Native Americans from 1600s to 1950s

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1. NATIVE AMERICANS 1600s through Trail of Tears (1830s) regional (New Eng, Chesapeake,
Southwest, New France/New York) interactions with white settlers
Zeeshan Chughtai, Vikram Pasumarti, Kevin Shen
I. New England
A. Positive Interactions
Natives taught Puritans about gathering seafood, cultivating corn, hunting animals
Squanto, Pawtuxet Indian, spoke English, helped create alliance between Wampanoags and Puritans
Natives introduced corn, beans, pumpkins, potatoes, also agricultural techniques, annual burning/bean replanting
1621 first Thanksgiving, feast celebrating alliance between Wampanoags and Puritans
Traded furs for manufactured goods, including iron pots, blankets, metal tip arrows, guns, rifles,and alcohol
Abenaki Indians of Maine had fur trade with Pilgrims
Massachusetts Bay Colony, Pilgrims and Indians collaborated to help the colony with food and advice
B. Negative Interactions
3 years before pilgrims, Epidemic known as the plague decimated Indians, thought to be brought by earlier European settlers, 16
years after Mayflower landing, smallpox epidemic
Settlers increasing demand for land moved into powerful native territories, such as Connecticut Valley conflict with native tribes
Puritans eventually considered the natives as heathens, tried to convert them to Christianity modest success
European settlers seized more native land, cleared forests, drove away wild game crucial to native survival, and destroyed native crops
Land shortage, food shortage, and many epidemics destroyed native americans
New England Native Population: 100,000 early 1600s 10,000 in 1675
Despair caused Indians to become alcoholics and conversions to Christianity
Pequot War (1637) conflict between English and Pequot tribe in Connecticut Valley over trade with Dutch and land
English allied with Mohegan and Narragansett tribes, Pequot Rivals
English fought savagely and cruelly
Under Captain John Mason, English burned hundred of Pequots alive and sold the survivors as slaves
King Phillips War (1675), conflict between Wampanoags and English b/c natives resisted English seizure of native lands
3 years, Wampanoags destroyed 20 Massachusetts towns, killing 1,000 people
1676, Mohawk and Massachusetts collaborate to fight Wampanoags White militiamen attacked Indian villages/food supplies,
Mohawks killed Wampanoag leader, Metacomet (King Phillip).
Wampanoag alliances between local tribes broke apart Europeans crushed them Wampanoag leaders executed or sold into
slavery
Native trade with colonists to get advanced flintlock rifles led to massive casualties on both the English and the natives
II. Chesapeake
Agriculture: Got tobacco from local Indians, used Indian agriculture techniques (ie. growing corn and beans together for better soil).
Also natives used girdling to kill trees, and also planted crops around trees
Gov Berkeley led force to put down Powhatans in 1644, but later tried to prohibit white settlement west of a certain negotiated
boundary failed because of rising populations
Proclamation of 1763, British can limit westward expansion, meaning less clashes. failed, as the line was ineffective, settlers went
on west anyways
~Jefferson Era, Indians are noble savages, better than blacks, so whites promoted Indian education
Founding of Jamestown (mostly hostile against Native Americans)
John Smith led raids on nearby Indian villages for food and to kidnap natives
Starving time, during winter of 1609-10, Indians took revenge, and killed livestock and kept colonists barricaded, almost
leading to the downfall of the settlement
Powhatans: in order to keep expanding, had to suppress local Indians. Sir Thomas Dale led assaults, and eventually kidnapped
chief Powhatans daughter, Pocahontas
later, ~1622, brother Opechancanough became chief, led a giant uprising, but whites forced a retreat, 1644 final uprising
stopped, then they finally stop challenging white encroachment
Overall, thought of Indians as subservient. English were technologically advanced, and also blamed the inability to find gold on
natives being backward
Bacons Rebellion: backcountry mad at eastern tidewater region because they kept getting attacked by Indians, and gov. not doing
enough to stop it. 1675, angry Doeg Indians killed a white servant whites retaliate, attacking both the small Doeg and big
Susquehannock tribes more raids and killing angry Nathaniel Bacon, on govs council, strikes himself against Indians
marches with army into Jamestown, burns city, exile gov.
During the Revolution, Native Americans were either neutral, or sided with British (they fought for protection of Indian land). ie. in
Virginia/Carolinas, Cherokees led by Dragged Canoe in 1776 tried to attack white settlements, but were overwhelmingly put down,
1774, Shawnee Indians led an uprising (Lord Dunmores War), but lost and were forced to cede land

III. Southwest
1832, Worcester v. Georgia, Under Marshall, ruled that state govts had no authority over tribes, only fed could act as a guardian.
Finally gave Indians some legal protection
1830s Many thought there were 5 civilized tribes, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw.
Cherokees were especially civilized, had a written language, good culture, wrote a constitution, etc.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
March 27, 1814, Andrew Jackson, militia general slaughtered Creek warriors, women, and kid
Pushed Creeks farther west after they ceded their land
1820s, American settlers that moved Southwest to trade with Mexicans destroyed native
March 27, 1814, Andrew Jackson, militia general slaughtered Creek warriors, women, and kid
Pushed Creeks farther west after they ceded their land
Trail of Tears
1830s, Jackson wanted them to move west, and the noble savage mindset turned into a plain savage mindset.
Removal Act (1830): move Indians west of Mississippi Trail of tears, Cherokee were forced to leave and take ~800 mile trek
to the new Indian territories. Many died of starvation,disease,cold
IV. New France/ New York
Much of New Frances early interactions were based upon economic needs
Early fur trade with Indians became driving force around New French economy
New France was largely able to keep up with the other colonial empires because of their positive relationship with the natives
New France were largely allied with northern Indians who were more friendly and willing to interact
New French involvement started off with Jesuit missionary quests to convert the natives
eventually abandoned after conflict with Iroquois
One of the main differences between French interactions and other European powers -> not interested in colonization, only in profiting
from land and resources
made them much more likable to the Indians
French also had profitable timber business with the Indians
French settlers commonly intermarried with Indians
not ostracized from community as with other European colonies
Iroquois were one of the only Indian groups allied with British-> later against French as well
During the 1650s launched many attacks on Montreal
King Williams War: was mainly war between English and French
Indian groups were involved for both sides, as well as Queen Annes War
French and Indian War: Huge battle between French, British, and various Indian allies on both sides for control of North American
territories
ended in defeat for the French, and they lost much of their territory
huge losses on both sides, especially for the Indian tribes

2. NATIVE AMERICANS Trail of Tears (1830s) through 1950s (termination policy)

Maddy Glancey and Angie Chen
I. Indian Removal (1830-1880s)
A. Legislation
o Indian Removal Act (1830). President Jackson could give land west of Mississippi River to tribes in exchange for Indian land
(east of river)
o Mostly achieved through treaties. Fed govt sent Indians to present day Oklahoma.
o If tribes refused, fed govt used intimidation, bribery, and coercion.
o Done without the states influence
o 1832-1842 19 tribes and 50,000+ Indians removed
o Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Indians not subject to state law and couldnt be forcibly removed from land. Jackson ignored court.
o Trail of Tears (1838): forced removal of Cherokee from Southeast (GA). Series of brutal marches to Oklahoma. Jackson and
Van Buren
B. Attitude
o Removal regarded as way to save culture and lives of Indians. But Indians viewed it as destroying them and detaching them
from ancestral lands
o Whites assumed all tribes savages who didnt use land they lived on productively (farming).
C. Indian Wars and The West
o Increase in US territory 48 and CA gold rush 49 = white settlers moving west.
o 1840s Sioux, Cheyenne, etc. Conflicts with whites in present day Kansas/Nebraska.
o Minnesota Sioux uprising (1862) US govt reassign troops to West from Civil War.
o Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Army killed 150 Indians in violation of peace agreement. Shocked American public for a bit, but
white Americans remained determined to bring end to Indian menace
o Post-Civil War, Army turned to Indian problem. Homestead Act (1862) and transcontinental railroad (1869) = more whites
o Whites killed nearly 20 million buffalo by 1884.
o Red River War (Southern Plains): 1874-1875 Gen. Sherman (also Sheridan and Mackenzie). Army attacked winter Indian camps.
Kill and send to reservations. Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas. Early success in Southern Plains.
o Sioux War (Northern Plains): 1876.
o Black Hills gold rush 1874 drew whites to Indian land. Indians raided white invaders. Army (under Lt. Gen. Sheridan)
retaliated
o Battle of Little Bighorn Lt. Col. Custer + his 7
th
cavalry massacred by 5,000 Sioux + Cheyenne, Montana. June 25
th

1876.
o Army unsuccessful for a while, but November 1876 Col. Mackenzie destroyed Cheyenne village, and winter 1876
Indians defeated
o Apaches fought on under Geronimo in Southwest until 1886 beaten.
o Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1890). Last major conflict. Sioux, led by Sitting Bull, committed to Ghost Dance, a religious
movement promising empowerment for Indians. US Army tried to arrest Sitting Bull, Sitting Bull shot and killed. Fight ensued. Army
used extreme violence and brutality. Marked end of Indian wars. Indian pop. at lowest in US history, 228,000 people
II. Assimilation and Allotment
A. Preservation of the Native American race
o Relocation to allow whites to claim land with ideal conditions
B. US intervention in Native American life
o 1869 US Board of Indian Commissioners
o By Pres. Grant
o To improve reservation life, halt corruption of US officials, introduce white culture to Indians
o 1887 Dawes Severalty Act l
o Allotments --parcels of tribal lands given to individuals. (1887-1934)
o To assimilate Indians into white culture as American farmers
o But sold to whites too, allotments too small, not enough farming resources --> policy failure
o Boarding Schools
o Richard Pratt (US Army) founded boarding school system of assimilation 1870s
o 1st school: Carlisle Indian Industrial School. 1879 Carlisle, PA.
o Federal government funded schools

o Children immersed in white culture would lose Indian backwardness and adapt
o This US gvt intent continued up to the 1930s around FDRs New Deal
o But the legislation of the 1930s turned out to promote cultural relativism instead
III. Tolerance and Collaboration
A. 1926 Merriam Report sparked the review and reform of federal policy concerning Native Americans
o Congressional investigation revealing the dire condition Native Americans were living in
B. Native Americans and the New Deal
o Commissioner John Collier of the Bureau of Indian Affairs sought to preserve and respect the unique cultures of each NA tribe
o 1934 Indian Reorganization Act: allowed tribes to redistribute land in their own manner
o Tribal land and agricultural income increased significantly
o NAs still mostly only owned the land unwanted by the whites
C. Native Americans and WWII
o War pulled many NAs out of the reservation
o Gvt economic support/attention to the reservations decreased
o Not a lot of war work in the reservations b.c. they werent industrialized centers
o Around 2500 NAs served: in combat and as code-talkers (communicating in their NA language)
o After serving, many NAs did not return to their previous life in the reservation
o Still difficult for the NAs to find work even outside the reservations after the war ended
o This depletion of the reservation spurred pressures to once again to get rid of the reservation system and enforce assimilation
o Pressures were so great that they caused Collier (Bureau of Indian Affairs) to resign (1945)
D. The Push for Civil Rights
o Frustrations building up within the reservations
o Unemployment rate in the reservations 10x the national average unemployment rate
o Minimal education/training: difficult to find jobs
o Life expectancy 20 yrs lower than that of the national average
o US gvt issued the termination policy, 7 years after Collier resigned
o Withdrew recognition of tribes as separate, legal systems
o Made enforced assimilation official
o Made NAs subject to local governments
o However NAs fought so hard against it, the Eisenhower administration reconsidered and discussed with the tribes before
continuing any termination policies
o Indian militants revived the 1944 National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
o Preamble: In order to secure to ourselves and our descendants the rights and benefits the traditional laws of our people to which
we are entitle to as sovereign nations

3. White settlement of West 1840s 1900 railroads, prairie life, buffalo, etc.

NO TOPIC #3 was assigned.

4. Political Parties (including Third Parties) 1780s-1850
Rohit Thotakura, Dylan Lynch, Daniel Altieri

I. Federalist Party (c.1789 c.1820)
A. Formation
1. After George Washington's election in 1789, Alexander Hamilton built nationwide bank coalition to pay off debts and store federal
funds
2. Opponents of the national bank, such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison advocated agrarian society w/ power to individual
3. Newspapers in 1792 called Hamilton Federalist(strong national government) while Jefferson and Madison Anti-Federalist
B. Ideals = Strong National Govt
1. Creation of National Bank founded in 1791, wanted a nationalized system of handling national funds, credit, debt, advocated by
Alexander Hamilton
2. High Tariffs to generate revenue for national govt and to foster industrial development
3. Friendly Relations with Britain wanted to avoid potential war with Britain and improved trade
4. Concept of Implied Powers offered a type of interpretation to Constitution, powers authorized by a document which, while not
stated, seem to be implied by powers expressly stated
C. Important Figures
1. Alexander Hamilton created national bank system in 1791
2. John Jayfirst ambassador to Britain, formed Jays Treaty w/britain that averted war in 1794
3. John Adams 2nd US president, fought Quasi War w/France in 1798, XYZ affair 1797
II. Democratic-Republican Party (Anti-Federalists) (1792 c.1824)
A. Formation
1. Thomas Jefferson won election of 1800, dubbed Revolution of 1800 ushered in a new era of democratic-republican rule
2. After ratification of constitution in 1787, faction of politicians wanted independent, agrarian nation, state govt control
B. Ideals = Weak National Govt, Larger State Govt
1. Smaller National Govt, Larger State Govts feared that large govt control could form into tyranny
2. Protection of Individual Liberties thought that such protections were not granted because the Federalists represented a sinister
movement to roll back the gains made for ordinary people during the Revolution
3. Opposed all views of Federalists except for one the future of the nation was at stake in the contest over the Constitution
1. Thomas Jefferson 3rd US president, ratified Louisiana Purchase (1803), Embargo Act (1806) on britain
2. James Madison 4th US president, War of 1812, author of federalist papers, rejected charters for national banks
3. James Monroe 5th US president, Monroe Doctrine 1823, Missouri Compromise 1820
4. John Quincy Adams 6th US president, corrupt bargain Tariff of Abominations 1828
III. Democrats (1828-present)
A. Formation
1. Formed from the split in the D-R Party started Second Party System
2. Andrew Jacksons followers started to form modern Democratic Party, opposed Whigs who consisted of John Quincy Adams and
other Anti-Jacksonians
B. Ideals
1. Promotion of the strength of the presidency and executive branch, lessen power of congress
2. Increased public participation in govt wanted to prevent a monarchical govt, allowed public to elect officials
3. Geographic expansion wanted to expand westward
4. Egalitarianism wanted a powerful and equal society, but only in terms of white men
5. Anti-Indian Campaigns Jackson heavily opposed the presence of Native Americans on his land
1. Andrew Jackson7th US president, Indian Removal Act 1830, Nullification crisis w/SC, Bank war vs. Biddle
2. Martin Van Buren8th US president, Panic of 1837
3. James Polk11th US president, Manifest Destiny
IV. Anti-Masonic Party (18261838)
A. Formation
1. Formed in NY in response to freemasonry, mainly groups of elitist members of society, 1st 3rd party in US
2. Factions broke off from the anti Jackson party

B. Ideals
1. Wanted to counter and oppose Freemasons
1. John Quincy Adams6th US president, corrupt bargain Tariff of Abominations 1828
2. Millard Fillmore13th US president, Tariff 1842, opposed Texas as state
3. Amos Ellmaker1832 president candidate
V. National Republican Party (18251833)
A. Formation
1. Formed as the Democratic-Republican party and then split into factions supporting and opposing Andrew Jackson
2. Mainly composed of former Federalists
B. Ideals
1. Supported Henry Clays American System of nationwide internal network of roads, canals for easier transportation, higher
protective tariffs, strong banking system
2. Highly opposed to all of Jacksons domestic policies
1. Henry Clay American System, author of Missouri Compromise 1820, Compromise 1850
2. Daniel Webster Highly skilled orator, senator from Massachusetts
3. John Quincy Adams6th US president, corrupt bargain ,Tariff of Abominations (1828)
VI. Whig Party (18331856)
A. Formation
1. Formed after split from the Democratic-Republicans, originated from National Republican Party
2. Led by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams
B. Ideals
1. Supported Jeffersonian Democracy
2. Opposed Andrew Jacksons reactions to economic and social modernization (vetoes of internal improvements, 2nd natl bank, etc.)
3. supported compromise and balance in government
4. wanted national unity, territorial expansion, and support for a national transportation network and domestic manufacturing
1. Henry Clay American System, author of Missouri Compromise 1820, Compromise 1850
2. John Quincy Adams6th US president, corrupt bargain Tariff of Abominations 1828
3. Zachary Taylor12th US president, general in Mexican-American War, Fugitive Slave Act, Compromise 1850
VII. Free Soil Party (18481855)
A. Formation
1. Formed in NY in response to the Wilmot Proviso in 1848
1. Mexican American War caused a spike in Free Soil Party
B. Ideals
1. Supported popular sovereignty(states decide slavery for themselves) in all US states
2. Favored land acts such as The Homestead Act
3. Avoided topics such as abolition and prohibition
1. Martin Van Buren8th US president, Panic of 1837
2. John P. Hale 1852 presidential candidate
3. Horace Mann founder of modern US education system

5. Political Parties (including Third Parties) 1850 present
Jessie Feng and Keshia Pimenta
1850s
1. Democratic Party: by 1850s, was based on workers rights and state rights, against power of wealth and NBUS. Based in S, so in favor of
slavery, anything that helped farmers. Favored rapid expansion by purchase or war, believed in progress thru external growth. Party of the past
a. Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) - northerner with southern sympathies), supported Compromise of 1850, supported Ostend Manifesto, did
little to stop heating tensions btween North & South
b. James Buchanan (1857-1861) - supported expansion west, but very torn on slavery, did nothing to stop growing tensions between N & S,
tried to prevent Ft. Sumter and secession by So. Carolina
2. Whig Party: by 1850s, wanted to use fed/state govt to promote economic growth. Advocated reforms, favored gradual expansion, supported by
north: industrial modernization, etc. Party of moving forward. Later split over slavery - into Northern Whigs: (eventually joined Republicans) and
Southern Whigs (later joined the Democrats)
a. Millard Fillmore (1850-1853), moderate on slavery, opposed abolitionist efforts to ban slavery in new territories, supported Compromise of
1850
3. Liberty Party founded on basis of abolition, drew support from split Whigs (esp NY)
4. Free Soil Party not abolitionist, but against slavery in territories
5. American Party: Know Nothings, opposed immigration and pro temperance, eventually Republican party
a. nominated Millard Fillmore in 1956
6. Republican Party: against Kansas-Nebraska bill, supported slavery in territories
a. nominated John Fremont in 1956 election
1860s
1. Democrats: Split over issue of slavery: north (popular sovereignty) and south (pro)
a. in 1860 North nominated Stephen Douglass, South nominated John Breckenridge
b. Andrew Johnson, Lincolns VP (1865-1869) - favored quick restoration of South, did not protect former slaves, came into conflict w/
Republican dominated Congress, opposed 14th amendment
2. Republicans: Very sectional, opposed slavery & extension of slavery (but supported states rights in choosing), favored Homestead Act, tariffs,
and transportation improvement.
a. Nominated Abe Lincoln, won majority of electoral=elected, SC secedes, starts CW
Post Civil War/Gilded Age (1870-1900)
1. Democrats : Dominated House, favored small government & states rights, hands-off govt. in the econ. heavily Southern party - could not get Pres.
in the White House b/c of Confederate ties. Also present in Northern Cities - immigrants, Catholics, Germans, & Irish. Used Machine politics -
Tammany Hall very notable in NYC, to get immigrants to vote
a. Only president was Grover Cleveland (1884 & 18-92) - opposed Free Silver, hih tariffs, imperialism, fought corruption
2. Republicans: Dominated the Senate , splintered into Stalwarts - favored the Spoils System - led by Sen. Roscoe Conkling of NY, Halfbreeds -
loyal to Republican leaders, but wanted to merit based govt. appointments - led by Sen. James Blaine of Maine, Mugwumps - wanted reform -
supported Cleveland in 1884
3. Populists: formed in 1891 from Farmers Alliance b/c the other parties left out farmers. Had many demands for government: free coinage of
silver, govt. ownership of railroads, graduated income tax, use of referendum, initiative, & recall Omaha Platform. gained many followers
after 1893 Panic
a. endorsed Democrat William Jennings Bryan but after his loss to McKinley, party collapses
4. Elections
a. 1872- Ulysses Grant elected President- enforced civil rights, supported 15th Amendment
b. 1876- Rutherford B. Hayes became pres w/o majority b/c Comp of 1977 even though Dem. Samuel Tilden won popular vote- supported
Gold Standard
c. 1880- James Garfield (assoc. w/radical republicans) wins pres. but killed after 4 months
d. 1881-Chester Arthur becomes pres - went against Rep. beliefs - worked to lower tariff
e. 1884-D Grover Cleveland becomes Pres against R James Blaine -Blaine loses & mugwumps abandon Rep. Party
f. 1888- Cleveland vs. Benjamin HarrisonHarrison lost popular vote, but won electoral signed in highest tariff in history, & Sherman
Anti-Trust Act
g. 1892 - Democratic Cleveland wins against Republican Harrison, vs. Populist Weaver -voters turn away from Rep. b/c of high tariff, &
Rep. support for prohibition of alcohol
h. 1896 - William McKinley wins Pres. Supports banking and gold standard against W.J. Bryan

Progressive Era (1900-1920)

1. Republicans: Uphold gold standard, promote economic expansion in Caribbean/Pacific, canal in C.America; after TR: anti-trust,
environmentalism, lower tariff to promote trade
a. 1900 nominated TR, became president 1900-1908
b. 1908 nominated Taft, eventually pulled away from TRs ideals TR makes Bull Moose
2. Democrats: condemned imperialism and gold standard
a. 1900/08: William Jennings Bryant (again), supported by American fed of Labor
3. Progressives: power to the people, believed that progress>corruption in govt, believed political parties=corrupt, didnt like laissez-faire, advocated
for reforms to help the poor
a. Teddy Roosevelt comes back in 1912 with Bull Moose party, loses election anyway
The New Era and Great Depression
1. Dominated by the Republican party after failure of Wilson, pro-business. Featured Prohibition (18th amendment), anti-immigration (Sacco &
Vanzetti, immg. quotas), and Isolationism
a. Warren Harding - Return to Normalcy, Pres. from 1920- 1923 - Harding dies in 23 of a heart attack
b. Calvin Coolidge (1923-1928) - succeeded Harding - The man who builds a factory, builds a temple, did not want to interfere in Econ.
c. Herbert Hoover - (1929-1933), pro-business, in favor of Prohibition, reluctant to use govt. funds to battle GD
2. Democratic Party - very weak after Wilsons failures, did not take advantage of scandals, remained weak until New Deal, popular only in urban
areas
3. Socialist Party - growing membership in Urban Areas, Eugene Debs got over 1 mil votes in 1920 election, however, restricted by first Red Scare
New Deal and WWII
1. Democrats: nominated FDR for presidential nominee, won majority. Implemented New Deal=grew to be extremely liberal (some saw as
socialism in disguise). Democrats dominated both houses of Congress. Also started to represent minorities, like immigrants and blacks.
2. Communists: party grew bc failure of capitalism, impressed by USSRs growth, drew support from talk of revolution & change
3. Populist opposition: some parties on Left felt ND=too cautious, Huey P Long wanted to run for pres but assassinated in 1935.
Cold War- Present (1948-Now)
1. Republicans - Against fed. social prgms., shifts from North to South, wants small govt., prominent w/ Christians & affluent
a. Eisenhower Admin. (1953-1961) - pro-business, anti-communist, critical of Dems losing Korea, China to communism
b. Nixon Admin. (1969-1974)- Against Vietnam War, left policy of containment open to reaching out to China, USSR Against growing
govt. sponsored social programs
c. Reagan Admin. (1981-1989)-Reaganomics - laissez faire, free market, tax cuts. Cut budgets on non-military fed. programs, reignited
Cold War Tensions w/ Reagan Doctrine and i military spending,
d. GHW Bush Admin. (1989-1993)- worked to govt. deficit & spending, but taxes against Rep. Party . Pragmatic in Gulf War (did not
invade Iraq), & helped immigrants w/ Immigration Act of 1990
e. GW Bush Admin. (2001-2009)-increased fed. spending and cut taxes => bad recession of 2008. Anti socialized healthcare. Enacted War on
Terror after 9/11, invaded Iraq on suspicion of nuclear weapons
2. Democrats - more liberal, promote govt. based aid (Medicaid), prominent in urban North espec. amongst immigrant groups
a. Truman (1945-1953)-became pres after FDRs death in 1945 , wanted containment (Truman Doctrine), used exec. orders towards Civil
Rights, wanted to continue New Deal programs
b. JFK: (1961-1963)-New Frontier -fed aid for edu, healthcare. Supported Civil RIghts. Ended Cold War tensions w/ actions during the
Cuban Missile Crisis
c. LBJ: (1963-1969)- Great Society, enacts Medicaid, War on Poverty, signs Civil Rights Act. Goes into Vietnam
d. Carter: (1977-1981)- started Depts of Edu/Energy, didnt do much w/ Iran Hostage Crisis, problems w/ inflation
e. Clinton: (1993-2001)- raised taxes to cut deficit, supported LGBT
f. Obama: (2009-2017)- tried to create more jobs in response to 08 recession, Obamacare, supports LGBT, continues fight against
terrorism
3. Green Party - only prominent in 2000 election, with Ralph Nader getting 2.7 % of votes - supported environment & nonviolence
4. Reform Party - alternative to corrupt Rep. and Dem. parties, prominent 1992 and 1996 elections w/ Ross Perot getting 18.9% and 8% of
popular vote respectively

TOP 15 NON-PRESIDENTS WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE (1789-1880)
By Lucy Zhang, Ariel Epstein, Tiffany Lin
I. Advocates of Black Rights
A. William Lloyd Garrison
Made his own antislavery newspaper, The Liberator (Produced from 1831-1865). Limited circulation, but spread Garrisons
reputation as the most radical of abolitionists
Called for immediate, uncompensated emancipation of slaves--different from previous abolitionists more restrained views
helped found American Anti-Slavery Society
called for womens rights--thought they should have a role in Anti-Slavery Societys activities
B. Frederick Douglass
Escaped slavery in 1838
Americas foremost black abolitionist
recruited by Garrison to be a lecturer--spread his anti-slavery message throughout America
brought powerful moral aspect to abolition movement--firsthand accounts of the cruelty of slavery
C. Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated cruelly, in 1852 in response to the Fugitive Slave Act
persuaded more people, esp. northerners to support anti-slavery movement by painting a vivid picture of slaves struggles
increased sectional tensions b/c southerners were angered by her portrayal of slavery as an evil institution
II. Politicians (White Men)
A. John Marshall (Chief Justice from 1801-1835) *see court cases DQ
established principle of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison case--let Supreme Court determine Constitutionality of
Congressional acts
power of Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national govts unconstitutional.
strengthened power of fed gov, weakened states rights
upheld Indians land rights in Worcester v. Georgia
B. Alexander Hamilton
1 of the Founding Fathers
Secretary of treasury (one of the greatest & most influential)for Washingtons 1st term (started 1789)
established plan for economy that went into effect in 1790:
tariff that passed in 1789
assumption of state debts (1790)
excise on different products (including whiskey) (1791)
plan for a national bank which was approved (1791)
fund debt at face value
Founded Federalist Party (1790-1816)-1st political party.
Wrote Federalist Papers to support ratification of Constitution; Federalists pledged to add a Bill of Rights to Constitution
Clashed with Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party which advocated agricultural interests
C. Aaron Burr
Election of 1800: Jefferson & Burr each received 73 electoral votes, Constitution didnt distinguish between electoral votes
for President & VP. Vote went to House; Federalists (still controlled lame duck Congress) supported Burr to defeat Jefferson.
Hamilton hated Burr & supported Jefferson.
Jefferson won (likely due to Hamiltons influence), 12th amendment ratified, animosity between Burr & Jefferson
Burr Conspiracy: plan to gain control of Mexico from Spain and join it with the Louisiana Territory to form a new country,
led by former VP Burr. Believed to be a Federalist secession from New York.
Killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel & arrested for treason (1805-1806). Charges later dropped.
D. Henry Clay
Proponent of The American System, which was designed to promote economic growth & national unity
Tariff to protect American industries & raise revenue to fund internal improvements
National bank to promote financial stability
Federally funded roads & canals
Healthy economy w/ increased trade among nation
Similar to Hamiltons vision: wanted strong federal govt that promoted economic growth
Along w/ Daniel Webster, led newly formed Whig Party against Jackson
favored American Plan; despised Jackson & Martin Van Buren
helped John Quincy Adams win presidency using his influence as speaker of the House--sparked complaints about a
Corrupt Bargain that tarnished Adams presidency and created support for Jackson that helped him win the 1828
election
The Great Compromiser: Compromise of 1850-Omnibus bill
New fugitive slave law (evoked most controversy)
abolition of slave trade in Washington DC
admission of California as a free state

organization of territorial govts in Utah & NM w.o immediate decision if they would be free or slave states
Proposals=passed as separate bills; temporarily defused crisis
E. John C. Calhoun
1828 VP to Jackson--engaged in disputes w/ Jackson over states rights vs. preservation of the Union
Doctrine of Nullification: Union=formed by sovereign states. If a state believed federal law exceeded delegated powers of
Congress, state could declare law null & void w/in its own boundaries
Issue underlying the Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)
Webster denounced States rights--great orator, said Supreme Court, not states, could determine Constitutionality
F. Stephen A. Douglas
Senator from Illinois
Wanted to secure Southern support for transcontinental railroad terminus in Chicago
1854 Result: Kansas Nebraska Act: advocated popular sovereignty (people vote for free or slave state)
Increased tension between North & South by reopening the issue of slavery after a period of uneasy truce--ignited heated
debate b/c the Act called for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise
III. Non-Politicians (White men)
A. Charles Grandison Finney
foremost 2nd Great Awakening (early 1800s) preacher who spread religious revival across America
emphasized humans inherent goodness, individuals potential for self-improvement, achievement of salvation through faith
and goods works, and human ability to consciously build a just society (perfectionism)
his views created a link between religion and reform that increased support for social reforms such as the abolition of
slavery, promotion of womens rights, and temperance
B. Eli Whitney
1793-invented cotton gin, enabled slaves to separate 50x as much cotton as could be done by hand
Cotton production soared: 9,000 bales in 1791; 4 million in 1860. Most valuable cash crop.
King Cotton: South became 1 crop cotton economy & more committed to slavery; 1850: 75% of slaves worked on cotton
production
Urban growth slowed; lagged behind North in trade & manufacturing--Whitneys invention revealed how even with a more
efficient agricultural economy, the south was not as advanced as the rapidly industrializing north
C. Francis Cabot Lowell
Lowell Experiment:model factory town @ Lowell MA(early 1820s); good work conditions for young unmarried women
BUT, factory owners became profit- hungry & cut wageswomen protest
Result: factory owners turned to poor incoming Irish immigrants as a cheaper and more easily controlled source of labor
his experiment revealed the plight of female workers--even when they made significant gains, those gains were often
fleeting--the demand for cheap labor often outweighed concern for workers well-being
but, Lowell made the 1st significant strides toward improving working conditions--set the stage for workers rights later
D. Frederick Jackson Turner
Turner Thesis (1893)
expressed idea that America=founded by having an American Frontier to expand upon (history: kept moving west)
represented freedom and democracy, hope for the future
after the 1890 Census, evident that American Frontier=gone
led to questioning of how the democratic spirit of America would last
strongly believed in westward expansion
His thesis was very influential during his time, however it failed to address race and gender issues that would eventually
develop as a result of westward expansion
IV. Rich Men
A. Andrew Carnegie
Built the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh, PA - which he later sold to J.P. Morgan
Used Vertical integration (buying out companies necessary for his steel production)
Supported Social Darwinism--belief that Darwinian survival of the fittest applies to individuals, corporations, and nations
1889 - Gospel of Wealth - article about those with wealth and how they should use their extra fortunes to give back and
benefit the community - encouraged upper class to participate in philanthropic efforts.
Gave grants to support parkes, hospitals, concert halls, and libraries (ie. Carnegie Hall)
epitomized image of the self-made man & benefits of a capitalist society
B. Rockefeller
Co-Founder of the Standard Oil Company (1870)
Became the worlds richest man through revolutionizing the petroleum industry
Through Horizontal integration (bought out all oil company competition), the Standard Oil Company grew to hold a
monopoly over the Oil industry
Used his wealth to establish foundations to further medical research and education
symbol of the debate over whether rich men were captains of industry or exploitive robber barons
like Carnegie, he was a self-made man who represented the rags to riches idea and the benefits of capitalism

