076 391 1 1.076 391 1 1 E + 01 E+Ol E+Ol E+O4 E-02

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-37

TABLE 2.2-TABLES

OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (continued) Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit

Quantity and SI Unit

Customary Unrt

SPE Preferred

Other Allowable

ACOUSTICS, LIGHT, RADIATION Luminous exitance Luminous flux Luminous intensity Quantity of light Radiance Radiant energy Radiant flux Radiant intensity Radiant power Wave length Capture unit Im/mz Im cd I m.s W/(m%r) J W Wisr W m mm r lo-km 1 lmim2 Im cd talbot Wl(m%r) J W Wlsr lm/mZ Im cd t m.s W/(m%r) J W W/sr W nm m-1 10. cm- Radioactivity curie 1 1 1 1.O 1 1 1 1 1 1.O 1.O 1 3.7 E-01 Et01 E+OO -

E+lO

58-38

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 2.3~SOME

ADDITIONAL APPLICATION STANDARDS Metric Unit Conversion Factor Multiply Customary Unit by Factor to Get Metric Unit 3.048' E-01 1.450 377 1.450 377 2.54' 2.54' 2.488 4 2.54' 1.801 175 2.863 640 E-04 E-01 E+Ol E-02 E-01 E+OO E -0, E-02"'

Quantity and SI Unit Pa Capillary pressure Compressibility of reservoir fluid Corrosion allowance Corrosion rate Differential orifice pressure Gas-oil ratio Gas rate Geologic time Head (fluid mechanics) Heat exchange rate Mobility Net pay thickness Oil rate Particle size Permeability-thickness Pipe diameter (actual) Pressure buildup per cycle Productivity index Pumping rate Revolutions per minute Recovery/unit volume (oil) Reservoir area Reservoir volume Specific productivity index Surface or interfacial tension in reservoir caoillaries Torque Velocity (fluid flow) Vessel diameter l-100 cm above 100 cm
An asterisk mdlcates See Notes 1 through the cowersum lactor IS exact wng the numbers 3 on page 58-E

Customary Unit ft (fluid) psi- in. miliyr hw) in. f-l,0 (at 60F) scfibbl sci/D Yr fl Btu/hr dicp fl bbl/D short toniyr micron md-ft in. psi bbli(psi-D) U.S. galimin vm bbl/(acre-ft) sq mile acre acre-ft bbl/(D-psi-R) dyne/cm

SPE Preferred m (fluid) Pa-

Other Allowable

Pa- m mls Pa m3/m mYs

S

kPa mm mm/a kPa cm Hz0 standard m3/m3 standard m31d Ma m cm W m?Pas m m3ls m m3 m Pa m3iPes m% radls m31m3 m2 m3 m3/Pasm N/m kW kJ/h ~m*/mPas km21Pa.s m m31d Mgla w md.m cm mm kPa mY(kPad) m3/h
US

3.048' 3.048' 2.930 711 1.055 056 9.869 233 9.669233 3.048 1.589 873

E-01 E+Ol E-04 E+OO E-01 E+02 E-01 E-01 E-01 E-04 E-c00 E+Oi E + OO * E - 0212 E-01 E-02 E-01 E+OO E-04 E+OO E+OO E-01 E+03 E-01 E - 02 > E+OO

Va pm2.rn

9.071 847 1.0 3.008 142 2.54 2.54' 6.894 757 2.305 916 2.271 247 6.309 020 1.047 198 6.283 185 1.286 931 1.288 931 2.589 988 4.046856 1.233 482 1.233 482 7.565 341 1.O

rad/s radlm m3/m3 mYha*m km* ha m3 hem mY(kPa-d.m) mN/m

N.m m/s m

Ibf-ft ws in. ft
shown, all subsequent numbers

Nom m/s cm m
are zeros

1.355 818 3.048' 2.54' 3.048'

E + 0013 E-01 E+OO E-01

THE SI METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS & SPE METRIC STANDARD

