CE 3410

Mechanics of Materials Lab

Louisiana State University
Laboratory Report No. 1
Hardness Test
by
Joshua Board
Table of Contents
urpose!............................................................................................................................... "
#ntroduction! ........................................................................................................................ "
$pparatus and Test rocedures!.......................................................................................... %
Results!.............................................................................................................................. 11
&iscussion! ........................................................................................................................ 1"
Sa'ple (alculations! ........................................................................................................ 1%
Brinell Hardness Test.................................................................................................... 1%
Roc)*ell Hardness Test ............................................................................................... 1+
(onclusion! ....................................................................................................................... 1,
References......................................................................................................................... -.
$ppendi/ ........................................................................................................................... -1
$ppendices $1 0 1ri2inal Test &ata Sheet .................................................................. -1
$ppendi/ $- 0 Material roperties of Steel................................................................. --
$ppendi/ $" 0 Material roperties of $lu'inu' ....................................................... -"
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 - BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER MODEL HB3000B ......................................................................................... 7
FIGURE 2 - ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTER MODEL C504 ............................................................................................ 7
FIGURE 3 - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRINELL EXPERIMENTAL HARDNESS AND REFERENCE HARDNESS................................ 13
FIGURE 4 - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROCKWELL EXPERIMENTAL HARDNESS AND REFERENCE HARDNESS ............................ 14
FIGURE 5 - COMPARISON OF TENSILE STRENGTH BASED ON BRINELL ROCKWELL AND REFERENCE DATA............................ 15
TABLE 1- BRINELL STANDARDS FOR LOAD TIME AND HARDNESS ................................................................................. 4
TABLE 2 - RELATIONSH I P BETWEEN HARDNESS NUMBERS AND TENSILE STRENGTH........................................................... !
TABLE 3 - BRINELL HARDNESS TEST DATA AND RESULTS ............................................................................................ 11
TABLE 4 - ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST DATA AND RESULTS......................................................................................... 12
Purpose:
The purpose of this laboratory is to deter'ine the hardness and the tensile
stren2th of three 'etal sa'ples! 1.-. Steel3 4.41 $lu'inu' and -.-5 $lu'inu'. The
Brinell and Roc)*ell Hardness Tests are used to deter'ine this. 6ith the results obtained
fro' each sa'ple3 the en2ineer *ill be able to deter'ine ho* the sa'ples relate to each
other. Both the Brinell and Roc)*ell Hardness Test are considered to be non7destructive.
Introduction:
Hardness is the resistance of a 'aterial to penetration or abrasion under a locally
applied load 8Ref. 19. 6e use the concept of hardness al'ost every day. $ny ti'e *e file
our nails *ith a nail file or scratch a (& *ith our fin2er nails3 hardness is involved.
Hardness is used to 'easure a variety of resistances includin2! scratchin23 cuttin23 and
indentin2 8Ref. -9. $lso3 Hardness 'ay be used for 2radin2 si'ilar 'aterials3 chec)in2 or
controllin2 :uality level and controllin2 unifor'ity of tensile stren2th 8Ref. -9.
$s en2ineers3 *e find hardness tests useful for esti'atin2 the tensile stren2th of
'aterials. The Brinell and Roc)*ell Tests are the 'ost co''on e/peri'ents to
deter'ine the hardness of 'etals. Both Tests 'easure the resistance to indentation of a
'etal under a static load. Ho*ever3 as the technolo2y has increased the usa2e of very
hard steels3 very thin 'aterials3 very s'all si;ed parts3 etc3 a nu'ber of other hardness
tests have developed3 and not <ust for 'etals but for *ood3 rubber3 plastic3 and pavin2
'aterials 8Ref. -9.

