How did the universe create?

There were two theories supporting this:

1. Steady state theory - states that the universe has always existed and will continue to survive
without noticeable change
2. Big bang theory - states that the universe was created in a massive explosion-like event billions
of years ago

Evidence for big bang

1. Red shift

This happens with light too. Our sun contains helium. We know this because there are black
lines in the spectrum of the light from the sun, where helium has absorbed light. These lines
form the absorption spectrum for helium.



When we look at the spectrum of a distant star, the absorption spectrum is there, but the
pattern of lines has moved towards the red end of the spectrum, as you can see below.







This is called red shift. It is a change in frequency of the position of the lines.
Astronomers have found that the further from us a star is the more its light is red shifted.
This tells us that distant galaxies are moving away from us, and that the further a galaxy is
the faster it is moving away. Since we cannot assume that we have a special place in the
universe this is evidence for a generally expanding universe. It suggests that everything is
moving away from everything else. The Big Bang theory says that this expansion started
billions of years ago with an explosion.

2. Cosmic microwave background radiation
Scientists discovered that there are microwaves coming from every direction in space. Big
Bang theory says this is energy created at the beginning of the universe, just after the Big
Bang, and that has been travelling through space ever since.
A satellite called COBE has mapped the background microwave radiation of the universe as
we see it. Big Bang theorists are still working on the interpretation of this evidence.
In 1963, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, two scientists in Holmdale, New Jersey, were
working on a satellite designed to measure microwaves. When they tested the satellite's
antenna, they found mysterious microwaves coming equally from all directions. The
radiation that Penzias and Wilson discovered, called the Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation, convinced most astronomers that the Big Bang theory was correct. For
discovering the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, Penzias and Wilson were awarded
the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics.
After Penzias and Wilson found the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, astrophysicists
began to study whether they could use its properties to study what the universe was like
long ago. According to Big Bang theory, the radiation contained information on how matter
was distributed over ten billion years ago, when the universe was only 500,000 years old.
At that time, stars and galaxies had not yet formed. The Universe consisted of a hot soup of
electrons and atomic nuclei. These particles constantly collided with the photons that made
up the background radiation, which then had a temperature of over 3000 C.
Soon after, the Universe expanded enough, and thus the background radiation cooled
enough, so that the electrons could combine with the nuclei to form atoms. Because atoms
were electrically neutral, the photons of the background radiation no longer collided with
them.
When the first atoms formed, the universe had slight variations in density, which grew into
the density variations we see today - galaxies and clusters. These density variations should
have led to slight variations in the temperature of the background radiation, and these
variations should still be detectable today. Scientists realized that they had an exciting
possibility: by measuring the temperature variations of the Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation over different regions of the sky, they would have a direct measurement of the
density variations in the early universe, over 10 billion years ago
Radiation from the Big Bang was demonstrably warmer at earlier times throughout the universe. Uniform
cooling of the cosmic microwave background over billions of years is explainable only if the universe is
experiencing a metric expansion, and excludes the possibility that we are near the unique center of an
explosion.

One day When Penzias and Wilson reduced their data they found a low, steady, mysterious noise that
persisted in their receiver. This residual noise was 100 times more intense than they had expected, was
evenly spread over the sky, and was present day and night. They were certain that the radiation they
detected on a wavelength of 7.35 centimeters did not come from the Earth, the Sun, or our galaxy Both
concluded that this noise was coming from outside our own galaxyalthough they were not aware of
any radio source that would account for it. just 60 km (37 mi) away, were preparing to search
for microwave radiation in this region of the spectrum. Dicke and his colleagues reasoned that the Big
Bang must have scattered not only the matter that condensed into galaxies but also must have released a
tremendous blast of radiation. With the proper instrumentation, this radiation should be detectable, albeit
as microwaves, due to a massive redshift.

its discovery is considered a landmark test of the Big Bang model of the universe. When the universe was
young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform
glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the
radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled enough, protons and electrons combined to form
neutral atoms. These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal radiation, and so the universe became
transparent instead of being an opaque fog.
Interpreting the evidence
A summary of some of the evidence of the Big Bang and its
interpretation
Evidence Interpretation
The light from other
galaxies is red-shifted.
The other galaxies are moving away from us.
The further away the
galaxy, the more its light is
red-shifted.
The most likely explanation is that the whole universe is
expanding. This supports the theory that the start of the
universe could have been from a single explosion.
Cosmic Microwave
Background
The relatively uniform background radiation is the remains of
energy created just after the Big Bang.

3. Heavy elements
Astronomers are not only interested in the fate of the universe; they are also interested in
understanding its present physical state. One question they try to answer is why the
universe is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, and what is responsible for the
relatively small concentration of the heavier elements.
With the rise of nuclear physics in the 1930s and 40s, scientists started to try to explain the
abundances of heavier elements by assuming they were synthesized out of primordial
hydrogen in the early universe. In the late 1940s, American physicists George Gamow,
Robert Herman, and Ralph Alpher realized that long ago, the universe was much hotter and
denser. They made calculations to show whether nuclear reactions that took place at those
higher temperatures could have created the heavy elements.
Unfortunately, with the exception of helium, they found that it was impossible to form
heavier elements in any appreciable quantity. Today, we understand that heavy elements
were synthesized either in the cores of stars or during supernovae, when a large dying star
implodes. Gamow, Herman, and Alpher did realize, though, that if the universe were hotter
and denser in the past, radiation should still be left over from the early universe. This
radiation would have a well-defined spectrum (called a blackbody spectrum) that depends
on its temperature. As the universe expanded, the spectrum of this light would have been
redshifted to longer wavelengths, and the temperature associated with the spectrum would
have decreased by a factor of over one thousand as the universe cooled.

4. Hubbles law
5. Primordial gas clouds (Wikipedia)
6. Galactic evolution and distribution (Wikipedia)