58-39

TABLE 2.4-FAHRENHEIT

- CELSIUS TEMPERATURE

CONVERSION

CHART

- 459.67 to - 19

-1ato53

54

to 350 (F)

360 to 1070

1990t01790

1990 to 3000

(C)
-11, II -0P 0 -16, JO - ,n -10 77 - *a -7jbbJ -410 -75, I, -470 --1 S -740 --I,, -7,n -,,I -717 --211 -7u -701 -19% 56 a0 I 69 I, 7) 17 61 II lb -410 -400 --I90 --In0 -310 --I60 -150 -113 --lx --1x

(F)

WI
-17 II --I, I,
-76bJ ~ -**17

(F)
--II -1J
--I6 --II

(Cl

(Cl
1171 160
11118 110

(F)
,110a (98 0
'I60 I 161 I 5911 IPB D 60 610 0 UP0 I.P90 I.100 l.Ol?O I.110 7.0100 1.110 1.010 1.110 1.0660 llll 967 I 9911 1,100 ,7?7Q I.110 3 290 0 I I20 113ao

-a

I
11 SO 4I I6

-75 IL --I -,1bQ 4 -11 -11

191 1 ,110 lPll I 190 10 00

710 Q IQ 170 410 0 la

I, a 7110
110 Q JOB 0 806 Q 674 6 67 0 lb0 a 6180 IV6 a 910 P,? 0 P19 a 968 0 VBb 0

(PIT 100 10100 1011 b

1.0711 1076J 1 all I I QIJ I

I I10 I I0

I ,I, 0 I I a

10 4 111 I 0 IS 6 IJb I9 1 21 7 no 716 766 76 IQ I 320 11 6 316 37 317 IQ 176 4 6 6 9 7 500 $1 I II 6 II 111 IV0 *a & 77 7 776 711 7,P 7 1 750 lid 76 I 76, 777 IJB I6 I *I P 29 I7 II I J5 J6 JI 18 Jl 80 81 87 81 0 II lbl 6 lb, 1617 1610 1616 1736 1;71 II2 7 lJ60 illI II96 111 1617 1850

tll

615 b
6711 676, 617 2 6110

l.t O

2.01 0

I 110 I lb! 3 1.8LO I.100 0

1810 1110 l.JU 0 1160

-,I OP --II -71 I, -10 -77 16 9

771 I 776J 717 7

I.150 ?.16?0 1 I60 1.1700 1 113 I.1110 ,180 ?.I~60 11160

1,aoa 11 a I PO0 ,117 6

-7777 -8 -7, 6J - J -7, 1, -70 5) -7000 --IP --1nn9 -IS31 -27 n I, -IV I -II 6 -I a -416 0 218 a 400 a --I,7 -16 J -,b 1 -15 6 -,\a --I --1,P --II I --I?B -17 7 -,,I -II I -10 -10 0 - 9 4 -860 --II,, - J I8 1 12 6 6J I, I 16 100 I I 89 I II 7J6 177 --I --I I 1 Q I J I I I 6 7 a ? 16 II 17 1, I Ii 1* 6 I

