Published in IET Power Electronics

Received on 12th July 2012

Revised on 21st September 2012
Accepted on 29th October 2012
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0338
ISSN 1755-4535
Study of a non-isolated bidirectional DCDC converter
C.-C. Lin, L.-S. Yang, G.W. Wu
Department of Electrical Engineering, Far East University, Tainan City, Taiwan
E-mail: yanglungsheng@yahoo.com.tw
Abstract: The study presents a non-isolated bidirectional DCDC converter, which has simple circuit structure. The control
strategy is easily implemented. Also, the synchronous rectier technique is used to reduce the losses. The voltage gain of the
proposed converter is the half and the double of the conventional bidirectional DCDC buck/boost converter in the step-down
and step-up modes, respectively. Therefore the proposed converter can be operated in wide-voltage-conversion range than the
conventional bidirectional converter. The voltage stresses on the switches of the proposed converter are a half of the high-
voltage side. In addition, the operating principle and steady-state analyses are discussed. Finally, a prototype circuit is
implemented to verify the performance of the proposed converter.
1 Introduction
Since the usage of the fossil fuel results in environmental
pollution, the clean energies become very important in the
world. In recent years, the renewable energy systems,
including photo-voltaic systems, fuel-cell systems,
wind-power generating systems, are developed rapidly.
Because the renewable systems cannot provide a stable
power for user, the renewable energy systems and battery
can be utilised for the hybrid power systems. When the
renewable energy systems cannot supply enough power for
the load, the battery must replenish insufcient power.
Whereas the whole power of the renewable energy systems
cannot be used completely by the load, the surplus energy
can be used to charge the battery. Because the bidirectional
DCDC converters can transfer the power between two DC
sources in either direction, these converters are widely used
for renewable energy hybrid power systems, hybrid electric
vehicle energy systems and uninterrupted power supplies.
The topologies of these converters have the isolated and
non-isolated types for different applications. The isolated
types include the yback type [1, 2], forward-yback type
[3, 4], half-bridge type [57] and full-bridge type [810].
These converters can achieve large voltage gain by
adjusting the turns ratio of the transformer. The
bidirectional yback converter has the advantages of
simple structure and easy control. Since the
leakage-inductor energy cannot be recycled, the switches of
this converter suffer from high-voltage stresses. Thus, this
converter is applied for low-power applications. In order to
recycle the leakage-inductor energy and to reduce the
voltage stresses on the switches, the energy-regeneration
techniques are presented to clamp the voltage stresses
and to increase the conversion efciency [24]. The
non-isolated types include the multi-level type,
switched-capacitor type, cuk/cuk type, sepic/zeta
type, buck-boost type, coupled-inductor type, three-level
type and conventional buck/boost type. In multi-level and
switched-capacitor types, if large voltage gain must be
provided, more switches and capacitors are required
[1115]. Also, the control circuits of these types are
complicated. For the cuk/cuk and sepic/zeta types, the
conversion efciency are low because these converters are
combined of two power stages [16, 17]. In addition, these
converters cannot provide wide voltage-conversion range.
The circuit structure of the buck-boost type is very simple,
but this converter cannot operate in wide
voltage-conversion range [18]. The coupled-inductor types
can achieve large voltage gain by adjusting the turn ratio
of the coupled inductor [19, 20]. However, the circuit
congurations are complicated. For the three-level type, the
voltage stresses on the switches are a half of the
conventional bidirectional DCDC buck/boost type
[2123]. Nevertheless, the voltage-conversion range in this
converter is narrow. The conventional bidirectional DCDC
buck/boost converter has simple circuit structure, as shown
in Fig. 1a [2426]. However, the step-up voltage gain is
limited because of the effect of the switches and the
equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the inductors and
capacitors. Thus, the conventional converter is not suitable
for wide voltage-conversion applications.
Fig. 1b shows the proposed bidirectional DCDC
converter, which has the merits of simple topology and
control strategy. The voltage-conversion range of this
converter is wide, than the conventional bidirectional buck/
boost converter. The operating principles and steady-state
analyses in the step-up and step-down modes are described
in Sections 2 and 3, respectively. Some conditions are
assumed as: (i) The ON-state resistance R
DS(ON)
of the
switches and the ESR of the capacitors are ignored. (ii) The
capacitors C
H1
, C
H2
, and C
L
are large enough, and
the voltages across the capacitors can be treated as constant.
(iii) The capacitance of the capacitors C
H1
and C
H2
are
equal. Thus, V
H1
= V
H2
= V
H
/2.
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30 IET Power Electron., 2013, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 3037
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0338
2 Step-down mode of the proposed
converter
In the step-down mode, the equivalent circuit of the proposed
converter is shown in Fig. 2. The pulse-width modulation
(PWM) technique is used to control the switches S
1
and S
4
.
The switches S
2
and S
3
are used for the synchronous
rectiers. Fig. 3 shows some typical waveforms in
continuous-conduction-mode (CCM) operation. The
operating principles and steady-state analyses are described
as follows:
(1) Mode 1, [t
0
, t
1
]: The switches S
1
and S
3
are turned on
and the switches S
2
and S
4
are turned off. Meantime, the
switch S
3
is used for the synchronous rectier. The
current-ow path of the proposed converter is shown in
Fig. 4a. The energy of the high-voltage side V
H1
is
transferred to the inductor L
1
, capacitor C
L
, and load R
L
.
Thus, the voltage across the inductor L
1
is given by
v
I
L
1
=
V
H
2
V
L
(1)
The current through the inductor L
1
is obtained as
i
I
L
1
(t) = i
L
1
t
0

