1: How does the energy crisis in Ancient Greece and Rome compare to the oil crisis

today? Explain.
The energy crisis was caused because of the over use of wood supply. In todays oil crisis we are
over using oil and becoming over dependent on it. Even though we dont realize it. So both
things have to do with over using our resources.

2: What is work? Definition and mathematical equation.
Work is exerting force over a distance. W=F*S

* Chemical Energy: energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
* Kinetic Energy: energy associated with movement
* Heat Energy: energy of friction that slows down movement
* Potential Energy: potential to move something

3: What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

4: What does it mean to have a higher quality of energy?
The energy is more easily converted to work.

5: What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Energy goes from a higher quality to a lower quality.

6: Define: First-Law Efficiency
Deals with the amount of energy without consideration of the quality or availability

7: Define: Second-Law Efficiency
Refers to how matched the energy use is compared to the energy source. Low values show
where technological improvements can be.

8: What is the fundamental energy unit in the Metric System? How is it defined?
Joule= 1 Newton applied over a distance of 1 m.

9: What is POWER? How is it expressed?
Power is the rate of doing work. W=p/t

10: What is thermal efficiency?
The maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine.

11: What is electrical resistivity? What does it cause?
A measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. It causes electric
energy to convert to heat energy.


12: What percentage of the energy in the United States is derived from fossil fuels?
90%

13: What percentage of the energy use in the United States is used efficiently?

50%

14: Conservation: Using less energy and adjusting energy needs and uses to minimize energy
needed.
15: Cogeneration (define and give an example): number of processes designed to capture and
use waste heat.

16: In the United States, space heating and cooling of homes and offices, water
heating, industrial processes and automobiles account for nearly ___60% of the total energy
use

17: What is a passive solar energy system? Give examples.
a system that collects solar heat without moving parts.

18: What are some ways that older homes can be modified to be more energy efficient?
Use of solar panels, other solar devices

19: U.S. Industry consumes about ____1/3___ of the energy produced.
20: Name 3 ways that people could modify their behavior to help save energy
unplug appliances when youre not using them, Decreasing the heater(if youre using one),
using washing machine reasonably.

21: What is the concept of Integrated, Sustainable Energy Management?
No single energy source, but a mixture of energy sources that are reliable, environmentally
benign, and sustainable.

22: What is the concept of micropower?
The concept of using smaller, distributed, systems for production of electricity.

23: How much energy in exajoules, did the world use in 2010 and what would you project
global energy use to be in 2030?
The world used 250 Exajoules in 2010. I would project the global energy use to triple in 2030,
because of the growing population.

24: The average person emits as heat 100 watts of power. If we assume that 25% of it is
emitted by the brain, how much energy does your brain emit as heat in a year?
100 watts *.25=25 watts*365 days=9125 watts of energy from the brain

25: Can the world supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable
environmental damage? How?
No, the world cannot because we are overusing resources already. By 2030, some of the
resources we are using now will be gone and we will have to go harm environments in search or
for use of a new energy resource.

26: In what specific ways could energy be used more efficiently in the United States?
Pass laws to make energy be used more efficiently. Education can inform the people about the
problems of energy in the United States and can change their way to living when it comes to
energy.

1: What is Peak Oil? What is predicted to happen when we reach peak oil?The time when we
will have exhausted one-half of the Earths oil supply. What is predicted to happen is that we
will have to change our lifestyles and economies.


2: How were fossil fuels created?
Fossil fuels were formed millions of years ago from the debris of plants. They got their energy
from the sun.

3: The major fossil fuels- crude oil, natural gas and coal- are our primary energy sources; they
provide approximately __90%_____ of the energy consumed worldwide.


4: Where were crude oil and natural gas deposits created?
Crude oil and natural gas deposits were created in marine or lake sediments called depositional
basins

5: Why do we not find oil and gas in geologically old rocks?
Old rocks have ample time to migrate to the surface, where they have vaporized or eroded
away.

6: What the favorable rock structure to trap oil and gas deposits?
The favorable rock structure is anticline, an arch shaped fold or a fault, a fracture in the rock in
which displacement has occurred.

7: How much oil can be recovered from wells by primary production?
25% of oil can be recovered from wells by primary production

8: What are enhanced recovery techniques of oil and gas deposits?
Steam, water or chemicals are injected into the oil reservoir to push the oil towards the wells.
This makes it easier for the oil to be collected.

