BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino

CHAPTER !
INTRO"#CTION
$ "E%INITIONS TERMS
1) A rule that relates quantities. Formula
2)
Are formulas that a researcher creates and based on
scientific observation.
Definitions
3) It summarizes a relationship that already eists in nature. !a"
#) A formula that "e can $et other formulas. Derivation
%)
&ometimes called the first approimation' is the simplest
approimation equivalent circuit for a device.
First Approimation
() Adds one or more components to the ideal approimation. &econd Approimation
)) *roduces a load that is constant. Ideal dc +olta$e &ource
,)
*roduces a constant load current for different load
resistances.
dc -urrent &ource
.)
A current source "hose internal resistance is at least 1//
times lar$er than the load resistance.
&tiff -urrent &ource
1/) A statement that "e can prove mathematically. 0heorem
11)
Defined as the resistance that an ohmmeter measures
across the load terminals.
0hevenin 1esistance
12)
Defined as the load current "hen the load resistor is
shorted.
2orton -urrent I2
13)
It states that for any theorem in electrical circuit analysis
Duality *rinciple
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
there is a dual 3opposite) theorem in "hich.
1#)
4eans findin$ out "hy a circuit is not doin$ "hat is
supposed to do.
0roubleshootin$
1%) 0"o facts about an open devices5
1. the current throu$h an
open device is zero.
2. the volta$e across it is
un6no"n
1() 0"o facts about a shorted devices5
1. the volta$e across a
shorted device is zero.
2. the current throu$h it is
un6no"n
CHAPTER ,
SEMICON"#CTORS
$ "E%INITIONS TERMS
1) 0he reason "hy electrons are not pulled into the nucleus. -entrifu$al
2) +alence 7rbit
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
It controls the electrical properties of the atom.
3)
An element "ith electrical properties bet"een those of a
conductor and those of an insulator.
&emiconductors
#)
An eample of a semiconductor and has four electrons in
the valence orbit.
8ermanium
%)
Another eample of semiconductor and became the most
practical in most electronics applications.
&ilicon
()
An orderly pattern formed "hen silicon atoms combined
their self to form a solid.
-rystal
)) A bond bet"een the opposite cores. -ovalent 9ond
,)
7ne "ay to increase conductivity of a semiconductor by
addin$ impurity atoms.
Dopin$
.) A doped semiconductor. :trinsic &emiconductor
1/)
It is added to molten silicon to increase the number of free
electrons.
*entavalent Atom
11)
Atom "ith five electrons in valence orbit and also called
donor impurities.
*entavalent Atom
12)
Atom "ith three valence electrons and also called
acceptor atom.
0rivalent
13) &ilicon that has been doped "ith a pentavalent impurity. 2;0ype &emiconductor
1#) &ilicon that has been doped "ith a trivalent impurity. *;0ype &emiconductor
1%) It is the border "here the p;type and n;type re$ions meet. <unction
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
1() Another name for pn crystal. <unction Diode
1)) 0he pair of positive and ne$ative ions at the =unction. Dipole
1,) -har$e empty re$ion. Depletion 1e$ion
1.)
0he electric field bet"een the ions is equivalent to
difference of potential.
9arrier *otential
2/)
It is "hen the ne$ative source terminal is connected to the
n;type material and the positive is connected to the p;type
material.
For"ard 9ias
21)
0he ne$ative battery terminal is connected to the p side
and the positive battery terminal to the n side.
1everse 9ias
22)
0he reverse current caused by the thermally produced
minority carriers.
&aturation -urrent
23)
0he temperature of the surroundin$ air.
Ambient 0emperature
2#)
0he departure of the electron creates a vacancy in the
valance orbit.
>ole
2%) 0he mer$in$ of a free electron and a hole. 1ecombination
2()
0he amount of time bet"een the creation and
disappearance of a free electrons.
!ifetime
2))
It means that "e cannot $et more minority;carrier current
than is produced by the thermal ener$y.
&aturation
2,) A small current flo"s on the surface of the crystal. &urface;!ea6a$e -urrent
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
2.) 0he temperature inside a diode' ri$ht at the pn =unction. <unction 0emperature
3/)
0he nucleus of a copper atom contains ho" many
protons?
2.
31) 0he net char$e of a neutral copper atom. @1
32) >o" many valence electrons does a silicon atom have? #
33)
>o" many protons does the nucleus of a silicon atom
contain?
