Arm barriers gestures

Standard Arm Cross Gesture

The standard arm-cross gesture is a universal gesture signifying the
same defensive or negative attitude almost everywhere. It is commonly
seen when a person is among strangers in public meetings, queues,
cafeterias, elevators or anywhere that people feel uncertain or insecure.
Reinforced Arm-Cross Gesture
The full arm-cross gesture the person has clenched fists, it indicates a
hostile and defensive attitude.
The person using this gesture cluster has an attacking attitude, as
opposed to the person.
Arm Gripping Gesture
A superior type can make his superiority felt in the presence of persons
he has just met by not folding his arms, but take an arm-fold gesture with
both thumbs pointing vertically upwards.
This gesture is the defensive version of both arms being held horizontally
in front of the body with both thumbs up to show that the user is cool.
Partial Arm-Cross Barrier Gestures
The full arm-cross gesture is sometimes too obvious to use around others
because it tells them that we are fearful. !ccasionally we substitute a
subtler version - the partial arm cross, in which one arm swings across the
body to hold or touch the other arm to form the barrier.
The partial arm barrier is often seen at meetings where a person may be a
stranger to the group or is lacking in self-confidence. "nother popular
version of a partial arm barrier is holding hands with oneself, a gesture
commonly used by people who stand before a crowd to receive an award
or give a speech.
Disguised Arm-Cross Gestures
Disguised arm-cross gestures are highly sophisticated gestures used by
people who are continually e#posed to others. This group includes
politicians, sales people, television personalities and the like who do not
want their audience to detect that they are unsure of themselves or
nervous.
$lavic languages, also called $lavonic languages, a subfamily of the Indo-
%uropean family of languages. &ecause the $lavic group of languages seems to
be closer to the &altic group than to any other, some scholars combine the two in
a &alto-$lavic subfamily of the Indo-%uropean classification. Today, for the most
part, $lavic languages are spoken in % %urope and ' "sia. The total number of
people for whom a $lavic language is the mother tongue is estimated at more
than ()) million* the great majority of them live in +ussia and ,kraine.
The $lavic subfamily has three divisions- %ast $lavic, .est $lavic, and $outh
$lavic. /embers of the %ast $lavic branch are +ussian, or 0reat +ussian*
,krainian, also called 1ittle +ussian or +uthenian* and &elarusian, or .hite
+ussian. Together they claim close to 223 million native speakers, almost all in
+ussia, ,kraine, &elarus, and neighboring countries. The .est $lavic branch
includes 4olish, 5zech, $lovak, 1usatian, 6ashubian, and the e#tinct 4olabian.
The living .est $lavic languages can claim appro#imately 37 million speakers,
chiefly in 4oland, the 5zech +epublic, and $lovakia. The $outh $lavic tongues
consist of $erbo-5roatian, &ulgarian, $lovenian, and /acedonian, together with
the liturgical language known as 5hurch $lavonic. The first four are native to
more than () million people, largely in $lovenia, 5roatia, &osnia and
8erzegovina, $erbia, /ontenegro, /acedonia, and &ulgaria.
"ll $lavic tongues are believed to have evolved from a single parent language,
usually called 4roto-$lavic, which, in turn, is thought to have split off much earlier
9possibly c.2))) &.5.: from 4roto-Indo-%uropean, the original ancestor of the
members of the Indo-%uropean language family. 4roto-$lavic was probably still
common to all $lavs in the ;st cent. &.5., and possibly as late as the <th or =th
cent. ".>., but by the ;)th cent. ".>. the individual $lavic languages had begun
to emerge.
0eneral 5haracteristics
The spoken $lavic tongues resemble one another more closely than do those of
the 0ermanic and +omance groups* yet, although $lavic languages have much
in common in basic vocabulary, grammar, and phonetic characteristics, they
differ with regard to such features in many instances. !ne feature common to
most of them is the relatively large number of consonant sounds. " striking
instance showing divided usage is the varied position of the primary accent in the
individual $lavic languages. ?or e#ample, in 5zech the stress falls on the initial
syllable of a word and in 4olish on the ne#t-to-last syllable, whereas in +ussian
and &ulgarian the accent can fall on any syllable