+
1
L
1
V
H
2
V
L

t t
0

(2)
(2) Mode 2, [t
1
, t
2
]: The switches S
2
and S
3
are turned on
and the switches S
1
and S
4
are turned off. Meantime, the
switches S
2
and S
3
are used for the synchronous rectiers.
The current-ow path of the proposed converter is shown in
Fig. 4b. The energy stored in the inductor L
1
is released to
the capacitor C
L
and load R
L
. Thus, the voltage across the
inductor L
1
is found to be
v
II
L
1
= V
L
(3)
The current through the inductor L
1
is derived as
i
II
L
1
(t) = i
L
1
t
1

V
L
L
1
t t
1

(4)
(3) Mode 3, [t
2
, t
3
]: The switches S
2
and S
4
are turned on and
the switches S
1
and S
3
are turned off. Meantime, the switch S
2
is used for the synchronous rectier. The current-ow path of
the proposed converter is shown in Fig. 4c. The energy of the
high-voltage side V
H2
is transferred to the inductor L
1
,
capacitor C
L
, and load R
L
. Thus, the voltage across the
inductor L
1
is obtained as
v
III
L
1
=
V
H
2
V
L
(5)
Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit of the proposed converter in the
step-down mode
Fig. 3 Typical waveforms of the proposed converter with CCM
operation in the step-down mode
Fig. 1 Conventional and proposed bidirectional DCDC
converter
a Conventional bidirectional buck/boost converter
b Proposed bidirectional converter
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IET Power Electron., 2013, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 3037 31
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0338 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013
The current through the inductor L
1
is given as
i
III
L
1
(t) = i
L
1
t
2

+
1
L
1
V
H
2
V
L

t t
2

(6)
(4) Mode 4, [t
3
, t
4
]: This operation principle is the same as the
mode 2. Thus, the voltage across the inductor L
1
is
determined as follows
v
IV
L
1
= V
L
(7)
The current through the inductor L
1
is derived as
i
IV
L
1
(t) = i
L
1
t
3

V
L
L
1
t t
3

(8)
By using the voltage-second balance principle on the inductor
L
1
, one can obtain

DT
s
/2 ( )
0
v
I
L
1
dt +

(1D)T
s
/2 ( )
0
v
II
L
1
dtx +

DT
s
/2 ( )
0
v
III
L
1
dt
+

(1D)T
s
/2 ( )
0
v
IV
L
1
dt = 0 (9)
Substituting (1), (3), (5), and (7) into (9), the voltage gain is
given by
M
stepdown
=
V
L
V
H
=
D
2
(10)
The voltage gains of the proposed converter and the
conventional bidirectional converter are shown in Fig. 5. As
can be seen, the voltage gain of the proposed converter is a
half of the conventional converter.
Some waveforms in boundary-conduction-mode (BCM)
operation are shown in Fig. 6. The peak value of the
inductor current i
L
1
is found to be
I
L
1
p
=
DT
s
2L
1
V
H
2
V
L

(11)
By using the amperesecond balance principle on the
capacitor C
L
, the following equation can be obtained as
I
cL
=
(1/2) DT
s
/2

