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Worked Examples
Loo Soo Yong
1/27/2013
This document contains various questions with detailed workings and explanations from the new STPM
syllabus. A PDF version of this document may be obtained from Dropbox.
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Binomial Expansions
1. Expand ( )
()()
()()
()
()()()
()
( )
Substituting ... ( )
() ()
()
2. () is given by the expression ()
(a) Show that ()can be written as () .
(b) When is so small that
.
(c) Hence, state the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid.
(d) By substituting into the equation, find an estimate for , giving your answer in the
form
() 0.
/1
()
() .
(shown)
(b) () 6
/
.
/.
/.
/.
7
() 0
1
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()
(shown)
(c) The expansion is valid for |
| i.e. .
(d)
()
()
3. For , the expansion of ( )
where k and n are integers. Show that and
Solution:
(a) ( )
()()
()
By comparing coefficient of and
()()(
()
/
()
(shown)
Subst ...
(shown)
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4. By taking the natural logarithm to both sides or otherwise, show that
( )
( )
can be
written in the form of ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Taking natural log to both sides, ,( )
( )
-
Using properties of logarithms, ( ) ( )
Differentiating y with x,
()1 0
()1
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Therefore, A=8, B=6, p=3, q=6, r=4, s=5.
5. Express ()
()()()
in partial fractions. If x is so small that
()()()
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
Letting
Letting
Letting
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If x is so small that
( )
( )
( )
] [
]
0 ()()
()()
()
[ () .
/
()()
] ,
( () .
/
()()
)]
,
1 0
/1
(
()
(shown)
()
()
()1
()
()
()
()
()
Separate the constants first for
easier integration.
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6. Show that ( )
()
in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term
.
(b) State the set values of x for which the expansion is valid.
(c) By taking
( )
( () .
/
()()
()()()
)
( )
/
( )
(shown)
(a)
()
()(
)(
)
( )
( )
/ 4 .
/ ()
.
/.
()
5
(
)(
(b) The expansion is valid for |
| || .
|| ||
From the graph below,
-2
2
Therefore the set values of x are * ||
+
(c) Let
(.
/).
/
.
You only need to expand
until
as the question
specifies you to do so.
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7. Consider the curve
(a) Find the equation of this tangent at the point where .
(b) Find the coordinates of the point where this tangent meets the curve again.
Solution:
(a)
At point ,
()
()
When ()
()
()
Therefore the coordinates is ( )
The equation of the tangent, () ()( )
(b)
()
()
Subst. (2) to (1),
Factoring, ( )
( )
(rejected) or
When ()
()
()
Therefore the point is ().
8. The polynomial () ( )
()
()
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( )
()
Subst () into (),
Subst
into (1)
9. Two complex numbers are defined as
and
.
Solution:
Given
/ .
/
If there is a complex number as the
denominator, always multiply by its
conjugate.
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Comparing real and imaginary parts,
()
()
Subst. (2) to (1),
Subst into (2)
10. A curve is defined parametrically as
(a) Find the gradient of the curve where
(b) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where
Solution:
(a)
/ .
/
( ) .
( )
/
()
( )
When
( )
()
(b) When ,
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()
()
When
The point is ()
The equation of the tangent is ( )
11. Find the set values of x for which
Solution:
()
Let
( )( )
Therefore,
However, we need to enforce the condition that .
Therefore, the solution set is *
+
If then
Since
is undefined for
, hence this condition
must be enforced.
x is always positive, because of
squaring a number always produces a
positive number. The minimum value
of
is zero.
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12. Let f to be a cubic polynomial. Given that () ,
() , () () and
()
find the polynomial ().
Solution:
Let ()
() ()
()
()
()
() ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
() ()
Subst.
into (1),
()
13. Show that is a root to the equation
() (shown)
( ) is a factor.
( )(
)
Comparing
,
.
( )(
()()
(a) Arithmetic sequence,
Geometric sequence,
(b) ( ) ( )
( )(
(c) For the geometric sequence to have a sum to infinity, || . Therefore,
()
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/
()
(d) Sum of first 20 terms of the arithmetic sequence
0() ( )
1
0 .
/1
0
( )1
( )
14. A curve, C is defined implicitly as
(a) Show that the tangent at point (
) has gradient
(b) The line cuts the curve at point A(
/ .
/
(i) The equation of the tangent at A.
(ii) The equation of the normal at B.
(c) Hence, find the acute angle between tangent at A and the normal at B.
Solution:
(a)
Differentiating y with x, .
/ () .
/
At .
/, .
(shown)
(b) (i) The equation of the tangent is 4
5 .
/
(ii) Subst. into
( )
() .
