Reactivity of alkanes

1. Not reactive/unreactive because saturated hydrocarbon

2. Did not decolourized purple solution of acidified potassium
manganate(VII)
3. Did not decolourized reddish brown solution of bromin water
4. Neutral.
insufficient oxygen,
2CH
4
+ 3 O
2
2CO + 4H
2
O
Halogenation
1. The reaction is between alkane dan chlorine.
2. Takes place under sunlight/ultra violet light.
3. Carbon-hydrogen bonds broken and new carbon-halogen bonds
are formed. One or more hydrogen atoms in alkanes molecule may be subtituted
by halogen.
4. Halogenation is substitution reaction.
Overall equation/chemical equation
CH
4
+ 4Cl
2
CCl
4
+ 4HCl

Alkene
Alkenes is unsaturated hydrocarbon because the presence of the double bond.
Reactivity of alkenes
1. Alkenes is more reactive because the presence of double covalent bond,
(unsaturated hydrocarbon)
2. Alkenes decolourized purple solution of acidified potassium
manganate(VII)
3. Alkenes decolourized reddish brown solution of bromin water
4. Neutral.

1. Addition of hydrogen
Mixture of alkenes gas/vapour and hydrogen gas, is passed through platinum or nickel
at 180
o
C. The process is known as catalytic Hydrogenation.
Alkenes reacts with hydrogen halide in room condition.
Hydrogen halide molecules is added to double bond in alkenes,
to produce halogenoalkane.
2. Addition of acidified potassium manganate(VII)
1. When alkenes is mixed with acidified potassium manganate(VII), its purple colour
is decolourised.

2. This is because addition process occurred, a group of
hydroxyl (--OH) is added to the molecules of alkenes to form a molecule of diol
(type of alcohol) which is saturated and colourless.
Polymer : Large molecules made up from many identical
repeating sub-units called monomers, which joined
together by covalent bond.
Industrial production of ethanol
Ethene is mix with steam is passed through concentrated
phosphoric acid (catalyst) at 300
o
C (temperature) and 60 atmosphere (pressure).
oxidising agent.

Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO
4
(purple to colourless / decolourised)
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(orange to green)
Dehydration occur when
a. ethanol vapours is passed over a heated catalyst such as.
i- Porous pot / porcelain chips
ii- Purnice stone / aluminium oxide, Al
2
O
3
/alumina

b. Ethanol is heated under reflux at 170
o
C with excess
concentrated sulphuric acid.







Ethanoic Acid
Can be prepared through oxidation of an ethanol.
Chemical equation:











CH
3
CH
2
OH CH
2
= CH
2
+ H
2
O
Ethanol Ethene

CH
3
CH
2
OH + 2[O] CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
Etanol ethanoic acid



This is carried out by refluxing ethanol with an oxidising agent such as acidified
potassium dichromate(VI) or potassium manganate(VII) solution.
Preparation of ethanoic acid through refluxing




Condenser is used to prevent the loss of a volatile liquid by vaporisation.

Tissel tube
Water out
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Label the
diagram please
Water
in
Liebig condenser
Rounded bottom flask
Retort
stand
Absolute ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH +
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI),
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
solution
Heat
Wire
gauge
H H

H C C OH

H H
H O

H C C OH

H
+ 2[O] + H
2
O
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
solutions
+
dilute H
2
SO
4

reflux