DIRECTING

Definition:
as a function of management which is related with instructing, guiding and inspiring
human factor in the organisation to achieve organisation o!ectives"
Three main elements:
#" motivation
$" leadership
%" communication
Motivation Imp.:
&erformance ' (ilit) *otivation
Definitions:
+cott , -*otivation means a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired
goals".
*c/arland , -*otivation refers to the wa) in which urges, drives, desires, aspirations,
strivings, needs direct control or e0plain the ehaviour of human eings".
Importance of *otivation:
#" 1igh performance
$" 2ow emplo)ee turnover and asenteeism
%" acceptance of organi3ational change
Theories of *otivation:
Content Theories
4 *aslow5s Need 1ierarch)
4 1er3erg5s two factor theor)
4 *cClelland5s needs theor)
4 Theor) 6 and Theor) 7
&rocess Theories
4 Goal +etting Theor)
4 E8uit) Theor)
4 E0pectanc) Theor)
Maslows Need Hierarchy:
The ehaviour of an individual at a particular moment is usuall) determined ) his
strongest need"
(s the more asic needs are satisfied, an individual see9s to satisf) the higher needs"
(ccording to ("1"*aslow, there seems to e a hierarch) into which human need are
arranged"
#" &h)siological Needs
$" +afet) Needs
%" +ocial Needs
:" Esteem Needs
;" +elf<actuali3ation Needs
Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene heory
$== engineers and accountants in nine different companies in &ittsurgh, >"+"("
/indings said that
There are some !o conditions which operate primaril) to dissatisf) emplo)ees when the
conditions are asent, their presence does not motivate them in a strong wa)" ?Called
h)giene factors@
(nother set of !o conditions operates primaril) to uild strong motivation and high !o
satisfaction, ut their asence rarel) proves strongl) dissatisf)ing" ?Called motivation
factors@
*aintenance A 1)giene /actors:
#" Compan) polic) and administration
$" Technical supervision
%" Interpersonal relationship with supervisors
:" Interpersonal relationship with peers
;" Interpersonal relationship with suordinates
B" +alar)
C" Do securit)
E" &ersonal life
F" Gor9ing conditions
#=" +tatus
*otivation /actors:
#" (chievement
$" Recognition
%" (dvancement
:" Gor9 itself
;" &ossiilit) of growth
B" Responsiilit)
*cGregor5s Theor) 6 and Theor) 7:
!omparison
heory " heory #
Inherentl) distasteful towards wor9 Gor9 is as natural as pla)
&eople don5t have amitions and tr) to avoid
responsiilities in !o
Dust reverse
*ost people have little capacit) for creativit)
*otivating factors are the lower needs 1igher order needs are more important,
though lower needs are also imp"
&eople lac9 self motivation and re8uire to e
e0ternall) controlled and closel) supervised
to get ma0imum output from them
&eople are self directed and creative and
prefer self control
Emphasis scalar chain s)stem and
centrali3ation of authorit)
Decentrali3ation and greater participation in
decision ma9ing process
$%&D%'(HI):
Definitions:
Davis < -2eadership is the ailit) to persuade others to see9 defined o!ectives
enthusiasticall)" It is the human factor which inds a group together and motivates it towards
goals".
!haracteristics:
#" 2eadership is asicall) personal 8ualit)"
$" 2eader, ) e0ercising his leadership, tries to influence the ehaviour of individuals
around him to fulfill certain pre<determined o!ectives"
%" 2eader tries to influence the individual to ehave in a particular wa)"
:" There is a relationship etween leader and individuals ?followers@ which arises out of
functioning for a common goal"
;" 2eadership is continuous process of influencing ehaviour"
B" 2eadership is e0ercised in a particular situation" The situation variales also affect the
effectiveness of leadership"
heories:
rait &pproach:
Trait is defined as relativel) enduring 8ualit) of an individual"
Trait approach see9 to determine -what ma9es a successful leader. from the leader5s own
personal characteristics"
#" &h)sical and constitutional factors ?height, weight, ph)si8ue, energ)@
$" intelligence
%" self confidence
:" sociailit)
;" will ?initiative, persistence, amition@
B" dominance
C" surgenc) ?tal9ative, cheerfulness, genialit), enthusiasm, e0pressiveness, alterness and
originalit)@
*a!or 8ualities essential for leadership:
#" Emotional stailit)
$" 1uman relations
%" Empath)
:" H!ectivit)
;" motivating s9ills
B" technical s9ills
C" communication s9ills
E" social s9ills
*ehavio+ral &pproach:
It emphasi3es that strong leadership is the result of effective role ehaviour" 2eadership is
shown ) a person5s act more than ) his traits"
Though traits influence acts, these are also affected ) followers, goals and the environment
in which these occur"
Thus there are four elements , leader, follower, goal and environment
(it+ational &pproach:
&rime importance is given to the situation in which leadership is e0ercised"
The success of leadership is dependent on the situation"
/our situational variales which affect the performance of leadership:
#" The cultural environment
$" difference etween individuals
%" difference etween !os
:" difference etween organisation
2eadership +t)les:
#" (utocratic
a" +trict
" Ienevolent
c" incompetent
$" &articipative
%" /ree<rein
2eadership as a continuum
2i9ert5s management s)stem
Emplo)ee<production orientation
*anagerial Grid
(it+ational $eadership &pproach by 1erse) J Ilanchard
It is ased on
a" the amount of guidance and direction
" the amount of socio<emotional support
c" the readiness level that followers e0hiit in performing a specific tas9,
function or o!ectives
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+% ?1R,2T@
&articipative
+$ ?1T,1R@
+elling
+: ?2T,2R@
Delegating
+# ?1T,2R@
Telling
Tas9 ehaviourKKK
L :/ollowers readiness: L
R: R% R$ R#
?1R, 2T@ means ' 1igh Relation<2ow Tas9 ehaviour
(, - elling sit+ation means to guide, directing and estalishing
(. - (elling sit+ation means to e0plaining, clarif)ing and persuading
(/ - )articipative sit+ation means encouraging, collaorating, committing
(0 - Delegating sit+ation means oserving, monitoring and fulfilling
In""
(, sit+ation leader made decision
(. sit+ation leader made decision with dialogue and e0planation
(/ sit+ation leader and follower made decision
(0 sit+ation follower made decision
R# to R: refers to the readiness of the followers
','>nale, unwilling and unsecured
'.'>nale ut willing and confident
'/'(le ut unwilling
'0'ale, willing and confident
!1MM2NI!&I1N:
Definition
as the process through which two or more persons come to e0change ideas and
understanding among themselves"
wo aspects:
+omething which is transmitted , facts, feelings, ideas etc"
>nderstanding , when the person, to whom the message is meant, understands it in the
same sense in which the sender of the message wants him to understand"
)rocess
*arriers