+ (1 D)T
s
/2

I
L
1
p
2 I
L
T
s
T
s
= 0
(12)
Fig. 4 Current-ow path of the proposed converter in the
step-down mode
a Mode 1
b Modes 2 and 4
c Mode 3
Fig. 5 Voltage gains of the proposed converter and conventional
converter in the step-down mode
Fig. 6 Some waveforms of the proposed converter with BCM
operation in the step-down mode
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32 IET Power Electron., 2013, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 3037
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0338
Consequently, the following equation can be derived as
I
L
1
p
= 2I
L
=
2V
L
R
L
(13)
Then, the normalised inductor time constant is dened as
t
LL
;
L
1
R
L
T
s
=
L
1
f
s
R
L
(14)
Substituting (10), (11) and (14) into (13), the boundary of
LL
is obtained as follows:
t
LL,B
=
1 D
4
(15)
Using (15), the curve of
LL,B
is plotted in Fig. 7. It is seen that
the proposed converter in the step-down mode is operated in
CCM at
LL
>
LL,B
.
3 Step-up mode of the proposed converter
In the step-up mode, the equivalent circuit of the proposed
converter is shown in Fig. 8. The PWM technique is used
to control the switches S
2
and S
3
. The switches S
1
and S
4
are used for the synchronous rectiers. Fig. 9 shows some
typical waveforms in CCM operation. The operating
principles and steady-state analyses are described as follows:
(1) Mode 1, [t
0
, t
1
]: The switches S
2
and S
3
are turned on
and the switches S
1
and S
4
are turned off. The current-ow
path of the proposed converter is shown in Fig. 10a. The
energy of the low-voltage side V
L
is transferred to the
inductor L
1
. The capacitors C
H1
and C
H2
are stacked to
discharge for the load R
H
. Thus, the voltage across the
inductor L
1
is given by
v
I
L
1
= V
L
(16)
The current through the inductor L
1
is obtained as
i
I
L
1
(t) = i
L
1
t
0

+
V
L
L
1
t t
0

(17)
(2) Mode 2, [t
1
, t
2
]: The switches S
1
and S
3
are turned on and
the switches S
2
and S
4
are turned off. Meantime, the switch S
1
is used for the synchronous rectier. The current-ow path of
the proposed converter is shown in Fig. 10b. The energies of
the low-voltage side V
L
and inductor L
1
are series to release
their energies to the capacitor C
H1
. The capacitors C
H1
and
C
H2
are stacked to discharge for the load R
H
. Thus, the
voltage across the inductor L
1
is found to be
v
II
L
1
= V
L

V
H
2
(18)
Fig. 7 Boundary condition of the proposed converter in the
step-down mode
Fig. 8 Equivalent circuit of the proposed converter in the step-up
mode
Fig. 9 Typical waveforms of the proposed converter with CCM
operation in the step-up mode
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IET Power Electron., 2013, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 3037 33
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0338 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013
The current through the inductor L
1
is given as
i
II
L
1
(t) = i
L
1
t
1

+
1
L
1
V
L

V
H
2

t t
1

(19)
(3) Mode 3, [t
2
, t
3
]: The operation principle is the same as the
mode 1. Thus, the voltage across the inductor L
1
is derived as
v
III
L1
= V
L
(20)
The current through the inductor L
1
is obtained as
i
III
L
1
(t) = i
L
1
t
2

+
V
L
L
1
t t
2

(21)
(4) Mode 4, [t
3
, t
4
]: The switches S
2
and S
4
are turned on and
the switches S
1
and S
3
are turned off. Meantime, the switch S
4
is used for the synchronous rectier. The current-ow path of
the proposed converter is shown in Fig. 10c. The energies of
the low-voltage side V
L
and inductor L
1
are series to release
their energies to the capacitor C
H2
. The capacitors C
H1
and
C
H2
are stacked to discharge for the load R
H
. Thus, the
voltage across the inductor L
1
is found to be
v
IV
L
1
= V
L

V
H
2
(22)
The current through the inductor L
1
is obtained as
i
IV
L
1
(t) = i
L
1
t
3

+
1
L
1
V
L

V
H
2

t t
3

(23)
By using the voltagesecond balance principle on the
inductor L
1
, the following equation is derived as

DT
s ( )/2 ( )
0
v
I
L1
dt +

1D)T
s
/2 ( )
0
v
II
L
1
dt
+

DT
s
/2 ( )
0
v
III
L
1
dt +

1D)T
s
/2 ( )
0
v
IV
L
1
dt = 0
(24)
Substituting (16), (18), (20), and (22) into (24), the voltage
gain is given by
M
stepup
=
V
H
V
L
=
2
1 D
(25)
Fig. 11 shows the voltage gains of the proposed converter and
the conventional bidirectional converter. One can see that the
voltage gain of the proposed converter is double of the
conventional bidirectional converter.
Fig. 12 shows some waveforms in BCM operation. The
peak value of the inductor current i
L
1
is given by
I
L
1
p
=
DT
s
V
L
2L
1
(26)
By using the ampere-second balance principle on the
capacitor C
H1
, one can obtain the following equation
I
cH1
=
(1/2) (1 D)T
s
/2