7. Non-Presidents who made a difference, 1866-1990:
Connor Blasie & Tommy Galvin
I. Reconstruction - Gilded Age
1. Boss Tweed
Most notorious political boss in the late 19th / early 20th century extremely corrupt govt
Gave the impoverished jobs as well as help them find homes people voted for bosses in
return impoverished often immigrants living in tenants and slum-dwellings
Political Machines ran public ventures across their cities parks, PD/FD, roads, sewage lines, etc
Donations from highest bidder led to public ventures benefiting business donor
2. Henry Ford
changed corporate America by changing industry- utilized assembly line and offered workers benefits
Welfare Capitalism- employes given pensions & profit sharing to dissolution unionists
perfected assembly line production-cost of the model T went from $800 in early 1900s to $200 in late
1920s
II. Progressives & WWI- WWII
3. Jane Addams
Lobbied govt for building codes, better sanitation, and public school reform the urban poor
Reformers often opened settlement houses when govt to slow to respond Hull House in Chicago
Gave poor access to child care (factory parents), schooling to children, and various cultural
activities
4. Margaret Sanger
Strong advocate towards the feminist movement in the progressive era supported contraception
Faced adversity for position (contraception illegal in most places) further spawned the
feminist mvmt.
5. Lincoln Steffens , Upton Sinclair, and Jacob Riis
Famous mudrakers- journalists who uncovered corruption in govt or urban problems- raised causes of
progressives
Steffens- The Shame of Cities; Sinclair- The Jungle; Riis- How the Other Half Lives:brought
about reform
6. Booker T. Washington
Southern black born into slavery- became civil rights advocate who supported economic
independence
Believed blacks must work hard ,physically, to earn respect from whites- opened vocational
schools to help
refused to demand immediate equality-Atlanta Exposition, advocated change but too radical would
anger whites
7. W.E.B. Dubois
civil rights advocate who headed National Advancement for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP)
encouraged the Talented Tenth of blacks to elevate the rest of blacks up in society-1/10= college
grads/ people of high occupational careers-- also encouraged blacks to enlist in WWI- gain respect of
whites
encouraged black writers & poets during Harlem Renaissance- believed blacks could add
culture to society
III. Cold War 1990
A. Government
8. Earl Warren
Chief Justice during LBJ Presidency first time judicial branch was extremely liberal
Worked strongly to enforce the voting rights of blacks and civil rights overall
Many rulings still stand today- Gideon V Wainwright entitled to lawyer if not affordable and the
Miranda Rights suspect must be told of their rights to remain silent and entitlement to a lawyer
9. John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State that followed policy of containment- referred to as liberation to sound scarier
Coined term massive retaliation- nuclear attack to be launched if Russia crosses the line
Provoked Russians in confrontations brinksmanship push enemy to the brink

10. George Marshall
Organized policy of giving economic aid to poverty stricken countries Marshall Plan
Sent over $12 billion dollars to help rebuild cities and stop spread of Comm. Turkey and
Greece
11. Joseph McCarthy
prominent congressman who rose to fame during Red Scare accused people within govt were
communist spies claims phony but accepted (Hiss and Rossenburgs already accused of espionage)
period of rampant Anti-semitism and fear of the Communist Monolith(48- Red China) pushed people
to fear each other McCarthyism=tactic to smear peoples name, most politically driven
B. Women/Civil Rights
12. MLK
Most prominent civil-rights activist in the South
investigated by the FBI for his ties to Communism
Leader of the non-violent civil rights movement more prevalent in the South
Influenced by Gandhi and Thoreau
helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
organized the Birmingham protest, drawing national attention to civil rights
organized the March on Washington, gave his I have a dream speech there
Later shifted his focus to poverty and the Vietnam War
alienated many of his liberal allies
assassinated while organizing a March for the Poor on Washington
13. Malcolm X
most prominent civil-rights leader in the North
Led the militant civil-rights group the Nation of Islam
urged blacks to defend themselves against whites
was a black separatist
urged living by strict codes of behavior, independance of whites and taking responsibility
of blacks own lives
Later separated from the Nation of Islam
assassinated by three members of the Nation of Islam during a rally in New York
14. Rosa Parks
Female leader of civil rights
started the Montgomery Bus Boycott
became an international symbol of the American Civil Rights Movement
was a member of the local NAACP
15. Jackie Robinson
First african american to break the color line by playing Major League Baseball
challenged the traditional basis of segregation
1st black player to play in the MLB since the 1880s
16. Betty Friedan
Leading feminist
founded the National Organization for Women (NOW)
favored Equal Rights Amendment
organized nation-wide strikes for womens rights
favored the repeal of abortion laws;later criticized feminists focused solely on abortion
authored the Feminine Mystique, a prominent feminist novel
17. Rachel Carson
a marine biologist credited with advancing environmentalism
wrote The Silent Spring, a book led to the starting of the grass roots environment-protection
groups
these groups led to the founding of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Zoee DCosta, Anna Zauner, Allison Herring

DQ #8: The Goals and Actions of American Foreign Policy from 1800-1900.
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million b/c yellow fever wiped out much of French army
(French/Indian war)& couldnt support troops there (Signed April 30
th
, 1803)
Most important act of presidency doubled U.S. land and full control of New Orleans ports
Leopard/ Chesapeake Incident
1807 American naval frigate Chesapeake encountered British ship Leopard
American commander: James Barron refused to allow British to search the Chesapeake Leopard open fired
Barron surrendered British dragged 4 men off of American ship
British gov recalled commander of Leopold, offered compensation promised to return captured sailors refused to renounce
impressment (refers to the act of taking men into a navy by force and with or without notice)
Embargo Act/Non-Intercourse Act
Embargo 1807
Prohibited American ships from leaving US for any foreign port anywhere in the world
Force Act gave gov power to enforce Embargo
Law widely evaded merchants and shipowners thought Jefferson had acted unconstitutionally
Non Intercourse 1809
Replaced Embargo reopened trade w/ all nations but GB & France (1810 congress allowed to expire Macons Bill #2)
Barbary Wars (1801-1805)
Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli demanded large payments from other trading nations, if the nations didnt comply their ships were
subject to plundering by Barbary Pirates
1801: Tripoli wanted increase in pay but U.S. said no Tripoli declare war Jeff sends war ships (no decisive victory, but boost
U.S. profile on world stage)
James Madison (1809-1817)
Macons Bill No.2
Reopened free commercial relations w/ GB+France but authorized pres to prohibit commerce if one violated neutral shipping
War of 1812
Causes: British restrict U.S. trade, Royal Navys impressment of American seamen + Americas desire to expand its territory
1814: British burn Capitol building in Washington D.C.
Treaty of Ghent- 1814- both sides extravagant demands U.S. stops asking for Canada cession & end to British impressment/Brits
stop asking for minor territory cessions &Indian Northwest buffer states
Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) - B/w U.S.A. & GB - disarmament of Great Lakes Canadian boarder w/ US is largest unguarded
border
James Monroe (1817-1825)
Monroe Doctrine
Lots of unrest in LA U.S.A relations w/ La Plata (Argentina), Peru, Chile, Columbia, Mexico improved Monroe (1823):
declares Western Hemisphere = not open to colonization by European nations b/c seen as hostile & U.S. would not interfere in Europe too
Adams Onis Treaty (1819)
Spanish cedes Florida to U.S. & promises no further expansion to pacific northwest at 42
nd
parallel
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)
Opened up commercial trading with Austria, Brazil, the Central American federation, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
Latin American Republics convened a convention in Panama US invited delegates held back because of Southerners and
Jacksonian democrats
Andrew Jackson 1829-1837)
Alamo/ Texas Independence
Texas settlers practiced slavery which was banned in Mexico- increasing tensions
New president of Mexico- General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna-strict- 1836 Texans rebelled
Set back in Alamo- 200 died- rebels led by General Sam Houston- won independence est. Lone Star Republic-1836
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)
Caroline War
British authorities in Canada seized the American ship Caroline burned it killed 1 American
Authorities in NY arrested Canadian Alexander McLeod charged him with murder of American who died on Caroline acquitted
him later
Aroostook War
Canada and Maine in dispute over border 1838 Americans and Canadians began moving to Aroostook River region and
participated in a violent brawl
John Tyler (1841-1845)
Webster- Ashburn Treaty (1842)
Established firm boundary b/w Canada along the Maine/ New Brunswick border
Extended the principles of the Monroe Doctrine to Hawaii warned the British to stay away from the Hawaii
Pushed for a chain of forts from Iowa to Pacific - unable to conclude a treaty with the British b/c of Oregon boundaries.
Treaty of Wang- Hya: 1
st
diplomatic rltns w/ China&U.S. Caleb Cushing China to ngtiate US mercntle intrst/trade in China
James K. Polk (1845-1849)
Polk opened discussions w/ Spain b/c he wanted Cuba Spain refused to sell
Treaty of New Grenada
Scared that Britain might use Mex War as an excuse to intervene in western hemisphere - conveyed to the U.S. the right of way across
the Isthmus of Panama
Oregon Territory
Democratic expansionist w/ slogan 5440 or fight to push foreign troops past that latitude out of Oregon (controlled by US &
British) supporters wntd annex of Texas &expansion into NM, AZ, CA
Oregon Treaty (1846): w/ GB let U.S. peacefully acquire OR, WA, ID, WY, MT, & current northern border
Mexican American War
Polk tried to buy Mexico fail, but response challenged Mex @ border (provoked attack)
War effort = good troops go to Mexico and CA Mex City war end
Treaty of Guadeloupe- Hidalgo (1848): U.S.A. pays $15 million for AZ, NM, CA, NV, UT from Mex
Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)
Supported efforts of German liberals in the revolutions of 1848 in the German states
Confronted Spain about the arrest of several Americans charged with piracy
Nicaragua
America had plants to build canal over Nicaragua Brits opposed plan
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty -Both sides agrd to rlease control/dominion oer any future canal- wknd US cmmtmnt to Manifest Destiny

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)
Japan
American shipping interests identified Japan as prime location to stop and resupply ships on way to China and Southeast Asia
Fillmore ordered a trade mission to Japan by Commodore Matthew Perry opened trade w/ Japan to the rest of the world
Hawaii - Fillmore showed strong resolve in preventing the Hawaiian Islands from falling to French or English hands
Eastern Europe
Hungary wnted to free itself from the Hapsburg Empire from Austria Austria felt US sided w/ Hungary Fillmore supported
unalienable right to each people to establish own gov US invited Hungarian patriot to dinner Fillmore emphasized effort had to be
completed solely by Hungarians
American South & Cuba
American Southerners had wanted Cuba to expand their slave-based economy
Venezuelan Narciso Lopez raised army of several hundred southern Americans to invade Cuba gov tried to prevent Lopez from
perusing invasion invaded Cuba British and French sent warships to protect Cubans Fillmore not happy and hurt his reputation
Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Pssble route: transcontinental railroad/expansionist-opposition=abolitionists b/c expansion slavery(purch=29,670 miles from
Mexico for $10 million)
Ostend Manifesto (1854)
Drawn up by Buchanan (American Minister to GB) outlined goals of attempt to secretly buy Cuba angered Northen states =
expansion of Slavery
James Buchanan (1857-1861)
British in Central America
British had plans of their own in Central America Buchanan sent naval forces to stop them
Buchanan won reparations from Mexico, Costa Rica, and Colombia for damages to American prprty&transit rights in Nicaragua
Buchanan used American power to intimidate and bully smaller Central American and Caribbean nations - earned great deal of ill will
toward coercive American diplomacy.
Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)
Great Britain & Embargo of Confederacy
Lincolns embargosouth disrupted British trading w/ south-GB closer to intervention- Union wnt avoid intervention
Charles Francis Adams-Union- negotiated w/ GB and France to avoid intervention- sucessful
3) Emancipation Proclamation- domestic message but shifted GB sentiment b/c many were abolitionists- avoided intervention
Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)
Forcing French From Mexico: 1861-Frnch occupd part Mex- US =50,000 soldiers b/c Mexs demnd for Frnch to leave (did 1867)
Gaining Alaska
1866 Czar Alexander II willing to sell Russian holdings in North Americanearly 500,000 square miles William Seward offered
$7.2 million Russians accepted transferring land Alaska
Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)
US & Britain
English firms constructed Confederate warships for South during Civil War after US claimed that GB owed compensation for
violating neutrality (Alabama Claims) strained relations Treaty of Washington GB owed the United States $15.5 mil
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)
Burlingame Treaty
1868 treaty w/ China = unrestricted Chinese immigration to U.S.- tensions grew towards Chinese workers after Panic of 1873
Led to San-Francisco anti-Chinese riots in 1878- Hayes responded w/ negotiations w/ China-1880
1881 ratified treaties allowing Chinese immigrations& restricting opium- success in easing tensions
Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)
Frelinghuysen-Zavala Treaty
Sec of State Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen negotiated w/ Nicaragua to cede land to US for construction of waterway
Although minor- increased involvement in Latin America
Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)
Hawaii- U.S. negotiated Treaty w/ Hawaii to open naval base @ Pearl Harbor
Anti-Expansion -Policies against expansion & alliance vetoed Frelinghuysen-Zavala Treaty
Benjamin Harrison (1889- 1893)
McKinley Tariff (1890)
Raised duties on imported goods by 50%
Wilson- Gorman Tariff:Similar to McKinley Tariff cause of Spanish American war new markets/production in LA
Hawaii
U.S. eliminated Hawaiian sugar in international trade destroyed Hawaiian economy only economic recovery for Hawaii by
joining U.S. Harrison signed annexation in 1893
Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)
Hawaii
Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii (1893)
Attempted to ease tensions pressured the rev govt to hand power back to Queen Liliuokalani- unsuccessful
William McKinley (1897 -1901)
Imperialism
Spanish American War
Public outrage at Valeriano Weyler Spanish commander brutal oppression of Cubans
American Battleship Maine blew up spurred American entry into war
1898 President asked Spain to agree to Armistice Spain refused to negotiate with rebels
Treaty of Paris: 1898-formal end to war -declared indpndnce (Cuba) Puerto Rico&Guam to US & $20 mil Philippines
Philippine War
US wanted to educate, civilize, gain territory for trade- Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo resisted US control 3 years of fighting
US won
Open Door Policy
Looked to Chinas markets to increase US economy growth
After Spanish American War US control of Phillipeans allowed trade to markets in China
Open Door Notes
Secretary of State John Hay wrote to European powers and Japan in 1899 to respect rights and privileges of other nations in spheres
of influences in China

9. U.S. foreign policy goals/actions 1901 - 2000
By: Rohan Dang and Palomi Ghosh
DQ #9: U.S foreign policy goal/actions (1901-2000)
I. The Colonies of America
A. Beginnings of Imperialism
Frederick Jackson Turner preached about the final frontier ,U.S needed to expand New Manifest Destiny
Colonizing was appealing b/c foreign trade was , U.S was a strong nation needed to imperialize the weak ones, and
nations w/ sea power were more successful
B. Americas Colonies
American forces had control over Puerto Rico until 1900 ,Foraker Act ended military rule and established a formal colonial
government instead Jones Act gave Puerto Ricans American citizenships
Set up self-govt in Cuba but U.S wasnt mentioned in constitution Platt Amendment added (1901) couldnt make
treaties w/ other nations, U.S could intervene in Cuban issues, and have U.S naval bases
C. Conflict with the Colonies
Philippine War Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo fought against U.S troops goal was to get rid of the imperialist U.S
Philippine war ended in 1902 and U.S established a colonial government (w/ Taft as colonial governor)
U.S was supposed to set the Philippines up to self-govern but made it completely dependent on the U.S
D. U.S as an Imperialist Power
Turned its colonies into dependencies either became an official American territory or a state (Hawaii & Alaska)
Set up self-govt but ensured that those countries would be completely dependent on the U.S (Philippines & Cuba)
Made territories economically dependent on the U.S impacted economies of Latin America for the years to come
II. Interventionism
A. Teddy Roosevelt
Intervened in the Russo-Japanese War to ensure that the Open Door policy in Asia remained got Nobel Peace Prize for
his efforts in aiding the negotiations that ended the war
B. Truman Doctrine
Created in 1947, the U.S would help any country against oppression and communism (specifically Turkey and Greece)
C. Reagan Doctrine
Reagans idea to end the Cold War: To aid all anti-communist movements to therefore rid the world of USSR influence
D. The Gulf War
This was a response to Iraqs annexation of Kuwait and the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein
America retaliated under Bush I through U.N war ended on Cease-Fire which led to the 2nd Iraq war in 2003
III. American Policies
A. Big Stick Diplomacy (Teddy Roosevelt)
Idea states the countries should focus on negotiating, however threaten the use of military forces
B. Roosevelt Corollary
It added to the already present Monroe Doctrine
TR stated that all affairs in the Western Hemisphere were under American jurisdiction Venezuela Crisis in 1902
C. Dollar Diplomacy
It was the alternative to military intervention in Latin America mainly used by Pres. Taft
Proposed that America should economically tie up LA control through monetary means rather than the military force
D. Moral Diplomacy (Woodrow Wilson)
During the 1912 election U.S should aid nations with similar beliefs to those of America
Thought was to expand the number of Democratic nations around the world, especially in LA
Contrasts with Realpolitk (U.S should act in the world according to practical reasons, not morality or political beliefs)
E. Flexible Response/Massive Retaliation (Dwight Eisenhower & John Dulles)
Massive Retaliation called for disproportionately large nuclear response to attack
Flexible Response employed by JFK contrasts with Massive Retaliation in that more tame and measured/diplomatic
IV. Isolation to Intervention
A. WWI
President Wilson assured European powers that the U.S would stay out of conflict (isolationism) Wildon went against
neutrality and was forced into war (interventionist)
Change to intervention due to: Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram, bring Progressive ideals to world, and German U-boat
attacks on U.S naval ships

WW1 saw new technologies more $$ needed War Industries Board formed to control military expenditures
Goal of entering the war was to protect the ideals of democracy throughout the world
14 Points (Wilson) proposal for end of war important to American policy because it reflected the changing ideals of
foreign policy (isolation involvement) through the proposal of the League of Nations
B. WWII
Once again U.S claimed to be neutral in the conflict of WW2 pulled into war b/c of attack on Pearl Harbor
Neutrality Acts passed in order to remain out of conflict, like what happened during WW1 public wanted isolation
FDR ended up abandoning isolation Lend- Lease Act to give supplies to Allies and Atlantic Charter where FDR met w/
Churchill to consider joining war efforts
After Pearl Harbor most Americans were in favor of the war personal attack on the U.S made many angry
War Production Board had powers over the economy to do everything to help the war effort
Yalta Conference = more evidence of how U.S abandoned the idea of isolation meeting of the Big Three to discuss what
would happen after the war, also planned United Nations (w/ U.S as one of the main spots of Security Council
V. Wars Against Communism
A. The Cold War
After WWII, USA and USSR had conflicting views on how to handle Germany and rest of world
USA proposed United Nations/Democratic System nations to rebuild democratically without external influence
USSR proposed Spheres of Influence Big nations influence smaller ones and control them as satellites
War consisted of no actual fighting, Space Race and Nuclear Arms Buildup was how war was fought (intimidation)
NATO was evidence of U.S involvement in world issues huge player in alliance against communism and Soviet Union
NATO promoted safety for all member nations by ensuring that if one nation was attacked, all members would help
President Truman took up the policy of containment (originally by Keenan) keep communism contained in the areas that
it was already in
B. The Korean War
Result of Truman Doctrine and NSC-68
North Korea (aided by USSR) pushed into South Korea to unify whole country under communism led to USA
intervention through United Nations General Douglas MacArthur sent to organize troops for SK
MacArthur recovered lost SK ground, then pushed into NK territory cause China to get involved on NK side
War boosted American economy, ended in stalemate and 38th parallel remained
C. The Vietnam War
In beginning of conflict, USA placed advisors in SV later progressed and escalated into troops (The Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution gave right to declare war to Pres)
USA poured troops into Vietnam to battle NV and Vietcong in SV, created anti-war movement in America
De-escalation (under Nixon) with Vietnamization troops out of SV and trained ARVEN to fight for themselves
Nixon invaded Cambodia (Unpopular with USA), bombed NV heavily USA then withdrew from war after reaching
agreement with NV (NV eventually took over SV and America lost)
Important because of the containment ideology and wanting to prevent the domino effect from happening in surrounding
islands
D. Communism in Latin America
Guatemala: United Fruit Company monopolized agricultural industry, Guatemalan President took large portions of
unused land and gave it to poor farmers
CIA staged coup dtat and kicked Guzmn out of office and replaced him with Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas and
established pro-American friendly government
Cuba: America had too much control, took over more than half of sugar crop, nightlife business in Havana, etc.
Cubans established a communist regime under the Fidel Castro (had help from the USSR)
Cuba formed alliance with Russians, kicked USA out (sparked future Bay of Pigs Invasion attempt)
VI. Wars Against Terrorism
A. Beginnings of Terrorism
Tensions in third world countries induced a trend of terrorism powerless groups wanted political status
Attacks on airplanes, ships, ships, and American diplomatic posts
B. U.S and Terrorism
Reagan administration claimed that it would do everything in its power to punish acts of terrorism
Iranian Hostage Crisis; terrorist attack on the U.S embassy in Iran increased Americas fear of terrorism
U.S bombed Libya to punish the number of terror groups from that region
Tensions with terrorism escalated eventually to 9/11 start of the war on terror

10. Major Supreme Court Cases THE TOP TEN (1803-1920)
Ishaan Waghray and Daniel Yuan
I. Marbury v. Madison (1803) (John Marshall)
A. What Was Challenged
Ability of Sec. of State to withhold justice dep. appointments until they expire
B. Ruling
Marshall ruled that Marbury deserved appointment, but Supreme Court could not enforce b/c law which allowed
court to enforce was itself unconstitutional
C. Significance of Case
Established precedent of judicial review of laws passed by legislature
II. Fletcher v. Peck (1810) (John Marshall)
Legitimacy of contracts obtained through illegal bribing
B. Ruling
SC ruled that state legislature could not repeal law even if it was passed illegally b/c contracts are binding
First time SC ruled state law to be unconstitutional
Upheld sanctity of contracts
Decision insinuated that Native Americans did not own their own lands
III. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (John Marshall)
State of Marylands attempt to impede operation of branch of 2nd Bank of US
B. Ruling
Maryland could not impede b/c fed. gov. has authority to tax + spend so it can run a bank (invoked Necessary and
Proper Clause)
Federal laws overrule state laws
Congress has implied powers to do what is needed to fulfill role
States cannot impede natl gov.
Confirmed that the existence of national bank was constitutional
IV. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) (John Marshall)
College challenged ability of state to override existing private charter (contract) and make college public
B. Ruling
SC ruled that state could not override preexisting private contract
Upheld sanctity of private contract from state interference
Allowed for development of American corporation and enterprise system by extending jurisdiction of Contract
Clause
V. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) (John Marshall)
Ability of states to interfere in regulation of interstate commerce (monopoly over interstate ferry business)
B. Ruling
Only federal gov. can regulate interstate commerce
Est. precedent of federal regulation of interstate commerce + defined interstate commerce extended fed.
jurisdiction to tangentially related laws (certain cases of minimum wage laws)
Reaffirmed Supremacy Clause of fed. gov. over states
VI. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) (John Marshall)
The legitimacy of state laws as pertaining to Native Americans
Status of Native American tribes in the scope of legislation
B. Ruling

The S.C. ruled that state laws didnt apply to Native Americans, and authority of Indian affairs belonged to federal
govt.
The case confirmed that Native American tribes were sovereign political entities like states exclusive authority
within boundaries
Reserved right to address Indian affairs to federal govt.
Case had little impact at first b/c President Andrew Jackson and Georgia refused to enforce the decision John
Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it
VII. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) (Roger B. Taney)
The status of slaves in free states/territories
Legitimacy of slavery bans in U.S. territories
B. Ruling
S.C. ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no legal standing in court
Also ruled Congress had no right to ban slavery in territories nullified Missouri Compromise of 1820
Blacks could not be citizens, and slaves are legal property protected by 5th amendment
Inflamed antislavery forces by claim that Congress had no right to ban slavery in territories
VIII. United States v. E.C. Knight (1895) (Melville Fuller)
Federal govt. power to control monopolies legitimacy of Sherman Anti-Trust Act
B. Ruling
S.C. ruled the govt. lacked power under constitution to enforce the Sherman Act against manufacturing monopoly
Severely limited govt. ability to control monopolies
Manufacturing monopolies not affected by Sherman Act like distribution monopolies (didnt restrict interstate
commerce)
IX. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) (Melville Fuller)
Concept of separate but equal
Constitutionality of state laws requiring segregation in public facilities
B. Ruling
S.C. ruled segregation was constitutional as long as separate but equal treatment was offered
Separate but equal doctrine remained until Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Repressive Jim Crow laws were allowed to remain
X. Schenck v. United States (1919) (Edward D. White)
The govt. ability to limit individual free speech under certain conditions
Constitutionality of Espionage Act of 1917
B. Ruling
Unanimously upheld Espionage Act people who interfered with war effort could be imprisoned
Proved 1st amendment right to free speech was not absolute free speech could be limited if it presented a clear
and present danger

11. Major Supreme Court Cases THE TOP TEN (1920-2000)
Brianna Devine and Yena Kim
I. Powell v. Alabama (1932) (Chief Justice Charles E. Hughes)
The right of a defendant to have access to legal counsel at his or her request as part of due process
Impartiality of infamous Scottsboro Boys Trial in which nine young AA men were accused of raping 2 white women
B. Ruling
During the original trial run by the state of Alabama, the cases were clearly biased and the defendants were given little to no
time to consult with an attorney
Supreme Court ruled that trial was not fair due to how the men had little time to consult with an attorney, and the
white jurors were picked specifically to be biased against the defendants
C. Significance of Case/Ruling
Affirmed Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, dropped charges on the men so they were able to walk free
II. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ( Chief Justice Earl Warren)
A. What was challenged
De jure segregation in public places
African Americans in Topeka, KS had been watching their children walk through hazardous conditions to go to strictly
segregated schools when there were safer alternatives if the school system was desegregated
B. Ruling
Overturned the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which stated that state-sponsored segregation was legal
Major positive step for African-American activists and the Civil Rights Movement
III. Yates v. United States (1957) (Chief Justice Earl Warren)
14 officials of the Communist party were charged with violating the Smith Act
Smith Act- it is unlawful to advocate or organize an attempted overthrow of the government by force
B. Ruling
Supreme Court ruled that the Communists did not violate Smith Act- brings up freedom of speech in public
The Smith Act was therefore very limited in its power-> led to conservative groups being unhappy
The decision led to outrage from several conservative groups and was considered a Communist Victory
Released on Red Monday (several other cases favoring the communist party were released on the same day)
IV. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) (Chief Justice Earl Warren)
Defendants right to a fair trial
Clarence Gideon charged w/ petty larceny+tried in FL; he was denied access to attorney during trial b/c not a capital offense
B. Ruling
Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional not to provide legal counsel when one is under trial
Brought more attention to rights of criminals and unfairness in the legal system
V. New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) (Chief Justice Earl Warren)
The police commissioner of Montgomery, AL pressed charges against NY Times for inaccurate reporting of events in the
Civil Rights Movement (Times reported MLK had been arrested 7 times- actually only 4)
B. Ruling
The Alabama courts ruled in favor of the police and went against the 1st Amendment right of freedom of speech
The Supreme Court ruled in favor for NY Times (AL courts had no right to revoke rights+no evidence to support claims)
Marked the origin of actual malice in media- if the media cannot be proven to have wrongful intentions behind it, there is
nothing that can be proven (worked in favor this case)
VI. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) (Chief Justice Earl Warren)
The rights of criminals