1#
CHAPTER -
"IO"E THEOR(
$ "E%INITIONS TERMS
1)
A device "here the $raph of its current versus volta$e is a
strai$ht line.
!inear Device
2)
A device "here the $raph of its current versus volta$e is
not strai$ht line.
2onlinear Device
3)
In the for"ard re$ion' the volta$e at "hich the current
starts to increase rapidly.
Anee +olta$e
#) 0he 6nee volta$e of a silicon diode. /.) +
%)
0he ohmic resistance of a semiconductor material.
9ul6 1esistance
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
()
0he maimum po"er the diode can safely dissipate
"ithout shortenin$ its life or de$radin$ its properties.
*o"er 1atin$
))
A diode acts li6e a s"itch that closes "hen for"ard;biased
and opens "hen reverse;biased.
Ideal Diode
,)
It is a re$ion "here either avalanche or zener effects
occurs.
9rea6do"n 1e$ion
.)
0he maimum reverse volta$e a diode can "ithstand
before avalanche or the zener effect occurs.
9rea6do"n +olta$e
1/) 0he maimum ratin$ specified in the data sheet. &afety Factor
11)
A tool used to find the eact value of a diode current and
volta$e.
!oad !ine
12) In load line' this point represents maimum current. &aturation
13)
0his point represents the minimum current minimum
current.
-ut;7ff
1#)
It represents a simultaneous solution bet"een the diode
curve and load line.
B *oint
1%) 0he 6nee volta$e of a diode is approimately equal to the. 9arrier *otential
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
CHAPTER .
"IO"E CIRC#IT
$ "E%INITIONS TERMS
1)
:lectronic device that converts the ac input volta$e to an
almost perfect dc output volta$e.
*o"er &upply 1ectifiers
2)
A rectifier "ith only one diode in series "ith the load
resistor.
>alf;Cave 1ectifier
3)
A transformer that"ill produce a secondary volta$e that is
hi$her than a primary.
&tep;Dp
#)
A transformer that "ill produce a secondary volta$e that is
smaller than the primary.
&tep;Do"n
%) A rectifier that is equivalent to t"o half;"ave rectifiers. Full;Cave 1ectifier
()
0ype of rectifier circuit that has four diode' t"o of "hich
are conductin$ at the same time.
9rid$e 1ectifer
)) -ho6e;Input Filter
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
Dsed to filter the output of a rectifier.
,)
It states that' if you have t"o or more sources' you can
analyze the circuit for each source separately and then
add the individual volta$es to $et the total volta$e.
&uper *osition 0heorem
.)
0he fluctuation in load volta$e caused by the char$in$ and
the dischar$in$ of capacitor input filter.
1ipple
1/)
A re$ulator that uses a transistor that s"itches bet"een
saturation and cut;off.
&"itchin$ 1e$ulator
11)
A filter that produce a dc output volta$e equal to the pea6
value of the rectified volta$e.
-apacitor;Input Filter
12)
0he maimum volta$e across the non;conductin$ diode of
a rectifier.
*ea6 Inverse +olta$e
13) 0he initial rush of current "hen the po"er is turned on. &ur$e -urrent
1#)
0his device not only reduces the ripple' it also holds the
output volta$e constant.
I- +olta$e 1e$ulator
1%) 0he diodes used in lo";frequency po"er supplies. 1ectifier Diodes
1()
0his diodes are optimized for use at hi$h frequencies and
have po"er ratin$s less than /.%C.
&mall;&i$nal Diodes
1))
A circuit that removes either positive or ne$ative parts of a
"ave form.
-lipper
1,)
0he circuit removes all the positive parts of the input
si$nal.
*ositive -lipper
1.)
0he series resistance must be 1// times $reater than bul6
resistance and 1// times smaller than the load resistance.
&tiff -lipper
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
2/)
0he circuit removes all the ne$ative parts of the input
si$nal.
2e$ative -lipper
21)
It means' applyin$ an eternal volta$e to chan$e the
reference level of a circuit.
9ias
22) 0he output si$nal "hen the input volta$e is very lar$e
compared to the bias level.
&quare Cave
23) It adds a dc volta$e to the si$nal. -lamper
2#)
0he same as a rectifier "ith a capacitor input filter used for
output volta$e of the pea6 detector.
*ea6 Detector
2%)
-onnectin$ t"o or more sta$es so that the output of one
sta$e is the input to the net.
-ascaded &ta$e
2()
A redesi$n of the pea6;to;pea6 detector' it uses rectifier
diodes instead of small;si$nal diodes.