/ ()
()
At B, () .
/ () () () .
/
This point is rejected due to
.
/ is point A.
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Gradient of the normal
Gradient of the normal at point B
The equation of the normal at B .
/ .
/
(c) Acute angle between two lines
/.
()
The acute angle between two lines is
15. By using de Moivres theorem, prove that
Hence,
(a) Show that one of the roots of the equation
is
Solution:
( )
( )
()
()
() ()
()
()()
()
Comparing real parts,
) (
(shown)
( )
may be written as
( )
for simplicity.
Use the binomial theorem.
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(a) Let and consider
Solving ,
The solutions are
(b) Let
, .
/
()
()()
()
()
(shown)
.
/ (
Since
/ .
( )
Value of must be within
The positive root is rejected because of the
requirement of the question.
( )
Use the identity
.
/ is
positive.
Use the identity
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16. A curve is given as
When
The point is ()
.
/
At (1,1), .
17. Let ()
() is only defined for
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4
54
- + - +
The set values of x is *
+
18. Find, in the form of the equation of the tangent to the curve
at the point
with x-coordinate .
Solution:
When ,
The coordinates is (
/ ( )()
At the x-coordinate
Equation of tangent,
( )
Use the product rule
Use the formula
)
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19. The equation of a curve is
.
(a) Show that
(b) Show also, if
then
(c) Hence, find the coordinates of the point on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
Solution:
(a)
/ () .
()
/ .
/ (
(shown)
(b) When
( )
Since (shown)
(c) Subst. into
() ()
Subst. into ,
The coordinates is ( )
20. The expansion ( )
is
.
Given , find the value of p and the value of A.
Solution:
( )
( .
/
()()
Using a combination of implicit
differentiation and product rule
Since
is undefined for
therefore the solution is
rejected.
Do not write it as .
( )
( )
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Comparing the coefficient of and
21. Write down an identity for and use this result to show that
.
(a) It is given that
and
. Without using a calculator, show that
.
(b) Hence, show that the solutions to the equation (
for are
or
()
.
Solution:
() ( )
/()
(shown)
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(a)
From
/.
(shown)
(b) Let
Subst.
into
It is given that
Let
From part (b), it is known that
( ) is a factor of the cubic equation.
( )(
)
Comparing
,
( )(
()
()()
()
or
You may draw a triangle and use
Pythagoras Theorem to find the
value of
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22. Expand .
/ .
.
(a) By using de Moivres theorem, if show that
and find a
similar expression for
.
(b) Hence, express
Solution:
.
/ .
0.
/ .
/1
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.
/ .
/
.
/
.
/
(a)
(1)
() ()
(2)
(1)+(2):
(shown)
(1)-(2):
(shown)
(b)
( )
( )
)(
) .
0.
/ .
/ .
/ 1
,( ) ( ) ( ) -
( )
(c)
Using de Moivres Theorem
()
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23. () is defined as ()
(a) Find ()
(b) Hence, find the possible values of for which
()
Solution:
(a)
()
( )
()
(b)
()
( )( )
or
24. A curve is defined parametrically as and
,
(a) Find
and
/
(
) .
/
(
(shown)
To find the turning point
)
or
The curve has no turning points.
(b) When ,
()
You do not need to solve for x as the
question requires the values of
only.
()
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Gradient of normal
When
Equation of the normal ( )
( )
25. A curve C is defined as
.
(a) Find
in terms of
(b) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the curve C at the point where
Solution:
(a)
/ ( )
, .
/ ( )-
, .
/ )-
(b) When
, .
/
When
/ ,(
) .
/ .
/ .
Equation of tangent, .
/ .
/
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Newton-Raphson method
The Newton-Raphson method is used when an equation () cannot be solved using simple
algebraic methods. The formula for Newton-Raphson method is given by
)
Consider the graph of the function () for the interval , -
()
a b
From the graph, it is known that () for and () for . There is a change in sign
of () for the equation. Hence, a root exists in the interval , - for the equation () . Refer to
question 26 for an example.
26. Show that the equation has a root between the interval ,-. Hence, by using
Newton-Raphson method with
() .
/
()
()
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()
Therefore, the root of the equation is
27. A function is defined parametrically as
.
(a) Find
in terms of
(b) It is given that
. Show that
(c) Show that the equation
/ .
) .
)
(b)
(shown)
(c) Let ()
()
()
Since there is a change in sign, therefore there is a root between 0 and 1.
The full working is not required
when finding the root
Stop when the value starts to
converge
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(d)
()
The root of the equation is
28. The parametric equations of curve C are
(a) Show that the normal to C at the point with parameter p has equation
.