Ernesto Miranda was accused of kidnapping and raping 18-year-old girl- admitted to the crime, but did not know his rights
as a criminal and was not informed of them throughout interrogation and entire process of conviction
B. Ruling
Supreme Court ruled it was not fair due to coercive interrogations, with much dissent
Lead to Miranda Rights- criminal is informed of his/her rights to an attorney, right to remain silent, etc. when brought in
by police
VII. Roe v. Wade (1973) (Chief Justice Warren E. Burger)
The views on the criminality of abortion
Norma McCorvey tried to have an abortion in TX, however state legislation stated abortions were legal only in cases of
rape/incest (McCorvey lied and said pregnancy resulted from rape, and then filed case) (Roe=pseudonym for McCorvey)
B. Ruling
District Court ruled for Roe, but did not act on decision (abortion=constitutional right, laws prohibiting to be questioned)
Shed light onto outdated abortion laws and showed a need for change throughout the nation
VIII. Buckley v. Valeo (1976) (Chief Justice Warren E. Burger)
The use of money to influence elections
Congress placed many restrictions on the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1942 (regulated $$ to political campaigns)
Restrictions limited the amount a private individual could donate, allotted public funding to campaigns, limited
spending by candidate, +other restrictions
Senator Buckley of NY and pres. candidate Eugene McCarthy of MN filed a lawsuit against Francis Valeo (fed. rep.)
B. Ruling
Supreme Court ruled that limiting the campaigns in this manner was unconstitutional and in violation of 1st Amend.
Brought attention to exact usage of the freedoms of American people and govt control in private matters
IX. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) (Chief Justice Warren E. Burger)
The legality of admitting students to college based on race and the policy of reserving seats for students of a particular
ethnic/ racial background
Allan Bakke (African American) applied to U.C. Davis med. school and was told that even with a distinguished application
and test scores that he was too old to be admitted (Bakke was 33 at the time)
Further investigation showed that the university held roughly 16 seats for AAs, and Bakke did not make the cut
B. Ruling
Supreme Court ultimately decided with much debate that the deliberate act of reserving seats for admissions was unfair,
however universities would be permitted to let race/ethnicity influence the admissions process
Changed admittance policy of universities all over country and called discrimination laws into question
X. Bush v. Gore (2000) (Chief Justice William Rehnquist)
The presidential election of 2000 was reviewed by the Supreme Court
The votes made by the Electoral College would decide and the votes were extremely close (George W. Bush won by a .5%
margin)
Vice Pres. Al Gore (running against Bush) demanded recounts in four FL counties which he had thought to vote Democrat
but which had voted otherwise
The Court had to decide on if recounts were constitutionally conducted and if they were unconstitutional, a remedy
B. Ruling
Court ruled unconstitutional, and a constitutionally valid recount couldnt be completed by the safe harbor December 12th
deadline
Was not technically dismissed by the Supreme Court but no other actions were taken
Showed the flaws in the voting system and how new problems were continually arising concerning the system

12. Colonial America: NEW ENGLAND (1600s-1760s) culture/rel/econ
Collin McManus, Jason Rosenthal, Jason Weitze
I. The Growth of New England
A. Plymouth Plantation
1. Congregation Hamlet of Scrooby first -> netherlands, children lose English lifestyle. Charter w/ Virginia Company for
colony in New World, permission from the king+funding from english merchants exchanged for 7 years share of profit
2. Left from port Plymouth in England, landed further north than expected on Cape Cod out of English territory. 41 puritan
saints sign Mayflower Compact establishing civil govt + loyalty to the king, 1st self govt in America
3. Half die from first winter, malnutrition, disease and exposure
4. Positive relations with natives, both weakened by disease+few in number. Squanto+Samoset help collect seafood, grow corn,
hunt. Align w/ wampanoags->first thanksgiving
5. Miles Standish leads colony militaristically, grow enough corn+crops for trade, develop fur trade. pop reaches 300
6. William Bradford chosen for governor, got legal permission for colony from the Council for NE, abandons standish
plan+distribute land among families. paid debt to original financiers
7. Poor but happy to practice their religion free from persecution by James I for non-conformity with Anglican Church
B. The Massachusetts Bay Experiment
1. England in political/social turmoil, Charles I-> Catholicism, suspends parliament
2. Puritans seek capital in new world, Massachusetts bay company, charter for MA and NH land
3. Puritans decide to buy out other investors to create haven in NE,
4. John Winthrop led 1000 ppl, families, on 17 ships. Were responsible to no company, only themselves
5. Boston becomes headquarters w/settlements in Charleston, Newtown/Cambridge, Roxbury, Dorchester, Watertown, Ipswich
Concord, Sudbury etc. First colony to spread out into several towns
6. Chartered govt council of Freemen=8 stockholders. Freeman->all male citizens+ council face elections
7. Congregational Church- showed no real connection to Anglican, each with a minister+self regulation
8. Govt favored the church. only members could vote +churches supported by taxes. Laws forcing attendance, no more religious
freedom than in England
9. Winter struggle but indians, tools from newcomers, families+reproduction, religious stability help.
C. The Expansion of New England
1. Newcomers chose between religious conformity or leaving. Many -> Connecticut Valley, Thomas Hooker founds Hartford,
people made Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, gave more men right to vote+hold office
2. The Fundamental Articles of New Haven, Boston was too relaxed, stricter religious govt. l8er combined w/ harford to form
Connecticut colony
3. Roger Williams-complete severance from anglican, separation of church+state, complete religious freedom. banished from
Salem and forms Rhode Island
4. Anne Hutchinson believed only the elect should have religious/political authority, only she, John Cotton, and her bro in
law were elect. Attracted support of dissidents+attacked ministers, gave women spot in church. Charged w/ heresy bc she
violated puritan law saying she talked to Holy Spirit, Moved to RI
5. New Hampshire and Maine, founded Capt John Mason + Sir Ferdinando Gorges, offered refuge to dissidents from MA Bay,
followers of Hutchinson escaping crackdown on women,
D. Settlers and Natives
1. Learned to sustain themselves from natives w/ agricultural tricks, hunting +fishing. Fur trade, indians provided market-
>emergence of wealthy families Some converted to christianity, Praying indians
2. English pop increase, need for land for livestock+living space increases. Drive indians back+clear forests+drive away game.
Conflict more common, Indian problem->can kill them or convert them
3. Conflicts climaxed with the Pequot War and King Philips war over land and trade, brutal conflicts characterized by white
savagery and domination
E. Puritan Communities
1. Town was the social unit, each with a covenant among members (people who traveled and settled together)
2. Strong sense of community: central pasture/meetinghouse in town, fields distributed by family size/wealth
3. Puritans held yearly townmeetings (adult males only); discussed important questions & church membership
4. Fathers divided land between all sons...men (tied down to their inherited land) were less mobile than women
5. Town population grew, people farmed farther from town center, moved away, built new church and new town
6. In towns that could not expand, after generations of passing down land, fathers ran out of enough land to divide
7. Mothers/sons needed fathers for land/protection, fathers needed mothers/sons for labor & households functions
II. Cultural Development
A. Witchcraft Phenomenon
1. Highly religious society- widespread hysteria over supposed witchcraft/ use of Satanic powers by normal people
2. Salem Witch Trials, Massachusetts, teenage girls accuse townsfolk (women) of voodoo, 19 dead by end of trials
3. Accused Women: middle-aged, widowed, few/no children, low social position, involved in domestic conflicts accused of
other crimes, had land/property-challenged gender norms, independent women

B. Cities
1. Served as trading centers for farmers, marts for international trade; led by merchants with substantial estates
2. Disparities in wealth were visible (poorer people lived in filthy conditions), vulnerable to fluctuations in trade
3. Held ironworks, distilleries, advanced schools, sophisticated culture/shops, imported goods
4. Higher crime rate, pollution required governments that needed police & fire department, could help the poor
5. Cities could spread information faster, use of newspapers, books, coffee houses, taverns
C. Changed Control of New England
1. Massachusetts- on occasion acted separate of England, so 1679 Charles II made New Hampshire,a royal colony
2. 1684 Mass. General Court didnt enforce Nav. Acts, so Charles II made it royal (it was corporate)
3. 1686, new King James II made all New Eng. into 1 Dominion of New England (later w/ NJ NY)
a) Sir Edmond Andros led the whole New Eng. as sole authority under king
(1) tried empowering anglican church + said colonists werent brits = unpopular
(2) Andros was put in prison by Boston mob when James II was overthrwn so no more Dominion, back to colonial
govts
4. 1691 Mass + Plymouth = new royal colony
D. Medical
1. After 1650s reproduction increased and was more than immigration for pop. growth
a) 1650- 1700 New Eng grew 4x alone by breeding, due to long life (life almost as long as in 20
th
century)
b) life expectancy in New Eng. was consistently 10yrs higher than that in Eng.
2. Doctors based info on the 4 humors- bodily fluids that had to be in balance to be healthy (Ex. Bleeding)
3. Cotton Mather- a scientist promoted using a bit of smallpox to immunize yourself from the full disease
a) Inoculation became commonplace by 1750s
E. Families- Large family base from religion and a normal sex ratio lead to traditional family roles
1. Women- subservient, began birthing young and continued through 30s
a) on avg a family had 6-8 children that lived through childhood, so women were busy being wife + mom
b) Women rarely independent since women were really only widowed late in life
(1) when young the father had control so young woman had less choice in marriage (not arranged)
2. Young adults depended on parents for land (men) and dowries (women) to start their own families
3. The very religious communities that made up New Eng. kept families together and < premarital pregnancy
a) Puritan church had pwrful social presence in New Eng. (male hierarchy excluded Anne Hutchinson)
4. Families became a religious unit and economic unit
III. Economic Atmosphere
A. Colonial Mercantile System
1. Mercantilism- Increase a nations total wealth by export > import + colonies worked as new markets for eng. manufacturing
2. Reduce flow of goods to other nations, so brits monopolized the colonies trade
3. Trade restricted by Oliver Cromwells Protectorate (temp gov) in 1650-1
a) Navigation Acts from 1660-73 + restrictions-> brit mercantile syst. for next century-> subsidization of some colonial
goods
(1) must be brit ship, goods had to stop in England for tax, but these were avoided
(2) so brits placed duties on trade in colonial ports w/ customs officers
B. Northern Economy
1. Diverse agr. from diverse terrain-> diff for large farms, so import farm goods from middle colonies and Conn.
2. Most ppl worked in industry often from home and some entrepreneurs used H
2
O pwr to run wheat/log mills
3. Some shipbuilding began but more effort for metals so Saugus Ironworks (H
2
O pwr) made in Mass. 1640s
a) Got iron info from brits, it wasn't enough and it closed in 1668, yet it was technically same as European
4. Mid 17th century was time of using New Englands resources like lumber, minerals, and fish
5. Still basic tech in New Eng. was underdeveloped, most farmers didnt own a plow and only 50% had guns
6. Colonies were without common money and lacked gold/silver for trade-> used notes like the tobacco certificates
a) notes werent usable abroad and eventually Parliament outlawed currencies like it-> full barter again
7. Didnt know foreign demand due to slow comm. and colonial supply of goods was irregular-> less dependable
8. Mid 18th century Boston( and other cities) got merchant class (rose from Nav Act prot. from foreign comp.)
a) Resources like fish, meat, flour, + wheat were made in Eng. too, so merchants illegally sold elsewhere
b) While some merchants dominated industries, trade was always easy to get into due to rapid expansion
9. The economy was boosted by smarter citizens, Mass. law in 1647 required public school in every town (flexible law)
a) 1723-1770 100+ evening trade schools opened to allow work to continue during day + education @ night
C. The Beginning of American Consumerism in the 1700s
1. Increased manufacturing-> reduced cost of production-> more $ to spend on advertising-> more advertising
a) Some luxuries now viewed as necessities bcz of adverts (include tea and household tools/furniture)
2. People now placed more social value on people with more luxurious goods, so money brought + pwr
IV. Religious Changes
A. Great Awakening- 1730s marked the start of the GA and with it an increased devotion to religion in America

1. John Edwards- Puritan preacher, he scared people straight with scary images of hell-> more followed puritan law
2. Divided Old Light Traditionalists from New Light revivalists
B. The Enlightenment- Product of GA and scientific discoveries, believed in progress through reason not just faith
1. Emphasized human rationality and encouraged education. Answers can come from the self, not only God
Did not question religion itself, believed inquiry would prove religious belief

13. Colonial America: MID-ATLANTIC (NY, PA, NJ, DE) (1600s-1760s) culture/rel/econ
Medha Alavalapati, Cindy Fan, Sarah Oh
I. Overall
A. Geography
Moderate winters, fertile soil, harbors, longer growing season than New England colonies, access to Hudson, Delaware, and
Susquehanna rivers -> allow lucrative fur trade w/ Natives
II. New York
A. Establishment
Dutch West Indian Trading Co. founded New Netherland colony in 1614
King Charles II of England wanted to consolidate colonies along Atlantic coast + close gap between NE + Chesapeake colonies -> 1664
- forced New Netherlands govr. Peter Stuyvesant to surrender -> colony renamed New York
B. Culture
Population - very diverse
Original Dutch settlers treated well - freedom to speak own language
Dutch, English, Scandinavian, Germans, French, Africans (slaves) & Natives
Duke of York (James) set new taxes w/o consent of representative assembly met w/ strong opposition & was forced to grant civil +
political rights
Dutch patroons ( landowners), English landlords, Fur traders (had alliances w/ Iroquois) & the dukes political appointees - richest &
most powerful in the colony
Power= widely dispersed among the diverse wealthy groups Highly factious society
Duke granted large estates to pol. supporters created class of loyal, wealthy landowners
1689: after fall of NY gov, Jacob Leisler (Dutch trader) raised militia & took control of NY. Briefly resisted new gov. appointed by
William & Mary but was killed.
C. Religion
Duke (James) made no effort to impose Roman Catholicism on NY
Power delegated to local governors and councils who guaranteed religious toleration.
Church of England = official faith but was largely ignored, Dutch Reformed = prevalent
D. Economy
Avoided conflicts with Native Americans b/c of fur trade
Finest harbor in its capital (New Amsterdam) - robust trade
Richest & most powerful in the colony = Dutch patroons ( landowners), English landlords, Fur traders (had alliances w/ Iroquois), &
the dukes political appointees.
One of chief producers of wheat for New England & South
III. Pennsylvania
A. Establishment
1681: Founded by William Penn -> given grant of land in New World as payment for debt the crown owed his dead father
Penn total authority within the province
B. Culture
Created as a Holy Experiment = refuge for Quakers -> founded for religious toleration -> no est. church
Quakers = pacifists believe all people are equal, every person had inner light and needed only to live by it to be saved, religious
toleration, greater role for women, oppose slavery- Society of Friends
Penn wanted PA to make $$ & advertised throughout Europe became best known colony
Cosmopolitan; Philly (1682) - set pattern for later U.S cities
Penn helped create a liberal Frame of Government w/ representative assembly
Had friendly relations with Native Indians -> protected them from dishonest merchants
Late 1690s: residents in PA resented absolute power of the proprietor, complained that govt = unresponsive to their needs; strong
opposition vs. Penn -> Charter of Liberties: est. a representative assembly (greatly power of proprietor) -> creation of Delaware.
C. Religion
Encourage others to move into Penn -> pamphlets in diff. langs. promising fertile land, low taxes, religious freedom, + representative
assembly -> attracted a lot of ethnic + relig. groups
Attracted Huguenots -> when French revoked Edict of Nantes of 1685 that allowed Calvinists (Huguenots) to become state -> migrated
to English colonies
Dutch PA = German Protestants & Catholics at risk of raids by invaders from war w/ France -> eventually sought refuge in PA
D. Economy
Participated in international trade (Philly = a port city)
Trade w/ Natives; furs
Quakers enabled PA to export grain + other food.
Economy also thrived b/c of cottage industries - weaving, shoe making,cabinet making etc.
IV. New Jersey
A. Establishment
NY too large to administer -> gave land between Hudson River and DE Bay to Sir John Berkeley & Sir George Carteret -> East &
West NJ -> boundaries disputed, east & west combined to avoid confusion = single royal colony NJ
Generous land offers, religious freedom & right to assembly to attract settlers

B. Culture
Population = migrants from overworked land in New England
Similar ethnic + religious diversity as NY
Many residents were indentured servants from England
Begin importing more slaves to work in mines & on farms after 1720s
C. Economy
Had little international trade & no big cities b/c no natural harbor.
1720s: mostly agricultural - produced grain, corn, cattle. Had large,productive farms.
1760s : start of ironworks industry in NJ; manufactured plows,tools,nails & blocks of iron to trade w/ England.
D. Religion
Dutch settlers established their own prominent Calvinist denomination---> Dutch Reformed
NJ = Religiously tolerant, multiple different religions present.
V. Delaware
A. Establishment
1631: 1st settled by Dutch
1669-1702: Incorporated county under Maryland
1702: Penn granted the three lower counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly -> this act created Delaware as a separate colony, even
though its governor was the same as Pennsylvanias until the American Revolution.
Border disputes between Penns descendants and Lord Baltimores descendants
Mason-Dixon Line (1768) - MD/PA and MD/DE borders defined, clashes resolved
B. Culture
Ethnically and religiously diverse; consisted of Dutch, english and Swedish settlers mostly spoke English
C. Economy
Thriving economy b/c of fertile land for agriculture. Produced & traded surpluses of wheat, barley, rye grain, rice and indigo w/ England
and other colonies
Large Forests for lumber trade & for shipbuilding
Sent beef, pork, butter to Philly, NY, NE
After 1760: rich deposits of iron ore - prominent ironworks industry emerged - nails, gun parts, tools
D. Religion
No official religion, which gave way to religious freedom for Quakers, Catholics, Lutherans, Jews and others
Predominant religion= Protestant

14. Colonial America: SOUTHERN COLONIES (1600s-1760s) culture/rel/econ
David Fan, Casey Chow, Brahvan Ranganathan
I. Southern Economy
A. Staple Crops
Tobacco was the most important southern cash crop until the creation of the cotton gin (1793)
Its economic success made investment in more Southern colonies viable led to expansion of South agriculture
Suffered from boom bust cycle b/c overproduction higher supply than demand
Rice was an especially labor intensive crop; cultivation done almost exclusively by slaves
Indigo prized for its ability to create blue dye very high demand among the wealthy in England
Not as labor intensive, was the major export crop in South prior to Revolutionary War (after war was cotton)
Both indigo and rice were extremely important to the economy of South Carolina
B. Commerce
Many issues encountered when fostering commerce, such as lack of uniform regulations and currency shortage
Trade with Europe and the West Indies became known as the triangle trade (b/c 3 points)
South received slaves + manufactured goods from West Indies and Europe respectively, and South sent agricultural goods to
Britain
South had very few cities due to agricultural economy and lack of transportation between regions (water + long distance)
The cities that existed were located near water as shipping ports
Charlestown was the major Southern city and a center of trade
Overall, Southern economy much less diversified and more agricultural than North due to climate
II. Southern Society
A. Birth and Death Rates
Immigration at first contributed to pop. the most, but reproduction most important in long term
Increase in birth rate caused by improvement in sex ratio (in 17
th
century of Southern white pop. were men)
Mortality rates in Chesapeake much higher than elsewhere; 1 of 4 infants died, died before twenty
2/3 of marriages lasted less than 10 years, most children lost at least one parent before becoming an adult
Disease like malaria, salt-contaminated water and moist climate high death rate
High death rate also caused by lack of professional medicine or knowledge of infections + sterilization
Medical techniques based on popular beliefs, like bleeding, regulating body humor composition, etc
Easy to become doctor b/c no professional training required, and most ppl dealt w/ problems on their own
B. Women and Families
Most women were married since there were more men than women + women had more freedom in choosing a partner
Women had more authority in family than in the North, b/c of shorter life expectancy and death of husbands
BUT most spent their entire lives caring for children, avg. women was pregnant every two years
But by mid-18
th
century, patriarchy dominates as life expectancy and gender ratio evened out
Indentured servants not allowed to marry until end of service, but many had premarital relationships servants who became
pregnant were harshly punished
C. Life on the Plantation
Southern society very economically stratified - most were small farmers, but wealthy farmers controlled the economy
Most people lived in poor to moderate conditions and most did not own slaves (up to didnt)
Plantations far from cities were self-contained and self-sufficient ppl lived close together
Effect of slave force on planter family:
Most plantations were small family and slaves worked very closely
Owners often had extramarital relationships with slaves wives resentful but cant complain beat slaves
But most slaves lived on larger plantations, which allowed an independent slave culture to develop
Slaves attempted to create nuclear families (2 parents + kids) and developed regional languages like Gullah (mix of English and
various African languages) + slave religion to create sense of community and cope with harsh life
Most slaves actively resisted their masters indirectly through daily insubordination, but very few resistance movements
Stono Rebellion (SC): Slaves kill several whites and try to escape to Florida but caught and executed
D. Education
Only rich male children went to school, most boys and all girls didnt attend b/c needed for farm labor /couldnt afford
E. Consumerism + Demographics
Growing economic division + rising profits for select few created preoccupation with material goods and social status
South had much fewer immigrants than North b/c of slavery + lack of industry
III. Religion
A. White Religion
South was primarily Christian
Church of England was official religion in Virginia, N/S Carolina and Georgia (but not in Virginia or Maryland)
South Carolina, Maryland and Georgia advocated religious tolerance among branches of Christianity
Maryland had the most Catholics, but initially faced discrimination from the Protestant majority
Resolved by Act of Religious Tolerance (1649) = forced tolerance for all Christians
Baptism (Roger Williams) and Methodism (John + Charles Wesley) gained popularity in mid 1750s

B. Slave Religion
New slaves from Africa practiced a variety of religions, ranging from Islam to tribal polytheistic religions
Slave masters often imposed Christianity on slaves, although a distinctive slave religion emerged instead
Blended Christianity with African folklore
Slaves often sang spiritual songs while working to reinforce kinship feelings and overcome hardship
C. Great Awakening
Motivated by concerns that religious piety was declining
Evangelists from England like John + Charles Wesley and George Whitefield spread revivalism throughout colonies, especially
in Georgia
Caused Old Light (traditional) to decline while New Light flourished (advocated the individual)
Also divided the Presbyterian Church and encouraged religious toleration + women participation in church

15. History of Immigration Policy, 1840s 1924

Anita Louie and Nikita Kulkarni
1840s-1870s: Hostilities Begin
A. Waves of Immigration
1. Lots of Euros east urban US, mostly from Germany and Ireland (due to poverty/potato famine)
a. Disliked due to religion (Irish=Catholic) and impoverished condition
2. Lots of Chinese west US (CA), free laborers
a. At first liked for hard work and success (even praised by CA gov.)
b. White people feel threatened, begin racism
c. 1952: foreign ministers tax: CA govt excludes Chinese (+ Mexicans) from gold mining
B. Policies of Immigration
1. Native American Party (1945) Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (aka
Know-Nothings) (1950) American Party (1952) forms in response
a. Wanted no Catholics/foreigners in public office, more naturalization laws, literacy voting tests
b. Won control of MA state govt (1854) before disintegration
2. Anti-coolie clubs form in West: try to ban Chinese employment, boycott goods, attack in streets
3. Efforts to centralize immigration restriction Commissioner of Immigration position formed (1864)
4. Dem. Party and Workingmens Party of CA (1878) continue/heighten racism...pressure Congress
5. Naturalization Act (1870): revised version of 1795 act ("any Alien being a free white person, who shall have resided
within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for the term of five years, may be admitted to become a
citizen" if "he is a person of good character") limited US citizenship to white persons and persons of African descent
1880s: Legislation Begins to Pass
1. Lots of Euros: Scandinavians, Germans, Irish, Russians, Czechs (came for Ag/Au and land from Homestead Act
(1862))
2. Increased Mexican immigration
1. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Passed by Congress. Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years, prevented Chinese
already in US from becoming citizens
2. Immigration Act (1882): Undesirables excluded, ex. convicts, impoverished, mentally disabled
3. Immigration Tax (1882): 50 cent tax on each immigrant
4. American Protective Association (1887): formed by anti-Catholic lawyer Henry Bowers- gained huge support
thruout Northeast and Midwest. Wanted to stop flow of immigration completely.
1890s: Legislation Continued
1. Still mainly Europeans
1. Immigration Tax raised
2. Immigration Act (1891): revised version of 1882 Act of same name...more undesirables banned
3. Chinese Exclusion Act renewed (1892)
4. Immigration Restriction League (1894): formed by Harvard alumni, higher class than APA. Wanted careful
screening of individual immigrants and admission of the desirable
5. Literary Requirement (1897): passed by Congress but vetoed by Cleveland
1900s-1924: Legislation Becomes Radically Racist
1. Mainly Euros: Italians, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, Germans (Eastern + Northwestern Europeans)
2. Also Asians, Canadians
1. Agreement that immigrants created more social problems rise of nativism: defense of native-born people, hostility
towards foreign-born, desire to slow/stop immigration
2. Chinese Exclusion Act made permanent (1902)

3. Naturalization Act (1907): revised version of 1870 act of same name
a. required immigrants to also learn English to become naturalized citizens
b. no Asians or other immigrants
4. Immigration Act (1907): revised version of 1891 act

a. further limited Asian, Muslim immigration + expanded def. of undesirable female immigrants
5. Gentlemens Agreement w/ Japan (1907): US does not restrict Japanese immigration + Japan promises not to issue
passports to Jap laborers to continental US (allowed to go to Hawaii)
7. Ku Klux Klan founded (1915) heightened racism and nativism leads to push for more imm. policy
8. Publication of The Passing of the Great Raceby Madison Grant (1916)
a. hugely popular, reinforced white supremacy and nativism more immigration policy
9. Emergency Immigration Act AKA Emergency Quota Act (1921): no more than 3% of total immigrants from any
country already living in US can migrate to US in any year
10. National Origins Act (1924):
a. restricted immigration of Southern + Eastern Europeans, Asians, etc.
b. used 1890 census to determine population of specific nationality only allowed 2% of certain immigrant
population to enter US
c. greatly favored income of white immigrants

16. History of Immigration Policy, 1925-2002
Daniel Vonarburg and John Coogan

I. The Great Depression
A. Mexican Immigration
US labor secretary estimated more than 1 million Mexicans were living in America illegally in 1927
Mexicans were specifically excluded from the quota system put in place by the Immigration Act of 1924
Many Mexican laborers entered the US both legally and illegally in the early 1920s
When work became scarce, many whites forced Mexican immigrants out of menial jobs they had been working
Some immigrants were even rounded up and sent back to Mexico Through the Mexican Repatriation
program, the US either pressured or forced up to 2 million Mexicans to leave the US between 1929 and 1939
B. Decline in Immigration
After the Great Depression hit, immigration decreased significantly because of the decline in available jobs
In the early 1930s, more people emigrated from the US than immigrated to it
Communism even attracted some to the Soviet Union
C. Alien Registration Act
In 1940, the Alien Registration Act (also called the Smith Act) was passed which required all non-citizens to
register with the government
Was also meant to fight communism because it made it illegal to advocate the overthrowing of the US
government

II. World War II
A. Chinese Exclusion Act Repealed
After becoming allied with China in 1943, the US decided to allow Chinese immigration
In 1943, the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 (also called the Magnuson Act) repealed the Chinese
Exclusion Act of 1882
Allowed Chinese to become US citizens
Chinese immigration was now allowed, but was severely limited in accordance with the quota system
B. Refugee Immigration
At the time, no distinction was made between refugees and immigrants, so refugees were counted as part of the
regular immigration quotas
During the war, thousands of refugees, mostly Jews, were denied entry into the US because of the quotas
After the war, the Displaced Persons Act was passed in 1948 Allowed a certain number of refugees to be
temporarily admitted into the US
Gave priority to refugees of the Baltic States, and at first indirectly discriminated against Jews and
Catholics
C. Mexican Immigration
When demand for labor returned during WWII, there were not enough workers to fill the jobs because so many
Mexicans had been deported in the 1930s
In an agreement between the US and Mexico known as the Bracero Program, thousands of Mexicans were
brought into the US as temporary laborers starting in 1942
Eventually cancelled in 1964
D. Japanese
Pearl Harbor and US propaganda led to increased racism towards Japanese immigrants
Fear of spies, sabotage led to internment of hundreds of thousands of Japanese-Americans
Authorized by Roosevelt in 1942 (executive order 9066)
Relocation ruled legal in Korematsu vs. US Supreme Court case in 1944
Order 9066 eventually repealed in 1976 after 34 years by President Ford
E. War Brides
An estimated 1 million American soldiers tried to bring their foreign wives, often with babies or young children,
into America between 1942 and 1952
Congress responded by passing the War Brides Act in 1945
Granted non-quota status to alien spouses of US citizens

III. Post WWII
A. Repealing of Quota System

The Immigration and National Origins Act of 1952 (also called the McCarran-Walter Act) eliminated race as
a restriction to immigration, but retained strict quotas based on nationality and region
The Immigration and National Origins Act of 1965 (also called the Hart-Celler Act) finally abolished the
strict quota system of 1924
Created one combined immigration limit for the Eastern hemisphere and one for the Western Both limits were
later combined in 1978
B. Ellis Island
Ellis island finally closed in 1954 after 62 years
In total, more than 12 million immigrants had registered there
C. Mexican Immigration
After WWII, Mexico began pressuring the US to stop illegal border crossing of Mexicans into the US and return
illegal immigrants back to Mexico
High immigration of Mexicans into the US was creating labor shortages in Mexico which was preventing
industrial growth there
Beginning in 1954, Operation Wetback led to the apprehension of hundreds of thousands of Mexican
immigrants in the US
The term Wetback referred to a derogatory term for Mexican laborers
Was successful in the short term, but failed to prevent illegal immigration from Mexico in the long run
Led to an increase in border patrol on the US-Mexico border
The operation is criticized for treating many immigrants unfairly Many were deported to unknown locations
and in hot weather without food or any property
There are 88 documented deaths of deportees dying in extreme heat after being dropped off in the desert
D. Refugee Act of 1980
Allowed persecuted individuals to seek asylum in the United States
Defined refugees and brought US law up to compliance with international
E. Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)
IRCA (also called the Simpson-Mazzoli Act) was passed in 1986 and granted legal status to illegal immigrants
who had entered the country before January 1st 1982
Required employers to attest to immigration status of employees
Made it illegal to knowingly hire illegal immigrants
F. Patriot Act
In response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the USA PATRIOT Act was passed in 2001 to limit terrorism in the US
The act gave the US increased power to deport and to deny entry to aliens who were either directly or indirectly
involved in terrorist activity
Also increased border security

