Unit 6 Test Review

I. ROMANTICISM: artistic movement linked with nationalism and emotion

A. Rousseau:
B. Kant:
C. Categorical imperative: the innate sense of moral duty of awareness that Kant believed all humans possessed
D. Romantic literature: literature that did not observe classical forms and rules and gave free play to the imagination
E. Methodism: movement that originated as a revolt against deism and rationalism in the Church of England

II. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES AND REVOLUTIONS

A. Conservatism: Political outlook supported by legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches
i. Congress of Vienna: Conference of European ambassadors chaired by Metternich to settle issues from
the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
a) returned monarchs to thrones
b) followed by conservatism
c) rule of legitimacy
d) balance of power
ii. Associated with writings of Edmund Burke and statesman Metternich
iii. Concert of Europe
a) Arranged of resolving mutual foreign policy issues
b) Grew into maintain peace
iv. Congress System
a) System fo mutual cooperation and consultation
b) Aix-la-Chapelle
Removed troops from France, which paid war reparations, France readmitted to
good standing
B. France
i. French Constitution=Charter
a) Limits power of monarchy
b) Bicameral legislature; hereditary
Monarch appoints camber of Peers (upper house)
Chamber of Deputy (lower)
Property qualifications
c) Some remnants of French Revolution
Unified under Roman Catholicism
ii. Ultra-Royalists
a) Hurt by revolutions (especially 2
nd
estate)
b) Duke of Berri-assassinated
iii. 1830 Revolution: Louis XVIIICharles X, leader of Ultra-Royalists, supported Catholic Church
iv. 1827 Election
a) liberals gained power temporarily; economic and political problems
v. 1830 Election
a) Liberals win again; King attempts royalist seizure of power; France seizes Algiers;
implements Four Ordinances
No freedom of press
Dissolve chamber of deputies
Franchise only for wealthiest
New elections
vi. August 1830, Charles X abdicates; ends Bourbon monarch
vii. Louis Philippe: constitutional monarchy; King of the French
C. Metternich: Chairman of the Congress of Vienna
D. Liberalism: Political outlook that challenged conservatisms political, social, or religious views
i. Sought moderate political reform and freer economic markets
ii. Political goals
a) Legal equality
b) Religious toleration
c) Freedom of press
d) Limit arbitrary power
iii. Beliefs
a) Consent of the governed
b) Representative government
c) Written constitutions
d) Meritocracy
e) Did not advocate democracy
iv. Liberals
a) Educated
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b) Relatively wealthy
c) Professions/commercial life
v. Economic Goals
a) Adam Smith
b) Manufacture and sell goods freely
c) Free trade
E. Nationalism: political outlook based on the concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by
bonds and should be administered by the same government.
i. Wished to redraw map of Europe according to boundaries of nationalism
ii. Challenged Congress of Viennas idea that legitimate monarchies should rule; believed that ethnicity
should be basis for political unity
iii. Protested multi-national states
iv. Objected to ethnic groups living in small political units
v. Regions
a) Ireland and England
b) German nationalism in Austria and Prussia
c) Italian nationalists
d) Eastern Europe: Hungarians, Czechs, Slovenes
e) Southeastern Europe: Balkan peninsula(Serbs, Greeks, Albanians, Romanians, Hungarians)

III. REVOLUTIONS

A. Revolutions of Latin America:
i. Causes/Significant Events
a) Haitian Revolution
b) Bourbon monarchy of Spain toppled by Napoleon
c) Bonaparte
d) Weakened Spanish authority in colonial empire
e) Relative isolation of colonies
f) Colonial resistance to mercantilism
g) Exclusionary and inflexible administration
h) French Revolution
ii. Consequences
a) Nearly all of Latin America freed by 1825
b) France driven from Haiti; Portugal lost control of Brazil; Spain withdrew from all colonies
except Cuba and Puerto Rico
c) Civil Disorder->dictatorship
d) Great Britain dominated Latin American economy
e) LA served as source of raw material and foodstuffs
f) Decline in industrial production in Latin America
B. Revolutions of Spain:
i. Causes/Significant Evens
a) Bourbon monarch Ferdinand VIII placed on throne
b) Promised to govern according to a written constitution; broke promise
c) Dissolved Cortes and ruled alone
d) Army officers rebelled
ii. Consequences
a) In April 1823, French army suppressed Spanish Revolution; propped up Spanish king
C. Revolutions of Greece:
i. Causes/Significant Events
a) Nationalist desire for independence from weakening Ottoman Empire
b) 1827, Britain, France, and Russia signed Treaty of london demanding Turkish recognition of
Greek independence
ii. Consequences
a) Treaty of Adrianople granted Russia land in Romania and stipulated that the Turks would
allow BFR to decide future of Greece
b) Treaty of London declared Greece independent kingdom
c) Otto I=first king of new Greek kingdom

