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Chapter 4: Fractions and Decimals 4.1 Understanding Fractions (Revision of equivalent fractions)
A fraction describes part of a whole. Each fraction consists of a denominator (bottom) and a numerator (top), representing (respectively) the number of equal parts that an object is divided into. Numerator
Denominator
2 8 , 5 20 3 6 , 2 3
5 25 , 6 30
(ii)
(iii)
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4.2 " Adding and subtracting fractions and mixed numbers Example 1: Find:
2 1 + 3 5
Step 1: Find the lowest common multiple of both denominators. The multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, The multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 15 is the lowest common multiple (LCM) Step 2: Change the denominators to make them both equal to the LCM by using equivalent fractions.
2 1 10 3 13 + = + = 3 5 15 15 15
5 3 ! 6 4
(ii)
2 1 ! 3 5
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1 1 + 3 6
(iv)
3 1 + 4 3
1 3
1 2
1 1 + 3 2
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1 2 7 !3 4 3
(ii)
3 6 2 +5 4 7
1 2 or 3 5
Step1: Find the LCM The multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, The multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 15 is the lowest common multiple (LCM)
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Form 2 [CHAPTER 4: FRACTION AND DECIMALS] Step 2: Multiply top and bottom so as to get the same denominator (Equivalent fractions). !!!!!! " !!!!!! ! "
!5
!3
2 1 is bigger than . 5 3
3 4 or 4 5
Form 2 [CHAPTER 4: FRACTION AND DECIMALS] Step 2: Compare the numerators (in ascending order) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !" !
2 11 23 7 3 , , , , 3 15 30 10 5
2 3
2 6! 2 = 3 3
6! 2 = 3
1
=
The answer is 4.
2! 2 1 =4
To multiply two fractions, multiply the numerators and then multiply the denominators.
3 2 ! 4 3
3! 2 4!3
1 1
3! 2 = 4! 3
2 1
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1! 1 2 !1 1 = 2
=
2 ! 33 3
2 2 ! 3 5
5 7 ! 14 10
4 12 of 3 18
When multiplying mixed numbers, first write the mixed numbers as improper fractions.
Example 8: 2 !1
4 9 1 = 5 5
(1 x 5 = 5 + 4 = 9) C.Camenzuli | www.smcmaths.webs.com 7
Form 2 [CHAPTER 4: FRACTION AND DECIMALS] Step 2: Carry out the multiplication:
2 4 8 9 Therefore, 2 !1 = ! 3 5 3 5
8! 9 = 3! 5
1
8! 3 = 1! 5 24 = 5
Step 3: Change the improper faction into a mixed number:
24 4 =4 5 5 1 2 3 5
1 6 5 ! 3 15 7
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To find a fraction of an amount, multiply by the numerator and divide by the denominator:
3 3 ! 25 ! 25 = 5 5
5
3 ! 25 = 5
1
= 15 cm
Answer: 15 cm
3! 5 = 1
Example 2: Find
of 63 g.
Answer
Example 3: Find
of !30
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The reciprocal of 3 is
1 3
5 3 6 4 Step 1: Find the reciprocal of the divisor. 3 4 The reciprocal of is 4 3 Step 2: Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal 5 4 ! 6 3
5! 4 = 6! 3
3
5! 2 3! 3 10 = 9
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10 1 =1 9 9 5 15 8 32
4 5
1 10
Step 1: Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions. 4 14 2 = 5 5 1 21 2 = 10 10 4 1 14 21 Thus, 2 2 = 5 10 5 10 Step 2: Find the reciprocal of the divisor The reciprocal of
21 10 is 10 21
14 10 ! 5 21
14! 10 = 5! 21
1 3
2! 2 = 1! 3 4 = 3
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4 1 =1 3 3 5 6 1 9
2 1 1 !4 7 9 3 5
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Example1: Convert
1) 2)
2 into a decimal 5
2 4 = 5 10
3) Convert into a decimal 0.4
(i)
(ii)
7 20
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(iii)
3 25
(iv)
8 50
(i)
(ii)
1 4
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(iii)
1 6
1 ) 100
0.24 =
4)
24 100 24 12 6 = = 100 50 25
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Simplify
0.24 =
2.5 = 2
(ii)
0.67
(iii)
56.42
(iv)
0.0003
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