17. Cultural Changes/Movements 1780s-1850 (ex. Shakers)
Andrew Jiang & Jacky Wu

I. Cultural Nationalism in the Jeffersonian Era
A. Evolution of Education Reform
Jefferson Republican view: enlightened citizens (male citizens) in a crusade against ignorance should get free edu.
no states set up public edu., most private--South + mid-Atlantic: religious groups-led; New Eng.: secular,
aristocratic
Repub. view paternal society around education BUT republican mother begins to evolveraise children to be
enlightened
some schools have gender equ., BUT female edu. is domestic, no professionals--1784, Murray protests for equality
Reformers believe education can redeem backward peopleresults in interest in Indian education, want to uplift the
tribes of noble savages BUT no movement to educate slavesknowledge would make them unhappy with their place
B. Advances in Medicine and Technology
UPenn. creates first medical school, yet American physicians have little understanding of disease
Leading physician Benjamin Rush advocated bleeding/purging, resulting in deaths of many patients
physicians begin to handle deliveries, thus midwifery declines
C. A Distinctive New Culture
nationalism, proud of independence from Europe w/ the final stage of civilization
found in schoolbooks: Jedidiah Morses Geography Made Easy (1784) says US must have their own textbooks
Noah Webster says students should be patriots, creates new American spelling + first US school dictionary
National literary life evolves with proud nationalistic themes
Joel Barlows The Columbiad (1807) describes special character of America
Washington Irving wins acclaim for popular folk tales
Mercy Otis Warren glorifies past in History of the Revolution (1805), Mason Weeks in Life Of Washington (1806)
D. A New View of Religion
Revolution had weakened traditional religion through separation of church and government
New Light, rational theories begin to evolve with new attitudes derived from science: de-emphasizes God
Jefferson + Franklin sought deism: God exists, but left after Creation--in Paines The Age of Reason (1794-1796)
skepticism also produces universalism and unitarianism: salvation is for all, predestination does not exist
traditionalism still preserves: conserv. theo. fight, awakening by 1800: Methodists + Baptists + Presby. meet at Cave Ridge
Second Great Awakening comes: individuals must readmit God into their daily lives and reject skeptical rationalism
changes: no more predestination, humans can affect their destiny, targets rational freethinkers
Women deeply involved: response to changing economic roles--women seek compensation for social adjustments
revivals also open to African Americans: spreads egalitarian message of equality, leads to racial unrest
affects Indians: Neolin against whites, calls for militancy, Handsome Lake wants revival of traditional Indian ways
II. Old South Slave Culture
A. The Differences in Slave Language, Music, and Religion
slaves keep some African speech patterns, which develops into simple pidgin
music important to African heritage--banjo is main instrument, field workers sing to express religion or lament their
hardships
blacks in South develops own form of Christianity with Afr. themes: prayer meetings more joyful and affirming than whites
black religion emphasizes dream of freedom and deliverance--Lord call us home take us to the Promised Land
B. The Structure of the Slave Family
crucial institution of black culture: legal restrictions, esp. in marriage, BUT nuclear family still develops among blacks
differences: younger child-rearing age, less concern of premarital pregnancy, slave marriages happen in secret from masters
blacks constantly broken up by slave trade, leads to need and evolution of extended kinship networks
III. Romanticism and Culture in the Antebellum Era
A. The Themes of American Art
America begins to develop national culture, led by European romanticism (liberation of human spirit)
first great school evolves from Hudson River School--believes nature is source of spiritual fulfillment
paintings are focused on nations landscape: wildest, sublime areas (Yellowstone, Rocky Mts.)
B. Quest for Liberation in Literature
first great US novelist: James Fenimore Cooper--master of adventure and suspense w/ key notes to the American
wilderness
most important novels called Leatherstocking Tales, which explored the frontiersman's experiences
also shows an evocation of the independent individual with natural inner goodness
not always optimistic works: Herman Melville shows how search for personal fulfillment can destroy
some southern writers bleak: Edgar Allen Poe reveals the pain of exploring the spirit in The Raven (1845)
others in the 1930s are romantic, pride in plantation system and institutions such as slavery: regional pride

C. The Transcendentalist Impulse
romant. creates transcendentalist mvmnt: ind. must transcend limits of understanding to reason (liber. of innate
truth)
begins in MA, Ralph Waldo Emerson promotes self-fulfillment and naturalism in Nature (1836), advocates Self-
Reliance (1841) in unity with the universe--art and intellect could come from creative genius of individual
Henry David Thoreau goes further: repudiate society and immerse into nature
also rejects unfair government policies, response to unjust laws should be civil disobedience
transcendentalists mark first environmental movement based on the beauty and interconnectedness of nature (idealized)
D. The Search for a Better Society
Brook Farm (1841) in MA tries to create social organization by equality in labor + leisure, ends in 1947 b/c of socialist
themes
Nathaniel Hawthorne describes disillusionment with Brook Farm + transcendentalism, The Scarlet Letter (1850)
talks about the price individuals will pay for isolation, or what he considered as egotism
trans. calls for new gender roles--Oneida Community (1848) is est., rejects trad. family + marriage, experiments in free
love
Shakers (named for shake dance freeing their sin) practiced complete celibacy w/ sexual equality--women have most
power
Mormons try to find more ordered society: Joseph Smith publishes Book of Mormon and tries to find New Jerusalem,
but prosecuted for radical beliefs (polygamy), eventually Brigham Young leads them to Salt Lake City for a permanent
settlement
reflects belief in human perfectibility (any man could aspire to become a god), large emphasis on genealogy
IV. The Reform Era
A. Revivalism
reform arises from transcendentalist divinity of individual + Protestant revivalism (led by Charles Grandison Finney)
Finney initiates revivalism in NY burned-over district, dogma of personal regeneration appeals to social
changes
B. The Crusade for Temperance
Protestantism attacks alcohol, factor of crime and poverty: women esp. involved b/c men wasted $ on alcohol + abused
family
1826, American Society for the Promotion of Temperance focuses on banning hard liquor ( disagreements about extent)
Cultural divides--Protestants accuse Catholic immigrants of excess in alcohol (Irish drinkers)
C. Health Fads and Scams
many Americans turn to non-scientific theories: water cure, Graham crackers were thought to cure moral evils
phrenology becomes popular in US: intelligence capability is based on indentations of skull, but no scientific value
D. New Reforms in Education
system of universal public edu., Horace Mann (MA) was lead reformer--democracy must be preserved by educated
electorate
Mann reorganizes school system, lengthens year, pays teachers more (professionalism), improves curriculum
rapid growth in public edu. in many NE states, highest literacy rate internationally by 1960 AND schools become involved in
network of Benevolent Empire, which performed charity towards the handicapped (Perkins School for the Blind in
Boston)
E. Movements Towards Rehabilitation
Asylum Movement for criminals/mentally ill begins due to horrible conditions
Dorothea Dix (MA) crusades for new treatments of mentally ill, traditional strict practices start to disappear
movement centers on rehabilitation (not abuse) of inmates in prison BUT overcrowded prisons and reform fades away
F. A New View Towards Native Americans
new reform approach in 1840s: reservation--move the Indians to place of protection and eventually promote assimilation
Indians live in isolation, but reform movement is racist--tries to uplift the morally misfit Native Americans
G. The Rise of Feminism
women in 1830s + 1840s face discrim. based on domestic duties, start to defy: Grimk sisters declare genders are equal
1848, women congregate at Seneca Falls, NY (lead by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony) create
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions--men and women are equals, biggest demand is woman suffrage
many women involved were Quakers, who embraced sexual equality
BUT limited progress, women rights are eventually put on the back burner in lieu of the rights of slaves
H. The Abolitionist Movement
early opposition: Amer. Colon. Society (ACS, 1817) wants exodus out of US, but fails b/c slaves are entrenched in US
culture
William Lloyd Garrison (white male) founds newspaper Liberator and calls for immediate abolition, starts American
Antislavery Society in PA and his followers expanded quickly
black abolitionists: David Walker declares militancy, Sojourner Truth is important spokeswoman for abolition, Frederick
Douglass founds North Star newspaper and calls for abolition + social/economic equality for blacks

18. Cultural Changes/Movements 1851-1980 (ex. beatniks)
Chris Choi and Matt Durik
I. Civil War and Reconstruction Era
A.Second Industrial revolution (1851-1914)
Migrations from rural and international areas provided willing and able workforce
largely encapsulated by mass production and the introduction of factory electrification and production line
led to production of railroads and iron and steel industries
B.Anti-slavery movement (1807-1865)
Bleeding Kansas 1856:
Majority of Kansas was free-soil, state as a whole voted pro-slavery, largely due to illegal practices of non-residents crossing
the border who voted in favor of pro-slavery
Caused uproar in anti-slavery population all over country, John Brown was a militant abolitionist who attempted to raid a
federal armory
Lecompton Constitution (1857) : .Pro-slavery constitution, drafted by
C.Carpetbaggers/Black migration (1860s)
In Post civil war America many northern whites (Carpetbaggers) were eager to move down south to replace businesses destroyed by
the war
Often were leaders in the Republican party, more liberal, help fix south
Many blacks moved north because there were more opportunities and less racism in the north
D.KKK (1866 - Present)
White supremacists organization created by Nathan Bedford Forrest in 1866
Terrorized black communities, discouraged voting + social progression
1870-1871 Enforcement Acts: protected some black rights, used to arrest KKK members
E.Grangers (1860-1875)
Family farms were becoming more difficult due to increased corporate farming
The Grange was a network of local self help organizations where farmers collaborated together
F.Rise of labor movements (1870-1880s)
Knights of Labor lead by Terence V. Powderly promoted the social and cultural uplift of the working man
National labor movement 1866 failed, wanted to improve workers rights and factory setting
American Federation of Labor (AFL) formed by crafting unions, fought for increased wages/empowerment
G. Nativism (mid 1880s-late 1890s)
Immigrant influx from Eastern Euro. , unskilled, poor, and most settled in the urban industrial areas
Most believed new immigrants took jobs, wealthy believed new immigrants diluted society
Immigration Restriction League wanted to screen immigrants through literacy tests
American Protective Association wanted to prevent immigration due to hatred of Catholics and foreigners
Eugenics - separating people based on race based using the scientific approach of the progressive era
II. Post Reconstruction and Pre-WWII
A.Social Gospel
Advocates like Jane Addams strived to better public health, education, and social welfare(immigrant focus)
Led to the creation of the Salvation Army, and helped w/ settlement house movement
B. Female Liberation Movement (1800-1900) (First-Wave Feminism)
Urbanization encouraged feminism, increased political activity + lobbied for equal rights for all people (supporting others=support for
them)
Led the temperance movement (leads to prohibition) + planned parenthood, humane societies, etc
C.African Americans and reform
Booker T. Washington believed AA should work for self-improvement by working up the economic ladder
W.E.B. Du Bois wanted Talented Tenth to get edu. so they could elevate blacks in society
NAACP created by Du Bois, used law suits to promote black rights, very moderate
Chicago Race Riots (1919) impetus for a civil rights movement
Marcus Garvey black cultural leader wanted to bring blacks back to Africa ( Black Pride concept)
Sleeping Car Porters = influential all black union
D.Radical Labor
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) 1905: pro-violence and revolution, organized effective strikes in the textile industry in
1912, discredited during 1st Red Scare/WWI
E. Roaring 20s
Prohibition led to organized crime and speakeasies, loosening of societal values i.e. Flappers
Darwinism: survival of fittest/evolution, led to southern fundamentalism (literal interpretation of the bible believe the role was to
teach traditional disciplines headed by William Jennings Bryan)
Harlem Renaissance re-invigoration of black expressionism , culture, music(jazz), literature
III. World War II - Cold War

A.Minorities during WWII
New industrial jobs in north b/c of war led to black migration from south for employment opportunities with less discrimination did
lead to increased racism in north
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was a product of increased black confidence due to war participation
Mexican American - Mexicans immigrated to SW regions,incrd. tensions between the Mexicans and whites
Zoot Suit Riots - young Mexican Americans identified by zoot suits, were discriminated against, represented frustration and racial
tension of whites
Women gained elevation in society through work for the war effort, later lost to returning men
B.Sub-Urbanization 1950s
People moved to cookie cutter Levittowns. promoted conformity and racial segregation
General publics affluence led to increased purchasing power and standard of living
C.Beatniks(1950s)
Small yet influential group of social commentators who criticized society for its blandness and conformity
D.Civil rights
Post WWII - black soldier returned w/more confidence + started to protest discrimination like segregation.
Brown V Board of Ed. overturned Plessy V Ferguson - Separate but equal is inherently unequal
Martin Luther King was leader of the SCLC and worked alongside SNCC
Malcolm X a key figure in Nation of Islam, believed in immediate civil rights, violence was acceptable
Black Panthers(1968) were a militant organization of blacks who were not afraid of using violence to advance the civil rights
movement key leaders included former SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael
E.Counter-culture
Hippies wanted a natural and simpler existence were anti war and wanted Peace Love Happiness
A total rejection of traditional values, embraced taboos such as drug use and casual sex
F.Student movements
Many college student embittered by Vietnam War and Kent Massacre , influenced the creation of Students for a Democratic
Society, included protests on college campuses and in major cities
G.Mobilization of Minorities and Feminism
Latinos made up a large portion of farm labor, in 1965 Latino nationalist Cesar Chavez created United Farm Workers helps to
gain wage increases and benefits in the southwest (often used hunger strikes).
Native Americans begin looking for advancement of civil rights while steps were taken including the Indian Civil Rights Act of
1968, guaranteed reservation rights to Native Americans. Other movements, but no significant gains were won
Began w/ WWII + working women revival, made significant steps in = pay. Female pride = more politically active women
H.Religious Revivalism
Largely due the changes in society during the post war period many Americans began to think that religion was dying leading to the
creation of some cults and a growth in evangelicalism.In the post war period evangelical Christian changed from a lower class religion
to a more mainstream one. Some used their religion to support reform and liberal ideas others formed the Christian Right believed
American society was becoming immoral

DQ #19: LABOR HISTORY 1870s-1960s
Rebecca Kang and Eunice Hong

I. RISE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION and Labor Unions
A. Knights of Labor (1869)
The first major effort to create a genuinely national labor organization Uriah S. Stephens
attempt to unite all working men and women into a national trade union
Membership open to all those toiled included all workers & most business & professionals including
females, excluded lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers & professional gamblers
Womens Bureau of the Knights under Leonara Barry enlisted 50,000 women both black & white
Loosely organized loosely affiliated with a national general assembly vague programs
championed 8 hr day & abolition of child labor, but more interested in long-range reform of the economy
Terence V. Powderly made organization open, moderate leadership could not always control all members
including some militant elements failure of the railway strike (1885) helped discredit organization
dissolution of the Knights of Labor
B. The American Federation of Labor (1886)
Skilled workers from craft unions formed Federation of Organized Trade & Labor Unions of United States of
Canada merged into AFL
Did not accept unskilled organized workers
Male leaders against women entering workforce b/c they thought women would drive wages down for male
laborers since they were weak
Still, AFL sought equal pay for women and hired female organizers to encourage unionization in female industries
Under leadership of Samuel Gompers, AFL focused on better wages, hours, and conditions
Use strikes if necessary and did not want gov. involved with labor reform
Haymarket Square Strike (May 1886) - Chicago, strike for ntl. 8 hour day and bombing occurred anarchism
+social chaos
C. The Great Railroad Strike (1877)
Eastern Railroads announced 10% wage cut strikers disrupted rail service from Baltimore to St. Louis,
destroyed equipment & rioted Pittsburgh and other cities
President Hayes federal troops suppress strikers
open fire on thousands of workers & their families over 100 people dead before strike collapsed
Americas first major national labor conflict employers and workers disputes no longer localized in the
increasingly national economy
failure of the strikes significantly weakened railroad unions & damaged reputation of labor organizations in
other industries
D. The Pullman Strike (1894)
Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages by 25%, raised rents in its model town
Workers went on strike persuaded militant American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs for support
forced railroad labor to halt ended when Cleveland ordered fed. troops to intervene (due to the strike
obstructing U.S. mail delivery)
Debs and associates defied federal courts forbiddance of the union to continue the strike arrested &
quickly collapsed
II. Legislation against Labor Unions
A. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Rising sentiment against the power of trusts- only individual states passed legislation to limit trusts power- not
effective both houses of Congress pass Sherman Act in July 1890
Passed to restrict businesses that prohibited competition like monopolies

Mostly symbolic to avoid public dissent -it did little to regulate large trusts but it regulated labor unions
unions were similar to trusts b/c it limited competition hindered unions from attaining better working
conditions
B. Taft-Hartley Act of 1947/Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947
Passed after labor difficulties during and after WWII- Truman
Curbed power of labor unions by making closed shops illegal- workplace where no one can be hired without
being a first being a member of a union and also tried to prohibit union shops through right-to-work laws-
workplace where workers must join a union after being hired
III. Changing Perceptions Favoring Unions
A. Wagner Act of 1935/National Labor Relations Act
Introduced after National Industry Recovery Act of 1933 was invalidated by Supreme Court
Law said every laborer had right to join a legitimate union and use it to bargain signed by FDR
Created National Labor Relations Board- enforce employee rights
B. Split of AFL and CIO
Split at 1935 AFL convention b/c AFL refused to give charters to new unions organized on a industry-wide basis-
industrial unionism
AFL still supported craft unions
C. Congress of Industrial Organizations (1935)
Founded by John L. Lewis- rivaling against AFL
Unionized all workers at all levels within an industry- more accepting and increased # of ppl who support unions
More accepting of women and African Americans b/c CIO was associated w/ unorganized industries and
minorities made up most of the workforce
D. Formation of the United Farm Workers (1962)
Cesar Chavez organized an effective union of itinerant farm workers (largely Chicano organization)
launched prolonged strikes for recognition and increased wages and benefits used college students, churches &
civil rights groups (including CORE and SNCC) boycotted grapes and lettuce
growers of half of Californias table grapes signed contracts with his union success :)

20. Major Treaties, 1763-1949 (ex: Treaty of Paris, NATO)
Kayla Bendinelli and Sarah Ferrigno

I. War Treaties
A.Treaty Of Paris (1763) (textbook pg. 105)
i. Ended the Seven Years war and the French and Indian War
ii. France ceded some of its West Indies, and all land East of MS River and
Canada to Great Britain and New Orleans and land west of MS River to Spain
B. Treaty of Alliance (1778)
i. Alliance between France and the United States for military assistance
C. Treaty of Paris (1783)
i. Ended the American Revolutionary War
ii. Britain recognized US independence, and gave them from the S border of Canada to the N border
of FL and from Atlantic Ocean to MS River
D. Treaty of Ghent (1814)
i. Ended the War of 1812 w/o giving either side concessions, US J b/c thought gonna lose land
ii. US abandoned demand for renunciation of impressment and cession of Canada and Britain gave
up demand for Indian buffer state in NW and then made some territorial concessions
iii. Made US give land seized by white Americans back to tribes (not enforced so kept it), and
and a return of the Canadian-American border to prewar status
E. Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
i. Ended the Aroostook war, dispute over Maine border
ii. Settled dispute over border and gave America over half of disputed territory
iii. Other provisions included protecting trade routes N America S Canada
F. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
i. Ended the Mexican-American War
ii. Mexico ceded CA, NM, and acknowledged Rio Grande as TX border while US accepted financial
claims new citizens had to Mexico and pay $15 million
G. Treaty Of Paris (1898)
i. Ended the Spanish-American War
ii. America received Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba would be free like armistice agreed
iii. America then demanded the Philippines which they later received for $20 mill
H. Treaty of Versailles (1918)
i. ended World War I
ii. Demanded German reparations and included a war-guilt clause
iii. Creates League of Nations, U.S. does not sign
I. Potsdam Treaty (1945)
i. ended World War II in Europe
ii. carved up and disarmed Germany
iii. punished war criminals
J. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) (1949)
i. mutual defense pact among U.S., Canada, and ten Western European allies
ii. response to Cold War with USSR
K. Korean War settlement (1953
i. stalemate
ii. Korea remained split with demilitarized zone between North and South
H. Vietnam War Agreement (1973)
i. ended American involvement
ii. country remained divided with North Vietnamese troops in the South
II. Territorial Treaties
a. Treaty Of Greenville (1794)
i. Ended Northwest Indian War between tribes (Western Confederacy) and frontiersmen over western land after Battle of
Fallen Timbers, a devastating defeat of native Americans in the Ohio Valley
ii. Gave US all land that it retained, mostly present day Ohio, for goods like blankets

iii. Assured Native American tribes that only tribes could cede tribal land
B. Jays Treaty (1795)
i. Between the US and Great Britain to avoid war
ii. Jay wanted to stop British assaults on American shipping and sailor impressment, receive withdrawal of British from
frontier posts and new commercial treaty
iii. He received a settlement of conflict, established undisputed American sovereignty over NW, and satisfactory trade
relations
C. . Pinckneys Treaty (1795)
i. Jays Treaty made Spain fear a British US alliance so Pinckney got everything US wanted
ii. US received the right to navigate MS and deposit goods in New Orleans, fixed N. boundary where
Americans wanted (31
st
parallel), and required Spanish authorities to prevent Indian raiding across border
D. Rush Bagot Treaty (1817)
i. Mutual disarmament of Great Lakes by US and Great Britain
E. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
i. Ended the dispute over annexed W. FL and gained Americans rest of FL which they felt they should have
ii. Jackson raided Spanish Forts in FL in operation Seminole War and Adams claimed US had right to defend itself
from threats and might invade FL
iii. Onis felt he had no choice and signed the treaty with Spain ceding FL and territory N of 42
nd
parallel in Pacific NW
and US giving up Texas
F. Treaty of Wang Hya (1844)
i. Americans wanted the same privileges of other countries with trade to China after trade was opened
ii. Cushing secured same privileges and right of extraterritoriality so if accused of a crime in China
Americans would be tried by Americans
G. Oregon Treaty (1846)
i. between the UK and US
ii. brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute
H.Alaska Purchase
i. by Secretary of State William Seward
ii. opponents called it "Seward's Folly"
iii. US acquired Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
iv. became a state in 1959
I. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
i. by the United States and Panama
established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal

21. American Women, 1820s 1900 (soc/pol/econ changes decade-by-decade)
By: Noah Curtiss and Adam Johnson
I. Antebellum Years (1820-1860)
A. Factory and City Life
1. Lowell System relied on young, unmarried women for labor supply
a) They were well treated in comparison to their european counterparts but still endured low pay and bad working
conditions
b) Many women had trouble adjusting to the lonely, tedious nature of factory work, but it was the only socially acceptable
job working women women could hold, other than the farm work they had left.
2. By 1840, factory owners replaced women with immigrant workers and the women entered more domestic jobs (teaching,
domestic service, marriage etc) or, more often, just stayed at home
3. Since most early craft unions excluded women, women organized Female Protective Unions by the 1850s. They had little
effect on changing conditions but provided mutual aid societies for women workers.
B. Women In Society
1. Middle class women remained in the home to care for the children and often hired poor immigrant women as housekeepers
and servants
2. Men were usually the rulers of the family and had absolute authority over their wives. Obtaining a divorce was almost
impossible and wife beating was legal in many states.
3. The view of the role of women in society changed to that of guardians of the domestic virtues
a) They were expected to be helpers to their husbands at home by cleaning, and caring for children.
b) They were supposed to stay in their own separate sphere and stay out of business, and politics
4. Access to education for women beyond elementary school was severely limited and even discouraged. However, Oberlin
College began to admit women in 1837 and several colleges followed.
C. Transcendentalism and its View on Gender Relations
1. Transcendentalism philosophy challenged gender roles of 1820s society
a) Activists such as Margaret Fuller and Charles Finney inspired many women to challenge the social norms and fight for
equality
2. Feminist movement gained momentum with the doctrine of MEN AND WOMEN are created equal. Lucretia Mott and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a convention in Seneca Falls, NY. Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments and
Resolutions mainly calling for womens suffrage.
3. Temperance was spearheaded by women. They believed alcohol burdened the wives and impoverished the family
economically
4. Several Community Groups attempted to achieve gender equality and equal opportunity for women
a) The Oneida community was created by John Humphrey Noyes in which the community operated without marriage
which got rid of objectification and ownership of women in the family
b) Shakers committed themselves to complete celibacy and women exercised the most power in these communities. Mother
Ann Lee lead the movement and strove to keep women safe from the abuses of marriage
5. Many sentimental novels emerged in this transcendentalist period, most famous Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher
Stowe. Detailed the evils of slavery and was one of the most influential novels written by a women in the period.
D. Women in the South
1. The role of the southern lady centered around the home or plantation
a) Served as companions and hostesses for their husbands as well as nurturing mothers for the children and rarely found
paid work outside the plantation or public activity
b) Southern white males felt adamantly about the protection of women and as a result, white women were often
subordinated by men
2. Vast majority of females lived on farms and were isolated from the world and there were few opportunities to look beyond
family roles and subordination
3. There was less education available to southern women than northern counterparts
4. Some southern women became disillusioned with their traditional roles as many became outspoken abolitionists and
protested the functions of slavery
5. Black women also underwent hardship in the rigid society of the south
a) Some became house servants and cared for the family unit (nursemaids, etc). These women lived close to the masters
family, and were often the subject of sexual assault and abuse
b) Follow abuse from the master many slaves gave birth to children. These children were disliked by the white females as
they were a constant reminder to their husbands infidelity and were often treated poorly

II. The Civil War and Reconstruction (1861-1900)
A. Discovery of Female Potential
1. During the Civil War, many women in the north and south took jobs vacated by the male soldiers such as teachers, office
workers and factory hands
2. Many women also entered the traditionally male field of nursing
a) US Sanitary Commission led by Dorthea Dix mobilized women to serve as nurses in field hospitals.
b) Many male doctors complained, but the government found female nurses too valuable to the war effort to address their
claims
3. The trials of the War made many women realize their full potential and greatly advanced feminist causes- the War was
considered a turning point in feminist movements by many women in later eras.
4. Also saw emergence of feminists such as Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
B. Reconstructions Effects on Southern Women
1. The decimation of the male population led to many widowed women who had to find work
2. Many free African Americans began to conform to the traditional white familial structure
a) However, It was often difficult for AAs to live that lifestyle due to the poverty they faced. As a result, many married
women took jobs in order to support their family
III. The Gilded Age (1870-1900)
A. Women in the Workforce
1. As the need for unskilled labor rose many poor women entered the unskilled workforce
a) By 1900, 17% of the workforce was female (4x greater than 1820)
b) Most were young, white immigrants and were paid much less than men but still worked in the same horrible conditions
B. Mass Production and Consumption
1. The availability of new goods to many farmers led to the decreased dependence on women on the farm to make clothes, etc.
As a result, many single, young women left to the cities
2. Rise of mass consumption had dramatic effects on womens fashion and also made it easier for them to buy/prepare food and
buy clothing
C. Political Mobilization of Women
1. Women formed the National Consumers League in the 1890s in order to pressure retailers and manufactures to improve
wages and working conditions
a) Allowed women to mobilize behind a cause and get politically involved
2. More and more colleges began to admit women and many womens colleges were formed post Civil war
a) Many college graduates went on to careers and became involved in the womens political movements of the progressive
era
IV. The Beginnings of the Progressive Movement (1880-1900)
A. The New Woman
1. Technological advances which limited domestic work led to the rise of the New Women
a) Family size began to drop and some women began to reject traditional family roles
2. Womens Clubs began as cultural organizations but soon changed to ensuring social betterment. The movement desired to
ensure women a space for themselves in the public world without challenging males
a) General Federation of Womens Clubs (GFWC) was founded in 1892 to coordinate the activities of many clubs. It had
160,000 members in 1900 and over 1 million by 1917.
B. Womens Political Movements
1. Jane Addams opened the Hull House in 1889 in order to give women safe haven in the new city they were staying
a) These institutions eventually led to the creation of Womens Clubs across the nation
2. Alliance of many clubs formed the Womens Trade Union League to fight for labor rights
3. A strong movement for suffrage emerged in the 1890s. The National American Women Suffrage Association began to fight
in 1893 and attracted names such as Jane Addams.
However it encountered strong opposition from the antisuffrage movement that it would not be able to overcome until the 20th century

#22: American Women, 1901-present (social/political/economic changes decade-by-decade)
Justin Kim, Andrew Liu, Jerry Zhang
I. 1901 - WW1 (1918)
A. Social Changes
Progressives wanted to limit work hours for women thought long hours were detrimental to health
Muller v. Oregon (1908) upheld state law that limited women to working no more than 10 hours a day
WWI led to several important advancements for women
Womens work in war increased support for women's suffrage led to the 19th amendment(1920)
B. Political Changes
Women could not vote and never held public office until 1916
Jeannette Rankin- first woman in Congress (1916)
Washington became the first state to extend suffrage to women (1910), California (1911) and 4 more western states in 1912
Illinois became the first state in east to allow suffrage (1913) then New York (1917) and Michigan (1918)
Womens Peace Party (1915) under Carrie Chapman Catt also opposed intervention in war, mother half of humanity
National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) had membership of about 2 million in 1917, Led by Anna
Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt
C. Economic Changes
1 out of 5 women worked Confined to work that were extensions of the home
Jobs included textiles, garment, and food processing industries; served in the navy/marines as nurses
During WW1 women filled in the jobs previously held by men also joined the workforce in new ways
II. WW1 (1918) & Post WWII America (1920s)
A. Social Changes
Changing ideas of motherhood: people more committed to roles of wives
Washing machines/vacuum cleaners made life easier for some women
Margaret Sanger: pioneers the birth control movement found large market in middle-class women, illegal in most states
Flappers represented sexual freedom and independence, women were influenced by movie heroines
19th Amendment passed (1920) League of Women Voters formed as a result of suffrage victory
Sheppard-Towner Act (1921) provided federal funds to states to establish prenatal and child health care programs
C. Economic Changes
Some women stayed in the workplace as teachers, secretaries typists, clerks, and nurses
III. Great Depression & New Deal (1930 - 1941)
A. Social Changes
Women earned lower wages than men before the war, seen as homemakers, men were bread winners
New Deal program gave women less pay than men
Feminist movement lost support as women focused on dealing with economic hardship instead of pushing for reforms
The National Womans Party lost virtually all of its influence during the Depression
New Deal policies, including the Social Security Act, provided financial aid to single mothers
FDR administration had womens rights advocates: Eleanor Roosevelt and Frances Perkins (1st female cabinet member)
C. Economic Changes
Women were accused of taking mens jobs, even though men didn't want "women's work"
Unemployed men moved to professions previously considered womens fields (teaching, social work, etc.)
Even so, female employment rose 20% during the Great Depression because families needed more income
IV. WWII & Postwar America (1940s-1950s)
A. Social Changes
Women worked while their husbands were at war, but limited child care children stayed home while mothers worked
"Rosie the Riveter" and posters such as "Do the job HE left behind" reinforced these roles
After men returned from the war there was the baby boom massive increase in birth rate
Prevailing gender roles were reinforced, ideals of motherhood prevailed
Reinforced with the rise of TV shows like Father Knows Best, but shows like I Love Lucy denounced motherly roles
Feminism further weakened as a result of war (reinforcement of gender roles)
In 1957, The number of women and men voting is approximately equal for the first time