D. Revolutions of Serbia:
i. Causes/Significant Events
a) Serbia sought independence from Ottomans
b) Serbian leader fought unsuccessfully against Ottomans; helped build national unity
ii. Consequences
a) Ottoman sultan formally granted Serbian independence 1830
b) By late 1830s, most European powers recognized Serbian independence
Unit 6 Test Review

c) Gained support of Russia

E. Revolutions of Belgium:
i. Causes/Significant Events
a) Inspired by July Revolution in pris
b) Austrian Netherlands merged with Holland
c) Belgian never reconciled itself to Dutch rule
ii. Consequences
a) National Congress wrote liberal Belgian constitution
b) Independence upset boundaries of Congress of Vienna
c) Prince Leopold became king of Belgium

F. Revolutions of Russia:
i. Causes/Significant Events
a) Russian officers exposed to ideas of French Revolution and Enlightenment; formed secret
societies
b) Southern Society advocated representative government and abolition of serfdom
c) North Society favored constitutional monarchy and abolition of serfdom and preservation
of aristocracy
d) Alexander dies 1825
e) Unclear succession between Constantine and Nicholas
f) The Decembrist Revolt: revolt that protested Nicholas Is ascension onto Russian throne
after his elder brother Constantine removed him from the line of succession
ii. Consequences
a) Decembrist commission to investigate
b) Five plotters executed; 100+ exiled to Serbia
c) First rebellion in modern Russian history whose instigators had specific political goals
d) Political martyrdom of Decembrists came to symbolize yearnings of Russian liberals

G. Revolutions of Poland:
i. Causes/Significant Events
a) After partition, most of Poland under Russian control
b) Granted constitutional government; limited powers
c) Small insurrection of soldiers and students broke out in Warsaw, spread throughout
country
d) Polish diet declared revolt a nationalist movement; deposed Nicholas as King
ii. Consequences
a) Tsar issued Organic Statute which declared Poland an integral part of Russian Empire
b) Statute guaranteed Polish liberties

H. Revolution of 1848:


IV. FRANCE
A. Louis XVIII: French king and former count of Provence who ascended throne after the abdication of Napoleon
i. The Charter: Constitution of France under a constitutional monarchy
B. Charles X: Ultraroyalist brother and heir of Louis XVIII
C. Louis Philippe: French ruler following the abdication of Charles X, known as the king of the French
D. Louis Napoleon: first President of the French Republic

V. AUSTRIA
A. Multi-ethnic state
B. Problems and revolutions within
C. Carlsbad Decrees: Decrees that dissolved the Burschenshaften

VI. PRUSSIA AND THE GERMAN STATES
A. Frankfurt Parliament of 1848: first freely elected parliament of all of Germany
i. Goal
ii. Result
VII. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
A. Origins
i. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Manchester, England?
a. Enclosure System: peasants driven off land into cities
b. Early Canals
B. First Industry=textiles
C. Factory System conditions: rigid schedule; dangerous conditions; monotony
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D. New Inventions: flying shuttle; power loom; steam engine; steam tractor and ship; locomotive
E. Crystal Palace Exhibition
F. Social effects
i. Rise of capitalists and proletariat (2 new social classes)
G. Living conditions in the cities: cramped, dirty
H. Rise of Population
I. Peterloo Massacre: St. Peters Field, peaceful meeting (50,000); government concerned, sent troops; 11 killed, 400
injured
J. Protesters/Reformers
i. Luddites: skilled workers; broke into textile factories; gained support
ii. Chartists: work through current system to create change (universal suffrage)
iii. Edwin Chadwick:
iv. Great Reform Bill of 1832:
v. Factory actslimited hours
K. British Corn Laws
L. Spread of Industrialization
D. ECONOMISTS
i. Adam Smith: professor at U. of Glasgow; Wealth of Nationa; father of economics
a. Capitalism
b. Laissez-Faire: lack of government involvement in economics
c. Invisible hand: fluctuation of supply and demand until equilibrium is reached; personal interest will help
overall economy
ii. Thomas Malthus
i. Population theories: Swamp; society would continue to reproduce until they outnumber the
resources; tendency of nature to strip all possible means of sustenance; human reproductive urge
would send humanity to end of its existence;
ii. Economics became known as dismal science
iii. David Ricardo
i. Iron Law of Wages: everyone moved together up escalator of progress; some ride straight to top,
others move up a little, those who keep escalator moving dont move up; devastating prospects of
improvement demonstrated by Adam Smith; interests of landlords always opposed to every other
class in community
ii. Believed England was divided into 2 factions: industrialists and great landowners
i. Utopian Socialists
i. Robert Owen: rebelled against raw capitalism; envisioned utopias all over world; big economic
downfall in England; most romantic of utopian socialists
ii. John Stuart Mill: no limit to societys power during industrial revolution; utopias=means of society
at peak economic wealth
i. Believed working classes could be education
iii. Greatest good for the greatest number: self-restraint
ii. Karl Marx
i. Communist Manifesto: Capitalism would eventually die and Communist Revolution was inevitable
ii. Class struggle
iii. Progression of economic forms