The Brinell Test procedures and specifications can be found in $STM =1.. The
test consists of applyin2 a load throu2h a steel ball *ith a 1.7'illi'eter dia'eter for a
specific period of ti'e. The standard for load a'ount3 ti'e period and hardness is sho*n
belo* in Table #.
Table 1- Brinell Standards for Load Ti!e and "ardness
#f the sa'ple is e/pected to have a Brinell Hardness Nu'ber 8BHN9 2reater than 5>.3 an
indenter 'ade of a harder 'aterial should be used 8Ref. -9. $fter re'ovin2 the load3 an
indentation is left on the 'etal sa'ple. By 'easurin2 the dia'eter of the indentation and
usin2 the )no*n dia'eter of the steel ball that applies the load3 the spherical area is
calculated. The Brinell Hardness Nu'ber 8BHN9 is the ratio of the applied load in
)ilo2ra's to the spherical area of the indentation in '' 8Ref. 19. #n order to find the
-
BHN3 the follo*in2 e:uation is used!
=:uation 819
6here!
& ? dia'eter of the steel ball3 ''
d ? dia'eter of the indentation
? load3 )2
The Brinell Hardness Nu'ber is used to 2ive an esti'ation of the tensile stren2th of the
'etal usin2 the follo*in2 e:uation!
T.S. ? >.. / BHN =:uation 8-9
6here!
T.S. ? tensile stren2th3 psi
BHN ? Brinell Hardness Nu'ber
The Roc)*ell Test procedures and specifications can be found in $STM =1+.
This test uses the depth of indentation to deter'ine the hardness nu'ber 8Ref. 19. $
'inor load is applied to hold the sa'ple in place then a 'a<or load is applied to indent
the sa'ple. The Roc)*ell Test is si'ilar to the Brinell Test because both use indentation
of a sa'ples surface to deter'ine hardness@ ho*ever3 the Roc)*ell Test 'easures depth
of indentation not dia'eter as in the Brinell Test. The Roc)*ell Test uses s'aller loads
and creates s'aller indentations on the sa'ple as *ell 8Ref.-9. $lso the Roc)*ell
Hardness Tester has a 2au2e on the 'achine that *ill display the Roc)*ell Hardness
Nu'ber3 RHN3 after the load is re'oved.
Aor this test3 a variety of indenters are used includin2! steel balls ran2in2 fro'
1
B 7inch to C7inch and spheroconical dia'ond tips 8Ref.19. There are three standard
14
loads of 4.3 1..3 and 1>. )ilo2ra's that can be applied to a sa'ple. &ia'ond tips alon2
*ith a load of 1>. )2 are used for hard steel3 *hile steel balls and a load of 1.. )2 is used
for softer steel and alu'inu'. The 2au2e on the 'achine has t*o sets of nu'bers3 a red
and a blac). ". hardness nu'bers offset the scales *ith the blac) scale bein2 the lo*er of
the t*o 8Ref.-9. =ach scale also provides a different pre7fi/ to be recorded *ith the
hardness nu'ber3 B for red and ( for blac). The co'bination of indenter and applied
load leads to *hat set of nu'bers3 red or blac)3 are used to 'easure the Roc)*ell
Hardness Nu'ber. $ dia'ond tip *ith applied load of 1>. )2 corresponds to the blac)
scale and a steel ball *ith 1.. )2 corresponds to the red scale.
The Roc)*ell Test is used for 'aterials that are beyond the capabilities of the
Brinell Test and because the Roc)*ell Hardness Nu'ber is sho*n on the 'achine if
returns faster and 'ore accurate hardness nu'bers 8Ref. -9. Ho*ever3 the Roc)*ell test
does not have such an easy *ay to calculated tensile stren2th as *as afforded to us by the
Brinell Test. #n order to deter'ine tensile stren2th3 a standardi;ed table sho*in2 the
relationship bet*een Roc)*ell Hardness Nu'bers3 tensile stren2th and other properties
has been developed and is provided belo* in Table ##.
Table # - Relations$i% bet&een "ardness '(!bers and Tensile Stren)t$


Apparatus and Test Procedures:
Fi)(re 1 - Brinell "ardness Tester *odel "B3000B
Fi)(re # - Ro+,&ell "ardness Tester *odel C-04