C. Economic Changes
Number of women working rose by 60 % and in 1945, a third of paid workers were women
Factory owners still categorized jobs by gender, but women began to take heavy industrial jobs labeled as mens work
Government girls - women employed by govt in service jobs like clerksdevelopment of distinct female
communities
After war, number of women working outside of home increased necessity for second income to maintain standard living
V. 1960s
A. Social Changes
Increase in liberal and radical feminism
The Feminine Mystiquepublished in 1963 by Betty Friedan claimed that the suburbs were a comfortable
concentration camp and that they prohibited women from spreading their intelligence, talent and education revival
of Feminism
Kate Milletts Sexual Politics published in 1969 claimed that answer to womens problems was for individual women
to search for personal fulfillment and band together to assault male power structure
JFK established the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women - brought national attention to sexual discrimination
and help feminist activists
The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 and became nations largest feminist organization,
largely drew influence from black struggle for freedom, denounced exclusion of women from professions, politics and other
areas of American life
C. Economic Changes
In 1963, JFK helped passage of Equal Pay Act which barred the practice of paying women less than men for equal work. An
amendment, Title VII, extended the same legal protections against discrimination that were extended to blacks
VI. 1970s
A. Social Changes
Some women had radical views - rejected notions of marriage, family, and sex (claimed it was a form of male dominance)
Most women, however, simply saw themselves as an exploited group organizing against oppression
Founded feminist newspapers/magazines, centers for victims of rape and abuse, health clinics, day care centers, etc.
Most education centers opened doors to women (Princeton and Yale doing so in 1969) offered womens studies courses
For the first time in history, more women than men entered college
Considerable number of women worked in government positions: Congress members, governors, etc
Congress approved the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution(1972)
Momentum behind amendment died bc of objections from people who feared traditional social patterns would be
ruined amendment dies in 1982
Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court establishes a woman's right to abortion (constitutional right to privacy), effectively
canceling the anti-abortion laws of 46 states
C. Economic Changes
Women's wages fell to 59 cents for every dollar earned by men
Non-white women earned even less, however gap was closing
In mid-1970s, nearly half of married women held jobs, 9/10 of women with college degrees worked, two-career family was
becoming an accepted norm, women would postpone marriage and motherhood for sake of their careers
VII. 1980s to Present Day (2000s)
A. Social Changes
Sally Ride becomes the first female astronaut to go into space in 1983
Households (2000): increase in single parent homes with no father figure led to poverty and inadequate child support
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) - attempted to limit racial and sexual discrimination in the workplace
Geraldine Ferraro is the first woman vice president candidate of a major political party (Democratic Party) 1984
Sandra Day O'Connor is named first female Supreme Court Justice in 1981, Ruth Bader Ginsburg becomes the 2nd in 1993
Hillary Clinton is current favorite for Democratic presidential nomination (2016)
C. Economic Changes
Male-female income disparity is 1:0.77 as of 2012

DQ #23: Presidents Washington through Tyler (party/program/major decisions)
Calista Reynolds, Iris Goldman, & Kavya Rajaputhra
I. 18th Century Presidents
A. George Washington (1789-1797) Independent
1789-Bill of Rights adopted by Congress + Judiciary Act of 1789 passed--established a Supreme Court
June 1790 Washington supported assumption of state debts for Revolutionary War by federal govt.
Supported National Bankchartered in 1791. Fed govt can print paper currency and use deposits to stimulate business
Reelected in 1793- issued Neutrality Proclamation to keep United States out of French and English War
1791- Congress put excise on whiskey to pay off war debts. Pennsylvania farmers refused to payWhiskey Rebellion
In 1794, Washington invoked the Militia Law and sent 12,000 troops to suppress rebelling farmers
1795 Pinckneys Treaty- opened Mississippi River to US navigation + set boundary of US and Spanish Florida at 31st parallel
1795- Washington signed Jay's Treaty with UK-forced the British to evacuate western forts as stipulated in the Treaty of Paris of
1783. Stabilized American-British relations until the War of 1812
Sept 1796- Washingtons Farewell Address--message warning Americans not to make foreign alliances, not to get involved in
European affairs, not to form political parties, and to avoid sectionalism
B. John Adams (1797- 1801) Federalist
1798-XYZ Affair: War in EuropeFrench seized neutral US merchant ships. Adams sent delegates to France, who demanded bribes
for negotiationUS refused
Quasi-Naval War with FranceCongress created Department of Navy. Navy captured many French vessels + Adams sent
commission to Paris in 1800peaceful agreements reached and quasi war ended
In 1798, The Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Federalist Congress--increased # of years for immigrants to qualify for US
citizenship, authorized president to deport enemy aliens, illegal for newspaper editors to criticize govt
1799- In response to Acts, Republicans enacted Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions allowing states to nullify a federal law
II. Early 19th Century Presidents
A. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Democratic-Republican
Revolution of 1800 -- Federalists lost election to Democratic-Republican president Jefferson
Carried on neutrality policies of Washington and Adams. Believed in limited central govt. Decreased national debt + army size
1803-Jefferson bought Louisiana Territory from Napoleon for $15 milliondoubled US size, extended western frontier beyond
desired Mississippi River. Jefferson approved Lewis and Clark Expedition of Territory in 1804
Marbury v. Madison 1803- judicial review of laws established by Chief Justice John Marshall
Reelected 1805. Napoleonic WarBritish impressing US sailorsJefferson signs Embargo Act halting all US trade w/ Britain
Extremely devastating to US economy. Repealed by Jefferson in 1809
B. James Madison (1809-1817) Democratic-Republican
Nonintercourse Act 1809- Madisons attempt to end economic hardship b/c of Embargo Act-US could trade w/ all nations except
Britain and France, who continued seizing US vessels + violated American neutrality
1812- Congressional Republican War Hawks pressured for war w/ Britain + British delays in meeting U.S. demands over neutral
rightsMadison received declaration of war on Britain from Congress in 1812. Madison re-elected in 1812
War of 1812 - Unsuccessful American invasions into Canada. 1813- US Navy more successful in Lake Erie and Thames River. By
1814, Britain invaded US and burned capitol. Conflict ended w/ Treaty of Ghent before New Orleans victory by Jackson
1816-Madison signed law creating Second Bank of United States. In 1817, Madison vetoed bill providing federal funding of roads and
canals--argued that Constitution does not give that power to govt
C. James Monroe (1817-1825) Democratic-Republican
First president to go on a goodwill tour through the country, created era of good feelings -- reelected easily in 1820
Panic of 1819 -- after period of easy credit to speculators during land boom from soaring American farm industry, banks suddenly
tightened credit + called in loans state banks started failing panic + recession for 6 years
Missouri Compromise 1820 -- Maine admitted to Union as free state, Missouri as slave state, but no slavery in the rest of Louisiana
Purchase territory north of 3630 parallel (southern boundary of Missouri)
Marshall Court established federal govt power over regulation of state economy, highly nationalistic, promoted strong US
1822 -- Monroe established diplomatic relations w/Peru, Colombia, Mexico, La Plata and Chile (first country to recognize them)
Monroe Doctrine 1823 -- stated that the US would consider foreign challenge to American nations as unfriendly act
D. John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) Democratic-Republican
Was Secretary of State under Monroe administration, created Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 w/Spain ceding all of Florida to US and
territory north of 42nd parallel in Pacific Northwest, US gave up Texas in return

1824 election was between Jackson, Adams, Crawford and Clay -- Jackson had more votes but not majority, so Twelfth Amendment
required HoR to choose among them Adams won
Proposed nationalist program similar to Clays American System, blocked by Jacksonians in Congress
Congress wouldnt approve Panama conference because of Haiti (racial issues), delegates didnt arrive until it was over
Couldnt stop removal of Indians from Georgia by white Georgians who wanted land for cotton
Tariff of Abominations 1828 -- tariff on imported goods, came from demands of MA and RI wool manufacturers worried about
foreign competition
To win support from middle + western states, administration put duties on other items too having to pay more for raw
materials outweighed benefits of protecting manufactured goods southerners had no gain, only loss
III. Mid-19th Century Presidents
A. Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Democratic
Opposed economic aristocracy, wanted widened opportunity for common man
Suffrage began to extend to all adult white males -- less property ownership requirement laws
Second Party System -- parties must have competition for sense of purpose, checks and balances, and listening to the people
Spoils System -- targeted entrenched govt officials, allowed elected officials to appoint their own people to public office
John C. Calhoun created Nullification in SC: state could declare federal law null and void
Jackson declared nullification treason, ordered warships to Charleston, proposed force bill (1833)
SC was unsupported + divided, Henry Clay proposed compromise to lower high tariffs
Jackson passed force bill and compromise on same day, SC repealed nullification of tariff but nullified force bill (symbolic)
Jackson held contempt towards Native Americans, viewed them as savage, fully committed to removal
Removal Act 1830 -- financed federal treaties for moving southern tribes to the West
Did not enforce Marshall SC rulings favoring Native Americans in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia or Worcester v. Georgia
1835 -- Federal govt sent troops to resisting Cherokees, most fled on Trail of Tears to Oklahoma
Seminole War 1835 -- Seminoles in FL resisted relocation, Jackson sent troops + captured leader Osceola but eventually gave
up, relocation was never complete
Bank War -- wanted to weaken the Bank of the US and prevent renewal of its charter
Withdrew funds to put them into pet banks, causing tighter credit for the Bank of the US and creating a recession
Public grew frustrated; the Banks unpopularity prevented its recharter
B. Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) Democratic
Supported ideas of Jackson: low tariffs, free trade, no nullification, Native American removal, favoring common white man
Panic of 1837 -- caused by excessive land speculation and bank fund shortages, tarnished Van Burens reputation and presidency
Independent Treasury (1840) -- replaced Bank of the US, kept government funds in this + other subtreasuries, no private banks
10 hour workday established by executive order, applied to all federal projects
Continued tribe removal in the South, esp with Seminole Wars in Florida
C. William Henry Harrison (1841) Whig
Rejected Democratic policies: promoted economic modernization, paper currency, higher tariffs, internal improvements
Somewhat counteracted the Spoils System, resisted pressure from cabinet members, kept some Democrats in office
D. John Tyler (1841-1845) Whig, Independent
Succeeded Harrison after his death ended his one month in office
Held more moderate views: limited tariffs, less direct economic involvement, territorial expansion, slavery, Jeffersonian ideals
Disagreements with Whig Party, esp Henry Clay, provoked his expulsion from the party in 1841
Repealed Van Burens Independent Treasury in 1841, leaving funds under Secretary of Treasury and state banks
Distribution Act (1841) -- tariffs raised but limited to 20%, land sales revenue distributed to states
Attempted to lessen Federal debt, but failed; Tyler proposed higher tariffs with no distribution
Whigs in Congress made bills that continued distribution, Tyler vetoed them
Annexed Republic of Texas (1845) -- controversial action, took many years for approval, used Spoils System to build support

Wesley Gea, Ian Lee, Joseph Yu
AP US II
24 April 2014
Review Packet #24
24. Presidents Polk thru Garfield (party/program/major decisions)
I. #11: James K. Polk - Southern Democrat (1845-1849)
A. 1844 Election
Won Dem nom over Van Buren, won against Henry Clay (Whig)
Strongly pro-expansion
B. Oregon Territory
Polk offered GB split of Oregon on 49th parallel, British refusedlead to American phrase Fifty-four forty or fight (new proposed
border)British agree to Polks original proposal for 49th, US accept due to tensions w/ Mexico
C. Mexican War
Sent instructions to Pacific fleet to seize California ports if Mexico were to declare war
Called for war against Mexico when Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked American troops
Ordered Taylor to invade Mexico, Kearny to capture Santa Fe and California, and Scott to attack the capital
Sent Nicholas Trist to negotiate Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to bring a quick end to the war before pres election

II. #12: Zachary Taylor - Whig (1849-1850)
A. 1848 Election
Mex. War hero, no political exp., avoided slavery issue, beat Cass (Dem), Van Buren (Free Soil)
B. Slavery Issue
believed state govs. should decide, not fed. gov.
pushed CA to adopt anti-slavery constitutionCongress refused CA statehood (upset North/South balance); South leaders considered
secessionClay proposed Compromise of 1850
III. #13: Millard Fillmore - Whig (1850-1853)
A. Compromise of 1850
Passed it, believing it would solve sectional problems
IV. #14: Franklin Pierce - Northern Democrat (1853-1857)
A. Kansas-Nebraska
Supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act
B. Young America
Supported the idea of Young America in order to spread American democratic views to European countries
C. Ostend Manifesto
Described the rationale to purchase Cuba from Spain and declare war on Spain if they refused
Shift in foreign policy to the use of force to gain territory for national security
Europeans and Northerners were against the Manifesto, causing a political fallout for the Pierce administration
D. Gadsden Purchase
Signed on December 30, 1853, gave the U.S. present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico for construction of southern route in
Intercontinental RR
V. #15: James Buchanan - Northern Democrat (1857-1861)
A. Kansas
Lecompton Constitution -
Pushed for a Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution(slavery) even after Kansas voted it down
VI. #16: Abraham Lincoln - Republican (1861-1865)
A. Emancipation Proclamation
States that all slaves will be free
Turned the war focus from fighting for unification to fighting for the freedom of slaves
B. Gettysburg Address
Addresses that all men are created equal and that the war is dedicated to the effort of liberty and equality for all
C. Anaconda Plan
Plan during the Civil War to constrict the Southern States and squeeze them
Blockade of southern ports and the capture of forts and strategic positions along the Mississippi River
McClellans army would march from the Mississippi River to Virginia while Grants army would march south and meet McClellans army in
Virginia
D. The Thirteenth Amendment
Adopted on December 6, 1865, it abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, unless as punishment for a crime
E. The 10% Plan
Model for reinstatement of the Southern States proposed by Lincoln
A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of the vote count from that state has taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledges
to abide by emancipation

Voters could then elect delegates to draft revised state constitutions and establish new state governments
Most moderate Republicans supported the plan but other Republicans feared it was not strong enough to stop the return of the southern
aristocracy
Radical Republicans opposed the plan feeling it was too lenient on the South and was not harsh enough, believing the South needs to be
punished
F. Wade-Davis Bill
Bill proposed for the reconstruction of the South written by two radical Republicans, Benjamin Wade and Henry Davis
Contrasted Lincolns 10% plan where the the majority of the Southern State has to take the Ironclad Oath to the effect that they have never
supported the Confederacy
The bill passed through both houses but was pocket vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect
VII. #17: Andrew Johnson - Republican (1865-1869)
A. Restoration/Presidential Reconstruction
Offered amnesty to Southerners that took oath of allegiance as symbolic surrender
Plan resembled Wade-Davis Bill in most other aspects
President appointed provisional governor invites voters to elect delegates to a constitutional convention
For states to be readmitted, must revoke its ordinance of secession, abolish slavery, ratify the 13th amendment, elect a state government, and
send representatives to Congress
B. Fourteenth Amendment
Defined Citizenship- Everyone born in the US and everyone naturalized are protected by state and national laws
Side offer to readmit states that ratified 14th amendment-tennessee was the only one that took on the offer
C. Vetoed bills-Overridden
Bill proposed to extended the life of the Freedmens Bureau and enabled it to nullify work agreements forced on freedmen
Civil Rights Act- Declared blacks citizens of the US, Fed govt can intervene in state affairs to protect their rights
VIII. #18: Ulysses S. Grant - Republican (1869-1877)
A. Poor Start
Popular war hero w/ no political exp.most members of Cabinet ill-equipped for positions; Grant relied on party leaders (patronage); blatant
usage of spoils system by administration; continued support of Radical Reconstruction alienated disillusioned Northerners; suspicions of
corruption
B. Scandal-filled Second Term
1872: Liberal Republicans attempt to dump Grant, failed
Extreme corruption within administration, often unrelated to Grant:
Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872): French company obtain fraudulently overestimated gov. contracts for Union-Pacific RR, bribed important
gov. members, including VP Colfax, w/ stocks to prevent investigation
Whiskey Ring: administration officials, distillers cheat gov. of taxes thru false reports
Indian Ring: Sec. of War Belknap accepted bribes to retain Indian-post trader in office
Other, lesser scandals
Panic of 1873: leading bank faileddebtors pressured gov. to use greenbacksGrant and Reps. wanted gold-backed currency
Specie Resumption Act (1875): greenbacks replaced w/ gold certificates
continued Radical Reconstruction; propped up Rep. Southern govs.; moderate support for civil rights
Enforcement (KKK) Acts (1870, 1871): states cant discriminate voters on race; fed. gov.>state courts; pres. can use military to protect civil
rights
1871: Grant sent troops to occupy SCKKK members arresteddecline of KKK
IX. #19: Rutherford B. Hayes - Republican (1877-1881)
A. 1876 Election
Beat Samuel Tilden (Dem), fraud on both sides
Hayes lost popular vote, received disputed electoral votes by special commission
Dems. threatened to filibuster reportresulted in Compromise of 1877
Southerners abandoned filibusterReps. withdraw troops from South; appoint at least 1 Southerner to Cabinet; control of fed. patronage in
South; internal improvements; fed aid to TX, Pac. RR
B. Presidency
Attempted to build new Rep. coalition in South, failed
Ignored civil rights in South
Ultimately insubstantial single term
X. #20: James Garfield - Republican (1881-1881)
A. Election and Assassination
1880: Garfield (Half-Breed), Arthur (Stalwart) Rep. ticket beat Winfield Scott (Dem), Rep. won control of Congress
Defied Stalwarts, attempted civil service reform, met w/ party oppositionassassinated by Stalwarts for Arthur to succeed

25. Arthur - FDR: Party, Programs, & Major Decisions
Anthony Zhao, Jackson Rodgers, Siddhesh Dabholkar
I. Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)
A. Once a quartermaster general for NY, the Republican president succeeded James A. Garfield following his assassination
B. Programs/Legislature
a. Civil service reform was an issue so he signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883)
i. law that stipulated govt jobs must be granted based on merit rather than political affiliation
ii. had minor effect as most legislation was slow to implement
b. Vetoed a Chinese Exclusion Act banning immigration for 20 years arguing that the Chinese had contributed greatly to Americas
economy, but signed a bill banning immigration for 10 yrs.
C. Major Decisions
a. Arthur created a tariff committee to reduce tariffs by 20-25% but they were ignored by congress, instead a 1.47% tariff cut was
established
b. Secretary of states James G. Blaine and Frederick T. Frelinghuysen attempted to push for more involvement in Latin America
II. Grover Cleveland (1st Term: 1885-1889)
A. First Democrat in office since Civil War

a. Creation of Interstate Commerce Committee, regulated railroads for fair prices
b. Immigration reform
i. Secretary of state extended the Chinese Exclusion Act
c. Dawes Act of 1887 was legislation that provided Indian land to individual members of tribes in an attempt to raise Indians from poverty
and assimilate them into white society, it ultimately weakened tribal govts.
C. Major Decisions
a. Cleveland used his veto powers often, vetoing hundreds of private pension bills, a bill providing pension to disabled, and a bill providing
money to Texan
farmers after a drought
b. Avid supporter of gold standard, failed trying to reduce amount of silver bought by govt in the Bland-Allison Act
III. Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)
A. Republican and grandson of 9
th
president, William Henry Harrison
a. Dependent and Disability Pension Act - pensions to disabled war vets but depleted fed budget surplus, raising pension expenditures to
$135 million, largest expenditure of this kind in history
b. Congress passed Sherman Antitrust Act which prohibited certain business activities that were deemed monopolistic
C. Major Decisions
a. Passed Sherman Silver Purchase Act to appease silverites, but all it did was deplete the nations gold supply
b. Baltimore Crisis occurred in Chile
i. 2 sailors from USS Baltimore were killed off coast of Chile, war was nearly declared, but Harrison threatened to break off diplomatic relations w/
Chile unless they formally apologized, helped America avoid a war
IV. Grover Cleveland (2nd Term: 1893-1897)
A. 2
nd
term for Democrat Cleveland
a. Tried to reverse effects of McKinley Tarriff w/ Wilson-Gordon Tariff Act which lowered tariffs
C. Major Decisions
a. Panic of 1893 largely caused by Sherman Silver Purchase Act made Cleveland repeal the act, setback for silverites
b. Campaigned against the Force Bill, which would strengthen enforcement of voting rights for Blacks
c. Pullman Strike 125,000 workers on strike, Cleveland sent troops to defuse strikes, lost a lot of American support
V. William McKinley (1897-1901)
A. Party/Politics
- McKinley ran as Republican candidate and defeated Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan
- Open Door Policyput into place in 1899 under McKinley--policy under which any nation could have equal trading opportunities in China
- McKinley agreed to the formal annexation of Hawaii into the United States as a territory in 1900
B. Spanish-American War and the Imperialist Republic
-McKinley possessed a much firmer stance on the atrocities in Cuba than Cleveland had, however still advocated for peace
-McKinley claimed to be against the U.S. becoming an empire he chose to assume control over Puerto Rico and the Philippines after victory
- Platt Amendment(1901): congress granted themselves the right to interfere in Cuba whenever need be
VI. Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909)
A. Party/Politics
- TR assumed the presidency in 1901 after the assassination of McKinley; member of republican party
B. Foreign Policy
- Big Stick Policy: TRs philosophy on foreign affairs, speak softly, but carry a big stick
- In 1903 TR helped stage a rebellion in Panama and established a good relationship with new gov. >led to>Panama Canal
-Roosevelt Corollary asserted Americas right to intervene in Latin American affairs, it was added to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904
C. Conservation and TRs Square Deal
- Newlands Act(1902) provided funds to the western U.S.to build damns, canals and resevoirs; TR also added to weak national park system
- Hepburn Act(1906) gave regulatory authority back to government regarding railroads
- Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act(1906) provided standards to the quality of food being sold to consumers
VII. William Taft (1909-1913)
A. Party/Politics
-Taft was ushered into presidency by TR; ended up not being able to please both progressive and conservative republicans
B. Policies/Decisions
- Dollar Diplomacy was the policy of making countries dependent on U.S. by investing in their economies
- Payne-Aldrich Tariff(1909) was heavily scrutinized by progressives for its passivity, tariff had no real effect on tariff rates
VIII. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
A. Party/Politics
-Represented the progressive democratic platform; destruction of trusts

B. New Freedom
- Federal Reserve Act(1913) provided easier way for gov to monitor money around nation, still around today
-Wilson passed a series of Child Labor laws such as the Keating Owen Act (1916)
-Wilson's foreign policy consisted of Moral Diplomacy= condemning imperialism, spreading democracy and promoting peace
C. WWI and Wilsons New World Order
-Wilson implemented the Selective Service Act or the draft upon U.S. entrance into the war
-War Industries Board was created to help manage economy during war
-Wilson enacted oppressive laws such as the Espionage Act(1917) and Sedition Act(1918) making it illegal to speak out against gov
-Wilsons Fourteen Points and League of Nations were created to prevent war and settle disputes peacefully
IX. Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)
A. Republican Senator from Ohio; known for his simplicity
B. Major Decisions
a. Economic policy: govt linked to and influenced directly by big businesses
b. Relaxed rules Allowed Sec. of Treas. Mellon to reduce tax rates for rich, raise tariffs, ignore antitrust regulations
C. Teapot Dome Scandal: Shows extent of corruption within Cabinet
a. Sec. Interior Albert Fall illegally leased Teapot Dome Oil Reserves (Wyoming) for $300,000 from Mammoth Oil Co.
D. Programs/Legislature
a. Signed Sheppard-Towner Act: First Federally funded Maternity and Child Welfare Act
b. Washington Naval Conference- First major disarmament involving Major World Powers (not including Soviet Union)
X. Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)
A. More Honest than Predecessor, but ultimately too passive in policies
B. Programs/Legislature/Major Decisions
a. Conservative Fiscal Policies: Continued Mellons advice from Hardings era
b. Kellogg-Briand Pact: U.S. and other Major World Powers promised to avoid war and settle disputes peacefully
XI. Hoover (1929-1933)
A. Rugged Individualism- The Quixotic Believer in Private Charity; Rejected Federal Aid Programs towards Poor
a. Blamed The Great Depression on lack of Confidence- urged people to help themselves through private charity
b. Created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to provide emergency loans to failing businesses and banks
c. Hawley-Smoot Tariff- attempted to raise duties on imported manufactured/agricultural goods didnt work
C. Major Decisions
a. Tried to help farmers: Agricultural Marketing Act (AMA)- created Federal Farm Board to lend agricultural cooperatives (money) to buy surplus
goods from farmers- stopped working when funds depleted and prices went down
XII. Franklin D. Roosevelt
A. The Man With A Successful Plan to save the Economy
B. Programs/Legislature - In Two New Deals
a. Believed in Relief-Recovery-Reform to save the burdened economy
b. Emergency Banking Relief Act: Allowed banks to reopen and be closely regulated by the Sec. of Treasury
c. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)- created jobs for unemployed men (ages 18-25) to work on conservation projects
d. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)- promoted cheap energy/electricity by building dams (hydroelectricity)
e. Agricultural Adjustment Act- in response to failed AMA- paid farmers to not farm- worked to raise prices of goods
f. Works Projects Administration- Federally funded public projects for unemployed
C. Major Decisions
a. Created the SEC to regulate the Stock Market and prevent another Great Depression
b. Created Social Security to provide payments for workers over the age of 65
c. Supported labor unions; Wagner Labor Relations Act protected workers from unfair business practices

26. Presidents Truman thru Clinton (their party/program/major decisions) by Jenna Bendinelli and Stephanie Zhou
I. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) Democrat
A. Programs
Fair Deal- extension of New Deal, civil rights, fed aid to edu, repeal Taft-Hartley, expand social security, permanent Fair
Employment Practices Act, housing projects, min wage up, etc. most prevented by congress
Atomic Energy Commission- 1946 civilian control nuclear development, pres. only have authority over use of weapons
Marshall Plan 1947- European Recovery Program, $12 bill. in aid to rebuild Europe
Loyalty Review Board 1947-response to HUAC claiming gov. soft on communism; board review gov. employees
Housing Act 1949- build low-income housing & rent subsidies
B. Major Decisions
Decided to drop the atomic bomb twice in 1945 on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Veto renewal of Office of Price Administration; inflation rise forced him to sign it
Truman Doctrine-Ask congress for &400 mill. to help Greece and Turkey, support free ppl. who resist communist domination
1950 Korean War: Commit troops to S. Korea to prevent spread communism, 51 removed MacArthur for criticizing the Gov.
1948- executive order to Integrate the armed forces
II. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) Republican
A. Programs
Conservative: want balance budget, lower taxes, abolish Reconstr. Finance Corp., end wage & price controls, reduce farm support
Interstate Highway System 1956- fed finance building roads
Civil Rights Act of 1960- less reform than proposed; fed court pwr register black voters
B. Major Decisions
against personal opinion sent National Guard to Little Rock in 1957 to integrate school; desegregate public works
III. John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) Democrat
A. Programs
New Frontier: ambitious domestic social+economic reformsCongress dominated by Rep. and conservative Dem.JFK
couldnt get much legislation passed
1961-Est. Peace Corps to train volunteers to work in 3rd world; Alliance for Progress: aid for development in Latin America
B. Major Decisions
Wanted to overthrow Castros communist govt. in Cuba1961 JFK sent armed Cuban exiles to invade Bay of Pigsfailure and
embarrassment for JFK admin, pushed Castro closer to Soviets
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet missile sites discovered on Cubabrink of nuclear warfinally Soviets agreed to remove
missiles if US promised not to invade Cuba
IV. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) Democrat
A. Programs
1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited segregation in public places, sped up school integration, and banned discrimination of race+sex
in hiring practices
1965 Voting Rights Act provided fed. protection to voting blacks and banned literacy tests
Great Society: social programs for war on poverty: Medicare+Medicaid(1965), Elementary and Secondary Education Act
(65), Immigration Act (65), Model Cities(66)
B. Major Decisions
1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ blank check to escalate US involvement in Vietnamas war drags on LBJ undergoes
heavy criticism
1968 Orders to reduce bombing in Vietnam and decides not to run for reelection
V. Richard Nixon (1969-1974) Republican
A. Programs
New Federalism 1972- 5 yr. plan distribute $30 bill. of fed revenue to states
Dismantle Great Society; Family Assistance Plan 1970- guarantee all families minimum income of $1600, killed in Senate
Nixon Doctrine 1969- help allies with defense and development but leave responsibility to them; Shows declining interest 3rd
world; unhappy w/ influence of 3rd world b/c of their #, support authoritarian regimes w/ standing radicals
Dtente (ease tensions) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) 1972- US & SU agree stop making nuclear ballistic
missiles & reduce anti ballistic missiles
Paris Accords 1973 agreement w/ NV - NV get large parts of SV, release US pow w/in 60 days, once released US remove ALL
troops
War Powers Act 1973- To commit troops 4 more than 90 days need congress approve
B. Major Decisions
Block renewal of Voting Rights Act & delay school desegregation
1969 cut spending & raise taxes, encourage Fed Reserve Board to raise interest rates worsened economy
1970 Pres. pwr regulate prices and wages 90 day price and wage freeze, off gold standard; mandatory guidelines for w&p
controls (not on health care, food, construction); when inflation rise cut back on gov. spending
1972 realpolitik(deal w/ nations practically, instead of based on doctrines) =rapprochement w/ ChinaSupport admitting China
into UN and pursue economic & cultural exchanges