I
L
1
p
I
H
T
s
T
s
= 0 (27)
Thus
I
L
1
p
=
4I
H
1 D
=
4V
H
(1 D)R
H
(28)
Then, the normalised inductor time constant is dened as
t
LH
;
L
1
R
H
T
s
=
L
1
f
s
R
H
(29)
Fig. 10 Current-ow path of the proposed converter in the step-up
mode
a Modes 1 and 3
b Mode 2
c Mode 4
Fig. 11 Voltage gains of the proposed converter and conventional
converter in the step-up mode
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34 IET Power Electron., 2013, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 3037
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0338
Substituting (25), (26) and (29) into (28), the boundary of
LH
can be determined as follows
t
LH,B
=
D(1 D)
2
16
(30)
The curve of
LH,B
is depicted in Fig. 13. If
LH
is larger than

LH,B
, the proposed converter in the step-up mode is operated
in CCM.
4 Experimental results
In order to illustrate the performance of the proposed
converter, a prototype circuit is implemented in the
laboratory. The electric specications and circuit
components are chosen as V
H
= 200 V, V
L
= 24 V, f
s
= 50
kHz, P
o
= 200 W, C
H1
= C
H2
= C
L
= 100 F. The switches
S
1
S
4
are selected to be IXTQ96N20P. In the step-down
mode, the voltage gain M is equal to 0.12. Substituting
M= 0.12 into (10), the duty ratio D is derived as 0.24.
Substituting D= 0.24 into (15), the boundary normalised
Fig. 12 Some waveforms of the proposed converter with BCM
operation in the step-up mode
Fig. 13 Boundary condition of the proposed converter in the
step-up mode
Fig. 14 Circuit diagram of the proposed converter with control circuit in the step-down mode
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IET Power Electron., 2013, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 3037 35
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0338 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013
inductor time constant
LL,B
is obtained as 0.19. One sets that
the proposed converter is operated in CCM from 10% of the
full load, namely R
L
= 28.8 . When
LL
is larger than
LL,B
,
the proposed converter is operated in CCM. Using (14), the
inductor L
1
is found to be
t
LL
=
L
1
f
s
R
L
=
L
1
50 k
28.8
. 0.19
L
1
. 109 mH
In the step-up mode, the voltage gain M is equal to 8.33.
Substituting M= 8.33 into (25), the duty ratio D is derived
as 0.76. Substituting D = 0.76 into (30),
LH,B
is obtained as
0.00273. One sets that the proposed converter is operated in
CCM from 10% of the full load, namely R
H
= 2000 .
When
LH
is larger than
LH,B
, the proposed converter is
operated in CCM. Using (29), the inductor L
1
is given by
t
LH
=
L
1
f
s
R
H
=
L
1
50 k
2000
. 0.00273
L
1
. 109 mH
Therefore the inductor L
1
is selected to be 110 H.
The circuit diagram of the proposed converter with control
circuit in the step-down mode is shown in Fig. 14. Some
experimental waveforms in the step-down and step-up
modes are shown in Figs. 15 and 16, respectively. From
Figs. 15a, b, 16a and b, one can see that the voltage
stresses on the switches S
1
and S
2
are equal to V
H
/2. Also,
the waveforms of the switch current i
S
1
and i
S
2
agree with
the analysis of operating principle. Fig. 15c shows the
waveforms of the low-voltage side V
L
and inductor current
i
L
1
. It can be seen that the low-voltage side V
L
is well
regulated at 24 V and the proposed converter is operated in
CCM in the step-down mode. The waveforms of the
high-voltage side V
H1
, V
H2
, V
H
, and inductor current i
L
1
are
shown in Fig. 16c. One can see that the high-voltage side
V
H
is well regulated at 200 V and V
H1
= V
H2
= V
H
/2. The
measured efciencies of the proposed converter are shown
in Fig. 17. As can be seen, the measured efciencies are
around 92.394.8% in the step-down mode and are around
91.294.1% in the step-up mode.
Fig. 15 Experimental waveforms of the proposed converter in the
step-down mode
a v
gs1
, v
S1
, and i
S
1
b v
gs2
, v
S
2
, and i
S
2
c V
L
and i
L
1
Fig. 16 Experimental waveforms of the proposed converter in the
step-up mode
a v
gs1
, v
S
1
, and i
S
1
b v
gs2
, v
S
2
, and i
S
2
c V
H1
, V
H2
, V
H
, and i
L
1
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36 IET Power Electron., 2013, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, pp. 3037
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0338
5 Conclusions
A nonisolated bidirectional DCDC converter is presented in
this paper. The topology of this converter is modied from the
conventional buck/boost converter. The control strategy of
this converter is implemented easily. The proposed
converter can be operated in wide voltage-conversion range
than the conventional converter. In addition, the voltage
stresses on the switches are a half of the high-voltage side.
From the experimental results, one can see that the
waveforms agree with the operating principle and
steady-state analyses. Also, the efciencies are around
92.394.8% in the step-down mode and are about
91.294.1% in the step-up mode.
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Fig. 17 Measured efciency of the proposed converter
a Step-down mode
b Step-up mode
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