icture
ta)e
n
by Joshua
B
oa
rd

icture
ta)e
n by Joshua
B
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rd
The $pparatus used for the Brinell Hardness Test is Model HB7"...B3 sho*n in
Ai2ure 1. The apparatus used for the Roc)*ell Hardness Test is Model (>.53 sho*n in
Ai2ure -.
The Brinell Hardness Test re:uires the use of the follo*in2!
17 Brinell Hardness Tester Model HB7"...B 8sho*n in Ai2ure 19
17 Testin2 Bloc) *ith )no*n BHN
"7 Metal test sa'ples
17 Microscope of lo* po*er
17 Ten 'illi'eter dia'eter steel ball
The Roc)*ell Hardness Test re:uired the use of the follo*in2!
17 Roc)*ell Hardness Tester Model (>.5 8sho*n in Ai2ure -9
17 Testin2 Bloc) *ith )no*n RHN
"7 Metal test sa'ples
17 1B14 inch dia'eter steel ball
Both the Brinell and Roc)*ell Hardness Tests re:uire three 'etal cubes *ith 17inch sides
to be the test sa'ples. The sa'ples to be tested are 1.-. Steel3 4.41 $lu'inu' and -.-5
$lu'inu'. Before the test3 each sa'ple is inspected for any defects to the surface that
could affect the results. $ll three sa'ples *ere clean and passed inspection.
The Brinell Test consists of pressin2 a steel ball of 1.7'illi'eter dia'eter into
the test sa'ple for a standard a'ount of ti'e3 *hich *ill be 1- seconds for our
laboratory. The 1.7'' steel ball *ill i'pose a load of "... )2 for steel sa'ples and
1>.. )2 for alu'inu' sa'ples. This load *ill cause a depression to re'ain on the
surface of the sa'ple after the load is re'oved. The spherical area of the indentation can
be calculated fro' the dia'eter of the indenter and the dia'eter of the depression on the
surface of the sa'ple. Aor the Brinell Test3 the steel ball 'ust not deviate in dia'eter
'ore than ...1 '' and balls of harder 'aterial are to be used if the sa'ple has a )no*n
BHN 2reater than 5>. 8Ref. 19. Before startin2 either test3 a test bloc) *as used on both
the Brinell and Roc)*ell testers in order to verify accurate results. Tests should not be
'ade too close to2ether or too close to the ed2e of the sa'ple.
rocedure for Brinell Hardness Test!
1. Derify usin2 the test bloc) that the 'achine is accurate.
-. &eter'ine the proper load to apply to the sa'ple! "... )2 for steel
and 1>.. )2 for alu'inu'.
". Set the a'ount of ti'e for the test. #n this lab *e *ill use 1- seconds
as our test ti'e.
5. Select a test area on the sa'ple3 bein2 sure to stay a*ay for the ed2es
and other indentions 'ade on the sa'ple.
>. Turn the scre* until the sa'ple and the steel ball contact each other
and continue to turn the scre* until the scre* slips.
4. " EDF G46&U6H 6R =HJLI 6FH 6HD6 &IJ AUH&6H &I LIJHI6&6LRI RI 6FH D&S1H.
%. Repeat step 8597849 t*o ti'es so that a total of " indentations are on the
sa'ple.
+. Measure the dia'eter of each indentation *ith a lo* po*er
'icroscope.
,. &eter'ine the Brinell Hardness Nu'ber usin2 =:uation 819.
The Roc)*ell Hardness Test uses a steel ball B 7inch in dia'eter to indent the
1
14
surface of a sa'ple. This test uses a s'aller load and indenter therefore the indentation is
s'aller and shallo*er. Si'ilar to the Brinell test3 the hardness nu'ber found by the
Roc)*ell Test is a function of the indentation on the surface of the sa'ple caused by the
indenter under a static load 8Ref. -9. Ho*ever3 the Roc)*ell Test is faster because the
Roc)*ell Hardness Nu'ber is read strai2ht fro' the 'achine. The Roc)*ell Hardness
Nu'ber3 RHN3 is inversely related to the depth of indentation.
rocedure for Roc)*ell Hardness Test!
1. Derify usin2 the test bloc) that the 'achine is accurate.
-. &eter'ine the indenter to use. #n this lab *e *ill use a steel ball B 7
1
14
inch in dia'eter.
". Select a test area on the sa'ple3 bein2 sure to stay a*ay for the ed2es
and other indentions 'ade on the sa'ple.
5. Raise the sa'ple a2ainst the indenter by turnin2 the lar2e scre* until
the center 2au2e is vertical.
>. Use the s'all scre* to set the dial readin2 to ;ero.
4. ress the lever do*n to start the test.
%. Read the RHN fro' the red scale on the dial and include the prefi/
GKH.
+. Repeat steps 8"978%9 four ti'es so that a total of five indentations are
on the sa'ple.