711 II 00 I,1 78 9 711 JQQ 765 6 7JI I 776J 110 80 TO 100 510 170 110

6 11
611 P ,I 660 0 6616 bJ1 I 6JbJ 667 f 6816

LIP0

1.100 2.11?0 1710 I.1100 I ?70 17760 1130 7.7460

1.0 1 ,041 1QI4 ,060

1 I 910 1,410 0 1 LP?b , 81 0 4 I,?,0 ,106 0 0 I 9 0 1.17 i I I7 0

1.116Q

-190 00 --I13 -,M 4 --loo

--lin 6J -m --II, II -783 --I69 I, -,I, -169 BP 477

1.06, I.750
1,071I 1.0167 1110

1 740 ?.?blC 1710 ??6?0 t 760 2100 a IPJO

1 960 1160 Q

767 I 50 I0040 76J II II0 IQ710 79, I 790 P IQ 1 560 IQ00 110 IO580 580 1 QJb?

11180 I ,,*a
7 3iO 7lJ7 Q 7,"OQ 2080 2760 I0 WI I 7.WQ 2 010 ,617 : 1610 C 1661 0 IbOb' ,.JoC 3.777C I.?0? 37Iaa

69, I
08 P 711

I lb0
1790 II00 1110 1170 1110 110

-b, :* -1JQ -I61 ?7 -163 -1 j J -710 -,jl II -740

1096 9

110 0 ,llb
171 1 116 J

$90 I 0% 0 100 11170

610 670 I ~100 1.146 0

710 c
7llb ,711 ,767 112 I ?lJ 8 71 I 78 9 II

I IO 1070 lilO0 7010 11116 I 171 I ! 176 7 II)?? 1 II? I 1.11I 200 tOI0 1060 1070

--111 56 -1 0 03 --II -179 09 --17,x

-710 -170 -710 200 -100

--In7 -,b -1 6 -128 -,,a -?Sl

-770 -7%

a 0 0 a 0 a
0

117 7 610 l,lbbb I,78 6 0 11810 I, I ,I0 1,101 0

746 P 11 ,600 ,656 311 I ,JbJ 387 7 ,931 198 9 660 I,7700 670 17160 680 Ill60 690 I.1740 JO0 I1970 110 1.1100 I,,460 I ,bQ \ ,670 I.000

1150 ?.66?0 I lb0 I IQ0 1.310 I980 1180 IHO 1.1160 1 ,,Q

1010 l.JJ6C ?.OPQ ,.,rr0

--11J 711 -I110 -,\I 12 -IJO

--ID, 67 -160 -,a1 I/ -110

I.ld, :.100 1,lIIC 1.154 I.110 I.,,60

100
JO 6

a*
81

leda
166 6

760 0
JhI 6

1 400 1 II?0
I IO IS100

PI 16 -ILO 9000
8 ,880

-718 0 -710 0
-7070 --II0 -1660 -110 --I,90 -1,OQ -17, 0 -I170 --1a,a - 90

1160 1.M

1.110 2.110

1.1 1 11bb

0 0

II I
II J 17 7

88 IPQ 4
IP PO IV7 I lS0

1,1J1I 1.10 ,llQ Jib 7 I67 7 76JI 7V33 790 P 110 ? 6060 I,10 7 6,4 Q

-110
-170 -110

11 67 * 111 61

770 T.378Q 10 1SQ I60

10
10 71 27 7, I 7, 76 7J 76

661
60 0 *(I Jl 6 II 75 7 770 786 IO* 671 , II 0 PI PI 701 7 7010

18J II 110

1110

II I, -100 70 I - OS 6, IO bl 00 67 77 ,P 5 1667 90 II

IWO 1.110 ?.6JI0

? 610 ? Lb0 0

I.176 7 I150 1,111 I I.160 I.1118 1.110 LIT1 I 1110 1.10 9 ?.llO I.10
,710 a 1,211 1271 1

3.907 0 1.910 0 I.9190 3.T16 0 1.91 0 1.9v1 0

0 ,100 71 I ,767 II 7 IJ a

JJQ 1.4160 JPQ I ;!o

110
II JO

II 6
,&I 16 I I, 7 II 6

Pb
PI 98 PP

704 8
1066 700 4 710 7

II 6 780 1.4160
000 I,*0 610 170 I900 I 106 a

no4 1 llOQ 8lS 811 1

8761

1 IO I(0 ,500 1 510

2 bPb0 1,140 11110 1.1~00

1100

I.110 4.OIOO ?.??Q 028 0

I I7Q ,,I60

117 J 1 111 I I II? I I? ,, I ? a T

1.711 1.164 0 1265 1

2110 1.1 0 1.150 I260 ??JO l?OQ

0410 Ob P ,O#? 0 4.100 Q lllQ .IIb Q

100 717 D

I 1 110 ?I00 8 D 170 7111 0 I 110 JhbQ

to 00 ,'I I 18 BP 1a 14 II JO II 71 0 19 ,R Ii 36 II Ii I, II 31 ,Q 00 60 0 616 II I 76, 677 nJ 0 P, 1 I0 7610 IS0 1070 160 17Qo 110 IIBQ 180 ,160 IPP ,140 100 197 a 710 lb0 770 478 a 710 LO 710 60 710 670 7bQ 7JQ 1000 II80