(b) The normal to C at the point P intersects the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. Given that O is the
origin and find the value of p.
Solution:
(a)
/
.
/
Gradient of the normal
At the point
Equation of normal is
( )
(shown)
(b) The x-intercept is given by point A.
x-intercept,
)
The y-intercept is given by point B.
y-intercept,
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( (
))
Distance of OA ,(
) ()-
, -
)
Distance of OB , -
,(
) -
Since
Using a calculator, we know that is a root of the equation. Therefore is a factor.
( )(
)
Comparing
( )(
)
29. The function defined on the domain .
/ is given by
()
(a) Find
() in terms of x.
The x-coordinate of the maximum point is denoted by .
(b) Show that
(c) Verify the root lies between 1.27 and 1.28.
Solution:
(a) ()
,()-
()
,
()- .
/ ()
() ,()- 0
()
0
1
(b) To find the maximum point,
() when .
When
(undefined)
(shown)
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(c) Let ()
() () () ()
() () () ()
Since there is a change of sign of () therefore a root exists between 1.27 and 1.28.
30. Show that
)(
)
(
)(
(shown)
31. Show that
( )
( )
( )
Solution:
LHS:
( ) () (shown)
Given that
( )
( )
Replacing p with ( ) and q with ( )...,
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )
must be in radians.
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Hence, ( )( )( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
32. Solve the following system of linear equations without using a calculator.
Solution:
(
|
(
|
(
|
(
|
)
Express the system of linear
equations in the form of an
augmented matrix
Using elementary row
operations
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33. () . Show that a real number, exists such that for all values of x,
( ()) ()
Solution:
()
()
( ()) ( )
( )
( )
()
34. Solve the equation for , giving your answer in terms of .
Solution:
.
/ .
/ .
/ .
/
( )
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35. In the binomial expansion of ( )
||
the coefficient of
, ()()
()()
()
()()
()
()()()
()
-
Since the coefficient of
()
()
()()()
()
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( ),
( )( )-
( ) 0
)1
( ) 0
1
( )
(rejected)
( )( )
Since the coefficient of
is given by
()()
()
When
Coefficient of
is
.
/.
/.
() (rejected)
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When
Coefficient of
/.
/.
()
36. The curve C has parametric equations
Find the values of t at the points where the normal at C at cuts C again.
Solution:
/
.
Normal
When
Gradient of normal
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When
() ()
()
The point is ().
The equation of normal ( )
Since the equation of the normal cuts the curve again,
Since it is known that lies on the curve, is a factor.
Factoring gives ( )( )( )
37. Find the coordinates of the turning points of the curve
Differentiating y with x,
/ .
/ ()
(
) .
Substitute the parametric
equations into
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To find the turning point,
When
)(
When
When
/ .
/ ()
Differentiating y with x,
/ .
/ .
/ .
/ .
/ ()
Since
/ .
/ .
()
(
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When
()
(maximum)
When
(min)
() is a maximum point, .
/ is a minimum point.
38. Find
()
| |
| |
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Maclaurins Theorem
Certain functions, for example and
can be expressed in the form of a polynomial. The Maclaurins Theorem (or sometimes referred as
Taylor series) is given by
() ()
()
()
()
()
The approximation becomes more accurate when more terms are included in the expansion.
The Maclaurins series is used for:
Finding approximate values for an integral
Evaluating limits
Approximating the value of a function
Refer to question 39 and 40 for an example.
39. If is so small that
as a polynomial in .
Solution:
Using Maclaurins Theorem,
() ()
()
()
()
Let ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
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40. Given that () ( ) show that
() ()(
) (
()) Expand
( ) up to and include the term
) giving your
answer to 4 decimal places.
Solution:
Let () ( )
() ( )
()
()
()
()
()
()
() ( )( )
()
()
()()
()
Differentiating () with respect to x,
()
()(
) (
())
()
()(
) (
())
()()
Using Maclaurins Theorem,
() ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
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When
,
.
41. Show that
) ()( )
Let
Compare
Compare
,||-
, |
|-
, - , -
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42. By using a suitable substitution or otherwise, find
( )
.
Solution:
Let
( )
()
()
1
)
0
43. Show that ( )( ) .
Hence, evaluate
( )( )
Solution:
LHS, ( )( )
,( ) ( )-,( ) ( )-
( )
( )
) (
)
( ) ( )
(RHS) (shown)
( )( )
( )
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0
1 0
1
0
/1 0
44. By using the substitution
, for
, show that
where are constants to be determined. Hence evaluate
Solution:
When
When
()()(
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)
(
, -
20
1 0
13
6
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