Results:
The Table ### belo* sho*s the data fro' the Brinell Hardness Test. Three
dia'eter readin2s *ere recorded for each sa'ple. The 'ean of the results for each
individual sa'ple is calculated and used as the dia'eter of the indentation. Fno*in2 the
applied load3 the dia'eter of the indenter and the dia'eter of the indentation3 e:uation
819 is used to find the Brinell Hardness Nu'ber for each sa'ple. Usin2 =:uation 8-93 the
tensile stren2th is deter'ined.
Table 3 - Brinell "ardness Test data and res(lts
1020 S"##$ 2024 A$%&'(%& !0!1 A$%&'(%&
T#)" N*.
1 4.30 3.+0 4.30
2 4.40 3.,0 4.30
3 4.40 3.,0 4.25
M#-( 4.37 3.,3 4.2,
BHN 1+0 125 ++.2
T#()'$# S".#(/"0 12)'3 +5000 !2500 4+!00
R#4#.#(5# BHN6 17+ 120 +5
R#4#.#(5# T#()'$#
S".#(/"0 12)'36 ,7000 70000 45000
B.'(#$$ H-.7(#)) T#)" D-"- -(7 R#)%$")
D'-&#"#. 1&&3
T82# *4 M-"#.'-$

Table #D belo* sho*s the results of the Roc)*ell Hardness Test. Aive tests *ere
co'pleted on each sa'ple and the 'ean of each sa'ple is calculated. The 'ean is
recorded and used as the Roc)*ell Hardness Nu'ber3 RHN3 for each sa'ple. Usin2
Table ##3 the tensile stren2th of each sa'ple is interpolated.
Table 4 - Ro+,&ell "ardness Test data and res(lts
1020S"##$ 2024A$%&'(%& !0!1 A$%&'(%&
T#)" N*.
1 +1.7 77.7 5,.+
2 +3.0 7,.2 5,.!
3 +3.0 7+.0 5,.1
4 +3.2 7,.+ 5+.1
5 +3.0 7,.0 5+.0
M#-( +2., 7,.4 5,.7
T#()'$# S".#(/"0 12)'3 +!071 71750 513!0
R#4#.#(5# RHN66 ,, 75 !0
R#4#.#(5# T#()'$#
S".#(/"0 12)'366 ,7000 70000 45000
T82# *4 M-"#.'-$
R*59:#$$ H-.7(#)) T#)" D-"- -(7 R#)%$")
D'-&#"#. 1&&3

Discussion:
Ai2ure " belo* sho*s a 2raph of the relationship bet*een the e/peri'ental BHN
and the reference BHN obtained fro' Mat6eb 8Ref. "93 for both the steel and alu'inu'
sa'ples. The results sho* only a s'all deviation fro' the reference data and it should be
noted that 1.-. steel sho*ed the 'ost deviation at >K. $lso3 each sa'ple out prefor'ed
the reference hardness nu'ber recordin2 hi2her values for hardness.
0
20
40
!0
,0
100
120
140
1!0
1,0
200
1020S"##$ 2024A$%&'(%& !0!1A$%&'(%&
B
r
i
ne
l
l
H
a
r
dne
s
s
N
um
be
r
BHN
R#4. BHN
Fi)(re 3 - Relations$i% bet&een Brinell E.%eri!ental "ardness and Referen+e "ardness
Ai2ure 53 sho*n belo*3 contains a 2raph of the e/peri'ental RHN and the
reference hardness nu'bers 2iven on Mat6eb 8Ref. "9. Both steel and alu'inu' sa'ples
re'ained close to the reference hardness *ith steel once a2ain bein2 >K off of reference3
but it is interestin2 to point out that 4.41 $lu'inu' has fallen belo* the reference data
provided by Mat6eb 8Ref. "9. #n all other cases the hardness of the sa'ples has e/ceeded
that of the reference hardness. $fter co'parin2 the data3 both the Brinell and Roc)*ell
test are producin2 accurate nu'bers and a 'a/i'u' deviation of >K over all further
bac)s up both tests accuracy.
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
!0.0
70.0
,0.0
+0.0
100.0
1020S"##$ 2024A$%&'(%& !0!1A$%&'(%&
R
oc
k
w
e
l
l
H
a
r
dne
s
s
N
um
be
r
RHN
R#4. RHN
Fi)(re 4 - Relations$i% bet&een Ro+,&ell E.%eri!ental "ardness and Referen+e "ardness