1973 after Arab-Israeli war Arab oil boycott, Nixon have sec. of state Kissinger negotiate w/drawl of Israel from land if Arabs lift
boycott
1974 resign b/c facing impeachment for Watergate
VI. Gerald Ford(1974-1977) Republican
A. Programs
Combat inflation by voluntary restraint, citizens wear buttons Whip Inflation Now (WIN); economy decline ask for tax cuts
and stop social program spending
B. Major Decisions
Pardon Nixon for crimes committed as President
1974 Sign arms control that would be the basis of SALT II
VII. Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) Democrat
A. Programs
1978- Voluntary wage & price guidelines (not apply to oil, housing, food)
1980 Superfund to clean up chemical waste dumps; control over strip mining; protected 100 mill acres of Alaskan wilderness
Camp David Accords 1978- Agreement between Egypt & Israel, Israel return occupied land to Egypt if Egypt recognize them,
fail to agree on Palestinian refugee prob.
Attempt foreign policy defend human rights to replace selfish interests but neglect US ppl
B. Major Decisions
Volcker as chairman of Fed Reserve Board, tighten $ supply to reduce inflation but interest rates go up depress sales of cars &
houses increased unemployment
raise public spending & cut fed taxes, unemployment down but inflation up
1978- treaties to transfer control of Panama Canal to Panama in 1999
Iran hostage situation: rev. in Iran, hate US support of former Shah;1979 when US take in Shah for med. care Iranians invade
embassy & take hostages demanding Shah return for trial, Carter refuse & create trade embargo,+ secret rescue op. failed
Malaise speech 1979- proposals to solve energy crisis, complain crisis of confidence appears to blame probs. on ppl
1979- Criticize SU restrictions on political freedom & reluctance admit Jews & dissidents; SU invade Afghanistan Carter not
support SALT II, boycott 1980 Moscow Olympics
1979- Sign SALT II limiting firearms, US ppl oppose b/c distrust, never reach Senate
VIII. Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) Republican
A. Programs
1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan+1981 abolishment of Solidarity in Polandaggressive approach to USSR called Reagan
Doctrinemassive military buildup+created plan called Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) to defend US from Soviet
Missiles
Also supported anti communist govts, even if undemocratic or dictatorships
Reaganomics: Supply-side economic policies (stimulating corporations, manufacturing firms+banks=economic growth spreads to
everyone)favored big businessasked Congress to ease govt regulation of business
Opposed New Deal type programscut funding of social programs+personal income taxes
Tax cuts+defense spendinggovt lost revenueNat. debt doubles to $2 trillion by 1986problematic since lg debt=lg interest
payments
B. Major Decisions
US backed group called Contras to undermine communist govt in Nicaragua sold weapons to Iran secretly to fund
Contrasdiscovered by public in 1986 and several members of Reagan admin. convicted
IX. George H. W. Bush (1989-1993) Republican
A. Programs
Told public no new taxes but then later raised several taxescriticized+lost support of some conservatives
1990 Americans w/ Disabilities Act- forbade discrimination based on disability in employment, public places, and transportation
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments- aimed to reduce urban smog, curb acid rain, and eliminate industrial emissions of chemicals
B. Major Decisions
1990-Saddam Hussein (Iraq) invades Kuwait to control more oil reservesBush organized UN coalition in Persian Gulf
WarOp. Desert Storm successfully defeated Hussein
1989 Overthrew Manuel Noriega, dictator of Panama
X. Bill Clinton (1993-2001) Democrat
A. Programs
1993 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) eliminated trade barriers+tariffs among US, Canada and Mexicopush
towards free trade+globalization
1994 World Trade Organization (WTO) est. to oversee trade agreements and enforce trade rules
B. Major Decisions
1995 Ended military rule in Haiti and restored democratic leader Aristide to power
Shifted administration of welfare from fed to state level shocked many liberal Dem.
Serbian forces tried to gain control of areas of Bosnia1994 NATO forces led by US initiated air strikes1995 peace treaty called Dayton
Agreement signed

27. African American Civil Rights (1865-1925) movements/laws/cases
Dominik Antosz, Darron Wallace, Joe Sartorio
DQ#27: African American Civil Rights (1865-1925)
I. Reconstruction in the South (1865)
A. Freedom for Ex-Slaves
1. Emancipation Proclamation(January 1, 1863) signed, all slaves freed, all blacks freed Blacks unfamiliar with new freedom
2. Conflicting beliefs as to how to acquire freedom Redistribution of economic resources (especially land) VS. desire for legal equality
3. Unanimous desire to separate from white society
4. Government instituted Freedmens Bureau (1865) provided food for millions of former slaves, established schools, made efforts to settle
blacks on land of their own, however, only had authority to operate for one year
B. Struggle for Citizenship
1. Black Codes ( 1865/1866) implemented in the South to give whites substantial control over blacks southern whites allowed to apprehend
unemployed blacks, fine them for vagrancy, hire them out to satisfy employers some forbade blacks to own or lease farms or take any jobs othe
than domestic servants or plantation workers These
were eventually vetoed
2. 14th Amendment(1866)- first amendment to define American citizenship; guaranteed blacks citizenship and all adult males the right to vote
led to many bloody race riots throughout Southern cities
3. 15th Amendment (1870)- This amendment forbade state and federal government from denying suffrage to any citizen based on race, color, or
previous condition of servitude Blacks now had freedom to vote without restriction of rights for first time in American history
4. Segregated Schools were implemented in the south to separate white and black schools Freedmens Bureau had schools open to both races,
but few whites attended The one federal effort made to mandate school integration was the Civil Rights Act of 1875 however, its provisions
were removed before the act was passed, eventually integration was abandoned altogether
5. Landownership and Tenancy: although the Freedmens Bureau at first had some mild success with settling freedmen onto land of their own, it
quickly began to collapse b/c of the insistence of returning white farmers to reclaim their land many blacks eventually turned to tenancy, or
sharecropping, as a means of owning (or at least working on) their own land(more symbolic land ownership than anything)
6. African American income per capita rose during the Reconstruction era, about 46%, while the average income for white southerners declined by
35% created a new distribution of wealth
- not only did their income rise, but blacks also worked shorter hours than during slavery, similar to the hours of
whites during the time
7. The beginning of the KKK or the Klu Klux Klan(1866) marked the beginning of a string of years of blatant attacks on blacks in the US
Terrorized black communities throughout the south, contributed to the already limited restriction of black rights in the south
Gov. began implementing the Enforcement Acts(1870 and 1871) which prohibited states from discriminating against voters on the basis of race and
gave the federal government power to supersede the state courts and prosecute violations of the law
8. Booker T. Washington during Reconstruction, and a time where blacks were rising out of poverty into a new middle class, advocated largely for a stronger
commitment to black education He believed blacks should strive to work their way out of poverty through education, they should improve their overall
appearance, habits, and prove that they are ready for the same rights and privileges as whites through these new efforts (self-Improvement)
wrote the Atlanta Compromise(1895) where he advocated for blacks to advance in society through labor and education, all the while promising to
the whites that segregation would not be challenged
9. Also restrictive to black civil rights were the Jim Crow Laws increased mass segregation of public works like theaters, restaurants, railroads, hotels etc.
Lynching was a method of punishment used mainly as a threat to blacks in the south
Plessy v Ferguson(1896) stated separate but equal, meaning that if blacks were forced to use separate accommodations that are in equal
condition, it is not depriving blacks rights
Cumming v County Board of Education(1899)--> ruled that segregated schools were valid, even though black schools were not comparable to those
for whites
10. Overall, despite some important gains for blacks like citizenship and freedom, Reconstruction was a failure b/c it was unable to overcome the major issue of
race and prejudice in the country, and in turn actually embittered most people so much that it wouldn't be for another century until any major attempts for Civil
Rights were made
II. Blacks in the 1900s
A. African Americans and Progressive Reform
1. With the growing challenge to Booker T. Washingtons belief of put down your bucket where you are, to work for immediate social change rather than
change over time, came the rise of W.E.B. Du Bois prominent black man, unfamiliar with slavery, and leader of the early twentieth century civil rights
movement
Du Bois believed that all talented blacks should strive for nothing less than full university education, aspire to the professions, and that blacks should
fight for their rights immediately rather than waiting for them to be granted as a result of striving
(1909) Du Bois and other black rights supporters founded the NAACP which would become the driving force for equal rights in the ensuing years
mostly tried to achieve victories in the courts and did so early
Guinn v. United States (1915) Supreme Court supported their position that the grandfather clause in an Oklahoma law was unconstitutional
In Buchanan v. Worley(1917) the court struck down a Louisville, Kentucky, law requiring residential segregation and would continue to ease
segregation and disenfranchisement all over the country significantly
The NAACP after Washingtons death in 1915, would become the leading black rights organization, and would rely on elite blacks or the talented
tenth to benefit their cause, because of their education.
B. African Americans and WWI
1. over 400,000 blacks served in WWI, and returned from the war along with all the other soldiers as proud patriots, despite the fact that they
often had to perform menial jobs and fought in segregated forces
2. due to their service, they believed that they deserved more rights as equal citizens; when met with indifference and resistance from the white
society, changed the black attitude to a more expectant attitude
3. race riots and violence skyrocketed during 1919(namely the Chicago Race Riots) b/c of clashing ideas of the whites and blacks led to many
blacks migrating to Northern cities in search for better working conditions/rights and safety from Southern violence and oppression
4. many blacks were laid off as whites returned to industrial jobs from the war and many black veterans and southern blacks that migrated to the

North found little work and similar (although less radical and violence) racial prejudice and segregation
5. Black Nationalism rose greatly at this time, led by Marcus Garvey, a black Jamaican, who advocated for blacks to reject white assimilation
and embrace their heritage and culture
Garvey created the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which created many black-owned grocery store chains and pushed for an
increase in black businesses; he also even began to urge blacks to return to Africa to start new society
although even after being deported back to Jamaica for fraud, the idea of black nationalism and pride remained very popular amongst the black
community
6. Harlem Renaissance- Cultural movement that spanned the 1920s An area that was known mostly as a white suburb, now a hotbed for African American
communities
Nicknamed The New Negro Movement after the collection of writings by Alain Locke, published in 1925- was able to help other writers of the
time to get recognized
Fueled largely by the Great Migration- concentrating many of whom became some of the most influential leaders, writers, musicians, and artists of
the HR
New flourishing African American culture led by musicians, poets, and artists that centered around nightlife, clubs, theatre, and literature
This was a time where blacks were focusing on pride and embracing their heritage Much of the literature of the time emphasized a sense of black
pride and respect
Art
Aaron Douglas- most prominent HR artist
commissioned to paint murals for Universities and on public buildings
Weary As I Can Be- published in conjunction with Langston Hughes poem Lonesome Place
Literature
Langston Hughes- HR poet- I am a Negro- and beautiful.
like many HR writers, wrote in a unique style to capture his perception of the HR
Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, and others- wrote in more conventional writing style
Focused on culture, but writers, most prominently Claude McKay, incorporated radical politics into his writing.
Music
Progression of Jazz music- African Americans identified themselves through Jazz; whites were said to have used it simply for
entertainment
Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, Fletcher Henderson- famous musicians from the HR
The movement may not have affected many of those in the area at the time but became the root of the basis of black culture for many years afterward
Helped identity and advance African American art and culture, but more importantly, brought the products of the culture to the attention to the entire
society (whites and blacks)

28. African American Civil Rights (1926-2002) movements/laws/cases

NO #28 was assigned.

29. U.S. slow escalation in Vietnam (1954-1975) Susan Liu, Emily Ma, and Amy Zhang
I. Background
A. Vietnams History
Already been invaded 4 times (China, France, Japan, France), US = 5th invader
First French Indochina War (1946-1954): America ignored Ho Chi Minhs letters + supported the French against the
Vietminh (nationalist) rebels
US wanted to maintain economic stability in W. Europe, provided military + economic aid
Did not save French at Dien Bien Phu French fled and war ends
Geneva Conference split Vietnam into North and South at the 17th parallel
Vietminh ruled North, stable + homogeneous but poor society that wanted to reunite
The South under Bao Dai was highly factionalized, sympathetic to Western values, and prosperous
Geneva Accords: North Vietnam withdraw troops from South Vietnam and 1956 elections to reunite country
B. Ngo Dinh Diem
Nationalist Catholic leader of the South who extinguished dissent to the government
1956- Suspended democratic elections with support from America b/c he would lose
Persecution of the Vietminh in South creation of National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)
Relations with American gov increased US involvement in Vietnam
C. General Causes of the Vietnam War
Firm Cold War foreign policy (Eisenhowers Containment Doctrine, NSC 68) + economic support to stop communism
(Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, NSC 68)
Willingness for military/CIA intervention (eg. Korean War, Guatemala, Iran, Bay of Pigs)
Baby boomers in college protesting highlights the counterculture/anti-war movement
President LBJ (Dem) had to prove not soft on communism
90% homes had TV liberal reporters and news station fueled anti-war sentiment by broadcasting protests
Ho Chi Minh and his people = highly nationalistic seasoned warriors who are fighting with passion
II. Eisenhower (1953-1961)
A. Domino Theory
After French defeated in Vietnam, Eisenhower couldnt risk having Communists take over South Vietnam
Fall of South Vietnam would inevitably lead to Communist expansion into rest of Southeast Asia
B. Aid to South Vietnam
Didnt agree with the terms of Geneva Conference and effectively removed US from Vietnam
Created Southeast Asia Treaty Organization to prevent communism from taking over SV
Provided economic and military aid to SV, entangling the US in SEA affairs once again
Diem created Army of the Republic of Vietnam ARVN + Vietnamese Air Force VNAF which US funded/armed
1955- Dispatched American soldiers as military aid and eventually increased to 900 men
1957 - Started the Green Beret forces to train South Vietnamese soldiers
III. Kennedy (1961-1963)
A. Build Up
Adopted Eisenhowers Domino Theory regarding the spread of Communism
Established Military Assistance command of Vietnam (MACV 1962): military aid to SV regime + increased number of
military advisors to train SV army
Role was to support, not combat (provide training + supplies), did not send formal troops
By end of 1962, sent 12,000 military troops/advisors + 300 helicopters but told to avoid combat
Major failure because weapons sent to MACV ended up in hands of Viet Cong
Aborted 1963 plan to withdraw US military aids from Vietnam but didnt want to risk Southeast Asia
SV peasants forced to relocate into strategic hamlets to let US protect the peasants
Run like labor camps fueled peasants hatred causing them to defect to Viet Cong side
Media present to document progress increasingly critical of US policy turning public opinion
B. Political Involvement
Buddhist Crisis (bad media publicity) + relationship between America and Diem faltered = Kennedy approved SV
movement for the coup (although he did not authorize assassination)
Two weeks after Kennedy assassinated, Diem overthrown and killed by SV generals
Decision allowing assassination of Diem showed US in control of SV
IV. Johnson (1963-1969)
A. Anticommunist Sentiment
After death + martyrdom of Kennedy, LBJ was determined to create a hardened image for himself
Surrounded himself w/ hawk cabinet+important figures under Kennedy (eg. Sec State Dean Rusk, Sec Defense
Robert McNamara, National Security McGeorge Bundy)
LBJ sent 5,000 military advisors to Vietnam and prepared to send 5,000 more
1965 - US helps to set up the corrupt but stable gov under Nguyen Von Thieu
B. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Aug 1964)
North Vietnam torpedo boats allegedly fired on US warships in Gulf of Tonkin
Persuaded Congress that aggressive act was sufficient for military response by US

Blank check to take all necessary measures in Viet. + prevent further aggression in SE Asia
Debate over legitimacy of attack and questioning if attack was entirely unprovoked
D. Escalating the War
Viet Cong attacked US base at Pleiku Feb 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder: air attack against targets in NV to destroy
depots and transportation lines until 1972
March 1965: Two battalions of marines land at Da Nang SV 100,000 US troops in Vietnam
By the end of 1965, American troops/personnel > 180,000. By 1967 forces grew to > 500,000
Used search-and-destroy tactics, hoping to win war of attrition + alienated peasants/inhabitants of the region
Strategy fails b/c NV had more committed in providing soldiers + US reluctant to send more
US relied on bombing to deter communists production and morale, but only increased resolve
NV had few targets against which bombing was effective, created underground tunnels, shops, factories, and secured
aid from USSR and China
Tonnage of bombs dropped on NV > all theaters in WWII
Attempted pacification to push Viet Cong out and win the hearts and minds of the people
American forces had difficult at establishing relationships with provincial Vietnamese
E. The War at Home
War dragged on and became futile declining political support
1965: teach-ins at universities provoke national debate +peace marches on NY, DC
Pacifist organizations protest (eg. American Friends Service Committee, Womens International League for
Peace and Freedom)
Popular culture also reflected dislike of Vietnam War
Musicians actively opposed through songs, reporters/TV revealed brutality and futility
Political (Fulbright, Kennedy) + military (Kennan, Gavin) figures give opposition respectability
The My Lai Massacre (1968) of 350+ civilians disillusioned soldiers + showed the horrors of war
1971- Lieutenant William Calley convicted of murder
McNamara became disillusioned, resigned 1968 Clifford follows and pushes to scale down
Johnson fails to keep promise of guns and butter
Inflation 6% 1969 from 2% 10% tax increase cut $6 billion from Great Society funding
F. Tet Offensive (1968)
On Vietnam Lunar New Year, Viet Cong launched surprise attack on American bases
Vicious destruction publicized on TV = colossal setback for Johnsons Vietnam policy
US managed to recover lost territory and inflict heavier losses on Viet Cong but support was lost
Public opposition to war almost doubles, Johnsons popularity rating dropped to 35%
G. Peace Talks
Claimed limiting bombing of NV/Peace Negotiations but Joint Chiefs of Staffs still requested 200,000+ troops
1968 peace talks between NV, SV, and US start in Paris, but ended in deadlock
V. Nixon (1969-1974)
A. Claims and Goals
1968 election - claimed he had a secret plan to exit Vietnam with peace and honor, but actually expanded war
geographically and blood-wise
Attempted to limit domestic opposition implemented a lottery to facilitate more fair drafts
Urged creation of all-volunteer army, Selective Service Systems almost extinct
B. Expansion and Continued Involvement
Relentless yet secret bombing of Cambodia/Laos to eliminate Ho Chi Minh Trail of supplies
Caused domestic uproar (especially colleges) + caused Kent State Shooting
Angry Congress repeals Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Pentagon Papers release 1971 showing governments dishonesty (protecting prestige rather than SV)
Operation Menu - Nixon secretly approved bombing of Cambodia w/ allied Khmer Rouge
Helped the SV ARVN through the massive PAVN Easter Offensive
Operation Linebacker II (1972) aka Christmas Bombings was meant to largely destroy NV cities
C. Vietnamization
Policy to allow SV soldiers to fight their own war while calling troops back home (540,000 60,000)
Doomed to fail b/c SV fight against NV failed in 1960s and SV required American support
D. End of the War
Thieu, Kissinger and Tho signed the Paris Peace Accords in 1973 to end combat in Vietnam
Nixon removes all American troops by March of 1973
By April of 1975 all American peace personnel is withdrawn but Saigon Falls to NV on April 30th

30. 1960s why it was a pivotal decade (Vietnam War, youth, women, African-Americans, media)
Brodie Marshall, Ben Eckardt, Joe Morrissey
I. Vietnam Conflict
A. Second Indochina War
1960-The National Liberation Front, or Vietcong began military operations in the south

Vietcong successful in destabilizing the Ngo Dinh Diem regime and in gaining control over large areas on the
south.
Diem losing popularity following attempt to repress Vietnamese Buddhists
American public shown the inhumane treatment of the Buddhists by media presence in Vietnam=>
embarrassing for US to support Diem- w/ Kennedys support, Diem overthrown
LBJ increased American presence in Vietnam after taking office following JFKs assassination
1964- LBJ announces US destroyers on Patrol in Gulf of Tonkin attacked by North Vietnam=> leads to Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution: authorized LBJ to take all necessary measures to protect American forces and prevent
further North Vietnamese aggression
By 1965, 100,000 American soldiers in Vietnam
Strategy of Attrition- inflict as much damage and as many casualties on the enemy that they will lose their will
and ability to fight
Ho Chi Minh Trail was easily moved and was virtually unaffected by bombings
Bombings actually increased Vietnamese resolve as it strengthened their hatred of US
Pacification Program- push Vietcong out of a village and then win the hearts and minds of the townspeople=>
low priority and eventually gave way to relocation of townspeople to refugee camps
Tet Offensive-Jan 31 1968- communist forces launched a huge attack on American strongholds, capturing whole
cities
Americans witnessed the horrors on television=> major drop in public support
Nixon and Kissingers plan for withdrawal: Vietnamization- training and equipping the South Vietnamese
military to take the place of American soldiers
1969: Nixon reduces American ground troops to 60,000 - US completely out of Vietnam by 1975
B. Opposition to War
College students led the fight against the war and its unnecessary destruction - large peace marches
Senator Fulbright of AK turned against the war and began to hold publicized hearings to criticize it
Many other influential congressmen followed and joined the opposition
Walter Cronkite- CBS anchor who announced his opposition from war causing more disapproval
C. Impact of War
Politically damaging to many pro-war politicians (Johnson especially)
Showed power of anti-war movement and how media influences nation on controversial topics
First unsuccesful war for US - damaged reputation and now nation less willing to go to war
II. Challenges by Youth
A. Port Huron
1962 students formed Students for a Democratic Society to express their discontent with society through Port
Huron statement
B. Counterculture
Hippies challenged traditional middle class values=> rebelled with drugs and sex
C. Free Speech Movement
College students fought their universities against their corrupt/immoral policies
Started at Berkeley and spread across nation to other universities
Students striked, seized administration offices, rioted
D. Involvement in other movements
Youth was often white middle-class college students (many were baby boomers)
Actively involved in Civil Rights, anti-vietnam protests, gay liberation, environmentalism, feminism
III. Civil Rights and Minority Movements
A. Expansion of Civil Rights Movement
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- coalition of college students who staged protests such as sit-ins
and other peaceful protests
Freedom Riders- traveled all over south attempting to desegregate buses
Martin Luther King Jr. leads protests in Birmingham as it is one of the most segregated cities
King composes Letters From A Birmingham Jail to further cause
King delivers I have a dream speech during the 1963 March on Washington
seen as a pivotal moment in Civil Rights Movement
TV showed police brutality against peaceful protests thus portraying african americans as victims
B. Progress of Civil Rights
Federal government becomes much more strict in enforcing educational equality
1964 Civil Rights Act- outlawed discrimination

1965 Voting Rights Act- provided federal protection to blacks practicing their right to vote
C. Limitations
De Jure Segregation- segregation by law, practiced in the south - still occurring by local govs
De Facto Segregation- segregation in practice such as in hiring and education, practiced in urban North
Violent movements such as the Black Power movement detracted from successful peaceful protests
D. Native American rights
1963: gov begins termination policy against tribes in an attempt to completely assimilate native Americans
American Indian Movement was established in 1968 to promote unity and civil rights for Indians
1968: Indian Civil Rights Act passed ensuring Indians protections and tribal legitimacy
E. Latino Activism
Derogatory term of Chicano becomes embraced as title for latino civil rights movement advocates
Cesar Chavez, a Chicano farmer in California, organizes and united Latin American farm workers in the United
Farm Workers (UFW)
When employers refuse to acknowledge strike, Chavez calls for the backing of young activist groups to organize
a national boycott
UFW eventually acknowledged meaning a victory for Latin American Civil Rights
IV. Feminism
A. Influences
Women part of other movements such as civil rights - inspired women to start fighting for their own rights =>
feminism gained strength in mid 60s.
B. Leaders and Organizations
Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique (1963) helped start movement
Friedan and others created National Organization for Women (NOW) - became largest feminist organization
Feminists newspapers, bars and bookstores opened
C. Successes of Feminism
Equal Pay Act (1963) - women must be paid equally in workforce
Many all-male universities switched and accepted women
Women holding jobs was more accepted - 9/10 women with college degrees worked
Women holding corporate and political jobs increased
D. Limited progress
Equal Rights Amendment never passed
Still not complete equality in terms of pay, job/education opportunity
V. Liberal State
A. John F. Kennedys New Frontier (1961-1963)
Domestic reforms to end poverty, unemployment and other goals (expand knowledge of space, science,
engineering, civil rights) - using large active government
B. Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society (1963-1969)
Continuation of New Frontier - declared war on poverty and immigration reforms, educational reforms
C. Progress by liberal presidents
New jobs created, poverty dropped, civil rights legislation passed, Medicare and Medicaid, housing and urban
development reforms, immigration reforms
D. Problems and disillusionment
Some social programs created were ineffective and costly, poverty did not end
Nation focused too much on Vietnam to have full support of these programs
Nations deficit had risen dramatically - created disillusionment with all of the social programs

31. Territorial Acquisitions (continental and abroad) 1700s-1860
Philip Du, Matt Bumstead, Matt Shnaidman
I. Early America
A. Treaty of Paris of 1783
1. Recognized American sovereignty-MS River to Atlantic- Great Lakes to Spanish FL- Borders near Maine
& Mississippi were vague
2. Between US and Great Britain-ended American Rev.
II. Louisiana Purchase(1803)
A. Acquisition
1. Spanish revoked the US citizens privilege of using new orleans-Americans needed New Orleans to ship
goods
2. Napoleon abandoned hopes of American Empire-sold Louisiana Territory for 15 mil
3. Jefferson conflicted about purchase because of his strict constitutional interpretation -was ultimately
acquired to fulfill vision of agrarian republic- wanted US to be an Empire of Liberty
B. Impact
1. Doubled size of America- described as greatest real estate deal in history
2. Lewis and Clark expedition- gained foothold in disputed Oregon Territory
3. US gains free passage on Mississippi River/trade access to port of New Orleans-Major trade point
III. British Cession(1818)
A. Acquisition
1. Treaty of 1818 established joint occupancy/settlement between Britain and US in Oregon-Oregon treaty
of 1846 ended joint occupancy
B. Impact
1. Began long term friendly relations with Great Britain
IV. Florida(1810-19)
A. Acquisition
1. US took control of west florida to control New Orleans
2. Napoleonic wars led Spain to cede control of Florida
3. Jackson raised tensions attacking Seminole indians in Florida
4. Adams-Onis Treaty-in exchange for FL, US gave up claims to Nor.Mexico (Texas)- Redefined border of
Louisiana territory with mexico
B. Impact
1. Monroe Doctrine(1823)- American continent is no longer open to European colonization
2. Indian Removal Act-move Native Americans to Federal territory west of Mississippi-increase of
settlement in acquired territory-needed more land
V. Texas Annexation(1845)
A. Acquisition
1. (1821) Mex. Gov opened Texas for settlement by Americans- low land prices
2. (1830) 90% of Texans were Anglo American- Friction developed,Mex Gov announced no slaves could be
in Mex. and American were no longer welcome to settle
3. Texans rebelled and declared their independence in 1836- Revolution lasted 2 months
4. Pres. Jackson resisted annexation- feared the slave/free state debate
5. Pres. Tyler Later Annexed the state shortly before departing from office
B. Impact
1. The Texas Annexation angered Mexico- soon led to Mexican American War
2. Issue of slavery caused controversy over annexation
3. Manifest Destiny- America had a god given blessing to extend the country- Continuation of Jeffersons
Empire of Liberty
VI. Oregon Country(1846)
A. Acquisition
1. Dem. Campaign Slogan Fifty-four forty or fight- Some willing to go to war for entire territory
2. Despite belligerent slogan, Polk proposed to comprise for the 49th parallel- British accepted and avoided
war
B. Impact
1. A new generation excited to expand, settle, and explore the new land
VII. Mexican cession(1848)

A. Acquisition
1. Mexican-American War(1846-1848)-devastating victory for US-caused by US annexation of Texas-
controversial war-issue of slavery
2. California revolted during war- created Bear flag republic under US protection
3. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-US gains New Mexico(contained many modern states) and California,
accepted Rio Grande as New border in exchange for $15 million
B. Impact
1. Mexico accepts loss of Texas & Rio Grande as new border
2. Issue of slavery in new territories=Compromise of 1850
3. Achieved goal of Manifest Destiny-used to justify war
VIII. Gadsden Purchase(1853)
A. Acquisition
1. Small strip of land in Arizona & New Mexico purchased for $10 million
B. Impact
1. Wanted to build Southern Transcontinental Railroad-slavery debate stopped this
2. Established modern Continental American borders
IX. Abroad
A. Guano Islands Act
1. 100s of islands in Pacific Ocean that had large deposits of Guano-claimed by US if not occupied by other
govs.
2. Established US miscellaneous Pacific Islands

32. Territorial Acquisitions (Continental and Abroad) 1861 Onward
Huaichen Chu and Michael Reininger
I. Territorial Acquisitions (1861-Present)
A. Midway Island (1867)
Atoll was sighted on July 5, 1859 by Captain N.C. Middlebrooks claimed the islands under Guano Islands
Act of 1856 (allows Americans to occupy uninhabited islands temporarily to obtain guano)

