Hydraulics Prof. B.S.

Thandaveswara










Indian Institute of Technology Madras
21.2 Typical canal cross sections
Water enters the conveyance system through the intake structure located at the dam.
Depending on the topography of the terrain, this conveyance system may take the
shape of the tunnels, canals, flumes or pipes. Geological factors do influence the type of
the system to be adopted.
Some of the shapes of canals adopted are shown in following figures.
Original ground level Canal in filling
Canal in cutting


Embankment
Original grand slope
Retaining wall


Part in cutting and in filling
Original ground level

Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara










Indian Institute of Technology Madras


braced type


Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara










Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Typical cross sections of Power canals



Covered duct R.C.C
on piles when there is
land slide problem








Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara










Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Side slopes and other salient features


Width
'b' in
m
Length
in km
Side
slope
m : 1
Depth y
(m)
Discharge
Q (m/s)
3
Average
Velocity
(m/s)
S
0
Nangal - - 1.25 : 1 - 354 - -
Sutlej -
Beas link
9.45 11.8 1.5 : 1 6.26 255.0 2.1 1 / 6666
Lower
Sileru
11.9 15.6 1.5 :1 3.97 127.4 0.665 -
Yamuna
Hydel
Stage I
11.0 - 1.5 : 1 - 200.0 - -
Hirakud 51.0 - 1 : 1 6.3 707 1.97 -

Maximum permissible velocity (safe against erosion)
(1) Stenbergs formula
b
b
V = 4.43 2d
in which V in m/s, d is the diameter of the particle in m

(2) Bogardi and Yens formula
4/9
m
V = 22.9 d -1
In which V is the velocity in cms
-1
, d
m
is the effective size of particle in cm, is the
specific gravity of the particle.

Minimum permissible velocity

1. Ludin suggested for preventing sedimentation (Minimum permissible velocity)
a. V =0.3 in m s-1 in case of water containing silt.
b. V >(0.3 to 0.5) in m s-1 in case of water carrying fine sand.
2. Kennedy's formula for Minimum permissible velocity
0.64
V = C y
In which V is in m/s, y is the depth of water in m, C is a coefficient between 0.54 and
0.70 depending on the size of the silt.
In general, a guideline is 0.6 m/s and a minimum water depth of 1.5 m.
Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara










Indian Institute of Technology Madras
1.524
Stones of medium size
Rock fill
1.524 m
300 mm sand layer
300 mm thick small
stone layer
Channel in the hill at Hirakud Project
Stones of small size
Impervious core
Impervious material
38.4 m
3.96 m
1.524 m
4.572 m Jeepable road
1:3:6 lining

Recommended Manning N for different conditions

The permissible rugosity coefficient N depending on the discharge capacity in soils
other than rock.
Q m
3
/s N
0.15 0.03
0.15 to 1.40 0.025
1.40 to 14.10 0.0225
>14.10 0.02

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gangguillet and Kutter
NR
V = (Chezy coefficient)
R D
1 0.00155
N = 23 s
n s
0.00155
if D = 23 n
s
1 0.00155
23
n s
C =
0.00155 n
1 23
s R
+


+ +



+



+ +



+ +



in which C is Chezy coefficient (MKS) in terms of Manning n.






Hydraulics Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara










Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Recommended Manning n for different conditions

Ashlar and well laid brick work 0.013
Rough brick work, good stone work in fair order 0.015
Rough brick work, good stone work in inferior condition 0.017
Rubble masonry, coarse brick work and masonry 0.020
Canals in earth above the average in order and regime 0.0225
Canals and rivers in earth in tolerably good order and regime 0.025
Canals and rivers in earth below the average in order and regime 0.0275
Canals and rivers in bad order and regime 0.030
Torrents encumbered with detruits 0.050
Safe velocities for different soils
Ordinary earth 0.5 to 1.0 m/s
Firm gravel or clay 1.0 to 1.5 m/s
Broken stone and light pitching 1.0 m/s
Firm conglomerate 1.75 to 2.25 m/s
Sound rock 3.5 m/s

Proportion of bed width to depth
2
b
2 1 m 2m
y
1 b
m is the side slope, equal to to 1, the 1.25
2 y
= +
=