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    UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level SOCIOLOGY Paper 1 October / November 2012 2 hours 30 minutes Candidates answer on the question Paper.

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    UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level SOCIOLOGY Paper 1 October / November 2012 2 hours 30 minutes Candidates answer on the question Paper.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
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    18 vues28 pages

    University of Cambridge International Examinations General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

    Transféré par

    mstudy123456
    UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level SOCIOLOGY Paper 1 October / November 2012 2 hours 30 minutes Candidates answer on the question Paper.

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 28

    UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

    General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

    * 5 8 3 3 3 2 8 3 8 4 *

    2251/13

    SOCIOLOGY
    Paper 1

    October/November 2012
    2 hours 30 minutes

    Candidates answer on the Question Paper.


    No Additional Materials are required.
    READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
    Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
    Write in dark blue or black pen.
    You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
    Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
    You may not need all the answer lines for your answer.
    DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
    Answer Question 1 and three questions from Sections B to D.
    The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

    This document consists of 28 printed pages.


    DC (SLM) 64098
    UCLES 2012

    [Turn over

    2
    Section A: Research Methods
    1

    Many sociologists favour the positivist perspective. Positivists seek to identify patterns
    and trends in society. To achieve this, they use methods that are designed to gain
    quantitative data. Positivists believe that these methods allow the patterns and trends in
    society to be studied in an objective way. Positivists also prefer using large-scale surveys
    and for this they identify a survey population. They believe that generalisations can be made
    from these surveys that researchers can then test.
    By contrast, sociologists who favour the interpretivist perspective prefer to collect information
    through smaller-scale studies. Interpretivist sociologists believe that this is the best way
    to understand the meanings and motives that influence the way individuals act in society.
    Participant observation is a method widely used in carrying out detailed, small-scale studies
    of group behaviour.
    (a) What is meant by the following terms:
    (i)

    Trends
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    (ii)

    Quantitative data
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    (iii)

    Survey population
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    3
    (b) Explain two reasons why positivists prefer using large-scale surveys.
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    (c) Describe two different methods of carrying out a social survey.
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    (d) Describe one strength and one limitation of positivist methods.
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    (e) Describe one strength and one limitation of small-scale studies.
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    (f)

    Describe two strengths and two limitations of participant observation.


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    5
    Section B: Culture and Socialisation
    2

    The experiences associated with childhood vary between societies. This has led sociologists
    to suggest that childhood is a social construction that reflects the customs and values of the
    society in which the child lives.

    For
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    (a) What is meant by the term customs ?


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    (b) Describe two social factors that influence the experience of childhood.
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    (c) Explain why experiences of childhood may differ between societies.
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    7
    (d) To what extent is the experience of childhood a social construction?
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    9
    3

    Functionalists believe that value consensus is necessary for society to have social order.
    They believe that the existence of social order will ensure that any social change will be
    gradual and not disrupt society.

    For
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    (a) What is meant by the term social change ?


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    (b) Describe two ways in which social order can be achieved, apart from through value
    consensus.
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    (c) Explain how value consensus may ensure that social change will be gradual.
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    11
    (d) How far does value consensus benefit everyone in society?
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    For
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    13
    Section C: Social Stratification and Inequality
    4

    Stratification can take many forms, one of which is the gendered division of labour. Patriarchy
    has been identified as a cause of gender divisions.

    For
    Examiners
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    (a) What is meant by the term gendered division of labour ?


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    (b) Describe two benefits of patriarchy for men.
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    (c) Explain how females may be discriminated against in paid employment.
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    15
    (d) To what extent is patriarchy the main cause of gender divisions?
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    17
    5

    An underclass exists in many societies. The market situation of those in the underclass is
    weak and this means that their life chances are limited.

    For
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    Use

    (a) What is meant by the term underclass ?


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    (b) Describe two reasons why the underclass may experience difficulties in gaining paid
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    (c) Explain the influence that market situation has on life chances.
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    19
    (d) How far can the underclass be blamed for their low social position?
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    21
    Section D: Power and Authority
    6

    Propaganda plays an important part in maintaining the power of authoritarian regimes.


    However, political protest still occurs in authoritarian regimes.

    For
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    (a) What is meant by the term political protest ?


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    (b) Describe two examples of political propaganda.
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    (c) Explain how power is maintained in authoritarian regimes, apart from through the use of
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    23
    (d) To what extent can people in authoritarian regimes engage in political protest?
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    25
    7

    Pressure groups have long been a feature of the political process in modern industrial
    societies. Pressure groups are classed as promotional or defensive, although some can be
    both.

    For
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    (a) What is meant by the term promotional pressure group ?


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    (b) Describe two defensive pressure groups.
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    (c) Explain why promotional pressure groups are often short-lived.
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    (d) To what extent do pressure groups influence the outcome of the political process?
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    Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible.
    Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been
    included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
    University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University
    of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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