I I 8 9 5

010 1 116 a 1 0 1 1 40 010 II670

),I I 811 * 8 3 I
I8 P

1,110 ?.?I* 0 15 0 1.10 0 1 II0 78770

1 560 ?.6tQO

2.790 150 I IW 4,1120

60 0 1160 I I80 0
616 II I lb J 62 I 178 )I 1 98 9 IQ 4 110 a 810 880 BP0 900 910 I 118 0 I6160 I b,(L) 1.6170 I6JOQ

- 167 - 36 II 6 I7B II a 79 7 7, 4 7i6 11 6 770

2.110 190 0

111 I

8161 O(ll? I.670 19480 BSJll Id,0

1600 1610

19110 29100

I,??\ I 2 170 1 276 7 2 110 1.11, 1 2 1 0 l.llJ* 1.193 I 1.191 1 1 IQ 1 ,,I00 1.1 1, 1.311 l,,Pb 1,111 7 1 0 ?.I70 2.110 IV0 1.416 2 500 I.SIO 2 650 *.?a0 1.116
I600

7010 4.116 0 4.1 0 .I*:0 4.m 0 ,?Tl 0 4.316 0 11 0 10 4.117 LIZ ,M7 0 0 a 0

,661 16 17 II I* II 00 1 4 -

I BP
1 4

IV 107 1 0 IQ a

PBP IQ ,lbQ iI56 171 I 176 J 1317 111 I 131 I8 9 II

970 1.bR.Q P,Q I.Jo6Q Pb PI0 1.710 1 170

IIPI 3 BOB9 PO 9100 9116

971 1 976 ? 9177 v3rn 911 919 PI

I 6 0 lb!0 I 660 ,610 I.680

i 600 ,100

19160 two lQO?O 1.0700 10110 ,bUQ

1070 I bP?O

- II IP - 79 - 11 11 - 111 - 17 7n - ,7 - II 72 - 76 - II I --III, ,000 7) 5 ~ II -, 71 72 71 -

- 707 - ,114 lb6 ,411 I,0 I, 7 P 76 IO 0 I7

$15 6 960 I.?600 III I PJQ LJJ80 $76, (10 lJSbQ

I 9

III I

PVQ 1 1140

1JlQ
,770 ,?,b

11100
31780 II60

I.?,J

1.600 4,1170

780 116 o 790 II0

III II 1.000 I 8170

I 5 1 1. 61 1.110 I 0

,I I
,8 T

I a,0
, 070

1.1500
W8Q

IQ lb -

JO0 $77 0 110 IPQQ 170 606 Q 110 b?bo

l.Jo I l60 1.750 11170

4.197 6 4.w 6
I.0116

10 0
IO 6

II II

I?7 a 1736

IbQ 0 161 6

I$ I.010 lb00 1.0 0

$65 ,I\ I IJb?

1 II6 0 l.?Q Q I.050 1.9120

1.060 1.900 I.010 1,956Q

I.,,16 1.16,1 1.191I

Pbbb
9656 PII I Vb I

L?LQ IZQQQ 1.710 17190

1,611 11160 1 ?90 Ill0

2 150

1.147

0
0

?.TaQ US?

- 7II8P - IQ -76:: -,P

,,I 1 , b
116 7

64 0

I ,I1 1 1.910 I341 0 I 6 9 l.WQ 137 0

150 6670