Unit 3: Atoms, Elements and Compounds

3.1 Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

Introduction: All Substances are made of Atoms
A substance that has only kind (type) of atoms is called an
Element
Atoms are made up of three fundamental particles: Protons, Neutrons and
Electrons.
An atom consists of a small central nucleus (Protons & Neutrons) and around the
nucleus you ill find electrons hich are re!ol!in" around the nucleus in
shell#orbits.
Atoms are neutral ($a!e no char"e) because the number of protons % the
number of electrons
&reated and Published by Mayur Patel
'epartment of &hemistry (()*+,()*-)
$i"h School Attached to $arbin .nstitute of /echnolo"y
Symbols: All atoms are represented by a symbol
, Some ha!e a capital letter
, Some ha!e a &apital letter folloed by a small case letter

Protons:
&reated and Published by Mayur Patel
'epartment of &hemistry (()*+,()*-)
$i"h School Attached to $arbin .nstitute of /echnolo"y
, Protons ha!e a positi!e char"e
, Atoms of the same element ha!e the same number of protons
, .n a Neutral atom, the number of protons % number of electrons
Neutrons:
, Neutrons ha!e no char"e
, Atoms of the same elements can ha!e different number of
neutrons
, So, atoms that ha!e the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons are called ISOTOPES
&reated and Published by Mayur Patel
'epartment of &hemistry (()*+,()*-)
$i"h School Attached to $arbin .nstitute of /echnolo"y
Electrons:
, Electrons ha!e a ne"ati!e char"e
, /hey are outside the nucleus in the shells
, Electrons are responsible for the chemical properties of an
element
, E!ery shell can ha!e a certain ma0imum number of electrons
&reated and Published by Mayur Patel
'epartment of &hemistry (()*+,()*-)
$i"h School Attached to $arbin .nstitute of /echnolo"y
Electronic Coni!uration:
/he arran"ement of electrons in an atom is called Electronic
&onfi"uration
E": the electronic confi"uration of &alcium is (,1,1,(
E": /he electronic confi"uration of 2a"nesium is (,1,(

&reated and Published by Mayur Patel
'epartment of &hemistry (()*+,()*-)
$i"h School Attached to $arbin .nstitute of /echnolo"y
Noble "as Coni!uration
Atoms that ha!e a completely filled outermost orbit are called Noble
3ases# .nert 3ases# Non 4eacti!e 3ases. E": $e, Ne, Ar555.
6alence Electrons
/he electrons in the outermost shell are called !alence electrons.
&reated and Published by Mayur Patel
'epartment of &hemistry (()*+,()*-)
$i"h School Attached to $arbin .nstitute of /echnolo"y