Captain William Reynolds formally took possession of islands on August 28, 1867
Attempts were made in 1871 to est. a mid-ocean coaling station to avoid high taxes imposed @ ports controlled
by Hawaiians
B. Alaska (1867)
Known as the Alaska Purchase, U.S brought land from Russian Empire for $7.2 million (= $121 million in
present day value)
Vital refueling station for ships w/ Asia and good source of oil
C. Hawaii (1898)
Business leaders overthrew Queen Lili'uokalani of the Kingdom of Hawaii, but President Cleveland refused
annexation, so it became an independent republic
There was a need for advanced naval bases to fend off Japanese ambitions
D. Cuba (1898)
President Pierce attempted to purchase Cuba from Spain w/ Ostend Manifesto (1854), not successful until the
1898 Treaty of Paris (where Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba to U.S after losing Spanish-
American War)
Teller Amendment (April 20, 1898) enacted in response to President McKinleys War Message Cuba
cannot be annexed and is expected to gain independence eventually
E. Puerto Rico (1898)
Incorporated as U.S territory after Span-Amer War
F. Guam (1898)
Became part of U.S territory after Span-Amer War
G. The Philippines (1898)
Spain ceded control of the Philippines over to U.S w/ Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)
H. Wake Island (1899)
A coral atoll, Wake Islands are an unorganized and unincorporated territory of the US
I. American Samoa (1899)
Before the Second Samoan Civil War, the nations of Germany, US, and Britain colonized the Samoan Islands,
however, after the dispute was settled (per the Treaty of Berlin, 1899), the US took control of the islands as
American Samoa
As of June 7, 1900, the islands of Tutuila, Aunuu, Manua, and Swains have been ceded to the US
J. Panama Canal Zone (1903)
Shortly before the US became involved in the construction of the Panama Canal (1904), the Republic of Panama
transferred control of the unorganized territory surrounding the construction site to America.
K. Virgin Islands (1917)
US purchased US Virgin Islands (formerly Danish colonies of St. John, St. Croix, and St. Thomas) because of
fears of seizure of the islands during WWI (submarine bases).
L. Mexican Border (1970)
Mexico ceded 823 acres to US in order for construction of flood control channels (intended purpose was to clarify
any remaining border disputes)
M. Northern Mariana Islands (1978)
After Japans defeat in WWII, US took responsibility for NM Islands political and defense affairs (although it
has no presence in the Senate, it does have a delegate in the House committee)
II. Territory Aftermaths
A. Midway Island (1867)
Battle of Midway (June 4-6, 1942) took place here and marked the turning point in the Pacific Theater of WWII
(US Navy defeated the Japanese Imperial Fleet and stopped the expansion of their empire)
B. Alaska (1867)
Eventually made its way to becoming an organized territory on May 11,1912 and then, the 49th state of the U.S
on January 3, 1959
C. Hawaii (1898)

President McKinley later grant annexation of Hawaii as the 50th state of the U.S
Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) unites the American people against a common enemy (Japan)
President Roosevelt is able to bring US into WWII and start stimulating economy to stop Great Depression
D. Cuba (1898)
Cuba gained formal independence on May 20, 1902
Platt Amendment (1901) allowed U.S to have right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances
and foreign relations (renounced by FDR w/ Good Neighbor Policy) also allowed Cuba to lease the naval
base @ Guantnamo Bay to U.S (not renounced)
Fidel Castro came to power in 1959 during Cold War and became friendlier w/ Soviet Union President
Kennedy allowed Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) = FAIL Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) between U.S and Soviet
Union
E. Puerto Rico (1898)
Jones-Shafroth Act (1917) granted all inhabitants of Puerto Rico American citizenship
Local constitution approved by Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952 ratified by Congress
approved by President Truman on July 3, 1952 proclaimed by Governor Muoz Marn on July 25, 1952
F. Guam (1898)
Settlement increased during WWII showed strategic value of island military base
Indigenous Chamorros make 37% of Guam pop. (rest include Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Micronesians,
Vietnamese, Indians) island is 100% Americanized
G. The Philippines (1898)
Philippine Revolution against Spain started in April 1896 Span-Amer War spread to Philippines on May 1,
1898 (Commodore George Dewey defeated Spanish fleet @ Battle of Manila Bay) Philippine
revolutionaries declared independence on June 12, 1898
Philippine revolutionaries declared war on U.S. on June 2, 1899 b/c they did not accept U.S recolonization
President Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered in 1901
Japan took control of the Philippines during WWII, so Philippines did not gain independence until 1946
H. Wake Island (1899)
The current population of Wake Island is 150 inhabitants on its 2.85 square miles of land
Most activity on the island is restricted because the US Army and US Air Force operate on the island (Today, it
also has a Wake Island Airfield, which is operated by the US Air Force)
I. American Samoa (1899)
The islands have been mostly used for American naval bases and stops for ships
J. Panama Canal Zone (1903)
In 1999, Panama regained full control over the Panama Canal
K. Virgin Islands (1917)
On March 31, 1917, US took official control of the island and on January 17, 1917, islands renamed to US Virgin
Islands (US citizenship granted to all inhabitants of the islands in 1927)
L. Mexican Border (1970)
Settled pending boundary disputes at the Rio Grande border
M. Northern Mariana Islands (1978)
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands joined political union with US in 1978

33. Causes for the Civil War
Morgan Fowlie & Yuan He
I. Westward Expansion
A. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
US controlled vast lands west of Mississippi
B. Manifest Destiny
Belief that US was destined by God to expand westward to the Pacific Oceanincreased support for territorial
expansioncaused fights over existence of slavery in region
C. The Mexican War (1846-1848)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended war
US gained California + New Mexico (w/ present day NV, UT, AZ, parts of CO, WY)
Recognition of Rio Grande as southern boundary of Texas
Emergence of popular sovereignty- settlers in territory decide status of slavery in region
Wilmot Proviso (1846)- prohibition of slavery in lands acquired in Mex. War , never became federal law, but
endorsed by all but one free state govt.
defeated in the Senatedemonstrated strong South opposition
became rallying point for Free Soil Party (antislavery)
Gadsden Purchase (1853) -by Franklin Pierce, transferred Mesilla Valley in NM & AZ to US
II. Economic and Social Tension
A. South: conservative, plantation system dominated society
Invention of the cotton gin (1793) by Eli Whitneyneed more cheap labor, ex. slaves
established King Cotton South
Souths political system dominated by slaveowners
Principle of white supremacy generally accepted by most white southernersmade slavery legitimate
official system of repression ex. slave codes
Strong Southern nationalismresisted change
De Bows Review warned planter class about dangers of depending on North economically
touched upon issues of secession + emphasized Souths economic inequality
B. North: evolving, industrial center of politics
dependent on industryturning raw goods (ex. cotton from South) into finished goods
more radical, liberal + open society in comparison to South
passed unfair taxes to South that forced them to buy goods from North
Tariff of Abominations (1828)-weakened Southern economy
III. Fight between State and Federal Rights
A. Nullification Crisis (1832)
South Carolina nullified tariffs of 1828 & 1832 and threatened to secede if federal govt. tried to collect the taxes
President Jackson believed nullification was treason and dispatched ships to Charleston, SC
Crisis averted when Congress w/ Henry Clay revised tariff with compromise bill
Was act of defiance by south that threatened secession created tension + showed possibility of southern secession
IV. Issues on Slavery Further Polarize the Country
A. Nat Turners Rebellion or Southampton Insurrection(1831)
Turner led a slave rebellion in VA that killed 55-65 people
Created widespread fear among Southern whiteswhite militias + mobs; new racist restrictive laws
enforced notion that slaves were dangerous and not to be trusted
B. The Compromise of 1850
CA applied for admission as free stateproblem b/c would disrupt balance of power b/t free and slaves states in
senate
Provisions included:
Admission of California as free state
Abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia, continued protection of slavery in D.C
Passage of more strict fugitive-slave act
enraged northerners; felt forced into slavery systempersonal liberty laws+ riots
enraged southerners; angered at northern defiance of act
Establishment of territorial govt. in NM and UT w/o immediate decision on status of slavery
Led to dramatic debates b/t Great Triumvirate--Clay, Calhoun + Webster
Eventually taken up by Senator Douglas and successfully passed when broken into its component partshowever
established uneasy, temporary sectional peace
C. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Senator Douglas wanted transcontinental railroad; territory in west needed to be organized as states
Proposed that territory would be divided into Kansas and Nebraska
Their status of slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty
Consequences of Kansas-Nebraska Act:
Repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820heighten sectional tensions

Permitted expansion of slavery beyond southern states
Bleeding Kansas- bloody fight over control of KS, 200 died, pro and anti-slavery forces set up govt.
1856- band of armed border border ruffians attacked free-soil town Lawrence, KS
Retaliationabolitionist John Brown +his gang attacked farms at Pottawatomie Creek
Bleeding Kansas showed tension b/t pro & anti slaveryshowed both sides willing to fight
D. Buchanan and Kansas
Pro-slavery govt in KS drafted Lecompton Constitution + submitted as official document for state for KS
Buchanan=eager to appease South+ backed Lecompton
Douglas=appalled at travesty of pop sovereignty+ opposed Buchanan
KS voters eventually voted against Lecompton+ admitted as free state in 1861
E. Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)
Harriet Beecher Stowe- told story of slave and his cruel mastermade slavery moral issue intensified debate
over slavery and animosity between north and south
F. Sumner-Brooks Incident (1856)
Sumner (MA) denounced slavery+ Butler, Senator from SC in Congress
Brooks(Butlers nephew) entered Senate chamber + beat him until unconscious
North=outraged; South hailed Brooks as herofurther polarization
G. Dred Scott Case (1857)- Dred Scott v. Sanford
Dred Scott-Missouri slave whose master had taken him to Illinois & Wisconsin, where slavery was outlawed, after
master died Scott sued the masters widow and claimed that he should be free
Court ruled (under Chief Justice Taney) b/c Scott was property, not citizen, could not file lawsuit
Court also ruled that Congress had no power to deny person of their slave in territories, meant that Missouri
Compromise was unconstitutional
Created widespread dismay in north+ theories of pro-slavery conspiracy w/in all branches of govt; Southerners
encouraged by ruling
H. John Browns Raids and Violence
Harpers Ferry- Brown following orders from God, hoped to arm slaves on plantations to overthrow institution
of slavery & establish free black state
Oct 1859- Brown+ gang seized arsenal and held off Virginia militia for two days, finally captured, tried for treason,
and hanged
North-Brown hailed by abolitionists as martyr, South-Brown was dangerous psychotic
Southerners formed citizens militias to counteract slave uprisingscreated tension between north & south,
convinced southern war was inevitable
V. Political Issues
A. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Most famous debate at Freeport, IL, where Lincoln challenged to Douglas to defend concept of popular
sovereignty under the Dred Scott decision
Freeport Doctrine-Douglas said that communities would have to pass & enforce laws to protect institution of
slavery for it to exist
B. The Election of 1860
Republicans led by Abraham Lincoln accepted the current status of slavery but opposed further expansion of
slavery into new territory
Split Democratic party-north democrats supported Douglas & popular sovereignty, South democrats supported
Breckenridge & extension of slavery into territories
South democrats warned that they would secede if Lincoln was elected
Constitutional Union Party was formed, John Bell as candidate, hoped to pull votes from Republicans to keep
southern states from seceding
Result: Lincoln won electoral, but not popular voteSouth Carolina secede from union on 20 dec 1860, followed
by 7 others southern states in Jan and Feb

34. Causes of the American Revolution (1763-1775) pol/econ/social
By Poojita Paidipalli and Claire McHugh
I. Social
A. Effects of the French and Indian War
Deep resentment between British and American colonists after wars end (1763)
Colonists resented British impressment + requisition, along with arrogance and misuse of power
GB believed colonies needed to be put under tighter control
Colonies united behind common cause for the first time
fighting side by side = important socializing experience
Growing power of Parliament, but were disconnected from colonists way of life
Colonies originally for trade but after war, colonies used for commercial benefits (mercantilism)
B. Acts with Strong Social Effects
Proclamation of 1763- After F-I War, GB govt forbids settlement beyond Appalachian Mts
GB govt controls expansion: limits costly conflicts w/ Indians + slows pop drain from profitable East,
ineffective b/c colonists simply expanded anyway
Tea Act of 1773- Tea from the financially troubled British East India Company exported directly to colonies
Undersell American merchants, monopolize tea trade
Quebec Act of 1774- Purpose: set up govt for newly acquired territory of Canada; recognized rights and legality of
Roman Catholics/ Church
Suspicious colonists believe GB plotting to impose palpal authority on colonies, attack on Protestant
Bostonians
C. Civilian Protesting
Revolutionary sentiment spread writing and talking (pamphlets, etc.) popular anger and discontent
Regulator Movement- 1771 farmers in Carolina against high taxes, resisted tax collectors by force
Militiamen defeated 2,000 Regulators, 18 killed, many wounded
Taxation Without Representation- called for actual representation in Parliament (delegate from colony) as
opposed to virtual (Parliament representing everyone), colonists hated paying taxes they hadnt approved
Sons of Liberty- strong protest movement of the 1760s and 70s, often terrorized those who supported GB
Committees of Correspondence- organized by Sam Adams in 1772, intercolonial communication +opposition to
British policies
Gaspee Affair- a British ship enforcing unpopular trade regulation that was looted and burned by colonists 1772
Boston Massacre- 1770 a disagreement between a British officer and colonist resulted in open fire and 5 deaths
Colonial resentment of the standing army in Boston, widely circulated propaganda= British brutality
Boston Tea Party- Dec 16, 1773, Bostonians dressed as Indians went aboard ships carrying east India Company
Tea and dumped into harbor, other seaports followed example (in response to Tea Act)
Lexington and Concord 1775- colonists hoard gunpowder + ammo in prep for armed conflict, Br. Gen Thomas
Gage sends troops to retrieve + arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock, shots heard round the world fired
II. Political
A. Colonial governments
Powerful colonial legislatures- colonists are accustomed and deeply attached to self-gov
Colonies not united; before war, some like separate nations
B. Acts That Caused Political Discord
Stamp Act of 1765- imposed tax on the paper used for printed material in the colonies
Led to resistance from the Sons and Daughters of Liberty groups and mob action
Angered everyone in colonies b/c everyone uses paper
Direct attempt by Br. to pump colonies for cash
Declaratory Act of 1766- reserved British right to govern and bind colonies when they want
Justified Parliaments right to pass strict legislation freely
Attempt to save face after humiliating repeal of the Stamp Act
Mutiny/ Quartering Act of 1765
Part of Townshend program (prime minister of the time)
Required colonists to provide quarters and supplies for GB troops permanently stationed in America
GB gov believed colonists should help pay for their protection
Colonists viewed as an assault on civil liberties, more taxation without representation

Townshend Duties of 1767
Tax on lead, paint, paper and tea
Condemned by colonists, esp. Ben Franklin, b/c internal taxation: tax on something colonists produce
themselves (external = products from GB colonies)
After Townshend dies, successor Lord North repeals all taxes except tea
Coercive/ Intolerable Acts of 1774- GB response to the Boston Tea Party, colonists refusal to pay damages
Mass. govt under British control, Administration of Justice Act- British can move trials from Mass. to
GB, Boston Port Act- closed the port to trade
C. Actions of Colonial Legislatures
In response to Stamp Act, Virginia House of Burgesses introduces Virginia Resolves, drafted by Patrick Henry
Colonists have same rights as GB citizens, should be taxed only by own representatives, anyone supporting
GB. right to tax = enemy of colonies
American colonists also create the Stamp Act Congress: delegates from 9 colonies meet and agree to petition King
George III
In response to Mutiny Act, MA and NY legislatures refused to vote supplies to troops
Townshend disbands NY assembly until colonists comply (only NY b/c thought could avoid angering all
colonies)
In response to Townshend Duties, MA assembly sends letter to all colonial govts, urging them to resist all
Parliamentary taxes
Lord Hillsborough (sec of state for colonies) warns that any colony endorsing Mass. letter would be
dissolved; all colonies rally behind MA
Instead of isolating Mass, Intolerable Acts spark widespread resistance- many colonial legislatures pass resolves
supporting Mass
Virginia assembly calls the First Continental Congress 1774, delegates from all colonies except GA
call for a colonial union, produced a statement of grievances, advised all colonies to prepare for war,
cessation of trade with GB, and meet again next spring
III. Economic
A. Pre- French and Indian War
Colonists historically reluctant to be taxed, even by own colonial legislatures
Merchants in colonies had been bypassing laxly enforced Navigation Acts for years
Used to little interference by British
B. Post-War Economy of 1763
End of French and Indian War/ 7 Years War in 1763 Britain deep in debt from years of fighting
British govt needs revenue policy of taxation on colonies
Justified by claiming war benefited colonists most, they should pay for it
C. Acts that Caused Economic Grievances
Stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts- required the export of certain goods (tobacco) to only GB, European
goods going to the colonies had to be taxed in GB
Sugar Act of 1763- tax on sugar to refill Parliament's empty Treasury, damages colonial sugar market
Currency Act of 1764- colonists must stop issuing paper $, farmers and other low income colonists couldnt pay
debts
Possible that anger over Stamp Act was fueled by resentment of wealth gap between colonists and English
D. Other Economic Resentments
Townshend custom commissioners end lucrative smuggling in Boston Northern merchants furious
Colonists dislike job competition in highly competitive job markets by underpaid GB. soldiers (sparked Boston
Massacre)
Northern merchants were put at grave disadvantage by Tea Act, as East India Company did not have to pay
Navigation or Townshend taxes
E. Colonial Boycotts
Most enforced by militant and mob-like Sons of Liberty
Colonial boycott of British goods during Stamp Act of 1765 creates economic pressure repeal of Stamp act
In 1768 NY and Philly merchants, + some Southern merchants boycott Townshend duty items
Boycott on tea (after Tea Act); very powerful, large segments of pop participated, including strong involvement of
women and the Daughters of Liberty, as women primary tea consumers
Colonies wage economic warfare (no trade) after meeting of Cont. Congress in 1774, attempt to force Br. to hear demands

35. WWII causes, campaigns, major battles, treaty terms (Germany/Japan)
George Zeng, Raymond Zhang, Justin Zheng
I. European War
A. Causes
1. Adolf Hitler
Desire to dominate Europe and resettle German farmers, Lebensraum, or living room
Treaty of Versailles - harsh monetary reparations, territorial dismemberment, hyperinflation bitterness toward
Allies of WW1
Rampant German inflation caused quality of life to plummet, Hitler blamed Jews and started nationalistic surge
B. Key Battles and Campaigns
1. Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)
Allied blockade of Germany, protect American goods moving into Britain
Allies successfully defeat German Kriegsmarine (navy) but at a great cost
2. North African Campaign (1940-1943)
Operation Torch: U.S joins May 1942, objective - protect shipping routes (Suez Canal) + acquire Mid-East oil
After north Africa captured, troops can move into Italy
Second Battle of El Alamein (Oct.-Nov.1942), British forces led by General Bernard Montgomery push
Rommel out and end axis threat to Egypt and Suez Canal
American General George S. Patton, with Montgomery, defeat remaining Germans in Africa in 1943
Nazi forces soon must fight on 3 fronts: West (US+Brit), South (US+Brit), and East (Soviet Union)
3. Battle Of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 February 2, 1943)
Operation Barbarossa(June 1941), Hitler turns eyes toward USSR, saw communism as threat to Germany; wanted
Stalingrad because of psychological blow and oil fields to the south to sustain war machine
Notorious for brutality; disregard for military/civilian lives, one of bloodiest battle ever.
Nov. 1942- Red Armys Operation Uranus, two-pronged attack destroying German flank, trapping Nazis in Stalingrad.
Attrition forced German Sixth Army surrender. Significant damage to German Wehrmacht
4. Invasion of Italy
Stalin asks for help, since USSR takes bulk of Nazi forces. US/GB choose Italian Campaign, angers USSR, since this was
done deliberately. USSR starts pushing west
July 10, 1943, Invasion of Sicily US+Canada+Brit troops land in Sicily, occupied in a month then landed in Italy
Mostly Nazi resistance, Mussolinis gov. collapses, flees to Germany, successor Pietro Badoglio causes Italy to
join Allies
June 4, 1944, Allies capture Rome, allowed Soviets time to move toward countries in Eastern Europe
5. Liberation of France
D-Day (Operation Overlord June 6, 1944), General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of Allies, landed 3
million soldiers along 60 miles of Cotentin Peninsula on coast of Normandy, 6 beaches (Sword, Juno, Gold, Omaha, Pointe
du Hoc, Utah) Multiple operations done to convince Nazis Allies would land at diff coast, including inflatable tank army
General Omar Bradley punches through German lines, followed by Patton pushing into Paris
(Aug. 25, 1944) Free French forces liberate Paris
6. Germany Defeated
At the Rhine river, Battle of the Bulge (Dec.1944-Jan.1945), major German offensive --> massive casualties
Soviet forces moving into central Europe and Balkans, launched offensive toward Berlin from east while Bradleys
First Army moving from west
Battle of Berlin (Apr-May 1945): Soviets enter Berlin, weak resistance - poorly equipped and untrained army
V-E Day (May 8, 1945). Hitler commits suicide April 30
C. Treaty Terms
1. Paris Peace Treaties
Mid 1946, Allied Powers and France negotiated w/Italy and smaller European countries. Reparations, commitments to
minority rights, territorial adjustments, etc.
2. Yalta
BIg Three, Stalin=enter Pacific War, new UN on international affairs. Disagreement about post-war Polish govt, German
fate, esp reparations. Final agreement=vague/unstable
II. Japanese War
A. Causes
1. Pearl Harbor

Japan viewed the US as a threat to its expansion
December 7, 1941 - Japan launches surprise attack on Pearl Harbor naval base powerful reaction by Americans
B. Key Battles and Campaigns
1. Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942)
Takes place northeast of Australia
US overcomes a very strong Japanese navy for the first time
2. Battle of Midway (June 4-7, 1942)
Fought over and near tiny US mid-Pacific base at Midway atoll - Northeast of Hawaii
Key strategic location for US - with Midway secure, US was now on the offensive against Japanese
3. Campaign from Australia and Marshall Islands (Feb 1942)
US begins to take back islands south of Japan starting with the southern Solomon Islands
Japan forces refuse to abandon island of Guadalcanal but eventually forced to flee
US continues to move east towards Japan as forces seize control of Marshall Islands
breaches the line signifying the extent of the Japanese Empire
US weakening Japan by destroying many ships
4. Battle of Philippine Sea (June-July, 1944)
June 15, 1944 - American forces invade island of Saipan
extremely important to US - its airfields would put US air forces within striking distance of main Japanese islands
American and Japanese carriers fought 2-day sea & air battle off coast of Saipan
Many deaths for Japanese - 30,000 Japanese defenders, only 1000 remained alive at end of battle
5. Battle of Leyte Gulf (October 20, 1944)
October 20, 1944 - General MacArthurs troops land on Leyte Island in Philippines
Japanese use virtually entire fleet against Allied invaders
American forces hold off Japanese and sink 4 Japanese carriers
Japans naval war is unable to continue with force due to the damage
6. Philippines Campaign (January - March 1945)
invaded the main Philippine island of Luzon, defended by 287,000 Japanese
MacArthurs Sixth army defeated japanese - 38,000 American casualties
despite defeat, Japanese army continued to fight in jungles and mountains until end of war - 400,000 Japan deaths
7. Iwo Jima (February - March 1945)
Feb 19, 1945 - US invades island of Iwo Jima to secure airstrips for B-29 flyers.
fighting lasted over a month - US wins on March 26 with 31,000 casualties.
B-29 crewmen used Iwo Jima as a safe haven during their 3000 mile bombing runs to Japan
8. Okinawa (April-June 1945)
battle took place only 350 miles away from mainland Japan. US plans that captured Okinawa would serve as staging area for
an invasion of mainland Japan
Japan uses kamikaze and desperate tactics in final attempt at retaliation but US wins after 82 days of fighting
9. Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) & Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
more than 80,000 deaths at Hiroshima
more than 100,000 deaths at Nagasaki
September 2, 1945 - unconditional Japanese surrender and ends war with US victory
III. Treaty Terms
1. Potsdam Declaration
Called for surrender of all Japanese forces. In name of US, GB, China, Truman gave Japan an ultimatum, surrender or meet
prompt and utter destruction. Prime minister Kantar Suzuki underestimated the threat and ignored ultimatum
Stalemate in cabinet, August 14th, Emperor Hirohito intervened to force surrender. September 2, 1945, on board American
battleship Missouri, signed articles of surrender
The Japanese army must be completely disarmed and shall be permitted to return home peacefully
Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku, and such minor islands as US
determines

36. Minority groups Latinos and Asians (Chinese/Japanese)
Latinos 1900 onward through 2000
Asians 1860s 2000
Chris Chu, Derek Schneider, & Howard Bi
I. Latinos
A. During the Great Depression
Mexican population had been growing steadily through early 20th century
nearly half a million entered SW. USA in the 1920s
most lived in urban areas in barrios (i.e. Mexican communities) often without basic services
Filled menial jobs in West that blacks filled in other regions; employers eager to take advantage of low-paid, unskilled labor
force
When Depression hit, increased white discrimination against Latinos --> many with citizenship treated like foreigners
Whites demanded jobs from Latinos --> forced them out of employment
Most relief programs excluded Mexicans/offered benefits below those available for whites
No access to schools, hospitals, etc.
Many forced to return to Mexico b/c removed from relief rolls/arbitrarily transported across border
Attempted to create union of migrant farmworkers, but faced fierce opposition
Many migrated to big cities in SW (e.g. Los Angeles) where they lived in poverty similar to urban blacks
B. Latinos and the Second World War
Large numbers of Mexicans entered USA during war in response to labor shortages, first in SW, later everywhere
USA and Mex. govts agree to program where braceros (contract workers) could enter for limited time to work in specific
jobs
American employers began to actively recruit Hispanic workers
Gained employment on farms and more importantly in factories, 300K served in USA military
Expansion of Mex.-Amers. created racial tensions in cities, occasionally result in conflicts
Whites alarmed that many young Hispanics joined street gangs, wearing distinctive zoot suits.
To adolescents, zoot suits=symbol of rebellion/defiance against white middle class
To whites, zoot suits=hostile and threatening
Zoot Suit Riots: June 1943; racial tensions culminate into violent riots between white sailors and Hispanic teenagers, police
only took action against Hispanic teenagers who fought back.
Most Latinos lived in destitution in postwar 50s
Migrant farm workers lived at or below poverty level b/c of a decline in agriculture from falling prices
poor Hispanic communities in cities (e.g. NYC, LA) expanded b/c of migrations from Mexico/Puerto Rico
Poverty prevalent b/c of lack of education/services, crime, and relocation of factories out of cities
C. Latino Activism
Some started to gain influential roles in community, (e.g. wealthy cubans in Miami had local govt positions, Mex. Amers.
congressmen, important roles in AFL-CIOetc.),
Most newly arrived worked in low paying jobs and failed to establish themselves
Chicano Activism: Young Latinos called themselves Chicanos, emphasized shared culture of all Latinos, some advocated nationalism
similar to black power
La Raza Unida: Chicano polit. party in SW, called for creation of Mex-Amer state within a state
Cesar Chavez: Chicano farmworker, created effective United Farm Workers for itinerant farm workers
Launched strikes against growers to demand recognition of union and increase benefits/wages
Organized boycott w/ help of students/churches/CORE/SNCC of grapes/lettuce to achieve goals
Bilingualism: gave Hispanic students right to be taught in Spanish so they can overcome language barrier preventing academic
achievement
Whites and some Latinos opposed it b/c it would restrict ability to assimilate/incr. resentments
D. Surging Latino Immigration
Surging Latino populations in Post WWII
After WWII, large numbers of Mex. Amers. continued to move to USA illegally, many came legally too (3 million by 1960)
Operation Wetback: attempt to deport illegals, but failed to stem flow of new arrivals
Large numbers of Puerto Ricans migrated to eastern cities, esp. NYC.
Cubans fleeing Castro regime settled in S. Florida
Immigration Act of 1965: eliminated quotas from national origins system, although still restricted immigration from Latin America
Despite this, Latinos constituted more than a third of total number of legal immigrants to the USA every year after 1965, with
Mexico accounting for over 25% of all immigrants living in USA in 2000
By 1997, Latino population had increased to 11 percent of the population, or 29 million people yo so should i put the chinatown part
under chines migration to the west i feel like its more appropriate there

II. Asians
A. During the Industrial Revolution (1860s-1900s)
Chinese migration to the west
Many chinese immigrated to California during the gold rush
Many Chinese worked in the construction of the intercontinental railroad
6,000 Chinese immigrants were hired for rather dangerous jobs laying the track for Central Pacific (1869)
Asians faced discrimination
Many Chinese faced racism from whites --> Chinatowns were formed to function as a benevolent society and fill many of the
roles of political machines. Means of protection and familiarity.
White were largely suspicious of hard working Chinese. Felt threatened (i.e. taking all jobs)
Native-born resentment of competition Miners Tax of $20 a month on all foreign-born miners
Denis Kearney led anti-Chinese movement in SanFran, CA. Formation of Anti Coolie Clubs
Formed Workingmens Party of California. Chinese workers forced to take lower wages/poorer
conditions/longer hours than white workers were willing to tolerate (1877)
Sought to ban Chinese employment through boycotts/violence on streets
Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) in an attempt keep out Chinese laborers and prevented those
already in the country from becoming naturalized citizens .
reflected fear of unemployment and labor unrest throughout nation, and belief that excluding Chinese
would protect American workers
B. Early 20th Century to World War II
Japanese Americans still largely discriminated against. Especially evident in California
Gentlemens agreement (1908): compromise between U.S and Japan.
Segregated schools for Japanese children considered a national insult
Japan agreed to restrict emigration of Japanese workers if California repealed discriminatory laws
Angel Island (1910): San Francisco Bay opens as the major station for as many as 175,000 Chinese and 60,000 Japanese immigrants
Asian Americans faced difficulty in searching for employment, especially during the Great Depression
Japanese Americans often worked in family fruit stands, as migrant farmers, or in industrial/service jobs, but often lost jobs
to white Americans desperate for work
Chinese Americans mostly owned laundries/restaurants, or entry level jobs (e.g. stock girls but not clerks)
Much legislation was passed + court rulings all against Asian immigrants
California bans Japanese immigrants, Issei, from purchasing land (1913)
land must be purchased instead in the names of U.S. born children, Nisei, who are citizens
Formed Japanese American Citizens League to encourage assimilation and promote their goals
United States Immigration Act of 1924 (Oriental Exclusion Act) banned most immigration from Asia. The quota for most
Asian countries is zero. Public opinion in Japan is outraged by the insult.
Lum v. Rice (1927): Supreme Court found that states possess right to define Chinese students as non-whites for the purpose
of segregating them in public schools.
World War II sees further discriminatory treatment of Japanese Americans
President FDR signs Executive Order 9066 (1942): uproots 100,000 people of Japanese descent on west coast to be sent to
Internment camps
Internment camps were challenged in Korematsu vs. U.S, court ruled camps were constitutional
Chinese saw increased legal and social status during the war
Chinese Exclusion Acts repealed in 1943 to improve relations with govt of China
Animosity towards Chinese declined as propaganda portrayed positive images of Chinese
C. Post World War II-2000s
In the 1960s many Asian Americans, along with other minorities, challenged the idea of assimilation in america
They worked to establish their own cultural identity
Cultural Pluralism: racial/ethnic groups would preserve own heritage with social/cultural norms
The Asian Americans by this time faced less discrimination than other minorities
Asian Americans had an immigration boom in the 1980s and 1990s
Constituted over 40 percent of the total legal newcomers, more than Latinos
Benefited more from Immigration Act of 1965, as allowed them to enter in a first come first serve basis
Not just Chinese/Japanese, also included immigrants from Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Korea, etc.
By 2000, Asian Americans make up more than 4 percent of the population, or 10 million people