+olta$e Doubler
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
CHAPTER /
SPECIAL 4 P#RPOSE "IO"E
$ "E%INITIONS TERMS
1)
A diode desi$ned to operate in reverse brea6 over "ith a
very stable volta$e drop.
Eener Diode
2) 0hree re$ions "here a zener diode can operate5
For"ardF
!ea6a$eF
9rea6;Do"n
3)
As lon$ as the reverse current is less than GGGGGGGGG the
diode is operatin$ "ith the safe ran$e.
IE4
#) 1eferred as bul6 resistance in the reverse re$ion. Eener 1esistance
%) Also called volta$e re$ulator diode. Eener Diode
()
-ircuit used "hen you "ant a dc output volta$e that is less
than the output of a the po"er supply.
Eener 1e$ulator
))
&ometimes called hi$h;field emission' this occurs "hen
the intensity of the electric field becomes hi$h enou$h to
dislod$e valence electrons in reverse biased diode.
Eener :ffect
,) 0he brea6do"n volta$e of a zener diode. Eener +olta$e
.)
It is defined as the chan$e in brea6do"n volta$e per
de$ree of increase of temperature.
0emperature -oefficient
1/)
0he zener re$ulation is approachin$ a dropout or failure
condition "hen zener current is.
2ear Eero
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
11) 0he po"er ratin$ usually include in the data sheet "here
diode can handle "ithout eceedin$.
4aimum -urrent
12)
Also include in the data sheet tells you ho" much you
have to reduce the po"er ratin$ of a device.
Deratin$ Factor
13) 0he technolo$y that combines optics and electronics. 7ptoelectronics
1#)
1esistor that prevents the current from eceedin$ the
maimum current ratin$ of the diode.
-urrent;!imitin$ 1esistor
1%) 0he bri$htness of an !:D depends on the GGGGGGGGG.

-urrent
1() It contains seven rectan$ular !:DHs. &even;&e$ment Display
1))
0he seven;se$ment indicator "ere all anode are
connected to$ether.
-ommon;Anode 0ype
1,)
0he seven;se$ment indicator "ere all cathode are
connected to$ether.
-ommon;-athode 0ype
1.) A reversed;biased diode that is sensitive to incomin$ li$ht. *hotodiode
2/)
A combination of !:D and photo;diode' an input si$nal to
the !:D is converted to varyin$ li$ht "hich is detected by
the photodiode.
7pto;-oupler
21) !i$ht that has many different phases. 2on;coherent !i$ht
22)
A diode that produce a coherent li$ht.
!aser Diode
23) 0his means that all the li$ht "ave is in;phase "ith each
other.
-oherent !i$ht
2#)
Analo$ous to a stranded "ire cable' ecept that the
strands are thin fleible fibers of $lass or plastic that
Fiber;7ptic -able
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
transmit li$ht beams instead of free electrons.
2%)
0he temporary stora$e of free electrons in the upper
ener$y band and holes n the lo"er ener$y band.
-har$e &tora$e
2() 0he time it ta6es to turn off a for"ard;biased diode. 1everse 1ecovery 0ime
2))
A special;purpose diode "ith no depletion layer' etremely
short reverse recovery time' and ability to rectify hi$h;
frequency si$nals.
&chott6y Diode
2,)
A diode optimized for a reverse capacitance' the lar$er the
reverse volta$e' the smaller the capacitance.
+aractor
2.)
0he frequency of a lead;la$ circuit or the frequency of an
!- tan6 circuit "here the volta$e $ain and phase shift are
suitable for oscillation.
1esonant Frequency
3/)
A device acts li6e t"o bac6;to;bac6 zener diodes' used
across he primary "indin$ of a po"er transformer to
prevent line spi6es from enterin$ the equipment.
+aristor
31)
0hese device 6eep the current throu$h them fied "hen
the volta$e chan$es.
-urrent;1e$ulator Diodes
32)
A diode conducts reverse current for a "hile and then
suddenly snaps open.
&nap Diode
33)
4ultiple input frequency.
>armonics
3#)
A diode that conducts better in the reverse than in the
for"ard directions.
9ac6 Diode
3%)
0his type of diode ehibits a phenomenon 6no"n as
ne$ative resistance.
0unnel Diode
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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
3()
0his means that an increase in for"ard volta$e produces a
decrease in for"ard current.
2e$ative 1esistance
3))
0he ne$ative resistance of a tunnel diode is useful in hi$h;
frequency circuits called.
7scillators
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