9: Where are 60% of the total known reserves found?
60% of the total known reserves are found in the Middle East

10: When will world oil production likely to peak?
The world oil production will likely to peak in the next few decades.

11: How is natural gas primarily transported?
Natural gas is primarily transported by pipelines.

12: Why is natural gas considered to be a clean fuel?
Burning this gas produces fewer pollutants than burning oil and coal and causes fewer
environmental problems.

13: What is coal-bed methane and how much is estimated to exist? (How many years does
this represent?)
Methane that is stored on the surfaces of organic matter in coal. 20 trillion cubic meters is
estimated to exist, representing 5 years.

14: What are the PROS and CONS of drilling for and using coal-bed methane?
PROS- Need to be drilled in shallow depths, promising energy source, combustion produces less
methane
CONS- Funds not sufficient to cover damage resulting from producing the gas, methane might
migrate away from well sites

15: What are some of the concerns of hydrologic fracturing for black shale natural gas?
Water pollution and contamination of drinking water.


16: What are methane hydrates composed of? How were they formed?
Methane hydrates are composed of ice like compounds made of methane gas. They were
formed as a result of microbial digestion of organic matter in the sediments of the seafloor.

17: Where do methane hydrates form?
They form in the ocean where deep, cold seawater provides high pressure and low
temperatures.

18: What are some of the environmental effects of recovery of oil and gas?
Use of land to construct pads for wells, pipelines and storage tanks to build a network of roads,
pollution of surface and groundwater, accidental release of pollutants in the air.

19: What are some of the environmental effects of refining of oil and gas?
Accidental spills and slow leaks of gasoline. Industrial processes involved in producing chemicals
have potential to release variety of pollutants.


20: What are some of the environmental effects of delivery and use of oil and gas?
Danger of oil spills, strong earthquakes which cause a problem for pipelines which in then spill
oil.

21: What are some arguments FOR and AGAINST drilling in the ANWR (Alaskan National Wildlife
Refuge)?
FOR-U.S needs more oil, new facilities will bring jobs, new exploration tools
AGAINST-Advances in technology are irrelevant, oil exploration will impact the ANWR, heavy
vehicles in exploration scar the ground permanently



22: What is COAL? How is it created?
Coal is a brittle, solid, carbonaceous rock. It is created when decomposed vegetation is buried
in a sedimentary environment.

23: Which type of coal has the greatest energy content? Which type has the lowest?
The greatest energy content is in anthracite and the lowest is in lignite.

24: What is strip mining?
Strip mining is a surface mining process in which the overlaying layer of soil and rock is stripped
off to reach the coal.

25: What are some of the environmental impacts of strip mining?
Acid mine drainage leading to acid rain. The acid drainage can cut the abundance of coal and
pyrite. Potential to pollute or damage water, land and biological resources.


26: What are some of the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal?
Production of coal dust, exacerbating lung diseases like asthma. Mountaintops get destroyed,
valleys are filled with waste rock and flood hazard increases.

27: What does the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 require?
The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act requires that mined land be restored to
support the premining use.

28: Underground Mining accounts for approximately ___40__% of the coal mined in the
United States

29: What are the dangers to miners in underground mining?
Mine shaft collapses, explosions, fires and respiratory illnesses.

30: What are the environmental impacts of underground mining?
Acid mine drainage, land subsidence and coal fires.


31: How is most of the coal transported in the United States?
Most of the coal transported in the United States is by train.

32: The burning of coal produces nearly __50__% of the electricity used and about _25___% of
the total energy consumed in the United States today

33: How much air emissions are created using coal to create electricity in the U.S.?
70% of the total emissions of sulfur dioxide, 30% of nitrogen and 35% of carbon dioxide are
created using coal.

34: What did the Clean Air Amendment of 1990 mandate?
It mandated that sulfur dioxide emissions from coal burning power plants eventually be cut
70%-90%

35: What is allowance trading?
Allowance trading is an approach to managing U.S coal resources and reducing pollution

36: What is oil shale? How is it created and where is it found?
It is a fine-grained sedimentary rock. It is created by synfuels and is found in the United States
Green River formation and the Middle East.

37: What are the environmental impacts of developing oil shale?
Waste disposal is a major problem. Both methods require that oil shale be processed at surface.
Volume of waste will exceed original volume of shale mined.

38: Why cant petroleum be recovered from tar sands from conventional methods?
The oil is too thick to flow easily.

39: How are tar sands processed?
Oil in tar sands is recovered by mining the sands then you wash the oil out with water. It takes
two tons of tar sand to produce one barrel of oil.