0
20000
40000
!0000
,0000
100000
120000
1020S"##$ 2024A$%&'(%& !0!1A$%&'(%&
T
e
n
s
ile
S
tr
e
n
g
th
(
p
s
i)
B.'(#$$ T#()'$# S".#(/"0 12)'3
R*59:#$$ T#()'$# S".#(/"0 12)'3
Fi)(re - - Co!%arison of Tensile Stren)t$ based on Brinell Ro+,&ell and Referen+e data
Ai2ure > above sho*s a co'parison of the tensile stren2th recorded for each
sa'ple based on the Brinell and Roc)*ell tests. The 2raphs sho* that the Roc)*ell test
recorded hi2her tensile stren2th for each of the sa'ples but both 1.-. steel and 4.41
alu'inu' *ere deter'ined to have values that *ere si'ilar. The sa'ple of -.-5
$lu'inu' recorded interestin2 results as the 2reatest difference bet*een the Brinell
stren2th and Roc)*ell stren2th *as found here. The Brinell test is 'ore accurate for
findin2 tensile stren2th3 based on =:uation 8-9LD DLS1LAL6M3 NFHUH 6FH >RANNH11 6HD6 F&D
'ore roo' for error *hen interpolatin2 Table ##. Aor both tests3 steel *as deter'ined to
be the sa'ple that e/ceeded the reference values for tensile stren2th by the 'ost. 4.41
$lu'inu' *as found by both tests to be harder than the reference values. Aor -.-5
$lu'inu'3 the Roc)*ell test sho*ed e/pected results3 ho*ever the Brinell test
deter'ined that the -.-5 $lu'inu' *as not as stron2 as the reference tensile stren2th.
Loo)in2 throu2h the for'ulas3 it see's that the Brinell Hardness Tests *as able to create
too lar2e of an indentation in the surface of the -.-5 $lu'inu'3 recordin2 a dia'eter of
".+" ''. $n indentation closer to ".4" '' *ould have 2iven the correct tensile stren2th
accordin2 to the reference data.
Aro' the results sho*n it Ai2ures 53 > and 43 it is clear that so'e errors have
occurred. The Brinell Test re:uired the readin2 of the dia'eter throu2h a scope *hich
could have lead to inaccuracies due to hu'an error. $lso it is possible that the load *as
pre'aturely re'oved fro' the sa'ple before the 1- seconds had e/pired. Aor the
Roc)*ell test it is possible that the nu'bers on the 2au2e *ere incorrectly read.
Ho*ever3 there are other sources of error that can be pointed to in this lab. &urin2 the set
up of the e/peri'ent it *as noticed that the last inspection of the e:uip'ent *as in 1,,,
and the label stated that both 'achines need to be inspected yearly.

Sample Calculations:
Brinell Hardness Test
81.-. Steel9 Brinell Hardness Nu'ber3 BHN
& ? 1.7''
? "... )2
d ? 5."%7''
BHN ? 1,.
Tensile Stren2th ? BHN / >..
? 1,. / >..
? ,>... psi
Rockwell Hardness Test
81.-. Steel9 Roc)*ell Hardness Nu'ber3 RHN
RHN ? ,-.+
8Read for 2au2e on Roc)*ell Tester9
Tensile Stren2th ? ,4.%1
8Aound usin2 Table ##9
Conclusion:
The Brinell and Roc)*ell e/peri'ents are t*o tests that are both desi2ned to test
the hardness of a 'etal sa'ple. The Brinell test 'easures the dia'eter of an indentation
in order to obtain a hardness nu'ber and the Roc)*ell test 'easures the depth of
penetration and returns a hardness nu'ber. Both tests are si'ilar in this *ay but each
offered its o*n individual advanta2es! Brinell *ith its ease of calculatin2 tensile stren2th
and Roc)*ell *ith its direct readin2s of hardness nu'ber for the 'achine. Both
e/peri'ents are also considered non7destructive.
Loo)in2 at the results it see's that both tests found our sa'ples for the 'ost part
to be harder than the reference nu'bers indicated. The 'ost li)ely source of error
ho*ever see's to be the decade bet*een inspections for both 'achines leadin2 to
uncertainty in the nu'bers they are providin2. #n future tests3 'ore e/perience *ith the
'achine and 'etal sa'ples alon2 *ith better 'aintenance of the e:uip'ent *ould help
to reduce errors. The recorded error for the hardness nu'bers *as less than >K for both
the Brinell and Roc)*ell Hardness Tests and therefore each test can be considered
reasonably accurate in ter's of the tensile stren2th of a sa'ple.
References
1. Mechanics of Materials Laboratory Manual (= "51.3 &epart'ent of (ivil and
=nviron'ental =n2ineerin23 Sprin2 -..%3 pT171 0 T171..
-. Jacobs3 (.3 (= "51. Notes 0 GOardness %HD6LIJH3 UHAHLPHJ LI A1&DD RI 7&IE&UM 3 .
". ***.Mat6eb.co'
5. $STM = 1. Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials3 $STM
#nternational3 $pril -..1.
>. $STM = 1+ Standard Test Method for Roc)*ell Hardness and Roc)*ell Superficial
Hardness of Metallic Materials3 $STM #nternational3 $pril -..1.