DQ #37: Prominent American Women and Their Contributions/Influence (1780s-
1870s)

Maggie Leppert and Jennifer Brukhman
I. Early America
A. Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams- urged him to remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them when creating the
new US government + threatened, if this is not done we are determined to ferment a rebellion:
Desired protections of women from tyrannical men
Handled Johns farming and business life (swapped gender roles) + often advised him in his political decisions (nicknamed
Mrs. President)
Regretted her own lack of education Spokeswoman for educational equality of women + blacks
II. Abolitionists
A. Sojourner Truth(1797-1883)
Born into slavery in New York freed in 1827 when slavery was abolished in NY
Eloquent speaker for abolition + human rights wrote The Narrative of Sojourner Truth + famous Aint I a Woman?
speech
During civil war, she helped ex-slaves find homes + jobs with the National Freedmans Relief Association
B. Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)
Feminist/abolitionist- pushed gender role boundaries by becoming more active in politics and the abolition movement
Wrote many books depicting women and their challenges/successes (My Wife and I, The Ministers Wooing, + more)
1852: wrote Uncle Toms Cabin, a sentimental, antislavery novel brings abolitionist movement to awareness across the
country + inflame sectional tensions
bestseller- sold 300,000 copies within its 1st year
C. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913)
Born into slavery in Maryland escaped to Philly in 1849 when her master dies sheltered by Quakers
Began to assist family members + later 300 other slaves to escape Maryland in the Underground Railroad
During civil war, worked as nurse and spy for the North in South Carolina, while also helping former slaves adjust to their
new lives as freed blacks
Helped former slaves adjust to their new lives as free blacks creates Harriet Tubman Home for Indigent Aged Negroes

III. Suffragists
A. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)
Attempted (along with several other women) to attend anti-slavery convention in London turned away by the men leading
the convention infuriated, they turned their focuses towards feminism
1848- organized first Womens Rights Convention in Seneca Falls
Drafted Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions- stated that men + women were created equal + demanded
equal rights
Demanded right to vote launching suffrage movement
Drew parallels between struggles of slaves and women
B. Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)
Teamed up w/ Elizabeth Cady Stanton after attending Seneca Falls convention and helping draft Declaration of Sentiments
and Resolutions
Together, they campaigned for property rights for Women granted in NY in 1860
Campaigned for suffrage with speeches, pamphlets, petitions, + newspaper (The Revolution)

Created National Womans Loyalty League(1863) for both abolition and womens rights
` C. Angelina Grimke (1805-1879) and Sarah Grimke (1792- 1873)
Grew up in aristocracy + owned slaves Sarah rebels by teaching slaves how to read
Sarah leaves the South + joins Quakers in Philly in 1818 Angelina joins her in 1829
Angelina wrote Appeal to the Christian Women in the South calling Southern women to denounce slavery and free any
slaves they could
Sarah wrote Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and Conditions of Women (1838) in response to ministers denouncing
female reformers and preachers
one of the first declarations of the rights of women
D. Lucy Stone (1818-1893)
Born as the sixth child to two fervent abolitionists learned to value freedom & also unafraid to question expectations
After watching older brothers go to college she was determined to do so as well & became first woman in Massachusetts to
get bachelors degree
Started fruitful career in public speaking in American Anti-Slavery Society, eventually joins Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth
Cady Stanton advocating for womens rights
1858- started a tax protest, arguing taxation without representation since women are being taxed without having the right to
vote
IV. Medicine
A. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
Reformer in the Asylum movement in the 1820s investigated treatment of mentally ill in Massachusetts + began
movement for newer methods of treating mental illnesses many mentally ill are moved out of jails and into asylums +
states build new facilities
Led U.S Sanitary Commission, an organization of civilian volunteer nurses during the Civil War influence: female
prominence in nursing field
B. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)
Born in England, where she was educated alongside her brothers moved to America when she was 11
Believed that a women physicians were necessary in order to care for women properly accepted into an obscure medical
college in Geneva, NY (students considered her acceptance a prank)--> became first woman to recieve a medical degree in
1849
Had difficulty finding patients in NY Opened New York Infirmary for Women and Children for poor women
Created Womans Medical College in 1868 with her sister

DQ 38: TOP TEN IMPORTANT WOMEN(1880-2000)
Luiza Araujo, Brendan Simpson, Andy Ji
I. Jane Addams (1860-1935)
A. Early Life/Settlement House Movement
Inspired by the poor fams in novels by Charles Dickens, hoped to make a career out of helping the less fortunate
Gained prominence during her work w/ settlement houses in the Progressive Movement of the late 1800s
To combat poor urban immigrants enviro, Addams spearheaded the Settlement House Movement
Created houses (Hull House-1889 in Chicago) to help immigrants assimilate into American Culture
Provided many college women a socially acceptable job that involved helping other
Addams also credited for helping create the modern day social worker
B. Efforts for Peace
Aided groups such as Natl American Women Suffrage Assoc. to help bring women closer to = voting rights -> succeeded w/ 19th
Amendment
Believed the wife's and mothers peaceful nature would check the aggressive nature of male voters
Addams advocated for peace in both the annexation of the Philippines & WWI
First American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts
II. Margaret Sanger (1879-1966)
A. Birth Control
Was sex educator, nurse, and birth control activist
Popularized the term birth control
Founded American Birth Control League
Founded first all black birth control clinic in Harlem
Birth control very important aspect in womens rights, as women finally were able to choose if they wanted a baby or not
III. Frances Perkins (1880-1965)
A. Early Life
1918 began study of sociology and economics at UPENN
Volunteered at settlement houses like Hull House in Chicago and taught chemistry and sociology
B. Political Career
Head of New York Consumer League in 1910-->lobbied for better work conditions/hours
B/c of Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, left position-->executive sec. for Committee on Safety of the City of New York
1929- NY governor FDR appointed Perkins as inaugural Commissioner of the New York State Department of Labor
Expanded factory investigations, established 48 hour workweek for women
C. Cabinet Career
1933- appointed by President FDR as Secretary of Labor-->First women on U.S. Cabinet for 12 yrs
During first moments of New Deal lobbied for system of federally sponsored social insurance for elderly and unemployed as
chairwoman of the President's Committee on Economic Security
Eventually led to Social Security Act in 1935
Provision of bill designed for women was Aid to Dependent Children program modeled on state-level mothers pensions
Did not fight for sexual equality but rather protection for women
IV. Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962)
A. First Lady of the World
Efforts to help others began in early life -> worked in the settlement houses of Progressive Mvmt
Very outspoken on racial + social issues, sometimes even disagreeing with FDR
Stirred controversy w/ many Americans who were unaccustomed to women in politics
Helped define role of first lady for future gens; Clintons policies very like Roosevelts in grandeur
Pressed US to join + support UN after her husbands death
B. Minority Support
FDR -> didnt have nationwide support to pass legislation for civil rights
Eleanors kindness towards many southern blacks able to sway votes of minorities towards FDR
Didnt provide legislative support, but did provide moral support
V. Margaret Chase Smith (1897-1995)
A. Early Life
Did not attend college but taught at Pitts School in ME & became business exec. for the Maine Telephone & Telegraph Company
Co-founded Business and Professional Women's Club in 1922
B. U.S. House of Representatives
Elected to the Maine Republican State Committee and served from 1930 to 1936
Husband Clyde Smith was elected to U.S House of Representatives and served as his secretary in 1937
Husband became ill and asked Smith to run for his House seat-->special election held since he died that yr-Smith faced no Democratic
opposition and became first woman elected to Congress from Maine
C. U.S. Senate
August 1947 decided to run for seat U.S. Senate

Faced incumbent Governor Horace A. Hildreth, former Governor Sumner Sewall, and Reverend Albion Beverage
On June 21, 1948 won primaries and general election on Sept. 13 against Democrat Adrian H. Scolten by a margin of 71%-29%
First woman to represent ME in the Senate and first women to serve in both houses of Congress-->served until 1972
VI. Ella Baker (1903-1986)
A. Early Life
Graduated Shaw University in 1927 as the valedictorian
Joined Young Negroes' Cooperative League in 1931 & became groups national director-->later taught under WPA
B. Prominent Organization Work
Became director of branches of NAACP in 1943-->highest ranking woman
Took personal approach to political work (slept in homes of ppl, ate w/ blacks she wanted to recruit)
Fought to make NAACP more democratic and formed network of support in South
After resigning NAACP in 1952, joined Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957
Baker helped organize Prayer and Pilgrimage for Freedom-->largely successful event
Hired as staff for Crusade for Citizenship to help initiate voter registration campaigns
VII. Rachel Carson (1907-1974)
A. Early Life
Grew up in small PA farm, loved watching her animals -> started her fascination with biology
Eventually earned career as second woman of US Bureau of Fisheries
B. Silent Spring
By 1940, Carson was concerned with the use of pesticides - many originated from WWII
Gathered studies of dangerous pesticide DDT on agriculture- shocked at the results
1962, Silent Spring, documenting the horrors of DDT, was released to the public
Sparked environmental movement of mid 20th century due to carcinogens within DDT
VIII. Rosa Parks (1913-2005)
A. Role in Civil Rights Movement
US congress called her the first lady of civil rights
Famously refused to give up bus seat to a white passenger
Sentenced to jail time + became major symbol in Civil Rights Movement
At the time, was secretary for NAACP
Acted as a catalyst for other movements around the period
B. Influence on Others
Women's Political Council (WPC) helped spread the word to other activist groups
Montgomery Bus Boycott occurred afterwards due to anger from the African American community
C. Post-Cabinet Life
Served on U.S. Civil Service Commission in 1945 when asked by Truman
Continued to teach and lecture in NY and died in 1965
IX. Betty Friedan (1921-2006)
A. Early Life
Grew up in family of Marxist and Jewish views-->passion for injustice originated from injustice of anti-Semitism
Graduated in 1942 from Smith College w/ major in psychology and mingled w/ Marxists in CA
B. Feminine Mystique(1963)
Traveled around country interviewing woman who graduated w/ her
Reportings of women in industrial societies in book titled Feminine Mystique that were unhappy in suburbs
Stirred revival of feminism and is often cited as first event of contemporary womens liberation
C. National Organization for Women
1966-Founded and became pres. of National Organization for Women until 1969
Advocated for legal equality of women and men-->Supported Equal Rights Amendment
Supported legalization of abortion and Friedan eventually founded National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws
in 1969 and Supreme Court legalized abortion in 1973
D. Political Career
1971- Created National Womens Political Caucus to recruit/train women seeking positions in office
1973-founded the First Women's Bank and Trust Company
X. Hillary Rodham Clinton (1947- )
A. Politically Active Career
Grew up in Chicago as a well liked, well rounded student in student council and NHS
Became first lady in 1994- tried to pass Clinton Health Care Initiative
Failed but led to Clinton working on many other proposals while Bill was in office
Helped pass Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 - helped adoption process for special needs children
One of the most influential first ladies ever, worked very hard for lower class Americans + minorities

DQ#39: Political, Economic and Social Issues of the Trouble Decade of the 1970s
Zojajha Ayub and Efil elik
I. Political Troubles
A. Nixon Administration
o Public Disapproval of Vietnam War
1971 My Lai Massacre Trial a Lt. and troops massacred 300 unarmed SV civvies turned public support against war
Pentagon Papers FBI and CIA increased surveillance and infiltration (illegally) of anti-war and radical groups. Broke into
psychiatric office of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker. Nixon attempted to cover up-Nixon comes under credibility gap
Easter Offensive (EO) (1971) US bombing increased in Vietnam and Cambodia (still ineffective). March 1972 NV launched EO.
US and SV stop comm. advance. Nixon ordered bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong to stop flow of supplies
o Vietnamization and Peace w/ Honor (1972)
Nixon had US troops train the ARVN in combat so he could reduce the number of own troops- Slightly quelled domestic opposition
but stalemate in Paris continued and in 1971 Gulf of Tonkin resolution repealed (ignored by Nixon)
o Cambodia
Nixon secretly ordered air force to bomb Cambodia and Laos to disrupt NV supply lines and prevent launch of new attacks
Spring 1970: US supported conservative military leaders to overthrow the neutral govt of Cambodia-est. a pro-US govt under
General Lon Nol-Nixon announced to public that US troops would invade Cambodia caused more anti-war demonstrations (Kent
State four protesting students killed)
o Paris Peace Accords 1973 ended direct US military involvement, NV would release hundreds of US POWs
o Domestic Initiatives and Dismantling the Great Society
Nixon appeals to conservative middle class (silent majority) and reduce fed. interference in local affairs (abolished Office of
Economic Opportunity centerpiece of war on poverty)
Nixons Family Assistance Plan passed in House but killed in Senate by welfare bureaucrats and conservatives
o The Election of 1972
Nixon vs George Wallace (Democrat) but would-be assassin shot Wallace (paralyzed and dropped out). Democrats then nominated
Sen. George McGovern (liberal critic of war), running mate Sen Thomas Eagleton emotional breakdown and w/drew (Dem
couldnt recover, led to landslide Nixon victory 60.7% pop vote and 520 electoral votes)
o Watergate Scandal
June 1972 police arrest 7 men involved in break of DNC offices in the Watergate building. Investigation showed that charged were
ex-employees of the Committee for the Re-election of the President (CRP). CRP paid them
Nixon denied any involvement in the break-in. Trials were held against those charged. Judge John Sirica convinced defendants to
cooperate and more and more of the crimes committed by the Nixon administration were revealed
Nixon tried to cover-up his illegal actions even after John Dean (in inner circle) leveled accusations against him-Saturday
Night Massacre occurred when the senate requested tapes of conversations in the oval office - Nixon refused. Prosecutor (Nixon
appointee) wanted to force pres. give up tapes- fired by Nixon. Led to Attorney General Richardson and his deputy resigning-
embarrassing for Nixon
US v. Richard Nixon ruled that tapes had to be relinquished. House moves to impeach so Nixon resigns on Aug. 8, 1974
B. Ford Administration
o Pardoning Nixon
Ford formally pardoned Nixon for crimes in Watergate scandal (and other possible crimes during his presidency) created public
outcry b/c ppl suspicious of deal between Ford and Nixon (Fords popularity never recovered)
o Foreign Policy
Continued w/ Nixons policies- signed arms control accord w/ USSR in 1974
1975 Western Nations and USSR in security conference meeting in Finland agreed to ratify borders between USSR and other
nations in Europe and USSR pledged to increase human rights awareness in own nation
Middle East Kissinger (Sec of State) new deal w/ Israel that led to the return of Sinai to Egypt, easing tensions in area
o Election of 1976
Ford vs Reagan (CA gov) for Rep nomination Ford barely won. Democrats nominated Jimmy Carter (GA gov- appealing b/c
removed from various scandals in D.C.). Carter narrowly won the national election
C. Carter Administration
o New Foreign Policy
New policy in Middle East focus on human rights & unselfish interests. Camp David Accords b/w Israel and Egypt=peace
Additionally gave rights of Panama Canal to Panama (sparked outrage by conservatives)
Resumed formal diplomatic relations w/ China (under the new Deng Xiaoping regime)
SALT II Treaty set limits on # of ICBMs, bombers, nuclear bombs that US and USSR could have US public unhappy
o Iran Hostage Crisis of 1979
Iranian Revolution in 1979, led by Islamist Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. He and followers ousted US supported Shah
Khomeinis followers stormed the US embassy in Teheran, taking 53 Americans hostage for 444 days
o Dismal Approval Rating
Shortly after OPEC announced price increases Carters approval rating was at 26%-he makes the malaise speech

Spoke of the crisis of confidence that the ppl had in the govt-fueled charges that Carter was blaming the ppl for his own
problems and inabilities

II. Economic Woes
A. Nixon Administration
o Inflation
B/c LBJ tried to fund Vietnam and Great Society w/out raising taxes inflation greatest econ issue of 70s (also b/c US lacked access
to cheap raw materials). Other industrial nations finally competing for materials so suppliers demanded higher prices
Yom Kippur War 1973 Arab members of OPEC decided not to ship oil to pro-Israel nations (and agreed to raise prices 400%)
led to Arab Oil Embargo (ended in four months when Kissinger negotiated removal of Israeli troops from Egypt)
Nixon response to inflation: reduce spending and increase taxes (produced public and govt protest) and controlling currency- led to
increase in interest rates, contraction of money supply, increase living cost (+ didnt end inflation)
o Stagflation combination of inflation and economic stagnation
1971(summer) Nixon imposed 90 day freeze on wages + prices-in Nov launched phase II of economic plan mandatory guidelines
for wage and price increases to be administered by fed wage agency- inflation slightly subsided but the recession did not
B. Ford Administration
o Failure of Ending Inflation
Rejected wage and price controls and Supported high interest rates w/out increasing federal spending or reducing taxes led to
serious recession in 1974-75 with continuing Arab oil embargo from 1973 adding more strain to the economy
C. Carter Administration
o Period of Growth
First 2 years tried lowering unemployment rates (9% to 7.5%), increased industrial development and motor vehicle output and sales
however inflation also kept increasing. Growth halted by instability in Mid East 1979 and 2
nd
major fuel shortage
o Federal Reserve
Replaced G. William Miller w/ Paul Volcker to the Board- ensured high interest rates (highest in history b/c tight monetary policy
comp. to predecessors loose unregulated policies) and reduced currency supplies
Placed credit controls when inflation reached crisis levels- Volcker, Carter successful but unemployment increased
III. Social Issues
A. Feminist Movements
o Expanding Achievements
In 1971, govt expanded affirmative action to include women - many all-male colleges began to accept females
Also increasing number of women w/ jobs in private sector-Nearly 1/2 married women working (becoming norm)
1972 Congress approved Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to Constitution but states didnt ratify b/c it would disrupt society
o Abortion Controversy
1973 Roe v. Wade court declared all laws banning abortion in the first trimester illegal-caused outrage w/ religious groups and ppl
against contraception and abortion. Courts decision didnt settle issues ppl had w/ the controversy
B. Environmentalism
o New Science of Ecology
Ecology growing field b/c of funding from corporations, universities and govt. Ecologists used resources + funds to publicize work
Interest groups (Wilderness Society, the Sierra Club, the National Audubon Society) and several organizations joined forces w/
the ACLU and others to create professional environmental activists led to April 22, 1970 as 1
st
Earth Day
o Environmental Degradation
Media began reporting pollution statistics and focused on deforestation and acid rain-led to idea of global warming
1970, Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), passed the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act (1972)- showed
improvements in lakes + rivers, restricted air pollutants + made it hard for industries to dump toxic waste
C. New Ideologies
o Rise of the Sunbelt
Southeast, especially FL, the southwest, especially TX and CA (the most populous state)
Sunbelts prominence changed econ and political scenes-southern and western traditions produced strong opp. to the growth of govt
and liberal regulations. Populist era feeling reappeared-banks and corporations were denounced
Sagebrush Rebellion: in 1970s westerners mad that govt had too much western land-should be open for development
The rise of the Sunbelt aided in raising the right-this was fueled by suburbanization (conservatives moved there more)
o Religious Revivalism
Evangelical Christianity was revived and personal conversation through direct communication w/ God emphasized. At first rural,
poor but these ppl elevated into mid class in postwar era (got media attention)-70 million ppl proclaimed to be born again Christians
Christian Right emerged when evangelicals got involved w/ politics-didnt like feminist movements, govt appeasing women or
changing family structure. Jerry Falwell, fundamentalist minister from VA launched the Moral Majority movement, it condemned
the rejection of religion
o The New Right
They emerged from the campaign members of the defeated Barry Goldwater, Richard Viguerie developed the coalition- able to
fund right-wing think tanks, consulting firms, lobbyists and foundations rivaling those of Dem

1978 Howard Jarvis of CA led first successful tax revolt w/ Proposition 13, referendum question on state ballot rolling back
property tax rates- helped right solve problem of decreasing govt involvement w/out alienating any constituents
Chapters 18-34
DQ #40: The American city post-Civil War through 2000 growth and changes (Adelaide Zhao and Pankti Kothari)
I. Post- Civil War
A. Urban Growth
Urban population x7(1861-1900)- Ppl moved from rural areas to cities (higher wage jobs; escape farm life; electricity, etc)
New forms of transportation impacted urban life+growth- Railroads=most popular- cheap, easy way to move to cities
Steam-powered shipscompetitive shipping industry-cheap+easy for Europeans/Asians to immigrate to cities
Transportation problems w/growth heavy traffic, very few paved roads= needed mass transit
1890: city trolley lines. Streetcars created central business district+expanded city(commute suburbs into city)
Growth due to industrialization; electric replaced water power= could build plants near high pop. centers instead of lakes
B. Immigration
Urban families-high death+infant mortality rates= growth mostly b/c of immigration(after war, lots from South+East EUR)
Over 10 mil immigrants moved to cities from abroad- most lacked education/money industrial jobs
1890-population of cities= mostly foreign close-knit ethnic communities; racism among native born Americans
Rural women moved to cities-look for work+community; south blacks move to cities-1900:black communities in 30+ cities
Immigrants needed help adjusting= turned to city political machines (gave poor immigrants welfare in exchange for votes)
Machines were powerful+bosses involved in illegal schemes for money(ex- NYCs boss William Marcy Tweed)
C. Urban Landscape
City Beautiful Movement- desire to create grand cities like those of Europe (reflected in the World Fair of 1893)
Urban parks-antidote to congestion of city (ex.Central Park,NY); public buildings funded by rich city residents(ex.libraries)
Housing: Upper class- lavish homes in the heart of the city, Middle Class- suburbs (cheaper, connected to city by train)
Cities grew upward as well as outward: The Equitable Building (NY)- 1st w/ elevator, skyscrapers-steel-girder
construction, Louis Sullivan (Chicago architect) introduced large windows, sheer lines, limited ornamentation, etc.
D. Problems of the Urban Life
Most buildings still made out of woodmajor cities were destroyed by fire (ex. great Chicago fire of 1871)
encouraged fireproof buildings; made professional fire depts, rebuilt burned buildings w/ modern architecture
Bad sanitation= disease epidemics spread quickly; inadequate sewage disposal; contaminated water= disease; air pollution
Growthpoverty-poor lived in tenements; Philanthropic organizations gave limited relief- ex. Salvation Army (1879)
Poverty crime/violence creation of larger/ more professional police forces by end of century
Critics said US city life lacked culture+ was afflicted w/corruption social realism: desire to expose the realities of the
cities (artists- ex. Ashcan Schoolmodernism; authors- ex. Stephen Cranes Maggie: A Girl of the Streets)
II. The Progressive Era
A. Urban Poverty Reforms
Jane Addams rented Hull House,Chicago 1889+ helped immigrants-mid. class women built 400 city settlement houses
Margaret Sanger educated urban poor on benefits of family planning through birth control- Planned Parenthood
Jacob Riis (ex. of muckraker) How the Other Half Lives 1890- photography showed poverty+ conditions of tenements
NYC response= tore down slums, built parks/playgrounds, passed building codes(promoted safety+health)
1912 Public Health Service public health became fed govt responsibilitydeveloped sewage+drainage systems
B. Party Machine Reforms
Machine bosses adapted to progressivism(needed to change to survive) NYs Tammany Hall machine w/ leader Charles
Francis Murphy began to use political power to improve work conditions, protect child laborers, etc
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire NY- 146 workers died inspection of industrial workplace+ calls for reform
Reform bills supported by Tammany Democrats Robert Wagner+Alfred Smithlaws regulated factory owners
Thomas Nast political cartoons City Commissioner Plan + City Manager Plan were put in use to reduce corruption
III. World War I
A. The Great Migration
Impt social change-1000s of blacks moved from rural South (poverty, racism)to North cities (factory jobs+ more freedom)
Older blacks already settled in cities saw new blacks as coarse + were scared whites would increase racism against them
Black neighborhoods grew tensions+race riots(ex. 1917-East St. Louis, Illinois-whites killed blacks+ burned houses)
Post war race riots even more violentChicago Race Riots 1919- black teen killed by whites week of violence
IV. The Roaring 1920s
A. New Standard of Living and the Harlem Renaissance
The automobile expanded ppls geographical horizons- could escape congestion of cities (but overall city pop. increased)
New youth culture began to characterize large cities-recreation/leisure places were common (ex.movie theaters, speakeasies)
Investment in office buildings, factories, streets, apartments and single-family homes added to the infrastructure of cities
Harlem (once an affluent white suburb) became an influential African American center of literature, poetry, and art
1st time African American culture brought to attention by both whites+ blacks (leaders like Alain Locke brought
important black writings to the public eye); African American pride emerged through the arts (Langston Hughes)
B. Conflict of Cultures
Modern, secular culture was largely in cities; traditional cultures in more rural areas

Prohibition of selling/producing alcohol Jan.1920 supported by most middle class+ progressives (esp. rural Protestants)
little enforcement= easy to get alcohol; organized crime figures (ex. Chicagos Al Capone) gang wars+ violence
Intense nativism in rural areas( saw immigration as against traditional culture) rebirth of KKK (in northern cities too)
Some intellectuals+ writers (the Lost Generation) criticized modern society (ex. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby)
V. Great Depression and World War II
A. Effects of the Great Depression and the New Deal
High unemployment in cities= families turned to local relief systems(unequipped to handle large number of needy ppl) =
breadlines for Red Cross+Salvation Army;ppl looked through trash for food; young men= nomads(travelled city to city)
of US blacks lived in South+ most were farmers; cotton/crop prices dropped =no income;many left land to find jobs
Went to south cities, but whites believed they had first claim to jobs- used violence(ex. Black Shirts-Atlanta)
Most Mexicans lived in West+East urban areas; Asians in Los Angeles; displaced by whites desperate for jobs(like blacks)
FDRs New Deal helped curb poverty(ex.National Industrial Recovery Act,1933),but impacted S.+W. more than N.cities
Public Works Administration improved cities (ex.Lincoln Tunnel in NYC completed; public housing for urban poor)
B. World War II and the West
Most important effect of war= ended Depression through govt spending spending impacted the West the most
West= launching point for war against Japan govt invested almost $40 billion- factories, military+transportation
facilities, highways, + power plants... West also received a high number of war contracts
Henry Kaiser built many production centers(W. became center of plane+shipbuilding industry; LA=industrial)
C. WWII and Minorities
War plants needed labor=1.5 million African Americans moved to northern or western cities in the Second Great
Migration, creating urban tensions (ex. Detroit 1943: 2 days of racial violence between whites and blacks 34 dead)
Young Native Americans(70,000+) worked in war plants; Mexican-Americans found factory jobs pop. created tension
whites alarmed at street gangs (pachucos)+ unconventional zoot-suit outfit LA 1943: riot btwn whites+zoot-suiters
Women replaced men in industry jobs (Rosie the Riveter image); most worked in service sector(ex.govt girls DC)
Japanese American discrimination100,000 taken (many from CA cities) to relocation centers in west mountains+ deserts
relocation center conditions improved slightly; some allowed to go to college+cities for factory/service jobs in East
VI. The Cold War Era
A. Rise of the West
Power and infrastructure projects (govt spending) + military contracts given mostly to Western states economic growth
Increased use of cars after war boosts petroleum industry/oil fields in Texas+Colorado along w/cities around them
Western state govts invested in universities+ research industries involving technology moved to West
Warm climate attracted ppl from East Los Angeles population grew 50% btwn 1940 to 1960
B. Population Movement
1950s- many whites moved out of the cities and into suburbs to escape the congestion, crime, high costs,+racial diversity
Inner-city neighborhoods became poor ghettos primarily occupied by African Americans and Latinos
Fewer unskilled industry jobs for immigrants b/c factories moved to suburbs,small cities+abroad to keep costs low
White homeowners refused to sell to blacks, industries refused to hire(de facto segregation) forced to accept
"Negro" jobsservants' or unskilled workers' positions w/ low pay + little security, miserable slum conditions
Response to urban poverty=urban renewal-tore down poorest buildings(after war, destroyed 400,000 homes of 1.5 mil)
Result of poverty= urban violence (Watts, LA 1964: Watts Riot week of violence =34 dead; blacks resented city police)
MLK assassination-4/4/1968 King shot- Memphis,TNbig wave of riots(deaths/property damage in over 100 US cities)
C. Great Society Reforms and Environmentalism
President Johnsons anti poverty efforts were tied to renewing American cities 1966 new cabinet agency Department of
Housing and Urban Development + Office of Economic Opportunity Model Cities program, Community Action
Weather forecasts reported smog levels;oil spills off cities(ex. Santa Barbara)= public awareness of environment action
D. The Economies of 1970s and 1980s
Manufacturing plants became decades old + American industries faced major foreign competition (Europe, Japan)
Result: long process of deindustrialization: thousands of factories closed, millions lost jobs major
unemployment= poverty among those dependent on certain industries; Nixons response led to stagflation
1970s= Sunbelt rises(areas after postwar era that grew most- included Southeast(esp.FL), Southwest(esp.TX)+ most impt
California(population > NYs));1980- Sunbelt population became greater than that of North+East industrial regions
Older states=industry cities- crowding, povertycommit to social programs+regulated growth-opp. of Sunbelt
Reagan 1980-promised to restore economy w/supply-side economics(Reaganomics)less taxes+reduced gov. spending
Reagan created huge debt=had to have cuts in programs that hurt poor+ politically weak Americans-cut subsidies for
low income housing(increased urban homelessness), cut food stamp funding+ ended federal assistance to cities
VII. Post Cold War (1990-2000)
A. New Changes
Immigration+growth of the millennials population growth in cities increased rapidly in the 90s (esp. in Sunbelt areas)
Technology improved quality of urban life (ex.San Francisco- smartoffice buildings, NY- modern cleaning equipment)

Native Americans from 1600s to 1950s

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