Appendix
Appendices A1 !ri"inal Test Data S#eet
B.'(#$$ H-.7(#)) T#)"
1D'-&#"#. &&3
R*59:#$$ H-.7(#)) T#)"
1RHN3
1020S"##$ 4.37 +1.7
+3.0
+3.0
+3.2
+3.0
!0!1A$%&'(%& 4.2, 5,.+
5,.!
5,.1
5+.1
5+.0
2024A$%&'(%& 3.,, 77.7
7,.2
7+.0
7,.+
7,.0


Appendi$ A% &aterial Properties of Steel
Mechanical Properties Metric English Comments
Hardness, Brinell 179 179
Hardness, Knoop 200 200 Converted from Brinell hardness.
Hardness, Rockwell B Converted from Brinell hardness.
Hardness, !ickers 1 1 Converted from Brinell hardness.
"ensile #tren$th, %ltimate
!00MP- ,70002)'
"ensile #tren$th, &ield
370MP- 537002)'
'lon$ation at Break 2(.00) 2(.00) in *0 mm
Red+ction of ,rea -..20) -..20)
/od+l+s of 'lasticit0
200GP- 2+0009)'
"0pical for steel
B+lk /od+l+s
140GP- 203009)'
"0pical for steel
1oissons Ratio 0.29 0.29


Appendi$ A' &aterial Properties of Aluminum
Mechanical Properties Metric English Comments
Hardness, Brinell 120 120 ,,2 "0pical2 *00 $ load2 10 mm 3all
Hardness, Knoop 1*0 1*0 Converted from Brinell Hardness !al+e
Hardness, Rockwell , .-. .-. Converted from Brinell Hardness !al+e
Hardness, Rockwell B 7* 7* Converted from Brinell Hardness !al+e
Hardness, !ickers 1(7 1(7 Converted from Brinell Hardness !al+e
%ltimate "ensile #tren$th
4,3MP- 70.09)'
,,2 "0pical
"ensile &ield #tren$th
345MP- 50.09)'
,,2 "0pical
'lon$ation at Break 1.00) 1.00) ,,2 "0pical2 141- in. 51.- mm6 "hickness
/od+l+s of 'lasticit0
73.1GP- 10!009)'
,,2 "0pical2 ,vera$e of tension and compression. Compression mod+l+s is a3o+t 2) $reater than tensile mod+l+s.
7otched "ensile #tren$th
37+MP- 550002)'
2.* cm width 8 0.1- cm thick side9notched specimen, K : 17.
t
%ltimate Bearin$ #tren$th
,55MP- 1240002)'
'd$e distance4pin diameter : 2.0
Bearin$ &ield #tren$th
524MP- 7!0002)'
'd$e distance4pin diameter : 2.0
1oissons Ratio 0.(( 0.((
13,MP- 200002)'
;< of C0cles *.00e=;< of C0cles *.00e=
/achina3ilit0 70.00) 70.00) 09100 #cale of ,l+min+m ,llo0s
#hear /od+l+s
2,.0GP- 40!09)'
#hear #tren$th
2,3MP- 410002)'
,,2 "0pical
>ati$+e #tren$th completel0 reversed stress2 RR /oore machine4specimen